1
|
Aussieker T, Janssen TAH, Hermans WJH, Holwerda AM, Senden JM, van Kranenburg JMX, Goessens JPB, Snijders T, van Loon LJC. Coingestion of Collagen With Whey Protein Prevents Postexercise Decline in Plasma Glycine Availability in Recreationally Active Men. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38604602 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2023-0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Whey protein ingestion during recovery from exercise increases myofibrillar but not muscle connective protein synthesis rates. It has been speculated that whey protein does not provide sufficient glycine to maximize postexercise muscle connective protein synthesis rates. In the present study, we assessed the impact of coingesting different amounts of collagen with whey protein as a nutritional strategy to increase plasma glycine availability during recovery from exercise. In a randomized, double-blind, crossover design, 14 recreationally active men (age: 26 ± 5 years; body mass index: 23.8 ± 2.1 kg·m-2) ingested in total 30 g protein, provided as whey protein with 0 g (WHEY), 5 g (WC05); 10 g (WC10), and 15 g (WC15) of collagen protein immediately after a single bout of resistance exercise. Blood samples were collected frequently over 6 hr of postexercise recovery to assess postprandial plasma amino acid kinetics and availability. Protein ingestion strongly increased plasma amino acid concentrations (p < .001) with no differences in plasma total amino acid availability between treatments (p > .05). The postprandial rise in plasma leucine and essential amino acid availability was greater in WHEY compared with the WC10 and WC15 treatments (p < .05). Plasma glycine and nonessential amino acid concentrations declined following whey protein ingestion but increased following collagen coingestion (p < .05). Postprandial plasma glycine availability averaged -8.9 ± 5.8, 9.2 ± 3.7, 23.1 ± 6.5, and 39.8 ± 11.0 mmol·360 min/L in WHEY, WC05, WC10, and WC15, respectively (incremental area under curve values, p < .05). Coingestion of a small amount of collagen (5 g) with whey protein (25 g) is sufficient to prevent the decline in plasma glycine availability during recovery from lower body resistance-type exercise in recreationally active men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thorben Aussieker
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tom A H Janssen
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Wesley J H Hermans
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew M Holwerda
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joan M Senden
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Janneau M X van Kranenburg
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joy P B Goessens
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Snijders
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pinckaers PJM, Smeets JSJ, Kouw IWK, Goessens JPB, Gijsen APB, de Groot LCPGM, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC, Snijders T. Post-prandial muscle protein synthesis rates following the ingestion of pea-derived protein do not differ from ingesting an equivalent amount of milk-derived protein in healthy, young males. Eur J Nutr 2024; 63:893-904. [PMID: 38228945 PMCID: PMC10948472 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03295-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Plant-derived proteins have received considerable attention as an alternative to animal-derived proteins. However, plant-derived proteins are considered to have less anabolic properties when compared with animal-derived proteins. The lower muscle protein synthesis rates following ingestion of plant- compared with animal-derived protein have been attributed to the lower essential amino acid content of plant-derived proteins and/or their specific amino acid deficiencies. This study aimed to compare post-prandial muscle protein synthesis rates following the ingestion of 30 g pea-derived protein with 30 g milk-derived protein in healthy, young males. METHODS In a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group design, 24 young males (24 ± 3 y) received a primed continuous L-[ring-13C6]-phenylalanine infusion after which they ingested 30 g pea (PEA) or 30 g milk-derived protein (MILK). Blood and muscle biopsies were collected frequently for 5 h to assess post-prandial plasma amino acid profiles and subsequent post-prandial muscle protein synthesis rates. RESULTS MILK increased plasma essential amino acid concentrations more than PEA over the 5 h post-prandial period (incremental area under curve 151 ± 31 vs 102 ± 15 mmol∙300 min∙L-1, respectively; P < 0.001). Ingestion of both MILK and PEA showed a robust muscle protein synthetic response with no significant differences between treatments (0.053 ± 0.013 and 0.053 ± 0.017%∙h-1, respectively; P = 0.96). CONCLUSION Post-prandial muscle protein synthesis rates following the ingestion of 30 g pea-derived protein do not differ from the response following ingestion of an equivalent amount of milk-derived protein. International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (NTR6548; 27-06-2017).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe J M Pinckaers
- TiFN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joey S J Smeets
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Imre W K Kouw
- TiFN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joy P B Goessens
- TiFN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie P B Gijsen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lisette C P G M de Groot
- TiFN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lex B Verdijk
- TiFN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- TiFN, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Tim Snijders
- TiFN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Weijzen MEG, Kohlen M, Monsegue A, Houtvast DCJ, Nyakayiru J, Beijer S, Geerlings P, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC. Access to a pre-sleep protein snack increases daily energy and protein intake in surgical hospitalized patients. Clin Nutr 2024; 43:1073-1078. [PMID: 38579369 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2024.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIM In hospitalized patients, daily protein intake remains far below WHO requirements for healthy adults (0.8 g·kg-1·d-1) as well as ESPEN guidelines for patients (1.2-1.5 g·kg-1·d-1). Providing access to a pre-sleep protein dense snack between dinner and going to bed may serve as a great opportunity to increase daily energy and protein intake in hospitalized patients. However, it remains to be assessed whether protein provision prior to sleep effectively increases protein intake, or may reduce food intake throughout the remainder of the day(s). The present study evaluated the impact of giving access to a pre-sleep snack on daily energy and protein intake in patients throughout their hospitalization. METHODS Patients admitted to the surgical wards of the Maastricht University Medical Centre+ were randomly allocated to usual care (n = 51) or given access to a pre-sleep snack (n = 50). The pre-sleep snack consisted of 103 g cheese cubes (30 g protein) provided between 7:30 and 9:30 PM, prior to sleep. All food provided and all food consumed was weighed and recorded throughout (2-7 days) hospitalization. Daily energy and protein intake and distribution were calculated. Data were analyzed by independent T-Tests with P < 0.05 considered as statistically significant. RESULTS Daily energy intake was higher in the pre-sleep group (1353 ± 424 kcal d-1) when compared to the usual care group (1190 ± 402 kcal·d-1; P = 0.049). Providing patients access to a pre-sleep snack resulted in a 17% (11 ± 9 g) higher daily protein intake (0.81 ± 0.29 g·kg-1·d-1) when compared to the usual care group (0.69 ± 0.28 g·kg-1·d-1; P = 0.045). Protein intake at breakfast, lunch, and dinner did not differ between the pre-sleep and usual care groups (all P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Providing access to a pre-sleep protein snack, in the form of protein dense food items such as cheese, represents an effective dietary strategy to increase daily energy and protein intake in hospitalized patients. Patients consuming pre-sleep protein snacks do not compensate by lowering energy or protein intake throughout the remainder of the days. Pre-sleep protein dense food provision should be implemented in hospital food logistics to improve the nutritional intake of patients. TRIAL REGISTER NO NL8507 (https://trialsearch.who.int/).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E G Weijzen
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, the Netherlands
| | - Maxime Kohlen
- Department of Dietetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, the Netherlands
| | - Alejandra Monsegue
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, the Netherlands
| | - Dion C J Houtvast
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, the Netherlands
| | | | - Sandra Beijer
- Department of Dietetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, the Netherlands
| | - Phil Geerlings
- Department of Dietetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, the Netherlands
| | - Lex B Verdijk
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, the Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fuchs CJ, Trommelen J, Weijzen MEG, Smeets JSJ, van Kranenburg J, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC. Becoming a World Champion Powerlifter at 71 Years of Age: It Is Never Too Late to Start Exercising. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38458181 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2023-0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
This case study assessed body composition, muscle strength, cardiorespiratory fitness, and metabolic health of the present female world champion powerlifter in the 70+ age category who started resistance exercise training at 63 years of age with no prior experience with structured exercise training. Measures of body composition (magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanning, leg volume); strength (one-repetition maximum leg press and extension, maximum voluntary contraction, and handgrip strength); physical function (short physical performance battery); cardiorespiratory fitness (peak oxygen consumption); and metabolic health (oral glucose tolerance test) were assessed. In addition, a muscle biopsy was collected to assess muscle fiber type distribution and cross-sectional area (CSA). Where possible, data were compared with previously (un)published sex- and age-matched data using z scores. Skeletal muscle mass index was calculated by dividing limb muscle mass by height squared. Data from the control groups are expressed as mean ± 95% confidence interval. Our participant (age: 71 years; body mass: 64.5 kg; body mass index: 27.6 kg/m2) reported a good bone mineral density of 1.09 g/cm2 (T score between -1 and +1) and very low values of abdominal and organ body fat (i.e., between 20% and 70% lower compared with a reference group of postmenopausal women). In addition, she showed a 33% greater skeletal muscle mass index when compared with healthy, older female control subjects (7.9 vs. 5.9 [5.7-6.2] kg/m2; n = 61) as well as 37% greater muscle quadriceps CSA (63.8 vs. 46.6 [44.5-48.7] cm2; n = 48) and 46% greater Type II muscle fiber CSA (4,536 vs. 3,097 [2,707-3,488] μm2; n = 19). Absolute leg press muscle strength was 36% greater (190 vs. 140 [132-147] kg; n = 30) and handgrip strength was 33% greater (33 vs. 25 [23-26] kg; n = 48) when compared with healthy, age-matched controls. In conclusion, even for resistance exercise naïve individuals, starting exercise at an advanced age can lead to improvements in body composition and muscle strength allowing older adults to reduce the risk for developing metabolic syndrome, live independently, and even compete at a world class level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cas J Fuchs
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jorn Trommelen
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Michelle E G Weijzen
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Joey S J Smeets
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Janneau van Kranenburg
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Lex B Verdijk
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Houben LHP, Beelen M, van Loon LJC, Beijer S. Resistance Exercise Training, a Simple Intervention to Preserve Muscle Mass and Strength in Prostate Cancer Patients on Androgen Deprivation Therapy. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2024; 34:122-134. [PMID: 38048764 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2023-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) forms the cornerstone in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. However, by suppressing testosterone ADT results in a decrease of skeletal muscle mass. In this narrative review, we explore the magnitude and mechanisms of ADT-induced muscle mass loss and the consequences for muscle strength and physical performance. Subsequently, we elucidate the effectiveness of supervised resistance exercise training as a means to mitigate these adverse effects. Literature shows that resistance exercise training can effectively counteract ADT-induced loss of appendicular lean body mass and decline in muscle strength, while the effect on physical performances is inconclusive. As resistance exercise training is feasible and can be safely implemented during ADT (with special attention for patients with bone metastases), it should be incorporated in standard clinical care for prostate cancer patients (starting) with ADT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne H P Houben
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organization (IKNL), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Milou Beelen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Beijer
- Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organization (IKNL), Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Dietetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fuchs CJ, Hermans WJH, Nyakayiru J, Weijzen MEG, Smeets JSJ, Aussieker T, Senden JM, Wodzig WKHW, Snijders T, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC. Daily blood flow restriction does not preserve muscle mass and strength during 2 weeks of bed rest. J Physiol 2024. [PMID: 38411283 DOI: 10.1113/jp286065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
We measured the impact of blood flow restriction on muscle protein synthesis rates, muscle mass and strength during 2 weeks of strict bed rest. Twelve healthy, male adults (age: 24 ± 3 years, body mass index: 23.7 ± 3.1 kg/m2 ) were subjected to 14 days of strict bed rest with unilateral blood flow restriction performed three times daily in three 5 min cycles (200 mmHg). Participants consumed deuterium oxide and we collected blood and saliva samples throughout 2 weeks of bed rest. Before and immediately after bed rest, lean body mass (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan) and thigh muscle volume (magnetic resonance imaging scan) were assessed in both the blood flow restricted (BFR) and control (CON) leg. Muscle biopsies were collected and unilateral muscle strength (one-repetition maximum; 1RM) was assessed for both legs before and after the bed rest period. Bed rest resulted in 1.8 ± 1.0 kg lean body mass loss (P < 0.001). Thigh muscle volume declined from 7.1 ± 1.1 to 6.7 ± 1.0 L in CON and from 7.0 ± 1.1 to 6.7 ± 1.0 L in BFR (P < 0.001), with no differences between treatments (P = 0.497). In addition, 1RM leg extension strength decreased from 60.2 ± 10.6 to 54.8 ± 10.9 kg in CON and from 59.2 ± 12.1 to 52.9 ± 12.0 kg in BFR (P = 0.014), with no differences between treatments (P = 0.594). Muscle protein synthesis rates during bed rest did not differ between the BFR and CON leg (1.11 ± 0.12 vs. 1.08 ± 0.13%/day, respectively; P = 0.302). Two weeks of bed rest substantially reduces skeletal muscle mass and strength. Blood flow restriction during bed rest does not modulate daily muscle protein synthesis rates and does not preserve muscle mass or strength. KEY POINTS: Bed rest, often necessary for recovery from illness or injury, leads to the loss of muscle mass and strength. It has been postulated that blood flow restriction may attenuate the loss of muscle mass and strength during bed rest. We investigated the effect of blood flow restriction on muscle protein synthesis rates, muscle mass and strength during 2 weeks of strict bed rest. Blood flow restriction applied during bed rest does not modulate daily muscle protein synthesis rates and does not preserve muscle mass or strength. Blood flow restriction is not effective in preventing muscle atrophy during a prolonged period of bed rest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cas J Fuchs
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Wesley J H Hermans
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jean Nyakayiru
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Michelle E G Weijzen
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joey S J Smeets
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Thorben Aussieker
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joan M Senden
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Will K H W Wodzig
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Snijders
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lex B Verdijk
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pinckaers PJM, Weijzen MEG, Houben LHP, Zorenc AH, Kouw IWK, de Groot LCPGM, Verdijk LB, Snijders T, van Loon LJC. The muscle protein synthetic response following corn protein ingestion does not differ from milk protein in healthy, young adults. Amino Acids 2024; 56:8. [PMID: 38315260 PMCID: PMC10844360 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-023-03377-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Plant-derived proteins are generally believed to possess lesser anabolic properties when compared with animal-derived proteins. This is, at least partly, attributed to the lower leucine content of most plant-derived proteins. Corn protein has a leucine content that is highest among most plant-derived proteins and it even exceeds the levels observed in animal-derived proteins such as whey protein. Therefore, this study aimed to compare muscle protein synthesis rates following the ingestion of 30 g corn protein and a 30 g blend of corn plus milk protein with 30 g milk protein. In a randomized, double blind, parallel-group design, 36 healthy young males (26 ± 4 y) received primed continuous L-[ring-13C6]-phenylalanine infusions and ingested 30 g corn protein (CORN), 30 g milk protein (MILK), or a 30 g proteinblend with 15 g corn plus 15 g milk protein (CORN + MILK). Blood and muscle biopsies were collected for 5 h following protein ingestion to assess post-prandial plasma amino acid profiles and myofibrillar protein synthesis rates. The results show that Ingestion of protein increased myofibrillar protein synthesis rates from basal post-absorptive values in all treatments(P < 0.001). Post-prandial myofibrillar protein synthesis rates did not differ between CORN vs MILK (0.053 ± 0.013 vs 0.053 ± 0.013%∙h-1, respectively; t-test P = 0.90), or between CORN + MILK vs MILK (0.052 ± 0.024 vs 0.053 ± 0.013%∙h-1, respectively; t-test P = 0.92). Ingestion of 30 g corn protein, 30 g milk protein, or a blend of 15 g corn plus 15 g milk protein robustly increases muscle protein synthesis rates in young males. The muscle protein synthetic response to the ingestion of 30 g corn-derived protein does not differ from the ingestion of an equivalent amount of milk protein in healthy, young males. Clinical Trial Registry number. NTR6548 (registration date: 27-06-2017) https://www.trialregister.nl/ .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe J M Pinckaers
- TiFN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Michelle E G Weijzen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lisanne H P Houben
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Antoine H Zorenc
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Imre W K Kouw
- TiFN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lisette C P G M de Groot
- TiFN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Division of Human Nutrition & Health, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lex B Verdijk
- TiFN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Snijders
- TiFN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- TiFN, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Marzuca-Nassr GN, Alegría-Molina A, SanMartín-Calísto Y, Artigas-Arias M, Huard N, Sapunar J, Salazar LA, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC. Muscle Mass and Strength Gains Following Resistance Exercise Training in Older Adults 65-75 Years and Older Adults Above 85 Years. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2024; 34:11-19. [PMID: 37875254 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2023-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Resistance exercise training (RET) can be applied effectively to increase muscle mass and function in older adults (65-75 years). However, it has been speculated that older adults above 85 years are less responsive to the benefits of RET. This study compares the impact of RET on muscle mass and function in healthy older adults 65-75 years versus older adults above 85 years. We subjected 17 healthy older adults 65-75 years (OLDER 65-75, n = 13/4 [female/male]; 68 ± 2 years; 26.9 ± 2.3 kg/m2) and 12 healthy older adults above 85 years (OLDER 85+, n = 7/5 [female/male]; 87 ± 3 years; 26.0 ± 3.6 kg/m2) to 12 weeks of whole-body RET (three times per week). Prior to, and after 6 and 12 weeks of training, quadriceps and lumbar spine vertebra 3 muscle cross-sectional area (computed tomography scan), whole-body lean mass (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan), strength (one-repetition maximum test), and physical performance (timed up and go and short physical performance battery) were assessed. Twelve weeks of RET resulted in a 10% ± 4% and 11% ± 5% increase in quadriceps cross-sectional area (from 46.5 ± 10.7 to 51.1 ± 12.1 cm2, and from 38.9 ± 6.1 to 43.1 ± 8.0 cm2, respectively; p < .001; η2 = .67); a 2% ± 3% and 2% ± 3% increase in whole-body lean mass (p = .001; η2 = .22); and a 38% ± 20% and 46% ± 14% increase in one-repetition maximum leg extension strength (p < .001; η2 = .77) in the OLDER 65-75 and OLDER 85+ groups, respectively. No differences in the responses to RET were observed between groups (Time × Group, all p > .60; all η2 ≤ .012). Physical performance on the short physical performance battery and timed up and go improved (both p < .01; η2 ≥ .22), with no differences between groups (Time × Group, p > .015; η2 ≤ .07). Prolonged RET increases muscle mass, strength, and physical performance in the aging population, with no differences between 65-75 years and 85+ years older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Nasri Marzuca-Nassr
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Rehabilitación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Andrea Alegría-Molina
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Rehabilitación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Yuri SanMartín-Calísto
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Rehabilitación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Macarena Artigas-Arias
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Rehabilitación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Nolberto Huard
- Centro de Biología Molecular y Farmacogenética, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Jorge Sapunar
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Luis A Salazar
- Centro de Biología Molecular y Farmacogenética, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Lex B Verdijk
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hilkens L, van Schijndel N, Weijer VCR, Decroix L, Bons J, van Loon LJC, van Dijk JW. Jumping Exercise Combined With Collagen Supplementation Preserves Bone Mineral Density in Elite Cyclists. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2024; 34:38-47. [PMID: 37883634 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2023-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the effect of combined jump training and collagen supplementation on bone mineral density (BMD) in elite road-race cyclists. In this open-label, randomized study with two parallel groups, 36 young (21 ± 3 years) male (n = 8) and female (n = 28) elite road-race cyclists were allocated to either an intervention (INT: n = 18) or a no-treatment control (CON: n = 18) group. The 18-week intervention period, conducted during the off-season, comprised five 5-min bouts of jumping exercise per week, with each bout preceded by the ingestion of 15 g hydrolyzed collagen. Before and after the intervention, BMD of various skeletal sites and trabecular bone score of the lumbar spine were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, along with serum bone turnover markers procollagen Type I N propeptide and carboxy-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of Type I collagen. BMD of the femoral neck decreased in CON (from 0.789 ± 0.104 to 0.774 ± 0.095 g/cm2), while being preserved in INT (from 0.803 ± 0.058 to 0.809 ± 0.066 g/cm2; Time × Treatment, p < .01). No differences between treatments were observed for changes in BMD at the total hip, lumbar spine, and whole body (Time × Treatment, p > .05 for all). Trabecular bone score increased from 1.38 ± 0.08 to 1.40 ± 0.09 in CON and from 1.46 ± 0.08 to 1.47 ± 0.08 in INT, respectively (time effect: p < .01), with no differences between treatments (Time × Treatment: p = .33). Serum procollagen Type I N propeptide concentrations decreased to a similar extent in CON (83.6 ± 24.8 to 71.4 ± 23.1 ng/ml) and INT (82.8 ± 30.7 to 66.3 ± 30.6; time effect, p < .001; Time × Treatment, p = .22). Serum carboxy-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of Type I collagen concentrations did not change over time, with no differences between treatments (time effect, p = .08; Time × Treatment, p = .58). In conclusion, frequent short bouts of jumping exercise combined with collagen supplementation beneficially affects femoral neck BMD in elite road-race cyclists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luuk Hilkens
- School of Sport and Exercise, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Nick van Schijndel
- School of Sport and Exercise, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Vera C R Weijer
- School of Sport and Exercise, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Lieselot Decroix
- Team Jumbo-Visma (Professional Cycling Team), Den Bosch, the Netherlands
| | - Judith Bons
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- School of Sport and Exercise, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan-Willem van Dijk
- School of Sport and Exercise, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Trommelen J, van Lieshout GAA, Nyakayiru J, Holwerda AM, Smeets JSJ, Hendriks FK, van Kranenburg JMX, Zorenc AH, Senden JM, Goessens JPB, Gijsen AP, van Loon LJC. The anabolic response to protein ingestion during recovery from exercise has no upper limit in magnitude and duration in vivo in humans. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101324. [PMID: 38118410 PMCID: PMC10772463 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
The belief that the anabolic response to feeding during postexercise recovery is transient and has an upper limit and that excess amino acids are being oxidized lacks scientific proof. Using a comprehensive quadruple isotope tracer feeding-infusion approach, we show that the ingestion of 100 g protein results in a greater and more prolonged (>12 h) anabolic response when compared to the ingestion of 25 g protein. We demonstrate a dose-response increase in dietary-protein-derived plasma amino acid availability and subsequent incorporation into muscle protein. Ingestion of a large bolus of protein further increases whole-body protein net balance, mixed-muscle, myofibrillar, muscle connective, and plasma protein synthesis rates. Protein ingestion has a negligible impact on whole-body protein breakdown rates or amino acid oxidation rates. These findings demonstrate that the magnitude and duration of the anabolic response to protein ingestion is not restricted and has previously been underestimated in vivo in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorn Trommelen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Glenn A A van Lieshout
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; FrieslandCampina, 3818 LE Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - Jean Nyakayiru
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew M Holwerda
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Joey S J Smeets
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Floris K Hendriks
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Janneau M X van Kranenburg
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Antoine H Zorenc
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Joan M Senden
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Joy P B Goessens
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Annemie P Gijsen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hendriks FK, Weijzen MEG, Goessens JPB, Zorenc AHG, Gijsen AP, Kramer IF, van den Bergh JPW, Poeze M, Blokhuis TJ, van Loon LJC. Trabecular, but not cortical, bone tissue protein synthesis rates are lower in the femoral head when compared to the proximal femur following an intracapsular hip fracture. Bone 2023; 177:116921. [PMID: 37769955 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2023.116921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND All musculoskeletal tissues are in a constant state of turnover, with a dynamic equilibrium between tissue protein synthesis and breakdown rates. The synthesis of protein allows musculoskeletal tissues to heal following injury. Yet, impaired tissue healing is observed following certain injuries, such as geriatric hip fractures. It is assumed that the regenerative properties of femoral head bone tissue are compromised following an intracapsular hip fracture and therefore hip replacement surgery is normally performed. However, the actual impact on in vivo bone protein synthesis rates has never been determined. DESIGN In the present study, 10 patients (age: 79 ± 10 y, BMI: 24 ± 4 kg/m2) with an acute (<24 h) intracapsular hip fracture received a primed continuous intravenous infusion of L-[ring-13C6]-phenylalanine before and throughout their hip replacement surgery. Trabecular and cortical bone tissue from both the femoral head and proximal femur were sampled during surgery to assess protein synthesis rates of affected (femoral head) and unaffected (proximal femur) bone tissue, respectively. In addition, tissue samples of gluteus maximus muscle, synovium, ligamentum teres, and femoral head cartilage were collected. Tissue-specific protein synthesis rates were assessed by measuring L-[ring-13C6]-phenylalanine incorporation in tissue protein. RESULTS Femoral head trabecular bone protein synthesis rates (0.056 [0.024-0.086] %/h) were lower when compared to proximal femur trabecular bone protein synthesis rates (0.081 [0.056-0.118] %/h; P = 0.043). Cortical bone protein synthesis rates did not differ between the femoral head and proximal femur (0.041 [0.021-0.078] and 0.045 [0.028-0.073] %/h, respectively; P > 0.05). Skeletal muscle, synovium, ligamentum teres, and femoral head cartilage protein synthesis rates averaged 0.080 [0.048-0.089], 0.093 [0.051-0.130], 0.121 [0.110-0.167], and 0.023 [0.015-0.039] %/h, respectively. CONCLUSION In contrast to the general assumption that the femoral head is avital after an intracapsular displaced hip fracture in the elderly, our data show that bone protein synthesis is still ongoing in femoral head bone tissue during the early stages following an intracapsular hip fracture in older patients. Nonetheless, trabecular bone protein synthesis rates are lower in the femoral head when compared to the proximal femur in older patients following an acute intracapsular hip fracture. Trial register no: NL9036.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Floris K Hendriks
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Michelle E G Weijzen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Joy P B Goessens
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Antoine H G Zorenc
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Annemie P Gijsen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Irene Fleur Kramer
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Surgery, division of Trauma Surgery Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Joop P W van den Bergh
- Department of Internal Medicine, VieCuri Medical Center, Venlo, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn Poeze
- Department of Surgery, division of Trauma Surgery Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Taco J Blokhuis
- Department of Surgery, division of Trauma Surgery Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hendriks FK, Wiersma J, van der Sande FM, Alexander SE, Kooman JP, Bons JAP, van Loon LJC. Hemodialysis does not lower circulating testosterone concentrations. J Nephrol 2023:10.1007/s40620-023-01810-w. [PMID: 38015313 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-023-01810-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Floris K Hendriks
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Wiersma
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank M van der Sande
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah E Alexander
- Institute of Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeroen P Kooman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Judith A P Bons
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Vandenabeele F, Stevens S, Snijders T, Stessel B, Dubois J, van Loon LJC, Lambrichts I, Agten A. Observations of nemaline bodies in muscle biopsies of critically ill patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Microscopy (Oxf) 2023; 72:388-394. [PMID: 36574223 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfac072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) who have been admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) often face months of physical disability after discharge. To optimize recovery, it is important to understand the role of musculoskeletal alterations in critically ill patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. The main aim of the present study was to describe the presence and morphology of nemaline bodies found in the skeletal muscle tissue from critically ill patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. In n = 7 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, ultrastructural characteristics of vastus lateralis muscle obtained on days 1-3 and days 5-8 following ICU admission were investigated in more detail with electron microscopy. Those muscle biopsies consistently showed variable degrees of myofiber necrosis and myofibrillar disorganization. In 4/7 (57%) patients on days 5-8, the Z-line material accumulated into nemaline bodies with a typical lattice-like appearance at higher magnification, similar to that found in nemaline myopathy. This study is the first to describe the disintegration of myofibrils and the accumulation of Z-line material into nemaline bodies in the skeletal muscle tissue obtained from critically ill coronavirus disease-19 patients following ICU admission, which should be interpreted primarily as a non-specific pathological response of extreme myofibrillar disintegration associated with myofiber necrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Vandenabeele
- Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan, Building A, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
| | - Sjoerd Stevens
- Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan, Building A, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Stadsomvaart 11, Hasselt 3500, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Snijders
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Stadsomvaart 11, Hasselt 3500, The Netherlands
| | - Björn Stessel
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Jessa Hospital, Universiteitssingel 50, Maastricht 6229 ER, Belgium
- Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan, Building C, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
| | - Jasperina Dubois
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Jessa Hospital, Universiteitssingel 50, Maastricht 6229 ER, Belgium
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Stadsomvaart 11, Hasselt 3500, The Netherlands
| | - Ivo Lambrichts
- Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan, Building C, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
| | - Anouk Agten
- Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan, Building A, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
- U-RISE-UHasselt Research Group on Innovative and Society-Engaged Education, School for Educational Studies, Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 24, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Overkamp M, Houben LHP, Aussieker T, van Kranenburg JMX, Pinckaers PJM, Mikkelsen UR, Beelen M, Beijer S, van Loon LJC, Snijders T. Resistance Exercise Counteracts the Impact of Androgen Deprivation Therapy on Muscle Characteristics in Cancer Patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:e907-e915. [PMID: 37161470 PMCID: PMC10505531 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) forms the cornerstone in prostate cancer (PCa) treatment. However, ADT also lowers skeletal muscle mass. OBJECTIVE To identify the impact of ADT with and without resistance exercise training on muscle fiber characteristics in PCa patients. METHODS Twenty-one PCa patients (72 ± 6 years) starting ADT were included. Tissue samples from the vastus lateralis muscle were assessed at baseline and after 20 weeks of usual care (n = 11) or resistance exercise training (n = 10). Type I and II muscle fiber distribution, fiber size, and myonuclear and capillary contents were determined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Significant decreases in type I (from 7401 ± 1183 to 6489 ± 1293 μm2, P < .05) and type II (from 6225 ± 1503 to 5014 ± 714 μm2, P < .05) muscle fiber size were observed in the usual care group. In addition, type I and type II individual capillary-to-fiber ratio (C/Fi) declined (-12% ± 12% and -20% ± 21%, respectively, P < .05). In contrast, significant increases in type I (from 6700 ± 1464 to 7772 ± 1319 μm2, P < .05) and type II (from 5248 ± 892 to 6302 ± 1385 μm2, P < .05) muscle fiber size were observed in the training group, accompanied by an increase in type I and type II muscle fiber myonuclear contents (+24% ± 33% and +21% ± 23%, respectively, P < .05) and type I C/Fi (+18% ± 14%, P < .05). CONCLUSION The onset of ADT is followed by a decline in both type I and type II muscle fiber size and capillarization in PCa patients. Resistance exercise training offsets the negative impact of ADT and increases type I and II muscle fiber size and type I muscle fiber capillarization in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Overkamp
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, 6200 MD, the Netherlands
- Department of Research & Development, Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organisation, Utrecht, 3511 DT, the Netherlands
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TiFN), Wageningen, 6709 PA, the Netherlands
| | - Lisanne H P Houben
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, 6200 MD, the Netherlands
- Department of Research & Development, Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organisation, Utrecht, 3511 DT, the Netherlands
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TiFN), Wageningen, 6709 PA, the Netherlands
| | - Thorben Aussieker
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, 6200 MD, the Netherlands
| | - Janneau M X van Kranenburg
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, 6200 MD, the Netherlands
| | - Philippe J M Pinckaers
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, 6200 MD, the Netherlands
| | - Ulla R Mikkelsen
- Department of Nutrition & Health, Research & Development, Arla Foods Ingredients Group P/S, Viby J, 8260, Denmark
| | - Milou Beelen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, 6200 MD, the Netherlands
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TiFN), Wageningen, 6709 PA, the Netherlands
| | - Sandra Beijer
- Department of Research & Development, Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organisation, Utrecht, 3511 DT, the Netherlands
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TiFN), Wageningen, 6709 PA, the Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, 6200 MD, the Netherlands
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TiFN), Wageningen, 6709 PA, the Netherlands
| | - Tim Snijders
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, 6200 MD, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
van Lieshout GAA, Trommelen J, Nyakayiru J, van Kranenburg J, Senden JM, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC. The Postprandial Plasma Amino Acid Response Does Not Differ Following the Ingestion of a Solid Versus a Liquid Milk Protein Product in Healthy Adult Females. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2023; 33:247-254. [PMID: 37348850 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2023-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Dietary protein digestion and amino acid absorption rates are modulated by numerous factors such as the food matrix. It has been speculated that protein ingested in liquid form is more rapidly digested and absorbed when compared with ingestion in solid form. Here, we assessed the postprandial plasma amino acid availability following ingestion of a single bolus of protein provided in either liquid or solid form. Twelve healthy, young females were included in this randomized cross-over study. On two separate test days, participants ingested 20-g milk protein concentrate in solid form (protein bar) or in liquid form (protein drink). Products were composed of matched ingredients and, thereby, had the same macro- and micronutrient composition. On both test days, arterialized blood samples were collected at regular time intervals for up to 4 hr following protein ingestion to assess the postprandial rise in plasma amino acid concentrations. Protein ingestion robustly elevated circulating plasma amino acid concentrations (p < .001), with no significant differences between treatments (p = .088). The incremental area under the curve of the postprandial rise in total plasma amino acid concentrations did not differ following bar versus drink consumption (160 ± 73 vs. 160 ± 71 mmol·L-1·240 min-1, respectively; 95% confidence interval [-37, 37]; Cohen's dz = 0.003; p = .992). Ingestion of protein in liquid or solid form does not modulate postprandial amino acid availability in healthy, female adults. Any differences in protein digestion and amino acid absorption due to differences in food matrix are not attributed to the protein being consumed as a bar or as a drink.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Glenn A A van Lieshout
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht,The Netherlands
- FrieslandCampina, Amersfoort,The Netherlands
| | - Jorn Trommelen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht,The Netherlands
| | | | - Janneau van Kranenburg
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht,The Netherlands
| | - Joan M Senden
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht,The Netherlands
| | - Lex B Verdijk
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht,The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht,The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hendriks FK, Trommelen J, van der Sande FM, van Kranenburg JMX, Kuijpers JHW, Houtvast DCJ, Jetten GHJ, Goessens JPB, Meex SJR, Kooman JP, van Loon LJC. Branched-chain ketoacid co-ingestion with protein lowers amino acid oxidation during hemodialysis: A randomized controlled cross-over trial. Clin Nutr 2023; 42:1436-1444. [PMID: 37441814 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hemodialysis removes amino acids from the circulation, thereby stimulating muscle proteolysis. Protein ingestion during hemodialysis can compensate for amino acid removal but may also increase uremic toxin production. Branched-chain ketoacid (BCKA) co-ingestion may provide an additional anabolic stimulus without adding to uremic toxin accumulation. In the present study we assessed the impact of BCKA co-ingestion with protein on forearm amino acid balance and amino acid oxidation during hemodialysis. METHODS Nine patients (age: 73 ± 10 y) on chronic hemodialysis participated in this crossover trial. During two 4-h hemodialysis sessions, patients ingested 18 g protein with (PRO + BCKA) or without (PRO) 9 g BCKAs in a randomized order. Test beverages were labeled with L-[ring-13C6]-phenylalanine and provided throughout the last 3 h of hemodialysis as 18 equal sips consumed with 10-min intervals. Arterial and venous plasma as well as breath samples were collected frequently throughout hemodialysis. RESULTS Arterial plasma total amino acid (TAA) concentrations during PRO and PRO + BCKA treatments were significantly lower after 1 h of hemodialysis (2.6 ± 0.3 and 2.6 ± 0.3 mmol/L, respectively) when compared to pre-hemodialysis concentrations (4.2 ± 1.0 and 4.0 ± 0.5 mmol/L, respectively; time effect: P < 0.001). Arterial plasma TAA concentrations increased throughout test beverage ingestion (time effect: P = 0.027) without differences between treatments (time∗treatment: P = 0.62). Forearm arteriovenous TAA balance during test beverage ingestion did not differ between timepoints (time effect: P = 0.31) or treatments (time∗treatment: P = 0.34). Whole-body phenylalanine oxidation was 33 ± 16% lower during PRO + BCKA when compared to PRO treatments (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS BCKA co-ingestion with protein during hemodialysis does not improve forearm net protein balance but lowers amino acid oxidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Floris K Hendriks
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jorn Trommelen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Frank M van der Sande
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Janneau M X van Kranenburg
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey H W Kuijpers
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Central Diagnostic Laboratory, CARIM Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Dion C J Houtvast
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Guus H J Jetten
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Joy P B Goessens
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Steven J R Meex
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Central Diagnostic Laboratory, CARIM Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen P Kooman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Trommelen J, van Lieshout GAA, Pabla P, Nyakayiru J, Hendriks FK, Senden JM, Goessens JPB, van Kranenburg JMX, Gijsen AP, Verdijk LB, de Groot LCPGM, van Loon LJC. Pre-sleep Protein Ingestion Increases Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis Rates During Overnight Recovery from Endurance Exercise: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Sports Med 2023; 53:1445-1455. [PMID: 36857005 PMCID: PMC10289916 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01822-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Casein protein ingestion prior to sleep has been shown to increase myofibrillar protein synthesis rates during overnight sleep. It remains to be assessed whether pre-sleep protein ingestion can also increase mitochondrial protein synthesis rates. Though it has been suggested that casein protein may be preferred as a pre-sleep protein source, no study has compared the impact of pre-sleep whey versus casein ingestion on overnight muscle protein synthesis rates. OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess the impact of casein and whey protein ingestion prior to sleep on mitochondrial and myofibrillar protein synthesis rates during overnight recovery from a bout of endurance-type exercise. METHODS Thirty-six healthy young men performed a single bout of endurance-type exercise in the evening (19:45 h). Thirty minutes prior to sleep (23:30 h), participants ingested 45 g of casein protein, 45 g of whey protein, or a non-caloric placebo. Continuous intravenous L-[ring-13C6]-phenylalanine infusions were applied, with blood and muscle tissue samples being collected to assess overnight mitochondrial and myofibrillar protein synthesis rates. RESULTS Pooled protein ingestion resulted in greater mitochondrial (0.087 ± 0.020 vs 0.067 ± 0.016%·h-1, p = 0.005) and myofibrillar (0.060 ± 0.014 vs 0.047 ± 0.011%·h-1, p = 0.012) protein synthesis rates when compared with placebo. Casein and whey protein ingestion did not differ in their capacity to stimulate mitochondrial (0.082 ± 0.019 vs 0.092 ± 0.020%·h-1, p = 0.690) and myofibrillar (0.056 ± 0.009 vs 0.064 ± 0.018%·h-1, p = 0.440) protein synthesis rates. CONCLUSIONS Protein ingestion prior to sleep increases both mitochondrial and myofibrillar protein synthesis rates during overnight recovery from exercise. The overnight muscle protein synthetic response to whey and casein protein does not differ. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NTR7251 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorn Trommelen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Glenn A A van Lieshout
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- FrieslandCampina, 3818 LE, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Pardeep Pabla
- MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Floris K Hendriks
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joan M Senden
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joy P B Goessens
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Janneau M X van Kranenburg
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Annemie P Gijsen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lex B Verdijk
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Petrick HL, Handy RM, Vachon B, Frangos SM, Holwerda AM, Gijsen AP, Senden JM, van Loon LJC, Holloway GP. Dietary nitrate preserves mitochondrial bioenergetics and mitochondrial protein synthesis rates during short-term immobilization in mice. J Physiol 2023. [PMID: 37293995 DOI: 10.1113/jp284701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle disuse reduces muscle protein synthesis rates and induces atrophy, events associated with decreased mitochondrial respiration and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS). Since dietary nitrate can improve mitochondrial bioenergetics, we examined whether nitrate supplementation attenuates disuse-induced impairments in mitochondrial function and muscle protein synthesis rates. Female C57Bl/6N mice were subject to single-limb casting (3 or 7 days) and consumed drinking water with or without 1 mM sodium nitrate. Compared to the contralateral control limb, 3 days of immobilization lowered myofibrillar fractional synthesis rates (FSR, p<0.0001), resulting in muscle atrophy. While FSR and mitophagy-related proteins were higher in subsarcolemmal (SS) compared to intermyofibrillar (IMF) mitochondria, immobilization for 3 days decreased FSR in both SS (p = 0.009) and IMF (p = 0.031) mitochondria. Additionally, 3 days of immobilization reduced maximal mitochondrial respiration and protein content, and increased maximal mitochondrial ROS emission without altering mitophagy-related proteins in muscle homogenate or isolated mitochondria (SS, IMF). While nitrate consumption did not attenuate the decline in muscle mass or myofibrillar FSR, intriguingly, nitrate completely prevented immobilization-induced reductions in SS and IMF mitochondrial FSR. In addition, nitrate prevented alterations in mitochondrial content and bioenergetics following both 3 and 7 days of immobilization. However, in contrast to 3 days of immobilization, nitrate did not prevent the decline in SS and IMF mitochondrial FSR following 7 days. Therefore, while nitrate supplementation was not sufficient to prevent muscle atrophy, nitrate may represent a promising therapeutic strategy to maintain mitochondrial bioenergetics and transiently preserve mitochondrial protein synthesis rates during short-term muscle disuse. KEY POINTS: Alterations in mitochondrial bioenergetics (decreased respiration and increased reactive oxygen species) are thought to contribute to muscle atrophy and reduced protein synthesis rates during muscle disuse. Since dietary nitrate can improve mitochondrial bioenergetics, we examined if nitrate supplementation could attenuate immobilization-induced skeletal muscle impairments in female mice. Dietary nitrate prevented short-term (3 day) immobilization-induced declines in mitochondrial protein synthesis rates, reductions in markers of mitochondrial content, and alterations in mitochondrial bioenergetics. Despite these benefits, and the preservation of mitochondrial content and bioenergetics during more prolonged (7 day) immobilization, nitrate consumption did not preserve skeletal muscle mass or myofibrillar protein synthesis rates. Overall, while dietary nitrate did not prevent atrophy, nitrate supplementation represents a promising nutritional approach to preserve mitochondrial function during muscle disuse. Abstract figure legend In female mice consuming standard drinking water (H2 O), 3 and 7 days of single-limb immobilization decreased mitochondrial (mito) protein fractional synthesis rate (FSR), myofibrillar (myofib) protein FSR, and mitochondrial respiration, and increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). In contrast, sodium nitrate (NO3 ) prevented the immobilization-induced alterations in mitochondrial bioenergetics (respiration, ROS) at both timepoints (3- and 7-day). In addition, mitochondrial protein FSR was transiently (3 day) preserved in the immobilized limb of nitrate-consuming mice. Combined, while dietary nitrate was not sufficient to prevent muscle atrophy, nitrate preserved mitochondrial bioenergetics and mitochondrial protein synthesis rates during short-term muscle disuse in mice. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Petrick
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Rachel M Handy
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bayley Vachon
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara M Frangos
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew M Holwerda
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Annemarie P Gijsen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Joan M Senden
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Graham P Holloway
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hilkens L, Boerboom M, van Schijndel N, Bons J, van Loon LJC, van Dijk JW. Bone turnover following high-impact exercise is not modulated by collagen supplementation in young men: A randomized cross-over trial. Bone 2023; 170:116705. [PMID: 36804484 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2023.116705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We assessed whether collagen supplementation augments the effects of high-impact exercise on bone turnover and whether a higher exercise frequency results in a greater benefit for bone metabolism. METHODS In this randomized, cross-over trial, 14 healthy males (age 24 ± 4 y, BMI 22.0 ± 2.1 kg/m2) performed 5-min of high-impact exercise once (JUMP+PLA and JUMP+COL) or twice daily (JUMP2+COL2) during a 3-day intervention period, separated by a 10-day wash out period. One hour before every exercise bout participants ingested 20 g hydrolysed collagen (JUMP+COL and JUMP2+COL2) or a placebo control (JUMP+PLA). Blood markers of bone formation (P1NP) and resorption (CTXI) were assessed in the fasted state before the ingestion of the initial test drinks and 24, 48, and 72 h thereafter. In JUMP+PLA and JUMP+COL, additional blood samples were collected in the postprandial state at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 13 h after ingestion of the test drink. RESULTS In the postprandial state, serum P1NP concentrations decreased marginally from 99 ± 37 to 93 ± 33 ng/mL in JUMP+COL, and from 97 ± 32 to 92 ± 31 ng/mL in JUMP+PLA, with P1NP levels having returned to baseline levels after 13 h (time-effect, P = 0.053). No differences in serum P1NP concentrations were observed between JUMP+PLA and JUMP+COL (time x treatment, P = 0.58). Serum CTX-I concentrations showed a ~ 50 % decline (time, P < 0.001) in the postprandial state in JUMP+COL (0.9 ± 0.3 to 0.4 ± 0.2 ng/mL) and JUMP+PLA (0.9 ± 0.3 to 0.4 ± 0.2 ng/mL), with no differences between treatments (time x treatment, P = 0.17). Fasted serum P1NP concentrations increased ~8 % by daily jumping exercise (time-effect, P < 0.01), with no differences between treatments (time x treatment, P = 0.71). Fasted serum CTX-I concentrations did not change over time (time-effect, P = 0.41) and did not differ between treatments (time x treatment, P = 0.58). CONCLUSIONS Five minutes of high-impact exercise performed daily stimulates bone formation during a 3-day intervention period. This was indicated by an increase in fasted serum P1NP concentrations, rather than an acute increase in post-exercise serum P1NP concentrations. Collagen supplementation or an increase in exercise frequency does not further increase serum P1NP concentrations. The bone resorption marker CTX-I was not affected by daily short-duration high-impact exercise with or without concurrent collagen supplementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luuk Hilkens
- School of Sport and Exercise, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Marleen Boerboom
- School of Sport and Exercise, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Nick van Schijndel
- School of Sport and Exercise, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Judith Bons
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- School of Sport and Exercise, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan-Willem van Dijk
- School of Sport and Exercise, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
McCarthy DG, Bone J, Fong M, Pinckaers PJM, Bostad W, Richards DL, van Loon LJC, Gibala MJ. Acute Ketone Monoester Supplementation Impairs 20-min Time-Trial Performance in Trained Cyclists: A Randomized, Crossover Trial. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2023:1-8. [PMID: 37185454 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2022-0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Acute ketone monoester (KE) supplementation can alter exercise responses, but the performance effect is unclear. The limited and equivocal data to date are likely related to factors including the KE dose, test conditions, and caliber of athletes studied. We tested the hypothesis that mean power output during a 20-min cycling time trial (TT) would be different after KE ingestion compared to a placebo (PL). A sample size of 22 was estimated to provide 80% power to detect an effect size dz of 0.63 at an alpha level of .05 with a two-tailed paired t test. This determination considered 2.0% as the minimal important difference in performance. Twenty-three trained cyclists (N = 23; peak oxygen uptake: 65 ± 12 ml·kg-1 min-1; M ± SD), who were regularly cycling >5 hr/week, completed a familiarization trial followed by two experimental trials. Participants self-selected and replicated their diet and exercise for ∼24 hr before each trial. Participants ingested either 0.35 g/kg body mass of (R)-3-hydroxybutyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate KE or a flavor-matched PL 30 min before exercise in a randomized, triple-blind, crossover manner. Exercise involved a 15-min warm-up followed by the 20-min TT on a cycle ergometer. The only feedback provided was time elapsed. Preexercise venous [β-hydroxybutyrate] was higher after KE versus PL (2.0 ± 0.6 vs. 0.2 ± 0.1 mM, p < .0001). Mean TT power output was 2.4% (0.6% to 4.1%; mean [95% confidence interval]) lower after KE versus PL (255 ± 54 vs. 261 ± 54 W, p < .01; dz = 0.60). The mechanistic basis for the impaired TT performance after KE ingestion under the present study conditions remains to be determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devin G McCarthy
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON,Canada
| | - Jack Bone
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON,Canada
| | - Matthew Fong
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON,Canada
| | - Phillippe J M Pinckaers
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht,the Netherlands
| | - William Bostad
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON,Canada
| | | | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht,the Netherlands
| | - Martin J Gibala
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON,Canada
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kraková D, Holwerda AM, Betz MW, Lavin KM, Bamman MM, van Loon LJC, Verdijk LB, Snijders T. Muscle fiber type grouping does not change in response to prolonged resistance exercise training in healthy older men. Exp Gerontol 2023; 173:112083. [PMID: 36621699 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ageing of skeletal muscle is characterized in some by muscle fiber type grouping due to denervation-reinnervation cycles, but the severity of fiber type grouping varies widely across individuals of the same chronological age. It remains unknown whether fiber type grouping is associated with lower muscle mass and/or reduced physical function in elderly. Therefore, we assessed the relationship between fiber type grouping and indices of muscle mass and physical function in older adults. In addition, we assessed whether fiber type grouping is affected by prolonged resistance training in older adults. METHODS Twenty young (21 ± 2 y) and twenty older (70 ± 4 y) healthy men participated in the present study. Body composition (DXA-scan), quadriceps cross-sectional area (CT-scan) and muscle strength (1RM) were assessed at baseline (young and old) and following 12 weeks of resistance training (old only). Percutaneous skeletal muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis were collected at baseline (young and old) and following exercise training (old only). Immunohistochemical analyses were performed to evaluate type I and type II muscle fiber distribution, size, myonuclear content and grouping. RESULTS At baseline, type II fibers were significantly (P < 0.05) smaller in older compared with young adults (5366 ± 1288 vs 6705 ± 1168 μm2). Whereas no differences were observed in type I, type II fiber grouping was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in older (18 ± 18 %) compared with young (32 ± 25 %) men. No significant correlations were observed between fiber type grouping and muscle mass or physical function. Prolonged resistance training in old men resulted in a significant increase (P < 0.05) in type II fiber size (from 5366 ± 1288 to 6165 ± 1484 μm2) with no significant changes in the proportion of type I muscle fibers found grouped. CONCLUSION Muscle fiber type grouping is not associated with lower body strength or muscle mass in healthy, older men. In addition, twelve weeks of resistance exercise training results in type II muscle fiber specific hypertrophy but does not affect fiber type grouping.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Kraková
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew M Holwerda
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Milan W Betz
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Kaleen M Lavin
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, FL, USA
| | - Marcas M Bamman
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, FL, USA
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Lex B Verdijk
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Tim Snijders
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hengist A, Davies RG, Rogers PJ, Brunstrom JM, van Loon LJC, Walhin JP, Thompson D, Koumanov F, Betts JA, Gonzalez JT. Restricting sugar or carbohydrate intake does not impact physical activity level or energy intake over 24 h despite changes in substrate use: a randomised crossover study in healthy men and women. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:921-940. [PMID: 36326863 PMCID: PMC9941259 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-03048-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effects of dietary sugar or carbohydrate restriction on physical activity energy expenditure, energy intake, and physiological outcomes across 24 h. METHODS In a randomized, open-label crossover design, twenty-five healthy men (n = 10) and women (n = 15) consumed three diets over a 24-h period: moderate carbohydrate and sugar content (MODSUG = 50% carbohydrate [20% sugars], 15% protein, 35% fat); low sugar content (LOWSUG = 50% carbohydrate [< 5% sugars], 15% protein, 35% fat); and low carbohydrate content (LOWCHO = 8% carbohydrate [< 5% sugars], 15% protein, 77% fat). Postprandial metabolic responses to a prescribed breakfast (20% EI) were monitored under laboratory conditions before an ad libitum test lunch, with subsequent diet and physical activity monitoring under free-living conditions until blood sample collection the following morning. RESULTS The MODSUG, LOWSUG and LOWCHO diets resulted in similar mean [95%CI] rates of both physical activity energy expenditure (771 [624, 919] vs. 677 [565, 789] vs. 802 [614, 991] kcal·d-1; p = 0.29] and energy intake (2071 [1794, 2347] vs. 2195 [1918, 2473] vs. 2194 [1890, 2498] kcal·d-1; P = 0.34), respectively. The LOWCHO condition elicited the lowest glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to breakfast (P < 0.01) but the highest 24-h increase in LDL-cholesterol concentrations (P < 0.001), with no differences between the MODSUG and LOWSUG treatments. Leptin concentrations decreased over 24-h of consuming LOWCHO relative to LOWSUG (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION When energy density is controlled for, restricting either sugar or total dietary carbohydrate does not modulate physical activity level or energy intake over a 24-h period (~ 19-h free-living) despite substantial metabolic changes. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION ID NCT03509610, https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03509610.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Hengist
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Russell G Davies
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Peter J Rogers
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jeff M Brunstrom
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Philippe Walhin
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Dylan Thompson
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Françoise Koumanov
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - James A Betts
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Javier T Gonzalez
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hendriks FK, Kuijpers JHW, van Kranenburg JMX, Senden JMG, van der Sande FM, Kooman JP, Meex SJR, van Loon LJC. Intradialytic Protein Ingestion and Exercise do Not Compromise Uremic Toxin Removal Throughout Hemodialysis. J Ren Nutr 2023; 33:376-385. [PMID: 35988911 DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dietary protein and physical activity interventions are increasingly implemented during hemodialysis to support muscle maintenance in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Although muscle maintenance is important, adequate removal of uremic toxins throughout hemodialysis is the primary concern for patients. It remains to be established whether intradialytic protein ingestion and/or exercise modulate uremic toxin removal during hemodialysis. METHODS We recruited 10 patients with ESRD (age: 65 ± 16 y, BMI: 24.2 ± 4.8 kg/m2) on chronic hemodialysis treatment to participate in this randomized cross-over trial. During hemodialysis, patients were assigned to ingest 40 g protein or a nonprotein placebo both at rest (protein [PRO] and placebo [PLA], respectively) and following 30 min of exercise (PRO + exercise [EX] and PLA + EX, respectively). Blood and spent dialysate samples were collected throughout hemodialysis to assess reduction ratios and removal of urea, creatinine, phosphate, cystatin C, and indoxyl sulfate. RESULTS The reduction ratios of urea and indoxyl sulfate were higher during PLA (76 ± 6% and 46 ± 9%, respectively) and PLA + EX interventions (77 ± 5% and 45 ± 10%, respectively) when compared to PRO (72 ± 4% and 40 ± 8%, respectively) and PRO + EX interventions (73 ± 4% and 43 ± 7%, respectively; protein effect: P = .001 and P = .023, respectively; exercise effect: P = .25 and P = .52, respectively). Nonetheless, protein ingestion resulted in greater urea removal (P = .046) during hemodialysis. Reduction ratios and removal of creatinine, phosphate, and cystatin C during hemodialysis did not differ following intradialytic protein ingestion or exercise (protein effect: P > .05; exercise effect: P>.05). Urea, creatinine, and phosphate removal were greater throughout the period with intradialytic exercise during PLA + EX and PRO + EX interventions when compared to the same period during PLA and PRO interventions (exercise effect: P = .034, P = .039, and P = .022, respectively). CONCLUSION The removal of uremic toxins is not compromised by protein feeding and/or exercise implementation during hemodialysis in patients with ESRD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Floris K Hendriks
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey H W Kuijpers
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Center(+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Janneau M X van Kranenburg
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joan M G Senden
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank M van der Sande
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre(+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen P Kooman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre(+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Steven J R Meex
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Center(+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Petrick HL, Ogilvie LM, Brunetta HS, Robinson A, Kirsh AJ, Barbeau PA, Handy RM, Coyle-Asbil B, Gianetto-Hill C, Dennis KMJH, van Loon LJC, Chabowski A, Schertzer JD, Allen-Vercoe E, Simpson JA, Holloway GP. Dietary nitrate and corresponding gut microbiota prevent cardiac dysfunction in obese mice. Diabetes 2023:148499. [PMID: 36812497 DOI: 10.2337/db22-0575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Impaired heart function can develop in diabetic individuals in the absence of coronary artery disease or hypertension, suggesting mechanisms beyond hypertension/increased afterload contribute to diabetic cardiomyopathy. Identifying therapeutic approaches that improve glycemia and prevent cardiovascular disease are clearly required for clinical management of diabetes-related comorbidities. Since intestinal bacteria are important for metabolism of nitrate, we examined if dietary nitrate and fecal microbial transplantation (FMT) from nitrate-fed mice could prevent high-fat diet (HFD)-induced cardiac abnormalities. Male C57Bl/6N mice were fed an 8-week low-fat diet (LFD), HFD, or HFD+Nitrate (4mM sodium nitrate). HFD-fed mice presented with pathological left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, reduced stroke volume and increased end diastolic pressure, in association with increased myocardial fibrosis, glucose intolerance, adipose inflammation, serum lipids, LV mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), and gut dysbiosis. In contrast, dietary nitrate attenuated these detriments. In HFD-fed mice, FMT from HFD+Nitrate donors did not influence serum nitrate, blood pressure, adipose inflammation, or myocardial fibrosis. However, microbiota from HFD+Nitrate mice decreased serum lipids, LV ROS, and similar to FMT from LFD donors, prevented glucose intolerance and cardiac morphology changes. Therefore, the cardioprotective effects of nitrate are not dependent on reducing blood pressure, but rather mitigating gut dysbiosis, highlighting a nitrate-gut-heart axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Petrick
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Leslie M Ogilvie
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Henver S Brunetta
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Avery Robinson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aleah J Kirsh
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pierre-Andre Barbeau
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rachel M Handy
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bridget Coyle-Asbil
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Connor Gianetto-Hill
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kaitlyn M J H Dennis
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Adrian Chabowski
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Jonathan D Schertzer
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, and Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emma Allen-Vercoe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeremy A Simpson
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Graham P Holloway
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Parr EB, Kouw IWK, Wheeler MJ, Radford BE, Hall RC, Senden JM, Goessens JPB, van Loon LJC, Hawley JA. Eight-hour time-restricted eating does not lower daily myofibrillar protein synthesis rates: A randomized control trial. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2023; 31 Suppl 1:116-126. [PMID: 36546330 PMCID: PMC10107304 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the impact of time-restricted eating (TRE) on integrated skeletal muscle myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS) rates in males with overweight/obesity. METHODS A total of 18 healthy males (age 46 ± 5 years; BMI: 30 ± 2 kg/m2 ) completed this exploratory, parallel, randomized dietary intervention after a 3-day lead-in diet. Participants then consumed an isoenergetic diet (protein: ~1.0 g/kg body mass per day) following either TRE (10:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m.) or an extended eating control (CON; 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m.) protocol for 10 days. Integrated MyoPS rates were measured using deuterated water administration with repeated saliva, blood, and muscle sampling. Secondary measures included continuous glucose monitoring and body composition (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry). RESULTS There were no differences in daily integrated MyoPS rates (TRE: 1.28% ± 0.18% per day, CON: 1.26% ± 0.22% per day; p = 0.82) between groups. From continuous glucose monitoring, 24-hour total area under the curve was reduced following TRE (-578 ± 271 vs. CON: 12 ± 272 mmol/L × 24 hours; p = 0.001). Total body mass declined (TRE: -1.6 ± 0.9 and CON: -1.1 ± 0.7 kg; p < 0.001) with no differences between groups (p = 0.22). Lean mass loss was greater following TRE compared with CON (-1.0 ± 0.7 vs. -0.2 ± 0.5 kg, respectively; p = 0.01). CONCLUSION Consuming food within an 8-hour time-restricted period does not lower daily MyoPS rates when compared with an isoenergetic diet consumed over 12 hours. Future research should investigate whether these results translate to free-living TRE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn B Parr
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Imre W K Kouw
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael J Wheeler
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bridget E Radford
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rebecca C Hall
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joan M Senden
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joy P B Goessens
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - John A Hawley
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Overkamp M, Houben LHP, van der Meer S, van Roermund JGH, Bos R, Kokshoorn APJ, Larsen MS, van Loon LJC, Beelen M, Beijer S. Onset of androgen deprivation therapy leads to rapid deterioration of body composition, physical performance, cardiometabolic health and quality-of-life in prostate cancer patients. Scand J Urol 2023; 57:60-66. [PMID: 36703515 DOI: 10.1080/21681805.2023.2168050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the adverse impact of the first 5 months of androgen deprivation therapy on body composition, physical performance, cardiometabolic health and health-related quality-of-life in prostate cancer patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-four prostate cancer patients (70 ± 7 years) were assessed shortly after initiation of androgen deprivation therapy and again 5 months thereafter. Measurements consisted of whole-body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (body composition), computed tomography scanning of the upper leg (muscle mass), one-repetition maximum leg press (muscle strength), cardiopulmonary exercise testing (aerobic capacity), blood draws (metabolic parameters), accelerometry (habitual physical activity) and questionnaires (health-related quality-of-life). Data were analyzed with Student's paired t-tests. RESULTS Over time, whole-body fat mass (from 26.2 ± 7.7 to 28.4 ± 8.3 kg, p < 0.001) and fasting insulin (from 9.5 ± 5.8 to 11.3 ± 6.9 mU/L, p < 0.001) increased. Declines were observed for quadriceps cross-sectional area (from 66.3 ± 9.1 to 65.0 ± 8.5 cm2, p < 0.01), one-repetition maximum leg press (from 107 ± 27 to 100 ± 27 kg, p < 0.01), peak oxygen uptake (from 23.2 ± 3.7 to 20.3 ± 3.4 mL/min/kg body weight, p < 0.001), step count (from 7,048 ± 2,277 to 5,842 ± 1,749 steps/day, p < 0.01) and health-related quality-of-life (from 84.6 ± 13.5 to 77.0 ± 14.6, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Androgen deprivation therapy induces adverse changes in body composition, muscle strength, cardiometabolic health and health-related quality-of-life already within 5 months after the start of treatment, possibly largely contributed by diminished habitual physical activity. Prostate cancer patients should, therefore, be stimulated to increase their habitual physical activity immediately after initiation of androgen deprivation therapy, to limit adverse side-effects and to improve health-related quality-of-life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Overkamp
- Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organisation (IKNL), Department of Research & Development, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,TiFN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisanne H P Houben
- Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organisation (IKNL), Department of Research & Development, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,TiFN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia van der Meer
- Department of Urology, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Joep G H van Roermund
- Department of Urology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald Bos
- Department of Urology, Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan P J Kokshoorn
- Sports Medical Center, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | | | - Luc J C van Loon
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,TiFN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Milou Beelen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,TiFN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Beijer
- Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organisation (IKNL), Department of Research & Development, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,TiFN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Gaulton N, Wakelin G, Young LV, Wotherspoon S, Kamal M, Parise G, Nederveen JP, Holwerda A, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC, Snijders T, Johnston AP. Twist2-expressing cells reside in human skeletal muscle and are responsive to aging and resistance exercise training. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22642. [PMID: 36374263 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201349rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is maintained and repaired by sub-laminar, Pax7-expressing satellite cells. However, recent mouse investigations have described a second myogenic progenitor population that resides within the myofiber interstitium and expresses the transcription factor Twist2. Twist2-expressing cells exclusively repair and maintain type IIx/b muscle fibers. Currently, it is unknown if Twist2-expressing cells are present in human skeletal muscle and if they function as myogenic progenitors. Here, we perform a combination of single-cell RNA sequencing analysis and immunofluorescence staining to demonstrate the identity and localization of Twist2-expressing cells in human skeletal muscle. Twist2-expressing cells were identified to be anatomically and transcriptionally comparable to fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs) and lack expression of typical satellite cell markers such as Pax7. Comparative analysis revealed that human and mouse Twist2-expressing cells were highly transcriptionally analogous and resided within the same anatomical structures in vivo. Examination of young and aged skeletal muscle biopsy samples revealed that Twist2-positive cells are more prevalent in aged muscle and increase following 12-weeks of resistance exercise training (RET) in humans. However, the quantity of Twist2-positive cells was not correlated with indices of muscle mass or muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) in young or older muscle, and their abundance was surprisingly, negatively correlated with CSA and myonuclear domain size following RET. Taken together, we have identified cells expressing Twist2 in human skeletal muscle which are responsive to aging and exercise. Further examination of their myogenic potential is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nick Gaulton
- Department of Applied Human Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Griffen Wakelin
- Department of Applied Human Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada.,Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Laura V Young
- Department of Applied Human Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Scott Wotherspoon
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Michael Kamal
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Ontario, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Gianni Parise
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Ontario, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Joshua P Nederveen
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andy Holwerda
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lex B Verdijk
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Snijders
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Adam P Johnston
- Department of Applied Human Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada.,Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Maintaining good glycemic control to prevent complications is crucial in people with type 2 diabetes and in people with prediabetes and in the general population. Different strategies to improve glycemic control involve the prescription of blood glucose-lowering drugs and the modulation of physical activity and diet. Interestingly, lifestyle intervention may be more effective in lowering hyperglycemia than pharmaceutical intervention. Regulation of postprandial glycemia is complex, but specific nutritional strategies can be applied to attenuate postprandial hyperglycemia. These strategies include reducing total carbohydrate intake, consuming carbohydrates with a lower glycemic index, the addition of or substitution by sweeteners and fibers, using food compounds which delay or inhibit gastric emptying or carbohydrate digestion, and using food compounds which inhibit intestinal glucose absorption. Nevertheless, it must be noted that every individual may respond differently to certain nutritional interventions. Therefore, a personalized approach is of importance to choose the optimal nutritional strategy to improve postprandial glycemia for each individual, but this requires a better understanding of the mechanisms explaining the differential responses between individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Pasmans
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ruth C R Meex
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen E Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Petrick HL, Brownell S, Vachon B, Brunetta HS, Handy RM, van Loon LJC, Murrant CL, Holloway GP. Dietary nitrate increases submaximal SERCA activity and ADP transfer to mitochondria in slow-twitch muscle of female mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 323:E171-E184. [PMID: 35732003 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00371.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rapid oscillations in cytosolic calcium (Ca2+) coordinate muscle contraction, relaxation, and physical movement. Intriguingly, dietary nitrate decreases ATP cost of contraction, increases force production, and increases cytosolic Ca2+, which would seemingly necessitate a greater demand for sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) to sequester Ca2+ within the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) during relaxation. As SERCA is highly regulated, we aimed to determine the effect of 7-day nitrate supplementation (1 mM via drinking water) on SERCA enzymatic properties and the functional interaction between SERCA and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. In soleus, we report that dietary nitrate increased force production across all stimulation frequencies tested, and throughout a 25 min fatigue protocol. Mice supplemented with nitrate also displayed an ∼25% increase in submaximal SERCA activity and SERCA efficiency (P = 0.053) in the soleus. To examine a possible link between ATP consumption and production, we established a methodology coupling SERCA and mitochondria in permeabilized muscle fibers. The premise of this experiment is that the addition of Ca2+ in the presence of ATP generates ADP from SERCA to support mitochondrial respiration. Similar to submaximal SERCA activity, mitochondrial respiration supported by SERCA-derived ADP was increased by ∼20% following nitrate in red gastrocnemius. This effect was fully attenuated by the SERCA inhibitor cyclopiazonic acid and was not attributed to differences in mitochondrial oxidative capacity, ADP sensitivity, protein content, or reactive oxygen species emission. Overall, these findings suggest that improvements in submaximal SERCA kinetics may contribute to the effects of nitrate on force production during fatigue.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We show that nitrate supplementation increased force production during fatigue and increased submaximal SERCA activity. This was also evident regarding the high-energy phosphate transfer from SERCA to mitochondria, as nitrate increased mitochondrial respiration supported by SERCA-derived ADP. Surprisingly, these observations were only apparent in muscle primarily expressing type I (soleus) but not type II fibers (EDL). These findings suggest that alterations in SERCA properties are a possible mechanism in which nitrate increases force during fatiguing contractions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Petrick
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Stuart Brownell
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bayley Vachon
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Henver S Brunetta
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Rachel M Handy
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Coral L Murrant
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Graham P Holloway
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chapple LAS, Kouw IWK, Summers MJ, Weinel LM, Gluck S, Raith E, Slobodian P, Soenen S, Deane AM, van Loon LJC, Chapman MJ. Muscle Protein Synthesis Following Protein Administration in Critical Illness. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022; 206:740-749. [PMID: 35584344 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202112-2780oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale Dietary protein may attenuate the muscle atrophy experienced by patients in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), yet protein handling is poorly understood. Objective To quantify protein digestion and amino acid absorption, and fasting and postprandial myofibrillar protein synthesis during critical illness. Methods Fifteen mechanically ventilated adults (12M; age 50±17y, Body Mass Index (BMI) 27±5kg·m-2) and 10 healthy controls (6M; 54±23y, BMI 27±4kg·m-2) received a primed intravenous L-[ring-2H5]-phenylalanine, L-[3,5-2H2]-tyrosine, and L-[1-13C]-leucine infusion over 9.5h, and a duodenal bolus of intrinsically-labelled (L-[1-13C]-phenylalanine and L-[1-13C]-leucine) intact milk protein (20g protein) over 60min. Arterial blood and muscle samples were taken at baseline (fasting) and for 6h following duodenal protein administration. Data are mean±SD; analysed with 2-way repeated measures ANOVA and independent samples t-test. Measurements and main results Fasting myofibrillar protein synthesis rates did not differ between ICU patients and healthy controls (0.023±0.013 vs 0.034±0.016%/h; P=0.077). Following protein administration, plasma amino acid availability did not differ between groups (ICU patients 54.2±9.1 vs healthy controls 61.8±13.1%; P=0.12), and myofibrillar protein synthesis rates increased in both groups (0.028±0.010 vs 0.043±0.018 %/h, main time effect P=0.046, P-interaction=0.584) with lower rates in ICU patients compared to healthy controls (main group effect P=0.001). Incorporation of protein-derived phenylalanine into myofibrillar protein was ~60% lower in ICU patients (0.007±0.007 vs 0.017±0.009 mole % excess (MPE); P=0.007). Conclusion The capacity for critically ill patients to use ingested protein for muscle protein synthesis is markedly blunted despite relatively normal protein digestion and amino acid absorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lee-Anne S Chapple
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, 1062, Intensive Care Unit, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,The University of Adelaide, 1066, Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,The University of Adelaide, 1066, Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia;
| | - Imre W K Kouw
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, 1062, Intensive Care Unit, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,The University of Adelaide, 1066, Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,The University of Adelaide, 1066, Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 199236, Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht, Limburg, Netherlands
| | - Matthew J Summers
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, 1062, Intensive Care Unit, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,The University of Adelaide, 1066, Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Luke M Weinel
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, 1062, Intensive Care Unit, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,The University of Adelaide, 1066, Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Samuel Gluck
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, 1062, Intensive Care Unit, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,The University of Adelaide, 1066, Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Eamon Raith
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, 1062, Intensive Care Unit, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,The University of Adelaide, 1066, Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Peter Slobodian
- Central Adelaide Local Health Network, 375072, Pharmacy, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Stijn Soenen
- The University of Adelaide, 1066, Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Bond University Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, 104559, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Adam M Deane
- The University of Melbourne, 2281, Melbourne Medical School, Department of Critical Care, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Marianne J Chapman
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, Intensive Care Unit, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,The University of Adelaide, 1066, Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,The University of Adelaide, 1066, Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bland KA, Krishnasamy M, Parr EB, Mulder S, Martin P, van Loon LJC, Cormie P, Michael N, Zopf EM. “I want to get myself as fit as I can and not die just yet” – Perceptions of exercise in people with advanced cancer and cachexia: a qualitative study. BMC Palliat Care 2022; 21:75. [PMID: 35578224 PMCID: PMC9110215 DOI: 10.1186/s12904-022-00948-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cachexia is a prevalent muscle wasting syndrome among people with advanced cancer that profoundly impacts patient quality of life (QoL) and physical function. Exercise can improve QoL, physical function, and overall health in people with cancer and may be an important addition to treatment approaches for cancer cachexia. Greater understanding of patients’ perception of exercise can help elucidate the feasibility of implementing exercise interventions for cancer cachexia and facilitate the design of patient-centered interventions. We aimed to describe the perception of exercise in patients with advanced cancer and cachexia, and capture exercise motivators, barriers, and preferences, to inform the feasibility of exercise interventions. Individual interviews (n = 20) with patients with locally advanced or metastatic cancer with cachexia were conducted and analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Main themes from interviews were: 1) Life is disrupted by cancer and cachexia; 2) Exercise offers hope; 3) Exercise barriers are multifaceted; and 4) Exercise access and support are important. Participants reported that their cancer and cachexia had intensely altered their lives, including ability to exercise. Exercise was perceived as important and participants described a hope for exercise to improve their health and wellbeing. Yet, several complex exercise barriers, such as burdensome cancer symptoms and the overwhelming impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, hindered exercise participation and prevented participants from fully realizing the perceived benefits of exercise. Factors believed to improve exercise engagement and overcome exercise barriers included increased exercise support (e.g., professional supervision) and accessibility (e.g., convenient locations). Patient-reported exercise barriers and preferences can inform the design of exercise interventions, particularly within future research studies aiming to establish exercise feasibility and efficacy in people with advanced cancer and cachexia.
Collapse
|
32
|
Bland KA, Kouw IWK, van Loon LJC, Zopf EM, Fairman CM. Exercise-Based Interventions to Counteract Skeletal Muscle Mass Loss in People with Cancer: Can We Overcome the Odds? Sports Med 2022; 52:1009-1027. [PMID: 35118634 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01638-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Addressing skeletal muscle mass loss is an important focus in oncology research to improve clinical outcomes, including cancer treatment tolerability and survival. Exercise is likely a necessary component of muscle-mass-preserving interventions for people with cancer. However, randomized controlled trials with exercise that include people with cancer with increased susceptibility to more rapid and severe muscle mass loss are limited. The aim of the current review is to highlight features of cancer-related skeletal muscle mass loss, discuss the impact in patients most at risk, and describe the possible role of exercise as a management strategy. We present current gaps within the exercise oncology literature and offer several recommendations for future studies to support research translation, including (1) utilizing accurate and reliable body composition techniques to assess changes in skeletal muscle mass, (2) incorporating comprehensive assessments of patient health status to allow personalized exercise prescription, (3) coupling exercise with robust nutritional recommendations to maximize the impact on skeletal muscle outcomes, and (4) considering key exercise intervention features that may improve exercise efficacy and adherence. Ultimately, the driving forces behind skeletal muscle mass loss are complex and may impede exercise tolerability and efficacy. Our recommendations are intended to foster the design of high-quality patient-centred research studies to determine whether exercise can counteract muscle mass loss in people with cancer and, as such, improve knowledge on this topic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelcey A Bland
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,The Szalmuk Family Department of Medical Oncology, Cabrini Cancer Institute, Cabrini Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Imre W K Kouw
- Intensive Care Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science To Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Eva M Zopf
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,The Szalmuk Family Department of Medical Oncology, Cabrini Cancer Institute, Cabrini Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ciaran M Fairman
- Exercise Science Department, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, PHRC 220, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Grootswagers P, Vaes AMM, Hangelbroek R, Tieland M, van Loon LJC, de Groot LCPGM. Relative Validity and Reliability of Isometric Lower Extremity Strength Assessment in Older Adults by Using a Handheld Dynamometer. Sports Health 2022; 14:899-905. [PMID: 35120409 PMCID: PMC9631031 DOI: 10.1177/19417381211063847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Handheld dynamometry (HHD) is a practical alternative to traditional testing of lower extremity strength. However, its reliability and validity across different populations and settings are not clear. HYPOTHESIS We hypothesize that HHD is a valid and reliable device to assess lower extremity strength in a population of older adults. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional/cohort. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. METHODS This study included 258 older adults (≥65 years). Isometric knee extension and flexion force were measured by 1 examiner, using an HHD (n = 222), including 3 repetitions to calculate within-day intrarater reliability. These measurements were repeated by the examiner in a subgroup (n = 23) to analyze intrarater reliability over a test-retest period of on average 8 weeks. In addition, HHD force measures were performed by a second examiner (n = 29) to analyze interrater reliability. In another subgroup (n = 77), isometric knee extension and flexion torque were measured by 1 examiner using both the HHD and Biodex System 4 to assess relative validity. RESULTS HHD and Biodex measurements were highly correlated and showed excellent concurrent validity. HHD systematically overestimated torque as compared with Biodex by 8 N·m on average. Same-day intrarater intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) ranged from 0.97 to 0.98. Interrater reliability ICCs ranged from 0.83 to 0.95. CONCLUSION HHD represents a reliable and valid alternative to Biodex to rank individuals on leg strength, or to assess within-person changes in leg strength over time, because of the high validity and reliability. The HHD is less suited for absolute strength assessment because of significant systematic overestimations. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Clinicians are encouraged to use HHD to rank older adults on leg strength, or to assess within-person changes in leg strength over time, but not to compare readings with cut-offs or normative values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pol Grootswagers
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen
University, Wageningen, the Netherlands,Pol Grootswagers, MSc,
Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, PO Box 17, Wageningen, 6700
AA, the Netherlands ()
| | - Anouk M. M. Vaes
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen
University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Roland Hangelbroek
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen
University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Michael Tieland
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen
University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Luc J. C. van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM
School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University
Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hermans WJH, Fuchs CJ, Hendriks FK, Houben LHP, Senden JM, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC. Cheese Ingestion Increases Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates Both at Rest and During Recovery from Exercise in Healthy, Young Males: A Randomized Parallel-group Trial. J Nutr 2022; 152:1022-1030. [PMID: 36967159 PMCID: PMC8971000 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protein ingestion increases muscle protein synthesis rates. The food matrix in which protein is provided can strongly modulate the postprandial muscle protein synthetic response. So far, the muscle protein synthetic response to the ingestion of whole foods remains largely unexplored. Objectives To compare the impact of ingesting 30 g protein provided as milk protein or cheese on postprandial plasma amino acid concentrations and muscle protein synthesis rates at rest and during recovery from exercise in vivo in young males. Methods In this randomized, parallel-group intervention trial, 20 healthy males aged 18–35 y ingested 30 g protein provided as cheese or milk protein concentrate following a single-legged resistance-type exercise session consisting of 12 sets of leg press and leg extension exercises. Primed, continuous intravenous L-[ring-13C6]-phenylalanine infusions were combined with the collection of blood and muscle tissue samples to assess postabsorptive and 4-h postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates at rest and during recovery from exercise. Data were analyzed using repeated measures Time × Group (× Leg) ANOVA. Results Plasma total amino acid concentrations increased after protein ingestion (Time: P < 0.001), with 38% higher peak concentrations following milk protein than cheese ingestion (Time × Group: P < 0.001). Muscle protein synthesis rates increased following both cheese and milk protein ingestion from 0.037 ± 0.014 to 0.055 ± 0.018%·h–1 and 0.034 ± 0.008 to 0.056 ± 0.010%·h–1 at rest and even more following exercise from 0.031 ± 0.010 to 0.067 ± 0.013%·h–1 and 0.030 ± 0.008 to 0.063 ± 0.010%·h–1, respectively (Time: all P < 0.05; Time × Leg: P = 0.002), with no differences between cheese and milk protein ingestion (Time × Group: both P > 0.05). Conclusion Cheese ingestion increases muscle protein synthesis rates both at rest and during recovery from exercise. The postprandial muscle protein synthetic response to the ingestion of cheese or milk protein does not differ when 30 g protein is ingested at rest or during recovery from exercise in healthy, young males.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wesley J H Hermans
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Cas J Fuchs
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Floris K Hendriks
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lisanne H P Houben
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joan M Senden
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lex B Verdijk
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Groenendijk I, van Delft M, Versloot P, van Loon LJC, de Groot LCPGM. Impact of magnesium on bone health in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Bone 2022; 154:116233. [PMID: 34666201 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnesium plays a key role in bone health and may, therefore, represent an interesting nutrient for the prevention of bone loss and osteoporosis. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the impact of magnesium intake from any source on bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), bone turnover markers, and fracture risk in older adults. METHODS A systematic search was conducted using Embase, Medline Ovid and Cochrane Central from database inception to October 2020. All studies that related magnesium intake with bone health outcomes among adults aged ≥60 years were included. Two investigators independently conducted abstract and full-text screenings, data extractions, and risk of bias assessments. Authors were contacted for missing data. RESULTS Once 787 records were screened, six cohort studies, one case-control study and five cross-sectional studies were included. Qualitative evaluation demonstrated a positive trend between higher magnesium intake and higher hip and femoral neck BMD. Meta-analysis of four studies showed a significant positive association between magnesium intake and hip BMD (pooled beta: 0.03, 95% CI: 0.01-0.06, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This systematic review indicates that a higher magnesium intake may support an increase in hip and femoral neck BMD. Due to limited research no associations with BMD at other sites or fractures were found. There is a need for properly designed cohort studies to determine the association between magnesium intake and bone health in older adults. Next, large and long-term randomized controlled trials in older adults are needed to determine whether an increase in magnesium (supplementation) intake can improve bone health. The combination of several bone nutrients (calcium, vitamin D, protein, magnesium and potentially more) may be needed for the most optimal effect on bone health and to delay or prevent the development of osteoporosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inge Groenendijk
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Marieke van Delft
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter Versloot
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Lisette C P G M de Groot
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kouw IWK, Pinckaers PJM, Le Bourgot C, van Kranenburg JMX, Zorenc AH, de Groot LCPGM, Verdijk L, Snijders T, van Loon LJC. Ingestion of an ample amount of meat substitute based on a lysine-enriched, plant-based protein blend stimulates postprandial muscle protein synthesis to a similar extent as an isonitrogenous amount of chicken in healthy, young men. Br J Nutr 2021; 128:1-11. [PMID: 34881688 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521004906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Plant-based proteins are considered to be less effective in their capacity to stimulate muscle protein synthesis when compared with animal-based protein sources, likely due to differences in amino acid contents. We compared the postprandial muscle protein synthetic response following the ingestion of a lysine-enriched plant-based protein product with an isonitrogenous amount of chicken. Twenty-four men (age 24 ± 5 years; BMI 22·9 ± 2·6 kg·m-2) participated in this parallel, double-blind, randomised controlled trial and consumed 40 g of protein as a lysine-enriched wheat and chickpea protein product (Plant, n 12) or chicken breast fillet (Chicken, n 12). Primed, continuous intravenous l-(ring-13C6)-phenylalanine infusions were applied while repeated blood and muscle samples were collected over a 5-h postprandial period to assess plasma amino acid responses, muscle protein synthesis rates and muscle anabolic signalling responses. Postprandial plasma leucine and essential amino acid concentrations were higher following Chicken (P < 0·001), while plasma lysine concentrations were higher throughout in Plant (P < 0·001). Total plasma amino acid concentrations did not differ between interventions (P = 0·181). Ingestion of both Plant and Chicken increased muscle protein synthesis rates from post-absorptive: 0·031 ± 0·011 and 0·031 ± 0·013 to postprandial: 0·046 ± 0·010 and 0·055 ± 0·015 % h-1, respectively (P-time < 0·001), with no differences between Plant and Chicken (time x treatment P = 0·068). Ingestion of 40 g of protein in the form of a lysine-enriched plant-based protein product increases muscle protein synthesis rates to a similar extent as an isonitrogenous amount of chicken in healthy, young men. Plant-based protein products sold as meat replacers may be as effective as animal-based protein sources to stimulate postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates in healthy, young individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Imre W K Kouw
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- TiFN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe J M Pinckaers
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- TiFN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Janneau M X van Kranenburg
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- TiFN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Antoine H Zorenc
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lisette C P G M de Groot
- TiFN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Division of Human Nutrition & Health, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lex Verdijk
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- TiFN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Snijders
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- TiFN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- TiFN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Collagen is the central structural component of extracellular connective tissue, which provides elastic qualities to tissues. For skeletal muscle, extracellular connective tissue transmits contractile force to the tendons and bones. Connective tissue proteins are in a constant state of remodeling and have been shown to express a high level of plasticity. Dietary-protein ingestion increases muscle protein synthesis rates. High-quality, rapidly digestible proteins are generally considered the preferred protein source to maximally stimulate myofibrillar (contractile) protein synthesis rates. In contrast, recent evidence demonstrates that protein ingestion does not increase muscle connective tissue protein synthesis. The absence of an increase in muscle connective tissue protein synthesis after protein ingestion may be explained by insufficient provision of glycine and/or proline. Dietary collagen contains large amounts of glycine and proline and, therefore, has been proposed to provide the precursors required to facilitate connective tissue protein synthesis. This literature review provides a comprehensive evaluation of the current knowledge on the proposed benefits of dietary collagen consumption to stimulate connective tissue remodeling to improve health and functional performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Holwerda
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
van der Avoort CMT, Ten Haaf DSM, Bongers CCWG, van Oorschot F, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC, Hopman MTE. Increasing Nitrate-Rich Vegetable Intake Lowers Ambulatory Blood Pressure in (pre)Hypertensive Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A 12-Wk Randomized Controlled Trial. J Nutr 2021; 151:2667-2679. [PMID: 34236392 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence suggests that increasing dietary nitrate intake may be an effective approach to improve cardiovascular health. However, the effects of a prolonged elevation of nitrate intake through an increase in vegetable consumption are understudied. OBJECTIVE Our primary aim was to determine the impact of 12 wk of increased daily consumption of nitrate-rich vegetables or nitrate supplementation on blood pressure (BP) in (pre)hypertensive middle-aged and older adults. METHODS In a 12-wk randomized, controlled study (Nijmegen, The Netherlands), 77 (pre)hypertensive participants (BP: 144 ± 13/87 ± 7 mmHg, age: 65 ± 10 y) either received an intervention with personalized monitoring and feedback aiming to consume ∼250-300 g nitrate-rich vegetables/d (∼350-400 mg nitrate/d; n = 25), beetroot juice supplementation (400 mg nitrate/d; n = 26), or no intervention (control; n = 26). Before and after intervention, 24-h ambulatory BP was measured. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA (time × treatment), followed by within-group (paired t-test) and between-group analyses (1-factor ANOVA) where appropriate. RESULTS The 24-h systolic BP (SBP) (primary outcome) changed significantly (P-interaction time × treatment = 0.017) with an increase in the control group (131 ± 8 compared with 135 ± 10 mmHg; P = 0.036); a strong tendency for a decline in the nitrate-rich vegetable group (129 ± 10 compared with 126 ± 9 mmHg; P = 0.051) which was different from control (P = 0.020); but no change in the beetroot juice group (133 ± 11 compared with 132 ± 12 mmHg; P = 0.56). A significant time × treatment interaction was also found for daytime SBP (secondary outcome, P = 0.011), with a significant decline in the nitrate-rich vegetable group (134 ± 10 compared with 129 ± 9 mmHg; P = 0.006) which was different from control (P = 0.010); but no changes in the beetroot juice (138 ± 12 compared with 137 ± 14 mmHg; P = 0.41) and control group (136 ± 10 compared with 137 ± 11 mmHg; P = 0.08). Diastolic BP (secondary outcome) did not change in any of the groups. CONCLUSIONS A prolonged dietary intervention focusing on high-nitrate vegetable intake is an effective strategy to lower SBP in (pre)hypertensive middle-aged and older adults. This trial was registered at www.trialregister.nl as NL7814.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cindy M T van der Avoort
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Institute of Sport and Exercise Studies, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dominique S M Ten Haaf
- Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Coen C W G Bongers
- Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frederieke van Oorschot
- Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lex B Verdijk
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Institute of Sport and Exercise Studies, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria T E Hopman
- Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Oikawa SY, Brisbois TD, van Loon LJC, Rollo I. Eat like an athlete: insights of sports nutrition science to support active aging in healthy older adults. GeroScience 2021; 43:2485-2495. [PMID: 34283389 PMCID: PMC8599603 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-021-00419-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle mass losses with age are associated with negative health consequences, including an increased risk of developing metabolic disease and the loss of independence. Athletes adopt numerous nutritional strategies to maximize the benefits of exercise training and enhance recovery in pursuit of improving skeletal muscle quality, mass, or function. Importantly, many of the principles applied to enhance skeletal muscle health in athletes may be applicable to support active aging and prevent sarcopenia in the healthy (non-clinical) aging population. Here, we discuss the anabolic properties of protein supplementation in addition to ingredients that may enhance the anabolic effects of protein (e.g. omega 3 s, creatine, inorganic nitrate) in older persons. We conclude that nutritional strategies used in pursuit of performance enhancement in athletes are often applicable to improve skeletal muscle health in the healthy older population when implemented as part of a healthy active lifestyle. Further research is required to elucidate the mechanisms by which these nutrients may induce favourable changes in skeletal muscle and to determine the appropriate dosing and timing of nutrient intakes to support active aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Y Oikawa
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, 5500 34th Street West, Bradenton, FL, 34210, USA.
| | | | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ian Rollo
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, 5500 34th Street West, Bradenton, FL, 34210, USA.,School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Hilkens L, Knuiman P, Heijboer M, Kempers R, Jeukendrup AE, van Loon LJC, van Dijk JW. Last Word on Viewpoint: Fragile bones of elite cyclists: to treat or not to treat? J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 131:34-35. [PMID: 34181488 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00375.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luuk Hilkens
- School of Sport and Exercise, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Pim Knuiman
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Asker E Jeukendrup
- Team Jumbo-Visma, Den Bosch, The Netherlands.,School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- School of Sport and Exercise, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Willem van Dijk
- School of Sport and Exercise, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Cao J, Balluff B, Arts M, Dubois LJ, van Loon LJC, Hackeng TM, van Eijk HMH, Eijkel G, Heij LR, Soons Z, Olde Damink SWM, Heeren RMA. Mass spectrometry imaging of L-[ring- 13C 6]-labeled phenylalanine and tyrosine kinetics in non-small cell lung carcinoma. Cancer Metab 2021; 9:26. [PMID: 34116702 PMCID: PMC8193875 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-021-00262-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic reprogramming is a common phenomenon in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Amino acids are important mediators in cancer metabolism, and their kinetics in tumor tissue are far from being understood completely. Mass spectrometry imaging is capable to spatiotemporally trace important endogenous metabolites in biological tissue specimens. In this research, we studied L-[ring-13C6]-labeled phenylalanine and tyrosine kinetics in a human non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) xenografted mouse model using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-FTICR-MSI). METHODS We investigated the L-[ring-13C6]-Phenylalanine (13C6-Phe) and L-[ring-13C6]-Tyrosine (13C6-Tyr) kinetics at 10 min (n = 4), 30 min (n = 3), and 60 min (n = 4) after tracer injection and sham-treated group (n = 3) at 10 min in mouse-xenograft lung tumor tissues by MALDI-FTICR-MSI. RESULTS The dynamic changes in the spatial distributions of 19 out of 20 standard amino acids are observed in the tumor tissue. The highest abundance of 13C6-Phe was detected in tumor tissue at 10 min after tracer injection and decreased progressively over time. The overall enrichment of 13C6-Tyr showed a delayed temporal trend compared to 13C6-Phe in tumor caused by the Phe-to-Tyr conversion process. Specifically, 13C6-Phe and 13C6-Tyr showed higher abundances in viable tumor regions compared to non-viable regions. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated the spatiotemporal intra-tumoral distribution of the essential aromatic amino acid 13C6-Phe and its de-novo synthesized metabolite 13C6-Tyr by MALDI-FTICR-MSI. Our results explore for the first time local phenylalanine metabolism in the context of cancer tissue morphology. This opens a new way to understand amino acid metabolism within the tumor and its microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Cao
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging institute (M4I), Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Balluff
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging institute (M4I), Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Arts
- Department of General Surgery (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ludwig J Dubois
- The M-Lab, Department of Precision Medicine (GROW), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tilman M Hackeng
- Department of Biochemistry (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans M H van Eijk
- Department of General Surgery (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Eijkel
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging institute (M4I), Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lara R Heij
- Department of General Surgery (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of General, Gastrointestinal, Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Zita Soons
- Department of General Surgery (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Joint Research Center for Computational Biomedicine , RWTH Aachen University Hospital , Aachen, Germany
| | - Steven W M Olde Damink
- Department of General Surgery (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of General, Gastrointestinal, Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ron M A Heeren
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging institute (M4I), Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Smeets JSJ, Horstman AMH, van Dijk DPJ, van Boxtel AGM, Ter Woorst JF, Damink SWMO, Schijns OEMG, van Loon LJC. Basal protein synthesis rates differ between vastus lateralis and rectus abdominis muscle. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2021; 12:769-778. [PMID: 33951313 PMCID: PMC8200451 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vivo muscle protein synthesis rates are typically assessed by measuring the incorporation rate of stable isotope labelled amino acids in skeletal muscle tissue collected from vastus lateralis muscle. It remains to be established whether muscle protein synthesis rates in the vastus lateralis are representative of muscle protein synthesis rates of other muscle groups. We hypothesized that post-absorptive muscle protein synthesis rates differ between vastus lateralis and rectus abdominis, pectoralis major, or temporalis muscle in vivo in humans. METHODS Twenty-four patients (62 ± 3 years, 42% female), scheduled to undergo surgery, participated in this study and underwent primed continuous intravenous infusions with l-[ring-13 C6 ]-phenylalanine. During the surgical procedures, serum samples were collected, and muscle tissue was obtained from the vastus lateralis as well as from the rectus abdominis, pectoralis major, or temporalis muscle. Fractional mixed muscle protein synthesis rates (%/h) were assessed by measuring the incorporation of l-[ring-13 C6 ]-phenylalanine into muscle tissue protein. RESULTS Serum l-[ring-13 C6 ]-phenylalanine enrichments did not change throughout the infusion period. Post-absorptive muscle protein synthesis rates calculated based upon serum l-[ring-13 C6 ]-phenylalanine enrichments did not differ between vastus lateralis and rectus abdominis (0.032 ± 0.004 vs. 0.038 ± 0.003%/h), vastus lateralis and pectoralis major, (0.025 ± 0.003 vs. 0.022 ± 0.005%/h) or vastus lateralis and temporalis (0.047 ± 0.005 vs. 0.043 ± 0.005%/h) muscle, respectively (P > 0.05). When fractional muscle protein synthesis rates were calculated based upon tissue-free l-[ring-13 C6 ]-phenylalanine enrichments as the preferred precursor pool, muscle protein synthesis rates were significantly higher in rectus abdominis (0.089 ± 0.008%/h) compared with vastus lateralis (0.054 ± 0.005%/h) muscle (P < 0.01). No differences were observed between fractional muscle protein synthesis rates in vastus lateralis and pectoralis major (0.046 ± 0.003 vs. 0.041 ± 0.008%/h) or vastus lateralis and temporalis (0.073 ± 0.008 vs. 0.083 ± 0.011%/h) muscle, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Post-absorptive muscle protein synthesis rates are higher in rectus abdominis when compared with vastus lateralis muscle. Post-absorptive muscle protein synthesis rates do not differ between vastus lateralis and pectoralis major or temporalis muscle. Protein synthesis rates in muscle tissue samples obtained during surgery do not necessarily represent a good proxy for appendicular skeletal muscle protein synthesis rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joey S J Smeets
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid M H Horstman
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - David P J van Dijk
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid G M van Boxtel
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Joost F Ter Woorst
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Steven W M Olde Damink
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Olaf E M G Schijns
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,School of Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Academic Center for Epileptology, location Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Duiven E, van Loon LJC, Spruijt L, Koert W, de Hon OM. Undeclared Doping Substances are Highly Prevalent in Commercial Sports Nutrition Supplements. J Sports Sci Med 2021; 20:328-338. [PMID: 34211326 PMCID: PMC8219275 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2021.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sports nutrition supplements have previously been reported to contain undeclared doping substances. The use of such supplements can lead to general health risks and may give rise to unintentional doping violations in elite sports. To assess the prevalence of doping substances in a range of high-risk sports nutrition supplements available from Dutch web shops. A total of 66 sports nutrition supplements - identified as potentially high-risk products claiming to modulate hormone regulation, stimulate muscle mass gain, increase fat loss, and/or boost energy - were selected from 21 different brands and purchased from 17 web shops. All products were analyzed for doping substances by the UK life sciences testing company LGC, formerly known as the Laboratory of the Government Chemist, using an extended version of their ISO17025 accredited nutritional supplement screen. A total of 25 out of the 66 products (38%) contained undeclared doping substances, which included high levels of the stimulants oxilofrine, β-methylphenethylamine (BMPEA) and N,β-dimethylphenethylamine (NBDMPEA), the stimulant 4-methylhexan-2-amine (methylhexaneamine, 1,3-dimethylamylamine, DMAA), the anabolic steroids boldione (1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione) and 5-androstene-3β,17α-diol (17α-AED), the beta-2 agonist higenamine and the beta-blocker bisoprolol. Based upon the recommended dose and the potential variability of analyte concentration, the ingestion of some products identified within this study could pose a significant risk of unintentional doping violations. In addition to inadvertent doping risks, the prescribed use of 3 products (4.5%) could likely impose general health risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Duiven
- Doping Authority Netherlands, PO Box 5000, 2900 EA Capelle aan den IJssel, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Laila Spruijt
- Doping Authority Netherlands, PO Box 5000, 2900 EA Capelle aan den IJssel, The Netherlands
| | - Willem Koert
- Doping Authority Netherlands, PO Box 5000, 2900 EA Capelle aan den IJssel, The Netherlands
| | - Olivier M de Hon
- Doping Authority Netherlands, PO Box 5000, 2900 EA Capelle aan den IJssel, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
The purpose of this current opinion paper is to describe the journey of ingested carbohydrate from 'mouth to mitochondria' culminating in energy production in skeletal muscles during exercise. This journey is conveniently described as primary, secondary, and tertiary events. The primary stage is detection of ingested carbohydrate by receptors in the oral cavity and on the tongue that activate reward and other centers in the brain leading to insulin secretion. After digestion, the secondary stage is the transport of monosaccharides from the small intestine into the systemic circulation. The passage of these monosaccharides is facilitated by the presence of various transport proteins. The intestinal mucosa has carbohydrate sensors that stimulate the release of two 'incretin' hormones (GIP and GLP-1) whose actions range from the secretion of insulin to appetite regulation. Most of the ingested carbohydrate is taken up by the liver resulting in a transient inhibition of hepatic glucose release in a dose-dependent manner. Nonetheless, the subsequent increased hepatic glucose (and lactate) output can increase exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates by 40-50%. The recognition and successful distribution of carbohydrate to the brain and skeletal muscles to maintain carbohydrate oxidation as well as prevent hypoglycaemia underpins the mechanisms to improve exercise performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Rollo
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, Leicestershire, UK. .,School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.
| | | | - Cas J Fuchs
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Clyde Williams
- School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Pasmans K, Adriaens ME, Olinga P, Langen R, Rensen SS, Schaap FG, Olde Damink SWM, Caiment F, van Loon LJC, Blaak EE, Meex RCR. Hepatic Steatosis Contributes to the Development of Muscle Atrophy via Inter-Organ Crosstalk. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:733625. [PMID: 34707570 PMCID: PMC8542925 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.733625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with hepatic steatosis often display several metabolic abnormalities including insulin resistance and muscle atrophy. Previously, we found that hepatic steatosis results in an altered hepatokine secretion profile, thereby inducing skeletal muscle insulin resistance via inter-organ crosstalk. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether the altered secretion profile in the state of hepatic steatosis also induces skeletal muscle atrophy via effects on muscle protein turnover. To investigate this, eight-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were fed a chow (4.5% fat) or a high-fat diet (HFD; 45% fat) for 12 weeks to induce hepatic steatosis, after which the livers were excised and cut into ~200-µm slices. Slices were cultured to collect secretion products (conditioned medium; CM). Differentiated L6-GLUT4myc myotubes were incubated with chow or HFD CM to measure glucose uptake. Differentiated C2C12 myotubes were incubated with chow or HFD CM to measure protein synthesis and breakdown, and gene expression via RNA sequencing. Furthermore, proteomics analysis was performed in chow and HFD CM. It was found that HFD CM caused insulin resistance in L6-GLUT4myc myotubes compared with chow CM, as indicated by a blunted insulin-stimulated increase in glucose uptake. Furthermore, protein breakdown was increased in C2C12 cells incubated with HFD CM, while there was no effect on protein synthesis. RNA profiling of C2C12 cells indicated that 197 genes were differentially expressed after incubation with HFD CM, compared with chow CM, and pathway analysis showed that pathways related to anatomical structure and function were enriched. Proteomics analysis of the CM showed that 32 proteins were differentially expressed in HFD CM compared with chow CM. Pathway enrichment analysis indicated that these proteins had important functions with respect to insulin-like growth factor transport and uptake, and affect post-translational processes, including protein folding, protein secretion and protein phosphorylation. In conclusion, the results of this study support the hypothesis that secretion products from the liver contribute to the development of muscle atrophy in individuals with hepatic steatosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Pasmans
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Michiel E. Adriaens
- Maastricht Centre for Systems Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Peter Olinga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Ramon Langen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Sander S. Rensen
- Department of Surgery, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Frank G. Schaap
- Department of Surgery, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Steven W. M. Olde Damink
- Department of Surgery, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Florian Caiment
- Department of Toxicogenomics, School of Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Luc J. C. van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ellen E. Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ruth C. R. Meex
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Ruth C. R. Meex,
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Hilkens L, De Bock J, Kretzers J, Kardinaal AFM, Floris-Vollenbroek EG, Scholtens PAMJ, Horstman AMH, van Loon LJC, van Dijk JW. Whey protein supplementation does not accelerate recovery from a single bout of eccentric exercise. J Sports Sci 2020; 39:322-331. [PMID: 33012216 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1820184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The current double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial with two parallel groups aimed to assess the impact of whey protein supplementation on recovery of muscle function and muscle soreness following eccentric exercise. During a 9-day period, forty recreationally active males received twice daily supplementation with either whey protein (PRO; 60 g/day) or an iso-energetic amount of carbohydrate (CON). Muscle function and soreness were assessed before, and 0, 3, 24, 48, and 72 h after performing 100 drop jumps. Recovery of isometric maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) did not significantly differ between groups (timextreatment, P = 0.56). In contrast, the recovery of isokinetic MVC at 90°·s-1 was faster in CON as opposed to PRO (timextreatment interaction, P = 0.044). Recovery of isokinetic MVC at 180°·s-1 was also faster in CON as opposed to PRO (timextreatment interaction, P = 0.011). Recovery of countermovement jump performance did not differ between groups (timextreatment interaction, P = 0.52). Muscle soreness, CK and CRP showed a transient increase over time (P < 0.001), with no differences between groups. In conclusion, whey protein supplementation does not accelerate recovery of muscle function or attenuate muscle soreness and inflammation during 3 days of recovery from a single bout of eccentric exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luuk Hilkens
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Studies, HAN University of Applied Sciences , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jolien De Bock
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Studies, HAN University of Applied Sciences , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joris Kretzers
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Studies, HAN University of Applied Sciences , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Luc J C van Loon
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Studies, HAN University of Applied Sciences , Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ , Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Willem van Dijk
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Studies, HAN University of Applied Sciences , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Gonzalez JT, Dirks ML, Holwerda AM, Kouw IWK, van Loon LJC. Intermittent versus continuous enteral nutrition attenuates increases in insulin and leptin during short-term bed rest. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:2083-2094. [PMID: 32651634 PMCID: PMC7419443 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04431-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare endocrine responses to intermittent vs continuous enteral nutrition provision during short-term bed rest. METHODS Twenty healthy men underwent 7 days of bed rest, during which they were randomized to receive enteral nutrition (47%E as carbohydrate, 34%E as fat, 16%E as protein and 3%E as fibre) in a continuous (CONTINUOUS; n = 10; 24 h day-1 at a constant rate) or intermittent (INTERMITTENT; n = 10; as 4 meals per day separated by 5 h) pattern. Daily plasma samples were taken every morning to assess metabolite/hormone concentrations. RESULTS During bed rest, plasma leptin concentrations were elevated to a lesser extent with INTERMITTENT vs CONTINUOUS (iAUC: 0.42 ± 0.38 vs 0.95 ± 0.48 nmol L-1, respectively; P = 0.014) as were insulin concentrations (interaction effect, P < 0.001) which reached a peak of 369 ± 225 pmol L-1 in CONTINUOUS, compared to 94 ± 38 pmol L-1 in INTERMITTENT (P = 0.001). Changes in glucose infusion rate were positively correlated with changes in fasting plasma GLP-1 concentrations (r = 0.44, P = 0.049). CONCLUSION Intermittent enteral nutrition attenuates the progressive rise in plasma leptin and insulinemia seen with continuous feeding during bed rest, suggesting that continuous feeding increases insulin requirements to maintain euglycemia. This raises the possibility that hepatic insulin sensitivity is impaired to a greater extent with continuous versus intermittent feeding during bed rest. To attenuate endocrine and metabolic changes with enteral feeding, an intermittent feeding strategy may, therefore, be preferable to continuous provision of nutrition. This trial was registered on clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02521025.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marlou L Dirks
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew M Holwerda
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Imre W K Kouw
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Petrick HL, Brunetta HS, Pignanelli C, Nunes EA, van Loon LJC, Burr JF, Holloway GP. In vitro ketone-supported mitochondrial respiration is minimal when other substrates are readily available in cardiac and skeletal muscle. J Physiol 2020; 598:4869-4885. [PMID: 32735362 DOI: 10.1113/jp280032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Ketone bodies are proposed to represent an alternative fuel source driving energy production, particularly during exercise. Biologically, the extent to which mitochondria utilize ketone bodies compared to other substrates remains unknown. We demonstrate in vitro that maximal mitochondrial respiration supported by ketone bodies is low when compared to carbohydrate-derived substrates in the left ventricle and red gastrocnemius muscle from rodents, and in human skeletal muscle. When considering intramuscular concentrations of ketone bodies and the presence of other carbohydrate and lipid substrates, biological rates of mitochondrial respiration supported by ketone bodies are predicted to be minimal. At the mitochondrial level, it is therefore unlikely that ketone bodies are an important source for energy production in cardiac and skeletal muscle, particularly when other substrates are readily available. ABSTRACT Ketone bodies (KB) have recently gained popularity as an alternative fuel source to support mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and enhance exercise performance. However, given the low activity of ketolytic enzymes and potential inhibition from carbohydrate oxidation, it remains unknown if KBs can contribute to energy production. We therefore determined the ability of KBs (sodium dl-β-hydroxybutyrate, β-HB; lithium acetoacetate, AcAc) to stimulate in vitro mitochondrial respiration in the left ventricle (LV) and red gastrocnemius (RG) of rats, and in human vastus lateralis. Compared to pyruvate, the ability of KBs to maximally drive respiration was low in isolated mitochondria and permeabilized fibres (PmFb) from the LV (∼30-35% of pyruvate), RG (∼10-30%), and human vastus lateralis (∼2-10%). In PmFb, the concentration of KBs required to half-maximally drive respiration (LV: 889 µm β-HB, 801 µm AcAc; RG: 782 µm β-HB, 267 µm AcAc) were greater than KB content representative of the muscle microenvironment (∼100 µm). This would predict low rates (∼1-4% of pyruvate) of biological KB-supported respiration in the LV (8-14 pmol s-1 mg-1 ) and RG (3-6 pmol s-1 mg-1 ) at rest and following exercise. Moreover, KBs did not increase respiration in the presence of saturating pyruvate, submaximal pyruvate (100 µm) reduced the ability of physiological β-HB to drive respiration, and addition of other intracellular substrates (succinate + palmitoylcarnitine) decreased maximal KB-supported respiration. As a result, product inhibition is likely to limit KB oxidation. Altogether, the ability of KBs to drive mitochondrial respiration is minimal and they are likely to be outcompeted by other substrates, compromising their use as an important energy source.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Petrick
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Henver S Brunetta
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Chris Pignanelli
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Everson A Nunes
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.,Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jamie F Burr
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Graham P Holloway
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Weijzen MEG, Kouw IWK, Geerlings P, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC. During Hospitalization, Older Patients at Risk for Malnutrition Consume <0.65 Grams of Protein per Kilogram Body Weight per Day. Nutr Clin Pract 2020; 35:655-663. [PMID: 32578906 PMCID: PMC7384011 DOI: 10.1002/ncp.10542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malnutrition is prevalent in hospitalized patients. To support muscle maintenance in older and chronically ill patients, a protein intake of 1.2-1.5 g/kg/d has been recommended during hospitalization. We assessed daily protein intake levels and distribution in older patients at risk for malnutrition during hospitalization. METHODS In this prospective, observational study, we measured actual food and food supplement consumption in patients (n = 102; age, 68 ± 14 years; hospital stay, 14 [8-28] days) at risk of malnutrition during hospitalization. Food provided by hospital meals, ONS, and snacks and the actual amount of food (not) consumed were weighed and recorded for all patients. RESULTS Hospital meals provided 1.03 [0.77-1.26] protein, whereas actual protein consumption was only 0.65 [0.37-0.93] g/kg/d. Protein intake at breakfast, lunch, and dinner was 10 [6-15], 9 [5-14], and 13 [9-18] g, respectively. The use of ONS (n = 62) resulted in greater energy (1.26 [0.40-1.79] MJ/d, 300 [100-430] kcal/d) and protein intake levels (11 [4-16] g/d), without changing the macronutrient composition of the diet. CONCLUSION Despite protein provision of ∼1.0 g/kg/d, protein intake remains well below these values (∼0.65 g/kg/d), as 30%-40% of the provided food and supplements is not consumed. Provision of ONS may increase energy and protein intake but does not change the macronutrient composition of the diet. Current nutrition strategies to achieve the recommended daily protein intake in older patients during their hospitalization are not as effective as generally assumed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E. G. Weijzen
- Department of Human BiologySchool of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+Maastrichtthe Netherlands
| | - Imre W. K. Kouw
- Department of Human BiologySchool of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+Maastrichtthe Netherlands
| | - Phil Geerlings
- Department of DieteticsMaastricht University Medical Centre+Maastrichtthe Netherlands
| | - Lex B. Verdijk
- Department of Human BiologySchool of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+Maastrichtthe Netherlands
| | - Luc J. C. van Loon
- Department of Human BiologySchool of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+Maastrichtthe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Trommelen J, Weijzen MEG, van Kranenburg J, Ganzevles RA, Beelen M, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC. Casein Protein Processing Strongly Modulates Post-Prandial Plasma Amino Acid Responses In Vivo in Humans. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2299. [PMID: 32751788 PMCID: PMC7468913 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Micellar casein is characterized as a slowly digestible protein source, and its structure can be modulated by various food processing techniques to modify its functional properties. However, little is known about the impact of such modifications on casein protein digestion and amino acid absorption kinetics and the subsequent post-prandial plasma amino acid responses. In the present study, we determined post-prandial aminoacidemia following ingestion of isonitrogenous amounts of casein protein (40 g) provided as micellar casein (Mi-CAS), calcium caseinate (Ca-CAS), or cross-linked sodium caseinate (XL-CAS). Fifteen healthy, young men (age: 26 ± 4 years, BMI: 23 ± 1 kg·m-2) participated in this randomized cross-over study and ingested 40 g Mi-Cas, Ca-CAS, and XL-CAS protein, with a ~1 week washout between treatments. On each trial day, arterialized blood samples were collected at regular intervals during a 6 h post-prandial period to assess plasma amino acid concentrations using ultra-performance liquid chromatography. Plasma amino acid concentrations were higher following the ingestion of XL-CAS when compared to Mi-CAS and Ca-CAS from t = 15 to 90 min (all p < 0.05). Plasma amino acid concentrations were higher following ingestion of Mi-CAS compared to Ca-CAS from t = 30 to 45 min (both p < 0.05). Plasma total amino acids iAUC were higher following the ingestion of XL-CAS when compared to Ca-CAS (294 ± 63 vs. 260 ± 75 mmol·L-1, p = 0.006), with intermediate values following Mi-CAS ingestion (270 ± 63 mmol·L-1, p > 0.05). In conclusion, cross-linked sodium caseinate is more rapidly digested when compared to micellar casein and calcium caseinate. Protein processing can strongly modulate the post-prandial rise in plasma amino acid bioavailability in vivo in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorn Trommelen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translation Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.T.); (M.E.G.W.); (J.v.K.); (M.B.); (L.B.V.)
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TIFN), 6709 PA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michelle E. G. Weijzen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translation Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.T.); (M.E.G.W.); (J.v.K.); (M.B.); (L.B.V.)
| | - Janneau van Kranenburg
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translation Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.T.); (M.E.G.W.); (J.v.K.); (M.B.); (L.B.V.)
| | | | - Milou Beelen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translation Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.T.); (M.E.G.W.); (J.v.K.); (M.B.); (L.B.V.)
| | - Lex B. Verdijk
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translation Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.T.); (M.E.G.W.); (J.v.K.); (M.B.); (L.B.V.)
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TIFN), 6709 PA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J. C. van Loon
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translation Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.T.); (M.E.G.W.); (J.v.K.); (M.B.); (L.B.V.)
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TIFN), 6709 PA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|