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Cheng Y, Liu Y, Chen D, Zhou Y, Yu S, Lin H, Liao CK, Lin H, Xu P, Huang M. Dual effects of quercetin on protein digestion and absorption in the digestive tract. Food Chem 2021; 358:129891. [PMID: 33940290 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Quercetin is a well-studied natural product with multiple pharmacological properties. In this study, we demonstrated that quercetin suppressed protein digestion in the intestinal fluid by inhibiting trypsin, a key digestive enzyme. However, we also observed a previously unknown property of quercetin: promoting the intestinal absorption of proteins. In addition, the promoted protein absorption was mediated by internalization of digested oligopeptides in the intestinal epithelia rather than increasing the intestinal paracellular permeability. Notably, four other flavonoids also achieved such enhanced intestinal absorption, suggesting that this effect was associated with the aglycone flavonol backbone, but not related to their inhibitory potencies against trypsin. This study demonstrates that quercetin exhibits dual effects on protein digestion and absorption: 1) suppressing protein digestion by inhibiting trypsin in the intestinal fluid; 2) promoting the intestinal absorption of oligopeptides in the intestinal villi cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cheng
- College of Chemistry, National & Local Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Center on Photodynamic Technologies, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yurong Liu
- College of Chemistry, National & Local Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Center on Photodynamic Technologies, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Dan Chen
- College of Chemistry, National & Local Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Center on Photodynamic Technologies, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- College of Chemistry, National & Local Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Center on Photodynamic Technologies, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shujuan Yu
- College of Chemistry, National & Local Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Center on Photodynamic Technologies, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huajian Lin
- College of Chemistry, National & Local Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Center on Photodynamic Technologies, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | | | - Haili Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, The Peoples Hospital of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China
| | - Peng Xu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, National & Local Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Center on Photodynamic Technologies, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Mingdong Huang
- College of Chemistry, National & Local Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Center on Photodynamic Technologies, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China; College of Biological Science and Engineering, National & Local Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Center on Photodynamic Technologies, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China.
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2
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Whiteman JP, Rodriguez Curras M, Feeser KL, Newsome SD. Dietary protein content and digestibility influences discrimination of amino acid nitrogen isotope values in a terrestrial omnivorous mammal. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2021; 35:e9073. [PMID: 33634533 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Ecologists increasingly determine the δ15 N values of amino acids (AA) in animal tissue; "source" AA typically exhibit minor variation between diet and consumer, while "trophic" AA have increased δ15 N values in consumers. Thus, trophic-source δ15 N offsets (i.e., Δ15 NT-S ) reflect trophic position in a food web. However, even minor variations in δ15 Nsource AA values may influence the magnitude of offset that represents a trophic step, known as the trophic discrimination factor (i.e., TDFT-S ). Diet digestibility and protein content can influence the δ15 N values of bulk animal tissue, but the effects of these factors on AA Δ15 NT-S and TDFT-S in mammals are unknown. METHODS We fed captive mice (Mus musculus) either (A) a low-fat, high-fiber diet with low, intermediate, or high protein; or (B) a high-fat, low-fiber diet with low or intermediate protein. Mouse muscle and dietary protein were analyzed for bulk tissue δ15 N using elemental analyzer-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA-IRMS), and were also hydrolyzed into free AA that were analyzed for δ15 N using gas chromatography-combustion-IRMS. RESULTS As dietary protein increased, Δ15 NConsumer-Diet slightly declined for bulk muscle tissue in both experiments; increased for AA in the low-fat, high-fiber diet (A); and remained the same or decreased for AA in the high-fat, low-fiber diet (B). The effects of dietary protein on Δ15 NT-S and on TDFT-S varied by AA but were consistent between variables. CONCLUSIONS Diets were less digestible and included more protein in Experiment A than in Experiment B. As a result, the mice in Experiment A probably oxidized more AA, resulting in greater Δ15 NConsumer-Diet values. However, the similar responses of Δ15 NT-S and of TDFT-S to diet variation suggest that if diet samples are available, Δ15 NT-S accurately tracks trophic position. If diet samples are not available, the patterns presented here provide a basis to interpret Δ15 NT-S values. The trophic-source offset of Pro-Lys did not vary across diets, and therefore may be more reliable for omnivores than other offsets (e.g., Glu-Phe).
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Whiteman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 23529, USA
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Mauriel Rodriguez Curras
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Kelli L Feeser
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Seth D Newsome
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
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3
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Reynaud Y, Buffière C, Cohade B, Vauris M, Liebermann K, Hafnaoui N, Lopez M, Souchon I, Dupont D, Rémond D. True ileal amino acid digestibility and digestible indispensable amino acid scores (DIAASs) of plant-based protein foods. Food Chem 2021; 338:128020. [PMID: 32932087 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Plant-based protein foods are increasingly common, but data on their nutritional protein quality are scarce. This study evaluated it for seitan (wheat-based food), tofu (soya-based food), soya milk, and a pea emulsion. The true ileal digestibility (TID) of their amino acids was determined in minipigs, to calculate the digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS). The TID of the proteins was high and not significantly different between the foods tested: 97% for seitan, 95% for tofu, 92% for soya milk and 94% for pea emulsion. There were only minor differences in individual amino acid TIDs. DIAAS ranking was thus essentially driven by the amino acid composition of the food: soya-based food > pea emulsion > seitan. Nevertheless, the lower TID of sulphur-containing amino acids in tofu than in soya milk induced a significant decrease in DIAAS (from 117% to 97%), highlighting the importance of the matrix effect on nutritional protein quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Reynaud
- IMPROVE SAS, F-80480 Dury, France; STLO, INRAE, INSTITUT AGRO, F-35042 Rennes, France
| | - Caroline Buffière
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Benoît Cohade
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Mélissa Vauris
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Kevin Liebermann
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Noureddine Hafnaoui
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | | | - Isabelle Souchon
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, SayFood, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France.
| | | | - Didier Rémond
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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4
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Fernández-Tomé S, Hernández-Ledesma B. Gastrointestinal Digestion of Food Proteins under the Effects of Released Bioactive Peptides on Digestive Health. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e2000401. [PMID: 32974997 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract represents a specialized interface between the organism and the external environment. Because of its direct contact with lumen substances, the modulation of digestive functions by dietary substances is supported by a growing body of evidence. Food-derived bioactive peptides have demonstrated a plethora of activities in the organism with increasing interest toward their impact over the digestive system and related physiological effects. This review updates the biological effects of food proteins, specifically milk and soybean proteins, associated to gastrointestinal health and highlights the study of digestion products and released peptides, the identification of the active form/s, and the evaluation of the mechanisms of action underlying their relationship with the digestive cells and receptors. The approach toward the modifications that food proteins and peptides undergo during gastrointestinal digestion and their bioavailability is a crucial step for current investigations on the field. The recent literature on the regulation of digestive functions by peptides has been mostly considered in terms of their influence on gastrointestinal motility and signaling, oxidative damage and inflammation, and malignant cellular proliferation. A final section regarding the actual challenges and future perspectives in this scientific topic is critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Fernández-Tomé
- Samuel Fernández-Tomé. Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Diego de León, 62, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Hernández-Ledesma
- Blanca Hernández-Ledesma. Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM, CEI UAM+CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera, 9, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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5
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Trommelen J, Weijzen MEG, van Kranenburg J, Ganzevles RA, Beelen M, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC. Casein Protein Processing Strongly Modulates Post-Prandial Plasma Amino Acid Responses In Vivo in Humans. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2299. [PMID: 32751788 PMCID: PMC7468913 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Micellar casein is characterized as a slowly digestible protein source, and its structure can be modulated by various food processing techniques to modify its functional properties. However, little is known about the impact of such modifications on casein protein digestion and amino acid absorption kinetics and the subsequent post-prandial plasma amino acid responses. In the present study, we determined post-prandial aminoacidemia following ingestion of isonitrogenous amounts of casein protein (40 g) provided as micellar casein (Mi-CAS), calcium caseinate (Ca-CAS), or cross-linked sodium caseinate (XL-CAS). Fifteen healthy, young men (age: 26 ± 4 years, BMI: 23 ± 1 kg·m-2) participated in this randomized cross-over study and ingested 40 g Mi-Cas, Ca-CAS, and XL-CAS protein, with a ~1 week washout between treatments. On each trial day, arterialized blood samples were collected at regular intervals during a 6 h post-prandial period to assess plasma amino acid concentrations using ultra-performance liquid chromatography. Plasma amino acid concentrations were higher following the ingestion of XL-CAS when compared to Mi-CAS and Ca-CAS from t = 15 to 90 min (all p < 0.05). Plasma amino acid concentrations were higher following ingestion of Mi-CAS compared to Ca-CAS from t = 30 to 45 min (both p < 0.05). Plasma total amino acids iAUC were higher following the ingestion of XL-CAS when compared to Ca-CAS (294 ± 63 vs. 260 ± 75 mmol·L-1, p = 0.006), with intermediate values following Mi-CAS ingestion (270 ± 63 mmol·L-1, p > 0.05). In conclusion, cross-linked sodium caseinate is more rapidly digested when compared to micellar casein and calcium caseinate. Protein processing can strongly modulate the post-prandial rise in plasma amino acid bioavailability in vivo in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorn Trommelen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translation Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.T.); (M.E.G.W.); (J.v.K.); (M.B.); (L.B.V.)
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TIFN), 6709 PA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michelle E. G. Weijzen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translation Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.T.); (M.E.G.W.); (J.v.K.); (M.B.); (L.B.V.)
| | - Janneau van Kranenburg
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translation Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.T.); (M.E.G.W.); (J.v.K.); (M.B.); (L.B.V.)
| | | | - Milou Beelen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translation Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.T.); (M.E.G.W.); (J.v.K.); (M.B.); (L.B.V.)
| | - Lex B. Verdijk
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translation Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.T.); (M.E.G.W.); (J.v.K.); (M.B.); (L.B.V.)
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TIFN), 6709 PA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J. C. van Loon
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translation Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.T.); (M.E.G.W.); (J.v.K.); (M.B.); (L.B.V.)
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TIFN), 6709 PA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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6
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Bonelli M, Bruno D, Brilli M, Gianfranceschi N, Tian L, Tettamanti G, Caccia S, Casartelli M. Black Soldier Fly Larvae Adapt to Different Food Substrates through Morphological and Functional Responses of the Midgut. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144955. [PMID: 32668813 PMCID: PMC7404193 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulation of nutrient digestion and absorption is one of the post-ingestion mechanisms that guarantees the best exploitation of food resources, even when they are nutritionally poor or unbalanced, and plays a pivotal role in generalist feeders, which experience an extreme variability in diet composition. Among insects, the larvae of black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens, can grow on a wide range of feeding substrates with different nutrient content, suggesting that they can set in motion post-ingestion processes to match their nutritional requirements. In the present study we address this issue by investigating how the BSF larval midgut adapts to diets with different nutrient content. Two rearing substrates were compared: a nutritionally balanced diet for dipteran larvae and a nutritionally poor diet that mimics fruit and vegetable waste. Our data show that larval growth performance is only moderately affected by the nutritionally poor diet, while differences in the activity of digestive enzymes, midgut cell morphology, and accumulation of long-term storage molecules can be observed, indicating that diet-dependent adaptation processes in the midgut ensure the exploitation of poor substrates. Midgut transcriptome analysis of larvae reared on the two substrates showed that genes with important functions in digestion and absorption are differentially expressed, confirming the adaptability of this organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bonelli
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (M.B.); (M.B.); (N.G.)
| | - Daniele Bruno
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy;
| | - Matteo Brilli
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (M.B.); (M.B.); (N.G.)
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Novella Gianfranceschi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (M.B.); (M.B.); (N.G.)
| | - Ling Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
| | - Gianluca Tettamanti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy;
- BAT Center—Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Napoli Federico II, 80138 Napoli, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.T.); (S.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Silvia Caccia
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
- Correspondence: (G.T.); (S.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Morena Casartelli
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (M.B.); (M.B.); (N.G.)
- BAT Center—Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Napoli Federico II, 80138 Napoli, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.T.); (S.C.); (M.C.)
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7
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Berrazaga I, Bourlieu-Lacanal C, Laleg K, Jardin J, Briard-Bion V, Dupont D, Walrand S, Micard V. Effect of protein aggregation in wheat-legume mixed pasta diets on their in vitro digestion kinetics in comparison to "rapid" and "slow" animal proteins. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232425. [PMID: 32365065 PMCID: PMC7197814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate the impact of incorporating different legume flours (faba bean, lentil or split pea flours) on the pasta protein network and its repercussion on in vitro protein digestibility, in comparison with reference dairy proteins. Kinetics and yields of protein hydrolysis in legume enriched pasta and, for the first time, the peptidomes generated by the pasta at the end of the in vitro gastric and intestinal phases of digestion are presented. Three isoproteic (21%) legume enriched pasta with balanced essential amino acids, were made from wheat semolina and 62% to 79% of legume flours (faba bean or F-pasta; lentil or L-pasta and split pea or P-pasta). Pasta were prepared following the conventional pastification steps (hydration, mixing, extrusion, drying, cooking). Amino acid composition and protein network structure of the pasta were determined along with their culinary and rheological properties and residual trypsin inhibitor activity (3-5% of the activity initially present in raw legume flour). F- and L-pasta had contrasted firmness and proportion of covalently linked proteins. F-pasta had a generally weaker protein network and matrix structure, however far from the weakly linked soluble milk proteins (SMP) and casein proteins, which in addition contained no antitrypsin inhibitors and more theoretical cleavage sites for digestive enzymes. The differences in protein network reticulation between the different pasta and between pasta and dairy proteins were in agreement in each kinetic phase with the yield of the in vitro protein hydrolysis, which reached 84% for SMP, and 66% for casein at the end of intestinal phase, versus 50% for L- and P-pasta and 58% for F-pasta. The peptidome of legume enriched pasta is described for the first time and compared with the peptidome of dairy proteins for each phase of digestion. The gastric and intestinal phases were important stages of peptide differentiation between legumes and wheat. However, peptidome analysis revealed no difference in wheat-derived peptides in the three pasta diets regardless of the digestion phase, indicating that there was a low covalent interaction between wheat gluten and legume proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insaf Berrazaga
- IATE Agropolymers Engineering and Emerging Technologies, Université Montpellier, CIRAD INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
- UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Claire Bourlieu-Lacanal
- IATE Agropolymers Engineering and Emerging Technologies, Université Montpellier, CIRAD INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Karima Laleg
- IATE Agropolymers Engineering and Emerging Technologies, Université Montpellier, CIRAD INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
- UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Julien Jardin
- UMR 1253 STLO Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, Rennes, France
| | - Valérie Briard-Bion
- UMR 1253 STLO Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, Rennes, France
| | - Didier Dupont
- UMR 1253 STLO Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, Rennes, France
| | - Stéphane Walrand
- UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Service de Nutrition Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Gabriel Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Valérie Micard
- IATE Agropolymers Engineering and Emerging Technologies, Université Montpellier, CIRAD INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
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8
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Walther B, Lett AM, Bordoni A, Tomás‐Cobos L, Nieto JA, Dupont D, Danesi F, Shahar DR, Echaniz A, Re R, Fernandez AS, Deglaire A, Gille D, Schmid A, Vergères G. GutSelf: Interindividual Variability in the Processing of Dietary Compounds by the Human Gastrointestinal Tract. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1900677. [PMID: 31483113 PMCID: PMC6900003 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nutritional research is currently entering the field of personalized nutrition, to a large extent driven by major technological breakthroughs in analytical sciences and biocomputing. An efficient launching of the personalized approach depends on the ability of researchers to comprehensively monitor and characterize interindividual variability in the activity of the human gastrointestinal tract. This information is currently not available in such a form. This review therefore aims at identifying and discussing published data, providing evidence on interindividual variability in the processing of the major nutrients, i.e., protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals, along the gastrointestinal tract, including oral processing, intestinal digestion, and absorption. Although interindividual variability is not a primary endpoint of most studies identified, a significant number of publications provides a wealth of information on this topic for each category of nutrients. This knowledge remains fragmented, however, and understanding the clinical relevance of most of the interindividual responses to food ingestion described in this review remains unclear. In that regard, this review has identified a gap and sets the base for future research addressing the issue of the interindividual variability in the response of the human organism to the ingestion of foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Walther
- AgroscopeFederal Department of Economic AffairsEducation and Research EAER3003BerneSwitzerland
| | - Aaron M. Lett
- Section for Nutrition ResearchDepartment of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Alessandra Bordoni
- Department of Agri‐Food Sciences and TechnologiesUniversity of Bologna47521CesenaItaly
| | | | | | - Didier Dupont
- UMR 1253Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'ŒufINRA35000RennesFrance
| | - Francesca Danesi
- Department of Agri‐Food Sciences and TechnologiesUniversity of Bologna47521CesenaItaly
| | - Danit R. Shahar
- Department of Public HealthThe S. Daniel Abraham International Center for Health and NutritionBen‐Gurion University of the Negev84105Beer‐ShevaIsrael
| | - Ana Echaniz
- Cambridge Food Science LtdCB23 5ABCambridgeUK
| | - Roberta Re
- Cambridge Food Science LtdCB23 5ABCambridgeUK
| | | | - Amélie Deglaire
- UMR 1253Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'ŒufINRA35000RennesFrance
| | - Doreen Gille
- AgroscopeFederal Department of Economic AffairsEducation and Research EAER3003BerneSwitzerland
| | - Alexandra Schmid
- AgroscopeFederal Department of Economic AffairsEducation and Research EAER3003BerneSwitzerland
| | - Guy Vergères
- AgroscopeFederal Department of Economic AffairsEducation and Research EAER3003BerneSwitzerland
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Cao Y, Mezzenga R. Food protein amyloid fibrils: Origin, structure, formation, characterization, applications and health implications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 269:334-356. [PMID: 31128463 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid fibrils have traditionally been considered only as pathological aggregates in human neurodegenerative diseases, but it is increasingly becoming clear that the propensity to form amyloid fibrils is a generic property for all proteins, including food proteins. Differently from the pathological amyloid fibrils, those derived from food proteins can be used as advanced materials in biomedicine, tissue engineering, environmental science, nanotechnology, material science as well as in food science, owing to a combination of highly desirable feature such as extreme aspect ratios, outstanding stiffness and a broad availability of functional groups on their surfaces. In food science, protein fibrillization is progressively recognized as an appealing strategy to broaden and improve food protein functionality. This review article discusses the various classes of reported food protein amyloid fibrils and their formation conditions. It furthermore considers amyloid fibrils in a broad context, from their structural characterization to their forming mechanisms and ensued physical properties, emphasizing their applications in food-related fields. Finally, the biological fate and the potential toxicity mechanisms of food amyloid fibrils are discussed, and an experimental protocol for their health safety validation is proposed in the concluding part of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Cao
- Food and Soft Materials, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Raffaele Mezzenga
- Food and Soft Materials, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, Zurich 8092, Switzerland.
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10
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Wolfe RR, Park S, Kim IY, Starck C, Marquis BJ, Ferrando AA, Moughan PJ. Quantifying the contribution of dietary protein to whole body protein kinetics: examination of the intrinsically labeled proteins method. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E74-E84. [PMID: 30939051 PMCID: PMC6689738 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00294.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsically labeled dietary proteins have been used to trace various aspects of digestion and absorption, including quantifying the contribution of dietary protein to observed postprandial amino acid and protein kinetics in human subjects. Quantification of the rate of appearance in peripheral blood of an unlabeled (tracee) amino acid originating from an intrinsically labeled protein (exogenous Ra) requires the assumption that there is no dilution of the isotope enrichment of the protein-bound amino acid in the gastrointestinal tract or across the splanchnic bed. It must also be assumed that the effective volume of distribution into which the tracer and tracee appear can be reasonably estimated by a single value and that any recycling of the tracer is minimal and thus does not affect calculated rates. We have assessed these assumptions quantitatively using values from published studies. We conclude that the use of intrinsically labeled proteins as currently described to quantify exogenous Ra systematically underestimates the true value. When used with the tracer-determined rates of amino acid kinetics, underestimation of exogenous Ra from the intrinsically labeled protein method likely translates to incorrect conclusions regarding protein breakdown, including the effect of a protein meal and the anabolic impact of the speed of digestion and absorption of amino acids. Estimation of exogenous Ra from the bioavailability of ingested protein has some advantages as compared with the intrinsically labeled protein method. We therefore conclude that the bioavailability method for estimating exogenous Ra is preferable to the intrinsically labeled protein method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R Wolfe
- Department of Geriatrics, Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Sanghee Park
- Department of Geriatrics, Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Il-Young Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University School of Medicine , Incheon , Republic of Korea
| | - Carlene Starck
- Riddet Institute, Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - Bryce J Marquis
- Department of Geriatrics, Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Arny A Ferrando
- Department of Geriatrics, Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Paul J Moughan
- Riddet Institute, Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
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11
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Shivakumar N, Kashyap S, Kishore S, Thomas T, Varkey A, Devi S, Preston T, Jahoor F, Sheshshayee MS, Kurpad AV. Protein-quality evaluation of complementary foods in Indian children. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 109:1319-1327. [PMID: 30920607 PMCID: PMC6499502 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The types of food in complementary feeding of infants and young children are important for growth and development. Food protein quality, as measured by the Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS), requires the determination of true ileal digestibility of indispensable amino acids (IAAs) in children. OBJECTIVES First, the aim of this study was to measure the true ileal IAA digestibility of 4 (rice, finger millet, mung bean, and hen egg) commonly consumed complementary foods in children aged <2 y using the dual-isotope tracer method. Second, we calculated the DIAAS of complementary feeding diets and their relation to stunting in a representative Indian rural population. DESIGN Rice, finger millet, and mung bean were intrinsically labeled with deuterium oxide (2H2O), whereas egg was labeled through oral dosing of hens with a uniformly 2H-labeled amino acid mixture. True ileal IAA digestibility was determined by the dual-isotope tracer technique. The DIAAS of complementary food protein was calculated in children aged 1-3 y from a nationally representative survey to evaluate its relation with stunting. RESULTS True ileal IAA digestibility was lowest in mung bean (65.2% ± 7.1%), followed by finger millet (68.4 %± 5.3%) and rice (78.5% ± 3.5%), and was highest for egg (87.4% ± 4.0%). There was a significant inverse correlation of complementary food DIAAS with stunting in survey data (r = -0.66, P = 0.044). The addition of egg or milk to nationally representative complementary diets theoretically improved the DIAAS from 80 to 100. CONCLUSIONS The true ileal IAA digestibility of 4 foods commonly consumed in complementary diets showed that the DIAAS was associated with stunting and reinforces the importance of including animal source food (ASF) in diets to improve growth. This trial was registered at http://ctri.nic.in/clinicaltrials/login.php as CTRI/2017/02/007921.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tinku Thomas
- Department of Biostatistics, St. John's Medical College, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | - Thomas Preston
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Center, East Kilbride, United Kingdom
| | - Farook Jahoor
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - M S Sheshshayee
- Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India
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12
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Reis MDP, Sakomura NK, Teixeira IAMA, da Silva EP, Kebreab E. Partitioning the efficiency of utilization of amino acids in growing broilers: Multiple linear regression and multivariate approaches. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208488. [PMID: 30540821 PMCID: PMC6291294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the efficiency of amino acid (AA) utilization in growing animals is crucial to estimate their requirement accurately. In broiler chickens, the composition of AA in feather is different from feather-free body and the proportion of feathers will change along broiler’s growth, which may impact the efficiency of utilization on AA consumed. Therefore, in order to establish a method that predicts the efficiency of utilization for feather-free body and feather, two approaches were evaluated: a multiple linear regression and a multivariate analysis. Additionally, a new factorial model was proposed to predict AA requirements in broiler chickens. Data from 13 trials that evaluated the requirements for lysine (Lys), sulphur AA (SAA), threonine (Thr), and valine (Val) in male broilers were used for the analyses. Both methods of analysis were consistent in showing that the efficiency of utilization in feather-free body and feather were different. Using multiple linear regression, the values of efficiency of utilization estimated in feather-free body were 0.68, 0.72, 0.81, 0.79 (mg of amino acid deposited / mg of amino acid consumed above maintenance) and in feather were 0.58, 0.77, 0.78, and 1.57 (mg/mg) for Lys, SAA, Thr, and Val, respectively. Applying the multivariate approach, the corresponding predicted values were 0.68, 0.67, 4.23, 0.27 (mg/mg) in feather-free body and 1.16, 0.86, 0.16, and 1.10 (mg/mg) in feather, respectively. According to the results, efficiency of utilization may be related, to some extent, on the concentration determined in each tissue. The uncertainty around the amount of AA consumed for gain directed to feather-free body or feather deposition could be a limitation for multivariate analyses. The results indicated that multiple linear regression predictions may be better estimates of utilization efficiency. However, more studies are needed to elucidate the effect of age on deposition and partitioning of dietary AA in different parts of the broiler.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus De Paula Reis
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Nilva Kazue Sakomura
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Izabelle A. M. A. Teixeira
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edney Pereira da Silva
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ermias Kebreab
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
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13
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Perfecto A, Rodriguez-Ramiro I, Rodriguez-Celma J, Sharp P, Balk J, Fairweather-Tait S. Pea Ferritin Stability under Gastric pH Conditions Determines the Mechanism of Iron Uptake in Caco-2 Cells. J Nutr 2018; 148:1229-1235. [PMID: 29939292 PMCID: PMC6074850 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Iron deficiency is an enduring global health problem that requires new remedial approaches. Iron absorption from soybean-derived ferritin, an ∼550-kDa iron storage protein, is comparable to bioavailable ferrous sulfate (FeSO4). However, the absorption of ferritin is reported to involve an endocytic mechanism, independent of divalent metal ion transporter 1 (DMT-1), the transporter for nonheme iron. Objective Our overall aim was to examine the potential of purified ferritin from peas (Pisum sativum) as a food supplement by measuring its stability under gastric pH treatment and the mechanisms of iron uptake into Caco-2 cells. Methods Caco-2 cells were treated with native or gastric pH-treated pea ferritin in combination with dietary modulators of nonheme iron uptake, small interfering RNA targeting DMT-1, or chemical inhibitors of endocytosis. Cellular ferritin formation, a surrogate measure of iron uptake, and internalization of pea ferritin with the use of specific antibodies were measured. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to equimolar concentrations of native pea ferritin and FeSO4 was also compared. Results Pea ferritin exposed to gastric pH treatment was degraded, and the released iron was transported into Caco-2 cells by DMT-1. Inhibitors of DMT-1 and nonheme iron absorption reduced iron uptake by 26-40%. Conversely, in the absence of gastric pH treatment, the iron uptake of native pea ferritin was unaffected by inhibitors of nonheme iron absorption, and the protein was observed to be internalized in Caco-2 cells. Chlorpromazine (clathrin-mediated endocytosis inhibitor) reduced the native pea ferritin content within cells by ∼30%, which confirmed that the native pea ferritin was transported into cells via a clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway. In addition, 60% less ROS production resulted from native pea ferritin in comparison to FeSO4. Conclusion With consideration that nonheme dietary inhibitors display no effect on iron uptake and the low oxidative potential relative to FeSO4, intact pea ferritin appears to be a promising iron supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Perfecto
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jorge Rodriguez-Celma
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Center, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Sharp
- Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Janneke Balk
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Center, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Neumann U, Derwenskus F, Gille A, Louis S, Schmid-Staiger U, Briviba K, Bischoff SC. Bioavailability and Safety of Nutrients from the Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris, Nannochloropsis oceanica and Phaeodactylum tricornutum in C57BL/6 Mice. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10080965. [PMID: 30049974 PMCID: PMC6116023 DOI: 10.3390/nu10080965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are rich in macronutrients and therefore, they have been proposed as a potential future food source preserving natural resources. Here, we studied safety and bioavailability of algae nutrients in mice. Three microalgae species, Chlorella vulgaris, Nannochloropsis oceanica and Phaeodactylum tricornutum, were studied after ball mill disruption at different doses (5%, 15% and 25% dry weight) for 14 days. In response to all three algae diets, we observed a weight gain similar or superior to that in response to the control diet. No substantial differences in organ weights nor gut length occurred. Protein bioavailability from the algae diets did not differ from the control diet ranging from 58% to 77% apparent biological value. Fat absorption was lower for microalgae compared to soy oil in control diets, albeit still substantial. High liver eicosapentaenoic acid levels were measured following feeding with N. oceanica, the algae richest in omega-3 fatty acids. Neither histological nor serum analyses revealed any heart, kidney or liver toxicity induced by any of the algae diets. Algae-rich diets were thus well accepted, well tolerated and suitable for the maintenance of body weight and normal organ function. No toxicological effects were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Neumann
- Institute of Clinical Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 12, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Felix Derwenskus
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Andrea Gille
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Sandrine Louis
- Institute of Clinical Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 12, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Ulrike Schmid-Staiger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Karlis Briviba
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Stephan C Bischoff
- Institute of Clinical Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 12, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
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15
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Trommelen J, Kouw IWK, Holwerda AM, Snijders T, Halson SL, Rollo I, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC. Presleep dietary protein-derived amino acids are incorporated in myofibrillar protein during postexercise overnight recovery. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 314:E457-E467. [PMID: 28536184 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00273.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of ingesting 30 g casein protein with and without 2 g free leucine before sleep on myofibrillar protein synthesis rates during postexercise overnight recovery. Thirty-six healthy young men performed a single bout of resistance-type exercise in the evening (1945) after a full day of dietary standardization. Thirty minutes before sleep (2330), subjects ingested 30 g intrinsically l-[1-13C]phenylalanine-labeled protein with (PRO+leu, n = 12) or without (PRO, n = 12) 2 g free leucine, or a noncaloric placebo (PLA, n = 12). Continuous intravenous l-[ ring-2H5]phenylalanine, l-[1-13C]leucine, and l-[ ring-2H2]tyrosine infusions were applied. Blood and muscle tissue samples were collected to assess whole body protein net balance, myofibrillar protein synthesis rates, and overnight incorporation of dietary protein-derived amino acids into myofibrillar protein. Protein ingestion before sleep improved overnight whole body protein net balance ( P < 0.001). Myofibrillar protein synthesis rates did not differ significantly between treatments as assessed by l-[ ring-2H5]phenylalanine (0.057 ± 0.002, 0.055 ± 0.002, and 0.055 ± 0.004%/h for PLA, PRO, and PRO+leu, respectively; means ± SE; P = 0.850) or l-[1-13C]leucine (0.080 ± 0.004, 0.073 ± 0.004, and 0.083 ± 0.006%/h, respectively; P = 0.328). Myofibrillar l-[1-13C]phenylalanine enrichments increased following protein ingestion but did not differ between the PRO and PRO+leu treatments. In conclusion, protein ingestion before sleep improves whole body protein net balance and provides amino acids that are incorporated into myofibrillar protein during sleep. However, the ingestion of 30 g casein protein with or without additional free leucine before sleep does not increase muscle protein synthesis rates during postexercise overnight recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorn Trommelen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , The Netherlands
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Imre W K Kouw
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , The Netherlands
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Andrew M Holwerda
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , The Netherlands
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Tim Snijders
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Shona L Halson
- Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Belconnen, ACT, Australia
| | - Ian Rollo
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition , Wageningen , The Netherlands
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute , Leicester , United Kingdom
| | - Lex B Verdijk
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , The Netherlands
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , The Netherlands
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition , Wageningen , The Netherlands
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16
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Rondanelli M, Aquilani R, Verri M, Boschi F, Pasini E, Perna S, Faliva A, Condino AM. Plasma kinetics of essential amino acids following their ingestion as free formula or as dietary protein components. Aging Clin Exp Res 2017; 29:801-805. [PMID: 27406393 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-016-0605-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This investigation compares the levels of plasma kinetics of plasma essential amino acids (EAAs) after ingestion as free-form EAAs (FEAAs) or EAAs as components of dietary protein (DPEAAs), in eighteen healthy individuals, nine elderly (85 ± 6.7 years; 4 male) and nine young (28.7 ± 7 years; 3 males). For two consecutive days, each subject ingested EAAs in the form of (FEAAs) or (DPEAAs) in a random alternate pattern. Five minutes before EAA ingestion (baseline) and 30, 60, 90, 150 and 270 min after, venous blood samples were taken to determine the concentrations of EAAS (micromol/L). In both groups, ingested FEAAs compared to DPEAAs led to faster increase in plasma EAA levels at 30-150 min (p < 0.0001). Moreover, the increased plasma EAAs disappeared faster after FEAA compared to DPEAA. These results may be important in those subjects who have high requirement both for EAAs substrates and anabolic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Rondanelli
- Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine & Forensic Section of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Medicine, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona di Pavia, Servizio Endocrino Nutrizionale, Istituto di Riabilitazione "Santa Margherita", University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberto Aquilani
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Ferrata, 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Manuela Verri
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Ferrata, 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Federica Boschi
- Department of Drug Sciences, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 14, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Evasio Pasini
- Fondazione S. Maugeri, IRCCS, Istituto Scientifico di Lumezzane, Via Mazzini, 9, 25065, Lumezzane, Brescia, Italy
| | - Simone Perna
- Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine & Forensic Section of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Medicine, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona di Pavia, Servizio Endocrino Nutrizionale, Istituto di Riabilitazione "Santa Margherita", University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Faliva
- Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine & Forensic Section of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Medicine, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona di Pavia, Servizio Endocrino Nutrizionale, Istituto di Riabilitazione "Santa Margherita", University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Condino
- Department of Drug Sciences, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 14, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
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Kiilerich P, Myrmel LS, Fjære E, Hao Q, Hugenholtz F, Sonne SB, Derrien M, Pedersen LM, Petersen RK, Mortensen A, Licht TR, Rømer MU, Vogel UB, Waagbø LJ, Giallourou N, Feng Q, Xiao L, Liu C, Liaset B, Kleerebezem M, Wang J, Madsen L, Kristiansen K. Effect of a long-term high-protein diet on survival, obesity development, and gut microbiota in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 310:E886-99. [PMID: 27026084 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00363.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Female C57BL/6J mice were fed a regular low-fat diet or high-fat diets combined with either high or low protein-to-sucrose ratios during their entire lifespan to examine the long-term effects on obesity development, gut microbiota, and survival. Intake of a high-fat diet with a low protein/sucrose ratio precipitated obesity and reduced survival relative to mice fed a low-fat diet. By contrast, intake of a high-fat diet with a high protein/sucrose ratio attenuated lifelong weight gain and adipose tissue expansion, and survival was not significantly altered relative to low-fat-fed mice. Our findings support the notion that reduced survival in response to high-fat/high-sucrose feeding is linked to obesity development. Digital gene expression analyses, further validated by qPCR, demonstrated that the protein/sucrose ratio modulated global gene expression over time in liver and adipose tissue, affecting pathways related to metabolism and inflammation. Analysis of fecal bacterial DNA using the Mouse Intestinal Tract Chip revealed significant changes in the composition of the gut microbiota in relation to host age and dietary fat content, but not the protein/sucrose ratio. Accordingly, dietary fat rather than the protein/sucrose ratio or adiposity is a major driver shaping the gut microbiota, whereas the effect of a high-fat diet on survival is dependent on the protein/sucrose ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Kiilerich
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lene Secher Myrmel
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Even Fjære
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Qin Hao
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Si Brask Sonne
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Muriel Derrien
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lone Møller Pedersen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Koefoed Petersen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alicja Mortensen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Tine Rask Licht
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Maria Unni Rømer
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bjørn Liaset
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Michiel Kleerebezem
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Host Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jun Wang
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China, Princess Al Jawhara Albrahim Center of Excellence in the Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China; Department of Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lise Madsen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Karsten Kristiansen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China,
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18
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Protein Bioavailability in Animal Model. Prog Drug Res 2016; 71:169-72. [PMID: 26939286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
All the nutrients in food are not absorbed by our system. The relative amount of nutrition from an administered dosage through which it enters the system of circulation and the rate at which the level of nutrition appears in the systemic circulation is called 'bioavailability'. Although plant foods have high nutrient contents our digestion system cannot absorb it fully. Hence, it becomes necessary to determine the bioavailability of the administered sample to check the overall effect on the living system. Animal food preparation, protein bioavailability in animal model, food efficiency, apparent digestibility, protein digestibility tests, etc., are mentioned in well explained methodologies.
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Groen BBL, Horstman AM, Hamer HM, de Haan M, van Kranenburg J, Bierau J, Poeze M, Wodzig WKWH, Rasmussen BB, van Loon LJC. Post-Prandial Protein Handling: You Are What You Just Ate. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141582. [PMID: 26556791 PMCID: PMC4640549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Protein turnover in skeletal muscle tissue is highly responsive to nutrient intake in healthy adults. Objective To provide a comprehensive overview of post-prandial protein handling, ranging from dietary protein digestion and amino acid absorption, the uptake of dietary protein derived amino acids over the leg, the post-prandial stimulation of muscle protein synthesis rates, to the incorporation of dietary protein derived amino acids in de novo muscle protein. Design 12 healthy young males ingested 20 g intrinsically [1-13C]-phenylalanine labeled protein. In addition, primed continuous L-[ring-2H5]-phenylalanine, L-[ring-2H2]-tyrosine, and L-[1-13C]-leucine infusions were applied, with frequent collection of arterial and venous blood samples, and muscle biopsies throughout a 5 h post-prandial period. Dietary protein digestion, amino acid absorption, splanchnic amino acid extraction, amino acid uptake over the leg, and subsequent muscle protein synthesis were measured within a single in vivo human experiment. Results 55.3±2.7% of the protein-derived phenylalanine was released in the circulation during the 5 h post-prandial period. The post-prandial rise in plasma essential amino acid availability improved leg muscle protein balance (from -291±72 to 103±66 μM·min-1·100 mL leg volume-1; P<0.001). Muscle protein synthesis rates increased significantly following protein ingestion (0.029±0.002 vs 0.044±0.004%·h-1 based upon the muscle protein bound L-[ring-2H5]-phenylalanine enrichments (P<0.01)), with substantial incorporation of dietary protein derived L-[1-13C]-phenylalanine into de novo muscle protein (from 0 to 0.0201±0.0025 MPE). Conclusion Ingestion of a single meal-like amount of protein allows ~55% of the protein derived amino acids to become available in the circulation, thereby improving whole-body and leg protein balance. About 20% of the dietary protein derived amino acids released in the circulation are taken up in skeletal muscle tissue following protein ingestion, thereby stimulating muscle protein synthesis rates and providing precursors for de novo muscle protein synthesis. Trial Registration trialregister.nl 3638
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart B. L. Groen
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid M. Horstman
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Henrike M. Hamer
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel de Haan
- Department of Radiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Janneau van Kranenburg
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jörgen Bierau
- Laboratory Biochemical Genetics, Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Poeze
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Will K. W. H. Wodzig
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Blake B. Rasmussen
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Luc J. C. van Loon
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Declines in skeletal muscle mass and strength are major contributors to increased mortality, morbidity and reduced quality of life in older people. Recommended Dietary Allowances/Intakes have failed to adequately consider the protein requirements of the elderly with respect to function. The aim of this paper was to review definitions of optimal protein status and the evidence base for optimal dietary protein. Current recommended protein intakes for older people do not account for the compensatory loss of muscle mass that occurs on lower protein intakes. Older people have lower rates of protein synthesis and whole-body proteolysis in response to an anabolic stimulus (food or resistance exercise). Recommendations for the level of adequate dietary intake of protein for older people should be informed by evidence derived from functional outcomes. Randomized controlled trials report a clear benefit of increased dietary protein on lean mass gain and leg strength, particularly when combined with resistance exercise. There is good consistent evidence (level III-2 to IV) that consumption of 1.0 to 1.3 g/kg/day dietary protein combined with twice-weekly progressive resistance exercise reduces age-related muscle mass loss. Older people appear to require 1.0 to 1.3 g/kg/day dietary protein to optimize physical function, particularly whilst undertaking resistance exercise recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caryl Nowson
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Locked Bag 20000, Waurn Ponds, Geelong 3220, VIC, Australia.
| | - Stella O'Connell
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Melbourne 3125, VIC, Australia.
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Kouw IWK, Gorissen SHM, Burd NA, Cermak NM, Gijsen AP, van Kranenburg J, van Loon LJC. Postprandial Protein Handling Is Not Impaired in Type 2 Diabetes Patients When Compared With Normoglycemic Controls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100:3103-11. [PMID: 26037513 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-1234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The progressive loss of muscle mass with aging is accelerated in type 2 diabetes patients. It has been suggested that this is attributed to a blunted muscle protein synthetic response to food intake. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to test the hypothesis that the muscle protein synthetic response to protein ingestion is impaired in older type 2 diabetes patients when compared with healthy, normoglycemic controls. DESIGN A clinical intervention study with two parallel groups was conducted between August 2011 and July 2012. SETTING The study was conducted at the research unit of Maastricht University, The Netherlands. Intervention, Participants, and Main Outcome Measures: Eleven older type 2 diabetes males [diabetes; age 71 ± 1 y, body mass index (BMI) 26.2 ± 0.5 kg/m(2)] and 12 age- and BMI-matched normoglycemic controls (control; age 74 ± 1 y, BMI 24.8 ± 1.1 kg/m(2)) participated in an experiment in which they ingested 20 g intrinsically L-[1-(13)C]phenylalanine-labeled protein. Continuous iv L-[ring-(2)H5]phenylalanine infusion was applied, and blood and muscle samples were obtained to assess amino acid kinetics and muscle protein synthesis rates in the postabsorptive and postprandial state. RESULTS Plasma insulin concentrations increased after protein ingestion in both groups, with a greater rise in the diabetes group. Postabsorptive and postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates did not differ between groups and averaged 0.029 ± 0.003 vs 0.029 ± 0.003%/h(1) and 0.031 ± 0.002 vs 0.033 ± 0.002%/h(1) in the diabetes versus control group, respectively. Postprandial L-[1-(13)C]phenylalanine incorporation into muscle protein did not differ between groups (0.018 ± 0.001 vs 0.019 ± 0.002 mole percent excess, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Postabsorptive muscle protein synthesis and postprandial protein handling is not impaired in older individuals with type 2 diabetes when compared with age-matched, normoglycemic controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imre W K Kouw
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan H M Gorissen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas A Burd
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Naomi M Cermak
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie P Gijsen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Janneau van Kranenburg
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Gorissen SHM, Burd NA, Hamer HM, Gijsen AP, Groen BB, van Loon LJC. Carbohydrate coingestion delays dietary protein digestion and absorption but does not modulate postprandial muscle protein accretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:2250-8. [PMID: 24628553 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-3970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary protein digestion and absorption is an important factor modulating muscle protein accretion. However, there are few data available on the effects of coingesting other macronutrients with protein on digestion and absorption kinetics and the subsequent muscle protein synthetic response. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to determine the impact of carbohydrate coingestion with protein on dietary protein digestion and absorption and muscle protein accretion in healthy young and older men. DESIGN Twenty-four healthy young (aged 21± 1 y, body mass index 21.8 ±0.5 kg/m(2)) and 25 older (aged 75 ± 1 y, body mass index 25.4 ± 0.6 kg/m(2)) men received a primed continuous L-[ring-(2)H5]-phenylalanine and L-[ring-3,5-(2)H2]-tyrosine infusion and ingested 20 g intrinsically L-[1-(13)C]-phenylalanine-labeled protein with (Pro+CHO) or without (Pro) 60 g carbohydrate. Plasma samples and muscle biopsies were collected in a postabsorptive and postprandial state. RESULTS Carbohydrate coingestion delayed the appearance of exogenous phenylalanine in the circulation (P = .001). Dietary protein-derived phenylalanine availability over the 5-hour postprandial period was lower in the older (62 ± 2%) when compared with the young subjects (74 ± 2%; P = .007), with no differences between conditions (P = .20). Carbohydrate coingestion did not modulate postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates (0.035 ± 0.003 vs 0.043 ± 0.004 and 0.033 ± 0.002 vs 0.035 ± 0.003%/h after Pro vs Pro+CHO in the young and older group, respectively). In accordance, no differences in muscle protein-bound L-[1-(13)C]-phenylalanine enrichments were observed between conditions (0.020 ± 0.002 vs 0.020 ± 0.002 and 0.019 ± 0.003 vs 0.022 ± 0.004 mole percent excess after Pro vs Pro+CHO in the young and older subjects, respectively). CONCLUSION Carbohydrate coingestion with protein delays dietary protein digestion and absorption but does not modulate postprandial muscle protein accretion in healthy young or older men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan H M Gorissen
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (S.H.M.G., N.A.B., H.M.H., L.J.C.v.L.), 6709 PA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Human Movement Sciences (S.H.M.G., N.A.B., H.M.H., B.B.G., L.J.C.v.L.), NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology, and Metabolism, and Department of Human Biology (A.P.G.), NUTRIM, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Nakai Y, Okada S, Matsumoto I, Asakura T, Kimura H. Time-Course Characteristics for the Digestion of Endogenous as Well as Exogenous Protein in the Small Intestine: A Case Study with Rats Fed a [15N]-Soy Protein Isolate. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 69:855-6. [PMID: 15849432 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.69.855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A study was conducted to evaluate a net value of exogenous (dietary) protein nutrition in rats fed a [15N]-labeled soy protein isolate (SPI). Although [15N]-SPI-derived nitrogen reached a plateau 2 hr after feeding, it accounted for only a half of the total nitrogen in the small intestine. 15N was confirmed that was normally transported to liver, kidney, spleen, and brain. The present study reveals the large degree of participation of endogenous proteins in dietary SPI during small-intestinal digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Nakai
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8687, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimrit Goraya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Temple, Tex., USA
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Kanda E, Ai M, Kuriyama R, Yoshida M, Shiigai T. Dietary acid intake and kidney disease progression in the elderly. Am J Nephrol 2014; 39:145-52. [PMID: 24513976 DOI: 10.1159/000358262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Non-volatile acid is produced by metabolism of organic sulfur in dietary protein, and promotes kidney damage. We investigated the role of dietary acid load, in terms of net endogenous acid production (NEAP), in chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression. METHODS 217 CKD patients on low-protein diet with a normal serum bicarbonate level were enrolled in this retrospective cohort study in Japan. The primary outcome was 25% decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) or start of dialysis. Their NEAP was measured every 3 months. The patients were categorized into four groups on the basis of quartiles of NEAP every 3 months. The groups were treated as time-dependent variables. RESULTS The average age (SD) was 70.6 (7.1) years; eGFR 23.5 (14.2) ml/min/1.73 m(2). Analysis using extended Cox models for the NEAP groups adjusted for baseline characteristics (referring to group 1 showing the lowest NEAP) showed that high NEAP was associated with a high risk of CKD progression; group 2, adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 3.930 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.914, 8.072); group 3, adjusted HR 4.740 (95% CI 2.196, 10.288); group 4, adjusted HR 4.303 (95% CI 2.103, 8.805). Logistic regression analysis adjusted for baseline characteristics showed that the occurrence of hypoalbuminemia or hyperkalemia was associated with low serum bicarbonate level and the presence of complications at baseline, but not with NEAP. CONCLUSION In elderly CKD patients, our findings suggest that high NEAP is independently associated with CKD progression. The decrease in NEAP may be an effective kidney-protective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiichiro Kanda
- Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Kyosai Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Engelen MPKJ, Com G, Anderson PJ, Deutz NEP. New stable isotope method to measure protein digestibility and response to pancreatic enzyme intake in cystic fibrosis. Clin Nutr 2013; 33:1024-32. [PMID: 24268783 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Adequate protein intake and digestion are necessary to prevent muscle wasting in cystic fibrosis (CF). Accurate and easy-to-use methodology to quantify protein maldigestion is lacking in CF. OBJECTIVE To measure protein digestibility and the response to pancreatic enzyme intake in CF by using a new stable isotope methodology. DESIGN In 19 CF and 8 healthy subjects, protein digestibility was quantified during continuous (sip) feeding for 6 h by adding (15)N-labeled spirulina protein and L-[ring-(2)H5]phenylalanine (PHE) to the nutrition and measuring plasma ratio [(15)N]PHE to [(2)H5]PHE. Pancreatic enzymes were ingested after 2 h in CF and the response in protein digestibility was assessed. To exclude difference in mucosal function, postabsorptive whole-body citrulline (CIT) production rate was measured by L-[5-(13)C-5,5-(2)H2]-CIT pulse and blood samples were taken to analyze tracer-tracee ratios. RESULTS Protein digestibility was severely reduced in the CF group (47% of healthy subjects; P < 0.001). Intake of pancreatic enzymes induced a slow increase in protein digestibility in CF until 90% of values obtained by healthy subjects. Maximal digestibility was reached at 100 min and maintained for 80 min. Stratification into CF children (n = 10) and adults showed comparable values for protein digestibility and similar kinetic responses to pancreatic enzyme intake. Whole-body citrulline production was elevated in CF indicating preserved mucosal function. CONCLUSION Protein digestibility is severely compromised in patients with CF as measured by this novel and easy-to-use stable isotope approach. Pancreatic enzymes are able to normalize protein digestibility in CF, albeit with a severe delay. Registration ClinicalTrials.gov = NCT01494909.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P K J Engelen
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Dept. Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Dept. Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
| | - G Com
- Dept. Pediatric Pulmonology, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - P J Anderson
- Dept. Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - N E P Deutz
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Dept. Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Dept. Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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Bouillanne O, Neveux N, Nicolis I, Curis E, Cynober L, Aussel C. Long-lasting improved amino acid bioavailability associated with protein pulse feeding in hospitalized elderly patients: a randomized controlled trial. Nutrition 2013; 30:544-50. [PMID: 24355438 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aging is associated with a blunted anabolic response to dietary intake, possibly related to a decrease in systemically available amino acids (AAs), which in turn may stem from increased splanchnic AA metabolism. Splanchnic sequestration can be saturated by pulse feeding (80% of daily protein intake in a single meal), enabling increased protein synthesis. The aim of this study was to explore whether protein pulse feeding increased postprandial AA concentrations, and if so whether this increase persisted after 6 wk of dietary treatment. METHODS This prospective randomized study enrolled 66 elderly malnourished or at-risk patients in an inpatient rehabilitation unit. All were given a controlled diet for 6 wk. In a spread diet (SD) group (n = 36), dietary protein was spread over the four daily meals. In a pulse diet (PD) group (n = 30), 72% of dietary protein (averaging 1.31 g/kg body weight daily) was consumed in one meal at noon. The patients were evaluated on day 1 and at 6 wk for plasma postprandial (five times from 0 to +180 min) AA concentrations (expressed as area under the curve above baseline). RESULTS Protein pulse feeding was more efficient than protein spread feeding at increasing plasma postprandial AA concentrations, notably of essential AAs. This increased postprandial AA bioavailability was maintained after 6 wk. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that increased postprandial AA bioavailability induced by protein pulse feeding persists after 6 wk (i.e., that there is no metabolic adaptation blunting AA bioavailability).
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Bouillanne
- Service de Gérontologie 2, Hôpital Émile-Roux, AP-HP, Limeil-Brévannes, France; Laboratoire de Biologie de la Nutrition, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
| | - Nathalie Neveux
- Laboratoire de Biologie de la Nutrition, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France; Service Interhospitalier de Biochimie, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Cochin et Hôtel-Dieu, Paris, France
| | - Ioannis Nicolis
- Laboratoire de Biomathématiques, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Pharmacie, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Curis
- Laboratoire de Biomathématiques, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Pharmacie, Paris, France
| | - Luc Cynober
- Laboratoire de Biologie de la Nutrition, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France; Service Interhospitalier de Biochimie, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Cochin et Hôtel-Dieu, Paris, France
| | - Christian Aussel
- Laboratoire de Biologie de la Nutrition, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France; Unité de Nutrition, PUI, AP-HP, Hôpital Henri-Mondor, Créteil, France
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Discussion by workshop participants: summary of presentations, remaining knowledge gaps, and research needs. Food Nutr Bull 2013; 34:277-80. [PMID: 23964411 DOI: 10.1177/156482651303400227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Nuez-Ortín WG, Yu P. Estimation of ruminal and intestinal digestion profiles, hourly effective degradation ratio and potential N to energy synchronization of co-products from bioethanol processing. J Sci Food Agric 2010; 90:2058-2067. [PMID: 20583193 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little research has been conducted to determine the magnitude of the differences in nutritive value among wheat dried distillers' grains with solubles (DDGS), corn DDGS and blend DDGS, or between different bioethanol plants. The objectives of this study were to compare different types of DDGS and different bioethanol plants in terms of: (1) rumen degradation kinetics profile of each DDGS component and rumen availability; (2) intestinal digestion profile of rumen undegraded protein; (3) hourly effective rumen degradation ratio and potential N-to-energy synchronization; (4) the role of acid detergent insoluble nitrogen in the determination of nutrient availability of DDGS. In addition, these parameters were compared in DDGS as opposed to parental grain. RESULTS (1) The effective degradability of dry matter in DDGS samples increased as the content of feedstock wheat increased. DDGS are a good source of rumen-undegradable protein. The protein content of DDGS derived from wheat is higher relative to that derived from corn; however, the undegradability of the protein fraction increases as the proportion of corn in the feedstock augments. (2) In addition, DDGS provide significant amounts of rumen-degradable protein, which increased as the content of wheat in the feedstock increased. This indicates a potential loss of N when high levels of DDGS are included in the diet. (3) Acid detergent insoluble crude protein (ADICP) levels were low across DDGS samples, revealing no effect on ruminal and intestinal disappearance of protein. However, consideration should be given to the numerical differences in digestibility of rumen-undegradable protein and the relation to ADICP content. (4) Further research with a higher number of samples and higher variability in the ADICP content should be undertaken to investigate the effect of ADICP on rumen and intestinal disappearance of DDGS protein. CONCLUSION The digestive characteristics of each DDGS component (dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber), the hourly effective degradation ratio between N and organic matter, and the intestinal availability of rumen-undegradable protein differed significantly (P < 0.05) among wheat DDGS, blend DDGS and corn DDGS, and to a lesser extent between the different bioethanol plants. These results indicate that it is inappropriate to assume fixed rumen and intestinal degradation characteristics for DDGS without considering factors such as DDGS type and bioethanol plant origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldo G Nuez-Ortín
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada
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Wilson FA, van den Borne JJGC, Calder AG, O'Kennedy N, Holtrop G, Rees WD, Lobley GE. Tissue methionine cycle activity and homocysteine metabolism in female rats: impact of dietary methionine and folate plus choline. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009; 296:E702-13. [PMID: 19141688 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.90670.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Impaired transfer of methyl groups via the methionine cycle leads to plasma hyperhomocysteinemia. The tissue sources of plasma homocysteine in vivo have not been quantified nor whether hyperhomocysteinemia is due to increased entry or decreased removal. These issues were addressed in female rats offered diets with either adequate or excess methionine (additional methyl groups) with or without folate and choline (impaired methyl group transfer) for 5 wk. Whole body and tissue metabolism was measured based on isotopomer analysis following infusion with either [1-(13)C,methyl-(2)H3]methionine or [U-(13)C]methionine plus [1-(13)C]homocysteine. Although the fraction of intracellular methionine derived from methylation of homocysteine was highest in liver (0.18-0.21), most was retained. In contrast, the pancreas exported to plasma more of methionine synthesized de novo. The pancreas also exported homocysteine to plasma, and this matched the contribution from liver. Synthesis of methionine from homocysteine was reduced in most tissues with excess methionine supply and was also lowered in liver (P<0.01) with diets devoid of folate and choline. Plasma homocysteine concentration (P<0.001) and flux (P=0.001) increased with folate plus choline deficiency, although the latter still represented <12% of estimated tissue production. Hyperhomocysteinemia also increased (P<0.01) the inflow of homocysteine into most tissues, including heart. These findings indicate that a full understanding of hyperhomocysteinemia needs to include metabolism in a variety of organs, rather than an exclusive focus on the liver. Furthermore, the high influx of homocysteine into cardiac tissue may relate to the known association between homocysteinemia and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona A Wilson
- Obesity and Metabolic Health Division, The Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
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Hossain MI, Islam MM, Wahed MA, Khatun M, Kabir I. Lentil-based high protein diet is comparable to animal-based diet in respect to nitrogen absorption and nitrogen balance in malnourished children recovering from shigellosis. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2009; 18:8-14. [PMID: 19329389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies showed better absorption of protein and catch-up growth with animal-based high protein (15% energy from protein) diets (AP) than plant-based diets. This study compared the intake and absorption of nutrients from a lentil-based high protein (15% energy from protein) diet (LenP), AP, and a low protein (7.5% energy from protein) diet (LP). A total of 31 moderately malnourished 24 to 59 month old children convalescing from shigellosis were randomised to these three diets: LenP (n=11), AP (n=9) and LP (n=11). After two weeks adaptation with the respective diets, a 72-hour metabolic balance study was performed. The children's baseline characteristics were comparable among the groups (one exception: children of LP group were less stunted). The costs of 1,000 kcal from LenP, AP and LP diets were 0.15, 0.75 and 0.11 US dollar, respectively. Average daily energy intake (115-119 kcal/kg/d), coefficients of carbohydrate (89-91%), fat (80-90%), and energy (87-89%) absorption were similar in all groups. Mean+/-SD coefficient of nitrogen absorption (%) and nitrogen balance (g/kg/day) were 81+/-6 and 0.35+/-0.21 in LenP, 82+/-5 and 0.36+/-0.08 in AP, and 73+/-4 and 0.13+/-0.06 in LP groups, respectively (for both the nitrogen absorption and balance comparisons: LenP vs. AP, p>0.05; LenP vs. LP, p<0.05; AP vs. LP, p<0.05). The results showed higher absorption of nitrogen and its balance from high protein diets whether derived from lentil or animal source, which may enhance tissue protein deposition. A lentil-based high protein diet, which is less expensive, may be useful for nutritional rehabilitation of moderately malnourished children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Iqbal Hossain
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Mohakhali, Bangladesh.
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Estívariz CF, Luo M, Umeakunne K, Bazargan N, Galloway JR, Leader LM, Ziegler TR. Nutrient intake from habitual oral diet in patients with severe short bowel syndrome living in the southeastern United States. Nutrition 2008; 24:330-9. [PMID: 18328409 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2007.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2007] [Revised: 11/05/2007] [Accepted: 12/20/2007] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Little data are published on the habitual home oral diet of patients with short bowel syndrome (SBS). METHODS We assessed nutrient intake from oral food and beverages in 19 stable patients with severe SBS who live in the southeastern United States. Intestinal absorption of energy, fat, nitrogen (N), and carbohydrate (CHO) was determined in a metabolic ward. RESULTS We studied 12 women and 7 men, age 48 +/- 3 y of age (mean +/- SE) receiving parenteral nutrition for 31 +/- 8 mo following massive small bowel resection (118 +/- 25 cm residual small bowel). The patients demonstrated severe malabsorption of energy (59 +/- 3% of oral intake), fat (41 +/- 5%), N (42 +/- 5%) and CHO (76 +/- 3%). Oral energy intake was 2656 +/- 242 kcal/d (39 +/- 3 kcal/kg/d) and oral protein intake was 1.4 +/- 0.1 g/kg/d. Food/beverage intake constituted 49 +/- 4% of total (enteral plus parenteral) daily fluid intake, 66 +/- 4% of total daily kcal and 58 +/- 5% of total daily N intake. Oral fat intake averaged 92 +/- 11 g/day ( approximately 35% of total oral energy). Oral fluid intake averaged 2712 +/- 240 ml/d, primarily from water, soft drinks, sweet tea and coffee. Simple sugars comprised 42 +/- 3% of oral CHO intake. Usual dietary intake of multiple micronutrients were below the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) in a large percentage of patients: vitamin A (47%), vitamin D (79%), vitamin E (79%), vitamin K (63%), thiamine (42%), vitamin B6 (68%), vitamin B12 (11%), vitamin C (58%), folate (37%), iron (37%), calcium (63%), magnesium (79%) and zinc (68%). Only seven patients (37%) were taking oral multivitamin-mineral supplements and only six subjects (32%) were taking oral iron and calcium supplements, respectively. CONCLUSION In these SBS patients, an oral diet provided a significant proportion of daily nutrient intake. The types of foods and fluids consumed are likely to worsen malabsorption and thus increase PN requirements. Oral intake of essential micronutrients was very low in a significant proportion of these individuals.
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Abstract
A well-managed colostrum program on farms is the most important step in reducing disease in neonatal calves. In the last few years, colostrum replacers have increased in popularity and are designed to be an alternative to colostrum on farms that have poor colostrum quality, limited colostrum reserves, or to break the cycle of transmission for certain infectious diseases. However, it is important to make sure these products are effective and are capable of providing adequate serum immunoglobulin concentrations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a commercially available colostrum replacer product in dairy calves. Holstein calves from a single dairy were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups at birth. Group 1 (n = 21) calves were given 4 quarts of colostrum via esophageal feeder within 3 h of birth and served as the control group for this study. Group 2 (n = 21) received 2 packages of a colostrum replacer product, and group 3 (n = 21) received 3 packages of the colostrum replacer product within 3 h of birth. Blood samples from all calves were collected 24 h after colostrum administration and analyzed for serum total protein and IgG concentrations. Calves fed fresh colostrum had significantly higher serum total protein levels and IgG concentrations compared with calves fed the colostrum replacer product. Calves fed the colostrum replacer also had a significantly higher percentage of calves with failure of passive transfer (serum IgG <1,000 mg/dL). The colostrum replacer product evaluated in this study failed to routinely provide adequate IgG concentrations when fed according to label directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Smith
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27606, USA.
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van Rijn M, Hoeksma M, Sauer P, Szczerbak B, Gross M, Reijngoud DJ, van Spronsen F. Protein metabolism in adult patients with phenylketonuria. Nutrition 2007; 23:445-53. [PMID: 17507200 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2007.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2006] [Revised: 03/28/2007] [Accepted: 03/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Protein intake recommendations in phenylketonuria (PKU) are frequently the subject of discussion. For healthy adults, the recommended daily allowance (RDA) is 0.8 g.kg(-1).d(-1), which is generally lower than that observed in the general Western population. We investigated whether whole-body protein metabolism in patients with PKU is comparable to that of healthy controls at a RDA rate of protein intake. METHODS Six adult patients with well-controlled PKU and six healthy subjects of comparable age, height, and weight were studied using a primed continuous infusion of [1-(13)C]-valine for 8 h after an overnight fast before and during frequent meals. Normal protein was given to controls, whereas patients with PKU received a combination of an amino acid mixture and natural protein. RESULTS No significant differences were observed between patients with PKU and controls in preprandial and prandial rates of valine appearance and oxidation and protein breakdown, protein synthesis, and net protein balance. Feeding resulted in a significant (P < 0.01) decrease in protein breakdown (PKU: 94 +/- 15 micromol.kg(-1).h(-1) preprandial to 49 +/- 10 micromol.kg(-1).h(-1) prandial; controls: 97 +/- 10 micromol.kg(-1).h(-1) preprandial to 55 +/- 10 micromol.kg(-1).h(-1) prandial), whereas no effects were observed in protein synthesis (PKU: 77 +/- 10 micromol.kg(-1).h(-1) preprandial to 73 +/- 7 micromol.kg(-1).h(-1) prandial; controls: 76 +/- 8 micromol.kg(-1).h(-1) preprandial to 71 +/- 5 micromol.kg(-1).h(-1) prandial). Net protein balance increased from negative prandial to positive preprandial values (PKU: -17 +/- 6 micromol.kg(-1).h(-1) preprandial to +23 +/- 8 micromol.kg(-1).h(-1) prandial; controls: -21 +/- 4 micromol.kg(-1).h(-1) preprandial to +16 +/- 9 micromol.kg(-1).h(-1) prandial). CONCLUSION Whole-body protein metabolism in adult patients with PKU is fully comparable to that in healthy controls at the RDA level of protein intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margreet van Rijn
- Section of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Rémond D, Machebeuf M, Yven C, Buffière C, Mioche L, Mosoni L, Patureau Mirand P. Postprandial whole-body protein metabolism after a meat meal is influenced by chewing efficiency in elderly subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 85:1286-92. [PMID: 17490964 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/85.5.1286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rate of protein digestion affects protein utilization in elderly subjects. Although meat is a widely consumed protein source, little is known of its digestion rate and how it can be affected by the chewing capacity of elderly subjects. OBJECTIVES We used a [1-(13)C]leucine balance with a single-meal protocol to assess the absorption rate of meat protein and to estimate the utilization of meat protein in elderly subjects with different chewing efficiency. DESIGN Twenty elderly volunteers aged 60-75 y were involved in the study. Ten of them had healthy natural dentition, and the other 10 were edentulous and wore complete dentures. Whole-body fluxes of leucine, before and after the meal (120 g beef meat), were measured with the use of a [1-(13)C]leucine intravenous infusion. RESULTS A rapid increase in plasma aminoacidemia and plasma leucine entry rate was observed after meat intake in dentate subjects. In complete denture wearers the increase in leucine entry rate was delayed (P<0.05), and the amount of leucine appearing in peripheral blood during the whole postprandial period was lower than in dentate subjects (P<0.01). Postprandial whole-body protein synthesis was lower in denture wearers than in dentate subjects (30% compared with 48% of leucine intake, respectively; P<0.05). CONCLUSION Meat proteins could be classified as fast digested proteins. However, this property depends on the chewing capacity of elderly subjects. This study showed that meat protein utilization for protein synthesis can be impaired by a decrease in the chewing efficiency of elderly subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Rémond
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1019, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Centre de Clermont-Ferrand-Theix, Saint Genès-Champanelle, France.
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Abstract
The objective of the present experiment was to study the relationship between in vitro utilizable true protein (uTP) and in vivo-uTP of sheep rations by regression analysis. A further aim was to analyse if in vivo-uTP of mixed rations could be predicted by regression analysis between in vitro-uTP and in vivo-uTP, using N-retention of sheep as important evaluation criteria of protein value. Three adult male sheep (body weight [BW] 46 + 1.3 kg) fitted with rumen cannulas and simple T-type duodenal cannulas were fed with twelve typical rations with graded levels of crude protein and true protein in four experiments according a 3 x 3 Latin square design. Each experimental period included an adaptation (7 days), a N balance trial (4 days) and a collection of duodenal digesta (3 days). During collection of duodenal digesta, polyethylene glycol and chromium oxide were used as dual markers for the measurement of duodenal digesta flow and calculation of the in vivo-uTP of duodenal digesta. The in vitro-uTP of the rations was determined using the in vitro incubation technique of Zhao and Lebzien (2000). It was found that both in vitro-uTP intake and in vivo-uTP intake were significantly correlated with N-retention (p < 0.001) and that there was a significant linear relationship between the content of in vitro-uTP and in vivo-uTP in rations (p < 0.001). Therefore, it was concluded that the used in vitro incubation technique is suitable for the determination of in vitro-uTP of mixed rations for sheep, and that the amount of in vivo-uTP can be predicted by regression between in vitro-uTP and in vivo-uTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Xiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College ofAnimal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Q Nuttall
- Section of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Metabolic Research Laboratory, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Abstract
Formulated in terms of protein synthesis (PS) and protein retention (PR), a definition of turnover-related protein retention efficiency (kP) allows the expression kP=[1+(PS/PR)/6]−1, 6 representing the ratio of the energy equivalent of protein to the cost of synthesis. By combining plausible hormonal and cellular control mechanisms of protein (P) growth, it is possible to derive (PS/PR)=[Q{(P/α)−(4/9)Y−1}]−1+1, allowing the calculation of kPby substitution. The symbol α represents the limit value of protein growth, while the term 4/9 derives from the power in the relationship between the concentration of growth factor-related activator in the nucleus and cell volume (cv). Y is the power in the relationship between cv and total tissue protein, and Q represents the proportion of growth factor-activated nuclei in a tissue. The proportion Q can be estimated from simple functions of intake rates or blood growth factor concentrations. Estimates of Y are derived from histological considerations or calculated from experimental observations; Y=1 for multinucleated skeletal muscle fibres and Y=1/3, 1/2, 1/6 on average for mononucleated cell tissues, skin or bone and viscera, respectively. To apply kPto the whole body, an average value of Y=1/2 can be taken. Experimental observations on tissue protein synthesis and breakdown rates yield direct estimates of kPin satisfactory agreement with comparable theoretical predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Z Roux
- Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Republic of South Africa.
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Ouguerram K, Maugeais C, Gardette J, Magot T, Krempf M. Effect of n-3 fatty acids on metabolism of apoB100-containing lipoprotein in type 2 diabetic subjects. Br J Nutr 2007; 96:100-6. [PMID: 16869997 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20061806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The effect of long-chain n-3 PUFA on the metabolism of apoB100-containing lipoprotein in diabetic subjects is not fully understood. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of a daily intake of 1080 mg EPA and 720 mg DHA for diabetic subjects on the kinetics of apoB100-containing lipoprotein in the fasting state. A kinetic study was undertaken to determine the mechanisms involved in the effects of n-3 fatty acids in terms of a decrease in triacylglycerol level in type 2 diabetic patients. We have studied the effect of fish oils on the metabolism of apoB100 endogenously labelled by [5,5,5-2H3]-leucine in type 2 diabetic patients in the fasting state. The kinetic parameters of apoB100 in VLDL, intermediate-density lipoprotein and LDL were determined by compartmental modelling in five diabetic subjects before and 8 weeks after n-3 fatty acid treatment. Treatment did not change the plasma cholesterol level (0.801 (sd 0.120) v. 0.793 (sd 0.163) mmol/l) but lowered the plasma triacylglycerol level (1.776 (sd 0.280) v.1.356 (sd 0.595) mmol/l; P < 0.05). Treated patients showed a decrease in VLDL apoB100 concentration (0.366 (sd 0.030) v.0.174 (sd 0.036) g/l; P < 0.05) related to a decrease in VLDL 1 production (1.49 (sd 0.23) v.0.44 (sd 0.19) mg/kg per h; P < 0.05) and an increase in the VLDL conversion rate (0.031 (sd 0.024) v.0.052 (sd 0.040) per h; P < 0.05), with no change in fractional catabolic rates. Treatment led to a higher direct production of intermediate-density lipoprotein (0.02 (sd 0.01) v.0.24 (sd 0.12) mg/kg per h; P < 0.05). In conclusion, the present study, conducted in the fasting state, showed that supplementation with n-3 fatty acids in type 2 diabetic patients induced beneficial changes in the metabolism of apoB100-containing lipoprotein.
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Weinberg JB, Lang T, Wilkinson WE, Pisetsky DS, St Clair EW. Serum, urinary, and salivary nitric oxide in rheumatoid arthritis: complexities of interpreting nitric oxide measures. Arthritis Res Ther 2007; 8:R140. [PMID: 16907988 PMCID: PMC1779437 DOI: 10.1186/ar2030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2006] [Revised: 07/30/2006] [Accepted: 08/14/2006] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) may play important roles in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). RA is an inflammatory disease involving joints and other systems including salivary glands. To assess NO production in RA patients, we compared levels of serum, urine, and salivary nitrite and nitrate (NOx) in patients with RA and normal subjects, and we examined the relationships of these measures to disease activity. Serum, urine, and NOx levels as well as renal creatinine, NOx clearance and fractional excretion rates were compared in 25 RA patients and 20 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. Subjects were hospitalized for 3 days and placed on a NOxrestricted diet. NOx was assayed using nitrate reductase and the Griess reagent. RA activity was assessed using standard clinical and laboratory measures. While consuming a restricted diet for 3 days to eliminate the effects of oral intake of NOx, 24 hour urinary NOx excretion decreased in both RA patients and healthy controls. Urine NOx levels at all time points were not significantly different between RA patients and normal subjects. Serum NOx levels also decreased during the 3 days of NOx restriction, but RA patients had higher serum NOx levels at all time points compared with the control group. Likewise, serum NOx/creatinine ratios were higher in RA patients than in controls. Although basal salivary flow rate and tear flow were lower in RA patients, salivary NOx levels did not differ between normal and RA subjects. While renal creatinine clearance was not different between the two groups, we found that RA patients had lower renal NOx clearance and lower renal NOx fractional excretion. After correction of p values for multiple comparisons, there were no significant relationships for the RA group between measures of disease activity and the urinary NOx, serum NOx, or urinary NOx clearance. Despite interest in the use of NO as a marker of disease activity, alterations in renal NOx clearance and fractional excretion in RA make it difficult to assess in vivo NO production even with strict dietary restriction of NOx intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brice Weinberg
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 508 Fulton Street, Durham, NC 27705, USA
- Duke University Medical Center, 508 Fulton Street, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Thomas Lang
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 South Pine Street, Baltimore, MD, USA 21201
| | | | - David S Pisetsky
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 508 Fulton Street, Durham, NC 27705, USA
- Duke University Medical Center, 508 Fulton Street, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - E William St Clair
- Duke University Medical Center, 508 Fulton Street, Durham, NC 27705, USA
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Gingras AA, White PJ, Chouinard PY, Julien P, Davis TA, Dombrowski L, Couture Y, Dubreuil P, Myre A, Bergeron K, Marette A, Thivierge MC. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids regulate bovine whole-body protein metabolism by promoting muscle insulin signalling to the Akt-mTOR-S6K1 pathway and insulin sensitivity. J Physiol 2006; 579:269-84. [PMID: 17158167 PMCID: PMC2075371 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2006.121079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of the skeletal musculature to use amino acids to build or renew constitutive proteins is gradually lost with age and this is partly due to a decline in skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity. Since long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn-3PUFA) from fish oil are known to improve insulin-mediated glucose metabolism in insulin-resistant states, their potential role in regulating insulin-mediated protein metabolism was investigated in this study. Experimental data are based on a switchback design composed of three 5 week experimental periods using six growing steers to compare the effect of a continuous abomasal infusion of LCn-3PUFA-rich menhaden oil with an iso-energetic control oil mixture. Clamp and insulin signalling observations were combined with additional data from a second cohort of six steers. We found that enteral LCn-3PUFA potentiate insulin action by increasing the insulin-stimulated whole-body disposal of amino acids from 152 to 308 micromol kg(-1) h(-1) (P=0.006). The study further showed that in the fed steady-state, chronic adaptation to LCn-3PUFA induces greater activation (P<0.05) of the Akt-mTOR-S6K1 signalling pathway. Simultaneously, whole-body total flux of phenylalanine was reduced from 87 to 67 micromol kg(-1) h(-1) (P=0.04) and oxidative metabolism was decreased (P=0.05). We conclude that chronic feeding of menhaden oil provides a novel nutritional mean to enhance insulin-sensitive aspects of protein metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrée-Anne Gingras
- Department of animal science, Faculty of Food Sciences and Agriculture, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1K 7P4 Canada
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Juillet B, Saccomani MP, Bos C, Gaudichon C, Tomé D, Fouillet H. Conceptual, methodological and computational issues concerning the compartmental modeling of a complex biological system: Postprandial inter-organ metabolism of dietary nitrogen in humans. Math Biosci 2006; 204:282-309. [PMID: 16806287 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2006.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2005] [Revised: 04/14/2006] [Accepted: 05/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A multi-compartmental model has been developed to describe dietary nitrogen (N) postprandial distribution and metabolism in humans. This paper details the entire process of model development, including the successive steps of its construction, parameter estimation and validation. The model was built using experimental data on dietary N kinetics in certain accessible pools of the intestine, blood and urine in healthy adults fed a [15N]-labeled protein meal. A 13-compartment, 21-parameter model was selected from candidate models of increasing order as being the minimum structure able to properly fit experimental data for all sampled compartments. Problems of theoretical identifiability and numerical identification of the model both constituted mathematical challenges that were difficult to solve because of the large number of unknown parameters and the few experimental data available. For this reason, new robust and reliable methods were applied, which enabled (i) a check that all model parameters could theoretically uniquely be determined and (ii) an estimation of their numerical values with satisfactory precision from the experimental data. Finally, model validation was completed by first verifying its a posteriori identifiability and then carrying out external validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Juillet
- UMR 914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, INRA-INAPG, 16 rue C. Bernard, Paris 75005, France
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Tjiong HL, Rietveld T, Wattimena JL, van den Berg JW, Kahriman D, van der Steen J, Hop WC, Swart R, Fieren MW. Peritoneal dialysis with solutions containing amino acids plus glucose promotes protein synthesis during oral feeding. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 2:74-80. [PMID: 17699390 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.01370406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Inadequate food intake plays an important role in the development of malnutrition. Recently, an increased rate of protein anabolism was shown in fasting state in patients who were on automated peritoneal dialysis with combined amino acids (AA) and glucose (G) dialysate serving as a source of both proteins and calories. This study investigated the effects of such a dialysis procedure in the daytime in the fed state in patients who were on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). A crossover study was performed in 12 CAPD patients to compare, at 7-d intervals, a mixture of AA (Nutrineal 1.1%) plus G (Physioneal l.36 to 3.86%) versus G only as control dialysate. Whole-body protein turnover was studied by primed constant intravenous infusion of (13)C-leucine during the 9-h dialysis. For meeting steady-state conditions during whole-body protein turnover, frequent exchanges with a mixture of AA plus G were done using an automated cycler. Fed-state conditions were created by identical liquid hourly meals. Using AA plus G dialysate, as compared with the control, rates of protein synthesis increased significantly (2.02 +/- 0.08 versus 1.94 +/- 0.07 mumol leucine/kg per min [mean +/- SEM]; P = 0.039). Rates of protein breakdown and net protein balance did not differ significantly between AA plus G and G. In conclusion, dialysate that contains AA plus G also improves protein synthesis in fed CAPD patients. The use of such a mixture may contribute to long-term improvement of the nutritional status in malnourished CAPD patients with deficient food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoey Lan Tjiong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Quantifying eating behavior may give clues to both the physiological and behavioral mechanisms behind weight regulation. We analyzed year-long dietary records of 29 stable-weight subjects. The records showed wide daily variations of food intake. We computed the temporal autocorrelation and skewness of food intake mass, energy, carbohydrate, fat, and protein. We also computed the cross-correlation coefficient between intake mass and intake energy. The mass of the food intake exhibited long-term trends that were positively skewed, with wide variability among individuals. The average duration of the trends (P = 0.003) and the skewness (P = 0.006) of the food intake mass were significantly correlated with mean body mass index (BMI). We also found that the lower the correlation coefficient between the energy content and the mass of food intake, the higher the BMI. Our results imply that humans in neutral energy balance eating ad libitum exhibit a long-term positive bias in the food intake that operates partially through the mass of food eaten to defend against eating too little more vigorously than eating too much.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipul Periwal
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-5621, USA
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Abstract
Plant biotechnology can make important contributions to food security and nutritional improvement. For example, the development of 'Golden Rice' by Professor Ingo Potrykus was a milestone in the application of gene technology to deliver both increased nutritional qualities and health improvement to wide sections of the human population. Mineral nutrient and protein deficiency as well as food security remain the most important challenges for developing countries. Current projects are addressing these issues in two major staple crops, cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and rice. The tropical root crop cassava is a major source of food for approximately 600 million of the population worldwide. In sub-Saharan Africa >200 million of the population rely on cassava as their major source of dietary energy. The nutritional quality of the cassava root is not sufficient to meet all dietary needs. Rice is the staple food for half the world population, providing approximately 20% of the per capita energy and 13% of the protein for human consumption worldwide. In many developing countries the dietary contributions of rice are substantially greater (29.3% dietary energy and 29.1% dietary protein). The current six most popular 'mega' rice varieties (in terms of popularity and acreage), including Chinese hybrid rice, have an incomplete amino acid profile and contain limited amounts of essential micronutrients. Rice lines with improved Fe contents have been developed using genes that have functions in Fe absorption, translocation and accumulation in the plant, as well as improved Fe bioavailability in the human intestine. Current developments in biotechnology-assisted plant improvement are reviewed and the potential of the technology in addressing human nutrition and health are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sautter
- Institute of Plant Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Universitaetsstr. 2, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Segura Molina E, Chover González AJ, Partida Palma F, Freire Macías JM, García Curiel A, Ortega Alvaro A, Gómez Molinero M, Escobar Jiménez L. [Analysis of gastric emptying dynamics in relationship to qualitative composition of intake. Comparison between normal-weight and obese subjects]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 25:172-9. [PMID: 16762271 DOI: 10.1157/13088413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To analyze whether the gastric emptying profile could define obesity and to study the impact of macronutrients diet composition on gastric emptying in obese and non obese people. MATERIAL AND METHODS 47 subjects were selected (12 non obese and 35 obese). The study was organized in 4 visits. In each visit the subject was given isocaloric breakfast differing in macronutrient composition, (either equilibrated, or lipid, protein or carbohydrate rich) quantitative gastric emptying assay was done realized, every 15 minutes for two hours using a radionuclide technique. The week prior to the visit, the subject followed a standard 1,800 cal/day diet. RESULT A significant interaction between time and diet composition is shown regardless of the group (obese or non-obese) the subject belongs to. The different macronutrient composition differentially affected gastric emptying only in the obese group. Post hoc analysis of the results showed significant differences after 45 min post breakfast between protein and carbohydrate rich breakfast. CONCLUSIONS Gastric emptying in obese but not in non obese subjects, was significantly modified depending on the intake qualitative composition. These differences are clear when protein rich (significantly slower emptying) is compared versus hydrocarbon enriched diet (significantly faster emptying). A significant difference in gastric emptying between obese and non-obese subjects cannot be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Segura Molina
- Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de Puerto Real, Cádiz, España
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Rodríguez CA, González J. In situ study of the relevance of bacterial adherence to feed particles for the contamination and accuracy of rumen degradability estimates for feeds of vegetable origin. Br J Nutr 2006; 96:316-25. [PMID: 16923226 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20061830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An in situ study was conducted on four rumen-cannulated wethers to determine (using (15)N infusion techniques) the microbial contamination (mg bacterial DM or crude protein (CP)/100 mg DM or CP) and the associated error on the effective degradability of fourteen feeds: barley and maize grains, soyabean and sunflower meals, full-fat soyabean, maize gluten feed, soyabean hulls, brewers dried grains, sugarbeet pulp, wheat bran, lucerne and vetch-oat hays, and barley and lentil straws. The DM or CP contamination in residues (M) fitted to single exponential or sigmoid curves. A general model (M=m (1-e(-ft) ) (j)) was proposed to match this fit. Asymptotic values (m) varied from 2.84% to 13.3% and from 2.85% to 80.9% for DM and CP, respectively. Uncorrected results underestimated the effective degradability of both DM (P<0.05) and CP (P<0.01). For CP, this underestimation varied from 0.59 % to 13.1%, with a higher but unascertainable error for barley straw. Excluding maize grain, the microbial contamination of both DM and CP, and the associated underestimation of the effective degradability of CP, were positively related to the cellulose content of the feed. The error in the effective degradability of CP was also negatively related to the CP content and its apparent effective degradability (R(2) 0.867). This equation allows easier and more accurate estimates of effective degradability, needed to improve protein-rationing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Rodríguez
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
Improving the prediction of milk protein yield relies on knowledge of both protein supply and requirement. Definition of protein/amino acid supply in ruminants is a challenging task, due to feedstuff variety and variability and to the remodeling of nutrient intake by the rumen microflora. The questions arise, therefore, how and where should we measure the real supply of AA in the dairy cow? This review will follow the downstream flow of AA from duodenum to peripheral tissue delivery, with a glance at the efficiency of transfer into milk protein. Duodenal AA flow comprises rumen undegradable feed, microbial protein, and endogenous secretions. Most attention has been directed toward definition of the first two contributions but the latter fraction can represent as much as 20% of duodenal flow. More information is needed on what factors affect its magnitude and overall impact. Once digested, AA are absorbed into the portal vein. The ratio of portal absorption to small intestinal apparent digestion varies among essential AA, from 0.43 (threonine) to 0.76 (phenylalanine), due to the contributions of preduodenal endogenous secretions to the digestive flow, non-reabsorption of endogenous secretions and gut oxidation of AA. Few data are available on these phenomena in dairy cows but the evidence indicates that they alter the profile of AA available for anabolic purposes. Recent comparisons of estimated duodenal flux and measured portal flux have prompted a revisit of the NRC (2001) approach to estimate AA flows at the duodenum. Changes to the model are proposed that yield predictions that better fit the current knowledge of AA metabolism across the gut. After absorption, AA flow first to the liver where substantial and differential net removal occurs, varying from zero for the branched-chain AA to 50% of portal absorption for phenylalanine. This process alters the pattern of net supply to the mammary gland. Overall, intermediary metabolism of AA between the duodenum and the mammary gland biologically explains the decreased efficiency of the transfer of absorbed AA into milk protein as maximal yield is approached. Therefore, variable, rather than fixed, factors for transfer efficiencies must be incorporated into future predictive models.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lapierre
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lennoxville, Quebec, J1M 1Z3, Canada.
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Malandain H. Transglutaminases: a meeting point for wheat allergy, celiac disease, and food safety. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 37:397-403. [PMID: 16528904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Wheat is the staple cereal in many countries and its uses in manufactured foods are ever growing due to the technological qualities of gluten proteins. Transglutaminases (TG) are ubiquitous enzymes with many functions. They are able to transform proteins by deamidation and/or transamidation. This last reaction can cross-link proteins together. Intestinal tissue TG has been shown to play an important role in two kinds of immune reactions to wheat: celiac disease and wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis. In addition, new epitopes have been suspected in cases of anaphylaxis to wheat isolates, a food ingredient consisting mainly of deamidated gluten proteins. As a microbial TG is included in many food technological processes, its safe use should be checked. This assessment must cover not only the safety of the TG itself but also that of the deamidated/cross-linked proteins generated by this enzyme. This article aims at discussing the possible consequences of using TG in food industry in the light of today knowledge about immune reactions to wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Malandain
- Laboratoire de Biochimie - Centre Hospitalier Chubert - 56000 Vannes, France.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the effect of birth weight on urea kinetics in young healthy children. DESIGN Observational study. SETTING Tertiary center for treatment of malnutrition. SUBJECTS A total of 17 male children, 6-24 months old, who had recovered from malnutrition. INTERVENTIONS Urea kinetics were measured using stable isotope methodology with [(15)N(15)N]-urea over 36 h. RESULTS Birth weight was negatively related to urea hydrolysis after controlling for the intake of protein (adjusted R (2 ) = 0.91, P = 0.001) and separately for energy intake (adjusted R (2) = 0.95, P = 0.001), age (adjusted R (2) = 0.90, P = 0.001) and rate of weight gain (adjusted R (2) = 0.91, P = 0.001). There was a tendency for higher urea production in the children with lower birth weight after controlling for nitrogen intake (adjusted R (2) = 0.93, P = 0.099), and separately for age (adjusted R (2) = 0.94, P = 0.06) and rate of weight gain (adjusted (R (2) = 0.92, P = 0.096). Urea excretion was not significantly related to birth weight. CONCLUSIONS The salvaging of urea nitrogen following urea hydrolysis contributed significantly more to the nitrogen economy in children with lower birth weight compared to those with higher birth weight. This may be as a result of reductive adaptation in the children with lower birth weight as a consequence of inappropriate prenatal nutrition and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Badaloo
- Tropical Medicine Research Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
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