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van der Heijden I, West S, Monteyne AJ, Finnigan TJA, Abdelrahman DR, Murton AJ, Stephens FB, Wall BT. Ingestion of a variety of non-animal-derived dietary protein sources results in diverse postprandial plasma amino acid responses which differ between young and older adults. Br J Nutr 2024; 131:1540-1553. [PMID: 38220222 PMCID: PMC11043913 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114524000163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Whole-body tissue protein turnover is regulated, in part, by the postprandial rise in plasma amino acid concentrations, although minimal data exist on the amino acid response following non-animal-derived protein consumption. We hypothesised that the ingestion of novel plant- and algae-derived dietary protein sources would elicit divergent plasma amino acid responses when compared with vegan- and animal-derived control proteins. Twelve healthy young (male (m)/female (f): 6/6; age: 22 ± 1 years) and 10 healthy older (m/f: 5/5; age: 69 ± 2 years) adults participated in a randomised, double-blind, cross-over trial. During each visit, volunteers consumed 30 g of protein from milk, mycoprotein, pea, lupin, spirulina or chlorella. Repeated arterialised venous blood samples were collected at baseline and over a 5-h postprandial period to assess circulating amino acid, glucose and insulin concentrations. Protein ingestion increased plasma total and essential amino acid concentrations (P < 0·001), to differing degrees between sources (P < 0·001), and the increase was further modulated by age (P < 0·001). Postprandial maximal plasma total and essential amino acid concentrations were highest for pea (2828 ± 106 and 1480 ± 51 µmol·l-1) and spirulina (2809 ± 99 and 1455 ± 49 µmol·l-1) and lowest for chlorella (2053 ± 83 and 983 ± 35 µmol·l-1) (P < 0·001), but were not affected by age (P > 0·05). Postprandial total and essential amino acid availabilities were highest for pea, spirulina and mycoprotein and lowest for chlorella (all P < 0·05), but no effect of age was observed (P > 0·05). The ingestion of a variety of novel non-animal-derived dietary protein sources elicits divergent plasma amino acid responses, which are further modulated by age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ino van der Heijden
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, ExeterEX1 2LU, UK
| | - Sam West
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, ExeterEX1 2LU, UK
| | - Alistair J. Monteyne
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, ExeterEX1 2LU, UK
| | | | - Doaa R. Abdelrahman
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Andrew J. Murton
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Francis B. Stephens
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, ExeterEX1 2LU, UK
| | - Benjamin T. Wall
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, ExeterEX1 2LU, UK
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Solís-Ortiz S, Arriaga-Avila V, Trejo-Bahena A, Guevara-Guzmán R. Deficiency in the Essential Amino Acids l-Isoleucine, l-Leucine and l-Histidine and Clinical Measures as Predictors of Moderate Depression in Elderly Women: A Discriminant Analysis Study. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113875. [PMID: 34836128 PMCID: PMC8623361 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Increases in depression are common in some elderly women. Elderly women often show moderate depressive symptoms, while others display minimal depressive symptoms. These discrepancies have produced contradictory and inconclusive outcomes, which have not been explained entirely by deficits in neurotransmitter precursors. Deficiency in some amino acids have been implicated in major depression, but its role in non-clinical elderly women is not well known. An analysis of essential amino acids, depression and the use of discriminant analysis can help to clarify the variation in depressive symptoms exhibited by some elderly women. The aim was to investigate the relationship of essential amino acids with affective, cognitive and comorbidity measures in elderly women without major depression nor severe mood disorders or psychosis, specifically thirty-six with moderate depressive symptoms and seventy-one with minimal depressive symptoms. The plasma concentrations of nineteen amino acids, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scores, Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) scores, global cognitive scores and comorbidities were submitted to stepwise discriminant analysis to identify predictor variables. Seven predictors arose as important for belong to the group based on amino acid concentrations, with the moderate depressive symptoms group characterized by higher BDI, GDS and cognitive scores; fewer comorbidities; and lower levels of l-histidine, l-isoleucine and l-leucine. These findings suggest that elderly women classified as having moderate depressive symptoms displayed a deficiency in essential amino acids involved in metabolism, protein synthesis, inflammation and neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Solís-Ortiz
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, División de Ciencias de la Salud, Campus León, Universidad de Guanajuato, León, Guanajuato 37320, Mexico;
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +52-477-7145859
| | - Virginia Arriaga-Avila
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (V.A.-A.); (R.G.-G.)
| | - Aurora Trejo-Bahena
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, División de Ciencias de la Salud, Campus León, Universidad de Guanajuato, León, Guanajuato 37320, Mexico;
| | - Rosalinda Guevara-Guzmán
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (V.A.-A.); (R.G.-G.)
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Iguacel I, Schmidt JA, Perez-Cornago A, Van Puyvelde H, Travis R, Stepien M, Scalbert A, Casagrande C, Weiderpass E, Riboli E, Schulze MB, Skeie G, Bodén S, Boeing H, Cross AJ, Harlid S, Jensen TE, Huerta JM, Katzke V, Kühn T, Lujan-Barroso L, Masala G, Rodriguez-Barranco M, Rostgaard-Hansen AL, van der Schouw YT, Vermeulen R, Tagliabue G, Tjønneland A, Trevisan M, Ferrari P, Gunter MJ, Huybrechts I. Associations between dietary amino acid intakes and blood concentration levels. Clin Nutr 2021; 40:3772-3779. [PMID: 34130023 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Emerging evidence suggests a role of amino acids (AAs) in the development of various diseases including renal failure, liver cirrhosis, diabetes and cancer. However, mechanistic pathways and the effects of dietary AA intakes on circulating levels and disease outcomes are unclear. We aimed to compare protein and AA intakes, with their respective blood concentrations in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. METHODS Dietary protein and AA intakes were assessed via the EPIC dietary questionnaires (DQ) and 24-h dietary recalls (24-HDR). A subsample of 3768 EPIC participants who were free of cancer had blood AA concentrations measured. To investigate how circulating levels relate to their respective intakes, dietary AA intake was examined in quintiles and ANOVA tests were run. Pearson correlations were examined for continous associations between intakes and blood concentrations. RESULTS Dietary AA intakes (assessed with the DQ) and blood AA concentrations were not strongly correlated (-0.15 ≤ r ≤ 0.17) and the direction of the correlations depended on AA class: weak positive correlations were found for most essential AAs (isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine) and conditionally essential AAs (arginine and tyrosine), while negative associations were found for non-essential AAs. Similar results were found when using the 24-HDR. When conducting ANOVA tests for essential AAs, higher intake quintiles were linked to higher blood AA concentrations, except for histidine and phenylalanine. For non-essential AAs and glycine, an inverse relationship was observed. Conditionally-essential AAs showed mixed results. CONCLUSIONS Weak positive correlations and dose responses were found between most essential and conditionally essential AA intakes, and blood concentrations, but not for the non-essential AAs. These results suggest that intake of dietary AA might be related to physiological AA status, particularly for the essential AAs. However, these results should be further evaluated and confirmed in large-scale prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Iguacel
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Nutrition and Metabolism Section, 69372, Lyon CEDEX 08, France; Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Julie A Schmidt
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Aurora Perez-Cornago
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Heleen Van Puyvelde
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Nutrition and Metabolism Section, 69372, Lyon CEDEX 08, France; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ruth Travis
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Magdalena Stepien
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Nutrition and Metabolism Section, 69372, Lyon CEDEX 08, France
| | - Augustin Scalbert
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Nutrition and Metabolism Section, 69372, Lyon CEDEX 08, France
| | - Corinne Casagrande
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Nutrition and Metabolism Section, 69372, Lyon CEDEX 08, France
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Nutrition and Metabolism Section, 69372, Lyon CEDEX 08, France
| | - Elio Riboli
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias B Schulze
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany; Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Guri Skeie
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Stina Bodén
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Heiner Boeing
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute for Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Amanda J Cross
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sophia Harlid
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Torill Enget Jensen
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - José M Huerta
- Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Verena Katzke
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tilman Kühn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Leila Lujan-Barroso
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO, Nutrition and Cancer Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute -IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giovanna Masala
- Cancer Risk Factors and Life-Style Epidemiology Unit, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network - ISPRO, Florence, Italy
| | - Miguel Rodriguez-Barranco
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública (EASP), Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Agnetha Linn Rostgaard-Hansen
- Department of Public Health, Danish Cancer Society Research Center Diet, Genes and Environment, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yvonne T van der Schouw
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Giovanna Tagliabue
- Lombardy Cancer Registry Unit Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Anne Tjønneland
- Department of Public Health, Danish Cancer Society Research Center Diet, Genes and Environment, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morena Trevisan
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology- CeRMS, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Pietro Ferrari
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Nutrition and Metabolism Section, 69372, Lyon CEDEX 08, France
| | - Marc J Gunter
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Nutrition and Metabolism Section, 69372, Lyon CEDEX 08, France
| | - Inge Huybrechts
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Nutrition and Metabolism Section, 69372, Lyon CEDEX 08, France.
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Moro J, Khodorova N, Tomé D, Gaudichon C, Tardivel C, Berton T, Martin JC, Azzout-Marniche D, Jouan-Rimbaud Bouveresse D. Plasma and Urinary Amino Acid-Derived Catabolites as Potential Biomarkers of Protein and Amino Acid Deficiency in Rats. Nutrients 2021; 13:1567. [PMID: 34066958 PMCID: PMC8148556 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dietary intakes must cover protein and essential amino acid (EAA) requirements. For this purpose, different methods have been developed such as the nitrogen balance method, factorial method, or AA tracer studies. However, these methods are either invasive or imprecise, and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO, 2013) recommends new methods and, in particular, metabolomics. The aim of this study is to determine total protein/EAA requirement in the plasma and urine of growing rats. METHODS 36 weanling rats were fed with diets containing 3, 5, 8, 12, 15, and 20% protein for 3 weeks. During experimentation, urine was collected using metabolic cages, and blood from the portal vein and vena was taken at the end of the experiment. Metabolomics analyses were performed using LC-MS, and the data were analyzed with a multivariate analysis model, partial least Squares (PLS) regression, and independent component-discriminant analysis (ICDA). Each discriminant metabolite identified by PLS or ICDA was tested by one-way ANOVA to evaluate the effect of diet. RESULTS PLS and ICDA allowed us to identify discriminating metabolites between different diet groups. Protein deficiency led to an increase in the AA catabolism enzyme systems inducing the production of breakdown metabolites in the plasma and urine. CONCLUSION These results indicate that metabolites are specific for the state of EAA deficiency and sufficiency. Some types of biomarkers such as AA degradation metabolites appear to be specific candidates for protein/EAA requirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Moro
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005 Paris, France; (J.M.); (N.K.); (D.T.); (C.G.); (D.J.-R.B.)
| | - Nadezda Khodorova
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005 Paris, France; (J.M.); (N.K.); (D.T.); (C.G.); (D.J.-R.B.)
| | - Daniel Tomé
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005 Paris, France; (J.M.); (N.K.); (D.T.); (C.G.); (D.J.-R.B.)
| | - Claire Gaudichon
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005 Paris, France; (J.M.); (N.K.); (D.T.); (C.G.); (D.J.-R.B.)
| | - Catherine Tardivel
- UMR C2VN, Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM, INRAE, 13385 Marseille, France; (C.T.); (T.B.); (J.-C.M.)
| | - Thierry Berton
- UMR C2VN, Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM, INRAE, 13385 Marseille, France; (C.T.); (T.B.); (J.-C.M.)
| | - Jean-Charles Martin
- UMR C2VN, Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM, INRAE, 13385 Marseille, France; (C.T.); (T.B.); (J.-C.M.)
| | - Dalila Azzout-Marniche
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005 Paris, France; (J.M.); (N.K.); (D.T.); (C.G.); (D.J.-R.B.)
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Yu X, Qian-Qian L, Cong Y, Xiao-Bing Z, Hong-Zhu D. Reduction of essential amino acid levels and sex-specific alterations in serum amino acid concentration profiles in children with autism spectrum disorder. Psychiatry Res 2021; 297:113675. [PMID: 33444991 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Existing evidence has shown that metabolic disturbances may be involved in the pathological process of autism spectrum disorder(ASD). This study aimed to investigate the alterations of serum amino acid concentration profiles in Chinese Han children with ASD. METHODS Serum amino acid levels were measured using tandem mass spectrometry in 60 children with ASD and 30 typically developing (TD) controls. The Chinese Wechsler Young Children Scale of Intelligence (C-WYCSI) was used to evaluate the ASD subjects' intelligence quotient (IQ). RESULTS The serum levels of essential amino acids and some non-essential amino acids (glutamine, glycine, alanine, citrulline, cysteine, serine, tyrosine, and proline) in the ASD group were significantly lower than those in controls. The serum glutamate/glutamine (Glu/Gln) ratio was elevated in the ASD PIQ≥70 group, while serum levels of alanine, cysteine, phenylalanine, methionine and proline were significantly higher in male children with ASD than that in the female group. CONCLUSION The study revealed that children with ASD exhibit alterations in the serum levels of certain amino acids, and the divergence can be sex-related or associated with different cognitive function, which might provide clues for further etiological research of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Yu
- Child Developmental & Behavioral Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 2693 Kaichuang Avenue, Huangpu District, Guangzhou 510630, China.
| | - Lv Qian-Qian
- Child Developmental & Behavioral Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 2693 Kaichuang Avenue, Huangpu District, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - You Cong
- Child Developmental & Behavioral Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 2693 Kaichuang Avenue, Huangpu District, Guangzhou 510630, China.
| | - Zou Xiao-Bing
- Child Developmental & Behavioral Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 2693 Kaichuang Avenue, Huangpu District, Guangzhou 510630, China.
| | - Deng Hong-Zhu
- Child Developmental & Behavioral Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 2693 Kaichuang Avenue, Huangpu District, Guangzhou 510630, China.
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Lees MJ, Nolan D, Amigo-Benavent M, Raleigh CJ, Khatib N, Harnedy-Rothwell P, FitzGerald RJ, Egan B, Carson BP. A Fish-Derived Protein Hydrolysate Induces Postprandial Aminoacidaemia and Skeletal Muscle Anabolism in an In Vitro Cell Model Using Ex Vivo Human Serum. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020647. [PMID: 33671235 PMCID: PMC7922518 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish-derived proteins, particularly fish protein hydrolysates (FPH), offer potential as high-quality sources of dietary protein, whilst enhancing economic and environmental sustainability. This study investigated the impact of a blue whiting-derived protein hydrolysate (BWPH) on aminoacidaemia in vivo and skeletal muscle anabolism in vitro compared with whey protein isolate (WPI) and an isonitrogenous, non-essential amino acid (NEAA) control (0.33 g·kg−1·body mass−1) in an ex vivo, in vitro experimental design. Blood was obtained from seven healthy older adults (two males, five females; age: 72 ± 5 years, body mass index: 24.9 ± 1.6 kg·m2) in three separate trials in a randomised, counterbalanced, double-blind design. C2C12 myotubes were treated with ex vivo human serum-conditioned media (20%) for 4 h. Anabolic signalling (phosphorylation of mTOR, p70S6K, and 4E-BP1) and puromycin incorporation were determined by immunoblotting. Although BWPH and WPI both induced postprandial essential aminoacidaemia in older adults above the NEAA control, peak and area under the curve (AUC) leucine and essential amino acids were more pronounced following WPI ingestion. Insulin was elevated above baseline in WPI and BWPH only, a finding reinforced by higher peak and AUC values compared with NEAA. Muscle protein synthesis, as measured by puromycin incorporation, was greater after incubation with WPI-fed serum compared with fasted serum (P = 0.042), and delta change was greater in WPI (P = 0.028) and BWPH (P = 0.030) compared with NEAA. Myotube hypertrophy was greater in WPI and BWPH compared with NEAA (both P = 0.045), but was similar between bioactive conditions (P = 0.853). Taken together, these preliminary findings demonstrate the anabolic potential of BWPH in vivo and ex vivo, thus providing justification for larger studies in older adults using gold-standard measures of acute and chronic MPS in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Lees
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (M.J.L.); (C.J.R.)
| | - David Nolan
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, D09 V209 Dublin, Ireland; (D.N.); (B.E.)
| | - Miryam Amigo-Benavent
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland;
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (N.K.); (P.H.-R.); (R.J.F.)
| | - Conor J. Raleigh
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (M.J.L.); (C.J.R.)
| | - Neda Khatib
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (N.K.); (P.H.-R.); (R.J.F.)
| | - Pádraigín Harnedy-Rothwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (N.K.); (P.H.-R.); (R.J.F.)
| | - Richard J. FitzGerald
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (N.K.); (P.H.-R.); (R.J.F.)
| | - Brendan Egan
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, D09 V209 Dublin, Ireland; (D.N.); (B.E.)
| | - Brian P. Carson
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (M.J.L.); (C.J.R.)
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland;
- Correspondence:
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Sjøberg KA, Schmoll D, Piper MDW, Kiens B, Rose AJ. Effects of Short-Term Dietary Protein Restriction on Blood Amino Acid Levels in Young Men. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082195. [PMID: 32717986 PMCID: PMC7468950 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-clinical studies show that dietary protein restriction (DPR) improves healthspan and retards many age-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes. While mouse studies have shown that restriction of certain essential amino acids is required for this response, less is known about which amino acids are affected by DPR in humans. Here, using a within-subjects diet design, we examined the effects of dietary protein restriction in the fasted state, as well as acutely after meal feeding, on blood plasma amino acid levels. While very few amino acids were affected by DPR in the fasted state, several proteinogenic AAs such as isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, threonine, tyrosine, and valine were lower in the meal-fed state with DPR. In addition, the non-proteinogenic AAs such as 1- and 3-methyl-histidine were also lower with meal feeding during DPR. Lastly, using in silico predictions of the most limiting essential AAs compared with human exome AA usage, we demonstrate that leucine, methionine, and threonine are potentially the most limiting essential AAs with DPR. In summary, acute meal feeding allows more accurate determination of which AAs are affected by dietary interventions, with most essential AAs lowered by DPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim A. Sjøberg
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (K.A.S.); (B.K.)
| | - Dieter Schmoll
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
| | - Matthew D. W. Piper
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia;
| | - Bente Kiens
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (K.A.S.); (B.K.)
| | - Adam J. Rose
- Nutrient Metabolism & Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Scheinin M, Barassi A, Junnila J, Lovró Z, Reiner G, Sarkkinen E, MacDonald A. Amino Acid Plasma Profiles from a Prolonged-Release Protein Substitute for Phenylketonuria: A Randomized, Single-Dose, Four-Way Crossover Trial in Healthy Volunteers. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061653. [PMID: 32498426 PMCID: PMC7352445 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several disorders of amino acid (AA) metabolism are treated with a protein-restricted diet supplemented with specific AA mixtures. Delivery kinetics impacts AA absorption and plasma concentration profiles. We assessed plasma profiles after ingestion of an AA mixture engineered to prolong AA absorption with Physiomimic TechnologyTM (Test) in a randomized, single-dose, four-way crossover trial in healthy volunteers (Trial Registration: ISRCTN11016729). In a two-step hypothesis, the primary endpoints were (i) significant reduction in peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) of essential amino acids (EAAs) while (ii) maintaining EAA bioavailability (AUC0-300 min) compared to a free AA mixture (Reference). Secondary endpoints included effects on plasma profiles of other AA groups and effects on several metabolic markers. Thirty subjects completed the study. Both co-primary endpoints were met: Cmax for EAAs was 27% lower with the Test product compared to the Reference product (ratio, 0.726, p < 0.0001); overall plasma EAA levels from the two AA mixtures was within the pre-specified bioequivalence range (AUC0-300min ratio, 0.890 (95% CI: 0.865, 0.915)). These findings were supported by the results of secondary endpoints. Prolongation of AA absorption was associated with modulation of several metabolic markers. It will be important to understand whether this can improve the long-term management of disorders of AA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Scheinin
- CRST Oy, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4B, FI-20520 Turku, Finland;
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku and TYKSLAB, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-405-014762; Fax: +358-225-10046
| | - Anna Barassi
- APR Applied Pharma Research sa via Corti 5, CH-6828 Balerna, Switzerland; (A.B.); (G.R.)
| | - Jouni Junnila
- Oy 4Pharma Ltd., Arkadiankatu 7, FI-00100 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Zsófia Lovró
- CRST Oy, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4B, FI-20520 Turku, Finland;
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku and TYKSLAB, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Giorgio Reiner
- APR Applied Pharma Research sa via Corti 5, CH-6828 Balerna, Switzerland; (A.B.); (G.R.)
| | - Essi Sarkkinen
- Food and Nutrition, Oy Medfiles Ltd. (CRO), P. O. Box 1450, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Anita MacDonald
- Dietetic Department, Birmingham Women’s and Children’s Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B4 6NH, UK;
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9
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Brennan JL, Keerati-u-rai M, Yin H, Daoust J, Nonnotte E, Quinquis L, St-Denis T, Bolster DR. Differential Responses of Blood Essential Amino Acid Levels Following Ingestion of High-Quality Plant-Based Protein Blends Compared to Whey Protein-A Double-Blind Randomized, Cross-Over, Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2987. [PMID: 31817691 PMCID: PMC6950667 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the bio-equivalence of high-quality, plant-based protein blends versus Whey Protein Isolate (WPI) in healthy, resistance-trained men. The primary endpoint was incremental area under the curve (iAUC) of blood essential Amino Acids (eAAs) 4 hours after consumption of each product. Maximum concentration (Cmax) and time to maximum concentration (Tmax) of blood leucine were secondary outcomes. Subjects (n = 18) consumed three plant-based protein blends and WPI (control). An analysis of Variance model was used to assess for bio-equivalence of total sum of blood eAA concentrations. The total blood eAA iAUC ratios of the three blends were [90% CI]: #1: 0.66 [0.58-0.76]; #2: 0.71 [0.62-0.82]; #3: 0.60 [0.52-0.69], not completely within the pre-defined equivalence range [0.80-1.25], indicative of 30-40% lower iAUC versus WPI. Leucine Cmax of the three blends was not equivalent to WPI, #1: 0.70 [0.67-0.73]; #2: 0.72 [0.68-0.75]; #3: 0.65 [0.62-0.68], indicative of a 28-35% lower response. Leucine Tmax for two blends were similar to WPI (#1: 0.94 [0.73-1.18]; #2: 1.56 [1.28-1.92]; #3: 1.19 [0.95-1.48]). The plant-based protein blends were not bio-equivalent. However, blood leucine kinetic data across the blends approximately doubled from fasting concentrations, whereas blood Tmax data across two blends were similar to WPI. This suggests evidence of rapid hyperleucinemia, which correlates with a protein's anabolic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Huaixia Yin
- Danone North America, Louisville, CO 80027, USA
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10
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Blanco C, McGill-Vargas L, Li C, Winter L, Nathanielsz P. High Branched-Chain Amino Acid Concentrations Are Found in Preterm Baboons Receiving Intravenous Amino Acid Solutions and Mimic Alterations Found in Preterm Infants. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2019; 43:1053-1064. [PMID: 30729556 PMCID: PMC7241650 DOI: 10.1002/jpen.1507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parenteral amino acid (AA) nutrition administration after premature birth is necessary to ensure adequate growth and neurodevelopment. However, optimizing safety and efficacy remains a major challenge. This study investigated the effects of intravenous AA administration on plasma AA profiles in premature baboons and infants. METHODS Premature baboons were delivered by cesarean section at 125 days (67% gestation) and chronically ventilated. At 24 hours of life, a parenteral AA protocol comparable to the early and high AA regimens used in premature infants was initiated. Serial plasma AA concentrations were obtained on days of life (DOLs) 1, 3, and 7 and compared with concentrations at similar DOLs from preterm infants. Fetal baboon (165 ± 2 days; 89% gestation) and term baboon plasma AA concentrations were obtained for comparison. RESULTS Premature baboons receiving early and high parenteral AA supplementation exhibited significant differences in plasma AA concentrations compared with fetuses. In particular, concentrations of leucine, isoleucine, valine, and ornithine were elevated (fold increase: 2.14, 2.03, 1.95, and 16.5, respectively; P < 0.001) on DOL 3 vs fetuses. These alterations mimicked those found in preterm infants. CONCLUSION Early and high AA supplementation in extremely premature baboons significantly disrupted plasma AA concentrations. Elevated concentrations of branched-chain AAs and ornithine raise concerns for adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. These results are consistent with those found in premature human infants and emphasize the need to optimize parenteral AA solutions for the unique metabolic requirements of premature infants. Improved technologies for rapid monitoring of AA concentrations during treatment are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Blanco
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Lisa McGill-Vargas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Cun Li
- Texas Pregnancy and Life-course Health Research Center, Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Lauryn Winter
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Peter Nathanielsz
- Texas Pregnancy and Life-course Health Research Center, Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
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11
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Davies RW, Bass JJ, Carson BP, Norton C, Kozior M, Amigo-Benavent M, Wilkinson DJ, Brook MS, Atherton PJ, Smith K, Jakeman PM. Differential Stimulation of Post-Exercise Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis in Humans Following Isonitrogenous, Isocaloric Pre-Exercise Feeding. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1657. [PMID: 31331099 PMCID: PMC6682876 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test the effects of two disparate isonitrogenous, isocaloric pre-exercise feeds on deuterium-oxide (D2O) derived measures of myofibrillar protein synthesis (myoPS) in humans. Methods: In a double-blind parallel group design, 22 resistance-trained men aged 18 to 35 years ingested a meal (6 kcal·kg-1, 0.8 g·kg-1 carbohydrate, 0.2 g·kg-1 fat) with 0.33 g·kg-1 nonessential amino acids blend (NEAA) or whey protein (WHEY), prior to resistance exercise (70% 1RM back-squats, 10 reps per set to failure, 25% duty cycle). Biopsies of M. vastus lateralis were obtained pre-ingestion (PRE) and +3 h post-exercise (POST). The myofibrillar fractional synthetic rate (myoFSR) was calculated via deuterium labelling of myofibrillar-bound alanine, measured by gas chromatography-pyrolysis-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-Pyr-IRMS). Data are a mean percentage change (95% CI). Results: There was no discernable change in myoFSR following NEAA (10(-5, 25) %, p = 0.235), whereas an increase in myoFSR was observed after WHEY (28 (13, 43) %, p = 0.003). Conclusions: Measured by a D2O tracer technique, a disparate myoPS response was observed between NEAA and WHEY. Pre-exercise ingestion of whey protein increased post-exercise myoPS, whereas a NEAA blend did not, supporting the use of NEAA as a viable isonitrogenous negative control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Davies
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
- Food for Health Ireland (FHI), Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Joseph J Bass
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Food for Health Ireland (FHI), Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Medical Research Council (MRC) and Arthritis Research United Kingdom (ARUK) Centre for Musculoskeletal Aging Research and National Institute for Health Research, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Brian P Carson
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Food for Health Ireland (FHI), Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Catherine Norton
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Food for Health Ireland (FHI), Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Marta Kozior
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Food for Health Ireland (FHI), Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Miryam Amigo-Benavent
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Food for Health Ireland (FHI), Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Daniel J Wilkinson
- Medical Research Council (MRC) and Arthritis Research United Kingdom (ARUK) Centre for Musculoskeletal Aging Research and National Institute for Health Research, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Matthew S Brook
- Medical Research Council (MRC) and Arthritis Research United Kingdom (ARUK) Centre for Musculoskeletal Aging Research and National Institute for Health Research, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Philip J Atherton
- Medical Research Council (MRC) and Arthritis Research United Kingdom (ARUK) Centre for Musculoskeletal Aging Research and National Institute for Health Research, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Kenneth Smith
- Medical Research Council (MRC) and Arthritis Research United Kingdom (ARUK) Centre for Musculoskeletal Aging Research and National Institute for Health Research, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Philip M Jakeman
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Food for Health Ireland (FHI), Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
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12
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Du TT, Cui T, Qiu HM, Wang NR, Huang D, Jiang XH. Simultaneous determination of tryptophan, kynurenine, kynurenic acid and two monoamines in rat plasma by HPLC-ECD/DAD. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 158:8-14. [PMID: 29843007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatography method with a diode array and an electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD/DAD) was developed to determine the levels of tryptophan (TRP), kynurenine (KYN), kynurenic acid (KYA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in rat plasma. The prepared samples were separated on a BDS column (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 mm) with column oven temperature of 25 °C. The mobile phase consisted of 5% acetonitrile and a buffer solution, which contained 25 mmol/L sodium acetate and 0.01 mmol/L EDTA, adjusting pH to 4.5 with acetic acid, and it was pumped at a flow-rate of 1.0 mL/min. KYN and KYA were measured by a variable wavelength detector at wavelengths 360 nm and 333 nm respectively, TRP and vanillic acid (as IS) both were measured at 280 nm. Determination of 5-HT and 5-HIAA was accomplished at the electrochemical working potential of 700 mV. Total run time was 14 min. Several parameters of the developed method were validated including linearity, accuracy precision, and stability. The results showed the established method had good LOD and separation for all of the five compounds and IS in the biological matrix. The method is simple, fast, economical and accurate. The analytical method and the results could provide a reference for the clinical and scientific research of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Du
- School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Ting Cui
- Zunyi Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Zunyi, 563006, China
| | - Hong-Mei Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | | | - Dan Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xin-Hui Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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13
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Dijk FJ, van Dijk M, Walrand S, van Loon LJC, van Norren K, Luiking YC. Differential effects of leucine and leucine-enriched whey protein on skeletal muscle protein synthesis in aged mice. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2018; 24:127-133. [PMID: 29576350 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS It has been suggested that anabolic resistance, or a blunted protein synthetic response to anabolic stimuli, contributes to the failure of muscle mass maintenance in older adults. The amino acid leucine is one of the most prominent food-related anabolic stimuli. However, data on muscle protein synthesis (MPS) after administration of a single bolus of leucine in aged populations is lacking and long-term single leucine supplementation has not been shown to increase muscle mass. This study aimed to determine the MPS response to the administration of a single bolus of leucine or to leucine combined with whey protein, in aged mice. METHODS Overnight fasted C57/BL6RJ mice at 25-mo of age received an oral gavage with leucine or whey-protein enriched with leucine (0.75 g/kg bodyweight total leucine in both) or 0.5 mL water (fasted control). Subsequently, mice were s.c. injected with puromycin (0.04 μmol/g bw at t = 30, 45 or 60 min) and were sacrificed 30 min thereafter. Amino acid concentrations were determined in plasma and right muscle tibialis anterior (TA). Left TA was used to analyse MPS by SUnSET method and phosphorylation rate of Akt, 4E-BP1 and p70S6k by western blot. RESULTS In aged mice, leucine administration failed to increase MPS, despite a 6-fold increase in plasma leucine and elevated muscle free leucine levels (P < 0.05). In contrast, leucine-enriched whey protein significantly stimulated MPS in aged mice at 60 min after gavage (P < 0.05). Muscle free EAA, NEAA and the phosphorylation rate of Akt, 4E-BP1 and p70S6k increased significantly (P < 0.05), only after administration of leucine-enriched whey protein. CONCLUSIONS MPS is stimulated in aged mice by leucine-enriched whey protein but not by leucine administration only. Administration of other amino acids may be required for leucine administration to stimulate muscle protein synthesis in aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francina J Dijk
- Nutricia Research, Nutricia Advanced Medical Nutrition, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Miriam van Dijk
- Nutricia Research, Nutricia Advanced Medical Nutrition, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Stéphane Walrand
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, F-630000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Yvette C Luiking
- Nutricia Research, Nutricia Advanced Medical Nutrition, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Texas A&M University, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Center for Translation Research in Aging & Longevity, College Station, United States.
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14
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Yamada M, Kimura Y, Ishiyama D, Nishio N, Tanaka T, Ohji S, Otobe Y, Koyama S, Sato A, Suzuki M, Ogawa H, Ichikawa T, Ito D, Arai H. Plasma Amino Acid Concentrations Are Associated with Muscle Function in Older Japanese Women. J Nutr Health Aging 2018; 22:819-823. [PMID: 30080226 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-018-1014-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although several previous studies have found benefits for amino acid supplementation in terms of muscle function, the role of plasma amino acid concentrations on sarcopenia are not well addressed yet. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare the amino acid concentrations at each stage of sarcopenia (normal, pre-sarcopenia, dynapenia, and sarcopenia) in community-dwelling older Japanese adults. SETTING AND SUBJECTS Community-dwelling older Japanese women (n=232, 79.4±7.0 years) participated in this study. MEASUREMENTS We measured plasma amino acid concentrations, 5-m walking speed, grip strength, and skeletal muscle mass using a bioelectrical impedance data acquisition system and compared them among participants at each stage of sarcopenia. RESULTS The proportions of normal, pre-sarcopenia, dynapenia, and sarcopenia patients were 40.5% (n=94), 12.1% (n=28), 26.3% (n=61), and 21.1% (n=49), respectively. Significant differences were observed for concentrations of leucine, branched-chain amino acid (BCAAs), and essential amino acid (EAAs) among the four groups (p<0.05), and the dynapenia and sarcopenia groups showed significantly lower concentrations of leucine than the normal group (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study indicated a positive relationship between plasma leucine, BCAA and EAA concentrations and muscle function. A longitudinal study is needed to determine the causal relationship between leucine/BCAA concentrations and muscle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yamada
- Minoru Yamada, PT, PhD, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 3-29-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-0012, Japan, Tel.: +81-3-3942-6863, Fax: +81-3-3942-6895, E-mail address:
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15
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Mitchell WK, Phillips BE, Wilkinson DJ, Williams JP, Rankin D, Lund JN, Smith K, Atherton PJ. Supplementing essential amino acids with the nitric oxide precursor, l-arginine, enhances skeletal muscle perfusion without impacting anabolism in older men. Clin Nutr 2017; 36:1573-1579. [PMID: 27746000 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Postprandial limb blood flow and skeletal muscle microvascular perfusion reduce with aging. Here we tested the impact of providing bolus essential amino acids (EAA) in the presence and absence of the nitric oxide precursor, l-Arginine (ARG), upon skeletal muscle blood flow and anabolism in older men. Healthy young (YOUNG: 19.7 ± 0.5 y, N = 8) and older men (OLD, 70 ± 0.8 y, N = 8) received 15 g EAA or (older only) 15 g EAA +3 g ARG (OLD-ARG, 69.2 ± 1.2 y, N = 8). We quantified responses in muscle protein synthesis (MPS; incorporation of 13C phenylalanine into myofibrillar proteins), leg and muscle microvascular blood flow (Doppler/contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS)) and insulin/EAA in response to EEA ± ARG. Plasma EAA increased similarly across groups but argininemia was evident solely in OLD-ARG (∼320 mmol, 65 min post feed); increases in plasma insulin (to ∼13 IU ml-1) were similar across groups. Increases in femoral flow were evident in YOUNG >2 h after feeding; these effects were blunted in OLD and OLD-ARG. Increases in microvascular blood volume (MBV) occurred only in YOUNG and these effects were isolated to the early postprandial phase (+45% at ∼45 min after feeding) coinciding with detectable arterio-venous differences in EAA reflecting net uptake by muscle. Increases in microvascular flow velocity (MFV) and tissue perfusion (MBV × MFV) occurred (∼2 h) in YOUNG and OLD-ARG, but not OLD. Postprandial protein accretion was greater in YOUNG than OLD or OLD-ARG; the latter two groups being indistinguishable. Therefore, ARG rescues aspects of muscle perfusion in OLD without impacting anabolic blunting, perhaps due to the "rescue" being beyond the period of active EAA-uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Kyle Mitchell
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Bethan E Phillips
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Daniel J Wilkinson
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - John P Williams
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Debbie Rankin
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Jonathan N Lund
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Kenneth Smith
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Philip J Atherton
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK.
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16
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Rondanelli M, Aquilani R, Verri M, Boschi F, Pasini E, Perna S, Faliva A, Condino AM. Plasma kinetics of essential amino acids following their ingestion as free formula or as dietary protein components. Aging Clin Exp Res 2017; 29:801-805. [PMID: 27406393 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-016-0605-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This investigation compares the levels of plasma kinetics of plasma essential amino acids (EAAs) after ingestion as free-form EAAs (FEAAs) or EAAs as components of dietary protein (DPEAAs), in eighteen healthy individuals, nine elderly (85 ± 6.7 years; 4 male) and nine young (28.7 ± 7 years; 3 males). For two consecutive days, each subject ingested EAAs in the form of (FEAAs) or (DPEAAs) in a random alternate pattern. Five minutes before EAA ingestion (baseline) and 30, 60, 90, 150 and 270 min after, venous blood samples were taken to determine the concentrations of EAAS (micromol/L). In both groups, ingested FEAAs compared to DPEAAs led to faster increase in plasma EAA levels at 30-150 min (p < 0.0001). Moreover, the increased plasma EAAs disappeared faster after FEAA compared to DPEAA. These results may be important in those subjects who have high requirement both for EAAs substrates and anabolic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Rondanelli
- Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine & Forensic Section of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Medicine, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona di Pavia, Servizio Endocrino Nutrizionale, Istituto di Riabilitazione "Santa Margherita", University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberto Aquilani
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Ferrata, 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Manuela Verri
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Ferrata, 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Federica Boschi
- Department of Drug Sciences, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 14, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Evasio Pasini
- Fondazione S. Maugeri, IRCCS, Istituto Scientifico di Lumezzane, Via Mazzini, 9, 25065, Lumezzane, Brescia, Italy
| | - Simone Perna
- Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine & Forensic Section of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Medicine, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona di Pavia, Servizio Endocrino Nutrizionale, Istituto di Riabilitazione "Santa Margherita", University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Faliva
- Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine & Forensic Section of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Medicine, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona di Pavia, Servizio Endocrino Nutrizionale, Istituto di Riabilitazione "Santa Margherita", University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Condino
- Department of Drug Sciences, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 14, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
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17
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Xiao F, Du Y, Lv Z, Chen S, Zhu J, Sheng H, Guo F. Effects of essential amino acids on lipid metabolism in mice and humans. J Mol Endocrinol 2016; 57:223-231. [PMID: 27613820 DOI: 10.1530/jme-16-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Eight amino acids are considered essential for human nutrition, and three of them, including leucine, isoleucine and valine, are called as branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs). We recently discovered that dietary deficiency of any BCAA for 7 days rapidly reduces the abdominal fat mass in mice. The goal of this study was to investigate (1) whether dietary deficiency of the other five essential amino acids (EAAs), including phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, methionine and lysine, would produce similar effects and (2) whether an association between serum AAs and obesity was observed in humans in Chinese Han population. Similar to BCAAs deprivation, dietary deficiency of any of these five EAAs for 7 days significantly reduced abdominal fat mass, which is likely caused by increased energy expenditure. Expression of genes and proteins related to lipolysis, however, were differentially regulated by different EAAs. These results suggest a crucial role of EAAs deprivation on lipid metabolism in mice. Our human studies revealed that levels of four EAAs (leucine, isoleucine, valine and phenylalanine) were elevated in obese humans compared with those in lean controls in Chinese Han population. Based on the results obtained from mice, we speculate that these four EAAs might play important roles in human obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and MetabolismInstitute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, The Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Du
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and MetabolismInstitute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, The Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziquan Lv
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and MetabolismInstitute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, The Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanghai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and MetabolismInstitute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, The Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianmin Zhu
- Shanghai Xuhui Central HospitalShanghai, China
| | | | - Feifan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and MetabolismInstitute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, The Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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18
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Kurko J, Tringham M, Tanner L, Näntö-Salonen K, Vähä-Mäkilä M, Nygren H, Pöhö P, Lietzen N, Mattila I, Olkku A, Hyötyläinen T, Orešič M, Simell O, Niinikoski H, Mykkänen J. Imbalance of plasma amino acids, metabolites and lipids in patients with lysinuric protein intolerance (LPI). Metabolism 2016; 65:1361-75. [PMID: 27506743 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lysinuric protein intolerance (LPI [MIM 222700]) is an aminoaciduria with defective transport of cationic amino acids in epithelial cells in the small intestine and proximal kidney tubules due to mutations in the SLC7A7 gene. LPI is characterized by protein malnutrition, failure to thrive and hyperammonemia. Many patients also suffer from combined hyperlipidemia and chronic kidney disease (CKD) with an unknown etiology. METHODS Here, we studied the plasma metabolomes of the Finnish LPI patients (n=26) and healthy control individuals (n=19) using a targeted platform for analysis of amino acids as well as two analytical platforms with comprehensive coverage of molecular lipids and polar metabolites. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that LPI patients have a dichotomy of amino acid profiles, with both decreased essential and increased non-essential amino acids. Altered levels of metabolites participating in pathways such as sugar, energy, amino acid and lipid metabolism were observed. Furthermore, of these metabolites, myo-inositol, threonic acid, 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid, galactaric acid, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, indole-3-acetic acid and beta-aminoisobutyric acid associated significantly (P<0.001) with the CKD status. Lipid analysis showed reduced levels of phosphatidylcholines and elevated levels of triacylglycerols, of which long-chain triacylglycerols associated (P<0.01) with CKD. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed an amino acid imbalance affecting the basic cellular metabolism, disturbances in plasma lipid composition suggesting hepatic steatosis and fibrosis and novel metabolites correlating with CKD in LPI. In addition, the CKD-associated metabolite profile along with increased nitrite plasma levels suggests that LPI may be characterized by increased oxidative stress and apoptosis, altered microbial metabolism in the intestine and uremic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Kurko
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Maaria Tringham
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Laura Tanner
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Genetics, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, PL 52, 20521 Turku, Finland.
| | - Kirsti Näntö-Salonen
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, PL 52, 20521 Turku, Finland.
| | - Mari Vähä-Mäkilä
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, PL 52, 20521 Turku, Finland.
| | - Heli Nygren
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 2, P.O. Boxs 1000, Espoo 02044 VTT, Finland.
| | - Päivi Pöhö
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, P.O. Boxs 56, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - Niina Lietzen
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Ismo Mattila
- Steno Diabetes Center A/S, Niels Steensens Vej 2, 2820 Gentofte, Denmark.
| | - Anu Olkku
- Eastern Finland Laboratory Centre, Puijonlaaksontie 2, 70210 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Tuulia Hyötyläinen
- Steno Diabetes Center A/S, Niels Steensens Vej 2, 2820 Gentofte, Denmark.
| | - Matej Orešič
- Steno Diabetes Center A/S, Niels Steensens Vej 2, 2820 Gentofte, Denmark.
| | - Olli Simell
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, PL 52, 20521 Turku, Finland.
| | - Harri Niinikoski
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, PL 52, 20521 Turku, Finland.
| | - Juha Mykkänen
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, PL 52, 20521 Turku, Finland; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland.
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Semba RD, Trehan I, Gonzalez-Freire M, Kraemer K, Moaddel R, Ordiz MI, Ferrucci L, Manary MJ. Perspective: The Potential Role of Essential Amino Acids and the Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (mTORC1) Pathway in the Pathogenesis of Child Stunting. Adv Nutr 2016; 7:853-65. [PMID: 27633102 PMCID: PMC5015042 DOI: 10.3945/an.116.013276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Stunting is the best summary measure of chronic malnutrition in children. Approximately one-quarter of children under age 5 worldwide are stunted. Lipid-based or micronutrient supplementation has little to no impact in reducing stunting, which suggests that other critical dietary nutrients are missing. A dietary pattern of poor-quality protein is associated with stunting. Stunted children have significantly lower circulating essential amino acids than do nonstunted children. Inadequate dietary intakes of essential amino acids could adversely affect growth, because amino acids are required for synthesis of proteins. The master growth regulation pathway, the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway, is exquisitely sensitive to amino acid availability. mTORC1 integrates cues such as nutrients, growth factors, oxygen, and energy to regulate growth of bone, skeletal muscle, nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, hematopoietic cells, immune effector cells, organ size, and whole-body energy balance. mTORC1 represses protein and lipid synthesis and cell and organismal growth when amino acids are deficient. Over the past 4 decades, the main paradigm for child nutrition in developing countries has been micronutrient malnutrition, with relatively less attention paid to protein. In this Perspective, we present the view that essential amino acids and the mTORC1 pathway play a key role in child growth. The current assumption that total dietary protein intake is adequate for growth among most children in developing countries needs re-evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Semba
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD;
| | - Indi Trehan
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | | | - Klaus Kraemer
- Sight and Life, Basel, Switzerland; and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - M Isabel Ordiz
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | | | - Mark J Manary
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
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20
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Semba RD, Shardell M, Sakr Ashour FA, Moaddel R, Trehan I, Maleta KM, Ordiz MI, Kraemer K, Khadeer MA, Ferrucci L, Manary MJ. Child Stunting is Associated with Low Circulating Essential Amino Acids. EBioMedicine 2016; 6:246-252. [PMID: 27211567 PMCID: PMC4856740 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stunting affects about one-quarter of children under five worldwide. The pathogenesis of stunting is poorly understood. Nutritional interventions have had only modest effects in reducing stunting. We hypothesized that insufficiency in essential amino acids may be limiting the linear growth of children. Methods We used a targeted metabolomics approach to measure serum amino acids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and other metabolites using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in 313 children, aged 12–59 months, from rural Malawi. Children underwent anthropometry. Findings Sixty-two percent of the children were stunted. Children with stunting had lower serum concentrations of all nine essential amino acids (tryptophan, isoleucine, leucine, valine, methionine, threonine, histidine, phenylalanine, lysine) compared with nonstunted children (p < 0.01). In addition, stunted children had significantly lower serum concentrations of conditionally essential amino acids (arginine, glycine, glutamine), non-essential amino acids (asparagine, glutamate, serine), and six different sphingolipids compared with nonstunted children. Stunting was also associated with alterations in serum glycerophospholipid concentrations. Interpretation Our findings support the idea that children with a high risk of stunting may not be receiving an adequate dietary intake of essential amino acids and choline, an essential nutrient for the synthesis of sphingolipids and glycerophospholipids. We used metabolomics and mass spectrometry to gain insight into nutrition of stunted children. Stunted children in rural Africa had low circulating levels of essential amino acids. Children at risk of stunting may not have an adequate dietary intake of essential amino acids.
Worldwide, one-quarter of children under five years are short for their age (stunted), indicative of chronic malnutrition. Lipid-based nutrient supplements containing micronutrients have little to no effect in reducing child stunting. We examined the relationship between circulating metabolites with stunting in young children in Africa. Stunted children had lower serum levels of all nine essential amino acids compared with non-stunted children. These results challenge the widespread assumption that protein intake is adequate among young children in developing countries. The findings support the idea that children at high risk of stunting are not receiving adequate dietary intake of essential amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Semba
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Michelle Shardell
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fayrouz A Sakr Ashour
- Department of Nutrition & Food Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Ruin Moaddel
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Indi Trehan
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Kenneth M Maleta
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - M Isabel Ordiz
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Klaus Kraemer
- Sight and Life, Basel, Switzerland; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mohammed A Khadeer
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark J Manary
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
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Xu D, He G, Mai K, Zhou H, Xu W, Song F. Postprandial nutrient-sensing and metabolic responses after partial dietary fishmeal replacement by soyabean meal in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). Br J Nutr 2016; 115:379-88. [PMID: 26586314 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515004535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we chose a carnivorous fish, turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.), to examine its nutrient-sensing and metabolic responses after ingestion of diets with fishmeal (FM), or 45% of FM replaced by soyabean meal (34·6% dry diet) balanced with or without essential amino acids (EAA) to match the amino acid profile of FM diet for 30 d. After a 1-month feeding trial, fish growth, feed efficiency and nutrient retention were markedly reduced by soyabean meal-incorporated (SMI) diets. Compared with the FM diet, SMI led to a reduction of postprandial influx of free amino acids, hypoactivated target of rapamycin signalling and a hyperactivated amino acid response pathway after refeeding, a status associated with reduced protein synthesis, impaired postprandial glycolysis and lipogenesis. These differential effects were not ameliorated by matching an EAA profile of soyabean meal to that of the FM diet through dietary amino acid supplementation. Therefore, this study demonstrated that the FM diet and SMI diets led to distinct nutrient-sensing responses, which in turn modulated metabolism and determined the utilisation efficiency of diets. Our results provide a new molecular explanation for the role of nutrient sensing in the inferior performance of aquafeeds in which FM is replaced by soyabean meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Aquanutrition,Ocean University of China,Qingdao 266003,People's Republic of China
| | - Gen He
- The Key Laboratory of Aquanutrition,Ocean University of China,Qingdao 266003,People's Republic of China
| | - Kangsen Mai
- The Key Laboratory of Aquanutrition,Ocean University of China,Qingdao 266003,People's Republic of China
| | - Huihui Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Aquanutrition,Ocean University of China,Qingdao 266003,People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Aquanutrition,Ocean University of China,Qingdao 266003,People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Song
- The Key Laboratory of Aquanutrition,Ocean University of China,Qingdao 266003,People's Republic of China
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22
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Luscombe-Marsh ND, Hutchison AT, Soenen S, Steinert RE, Clifton PM, Horowitz M, Feinle-Bisset C. Plasma Free Amino Acid Responses to Intraduodenal Whey Protein, and Relationships with Insulin, Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 and Energy Intake in Lean Healthy Men. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8010004. [PMID: 26742062 PMCID: PMC4728618 DOI: 10.3390/nu8010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study determined the effects of increasing loads of intraduodenal (ID) dairy protein on plasma amino acid (AA) concentrations, and their relationships with serum insulin, plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and energy intake. Sixteen healthy men had concentrations of AAs, GLP-1 and insulin measured in response to 60-min ID infusions of hydrolysed whey protein administered, in double-blinded and randomised order, at 2.1 (P2.1), 6.3 (P6.3) or 12.5 (P12.5) kJ/min (encompassing the range of nutrient emptying from the stomach), or saline control (C). Energy intake was quantified immediately afterwards. Compared with C, the concentrations of 19/20 AAs, the exception being cysteine, were increased, and this was dependent on the protein load. The relationship between AA concentrations in the infusions and the area under the curve from 0 to 60 min (AUC0-60 min) of each AA profile was strong for essential AAs (R² range, 0.61-0.67), but more variable for non-essential (0.02-0.54) and conditional (0.006-0.64) AAs. The AUC0-60 min for each AA was correlated directly with the AUC0-60 min of insulin (R² range 0.3-0.6), GLP-1 (0.2-0.6) and energy intake (0.09-0.3) (p < 0.05, for all), with the strongest correlations being for branched-chain AAs, lysine, methionine and tyrosine. These findings indicate that ID whey protein infused at loads encompassing the normal range of gastric emptying increases plasma concentrations of 19/20 AAs in a load-dependent manner, and provide novel information on the close relationships between the essential AAs, leucine, valine, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, and the conditionally-essential AA, tyrosine, with energy intake, insulin and GLP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie D Luscombe-Marsh
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide 5000, Australia.
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition, PO Box 10041 Adelaide BC, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Amy T Hutchison
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide 5000, Australia.
| | - Stijn Soenen
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide 5000, Australia.
| | - Robert E Steinert
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide 5000, Australia.
| | - Peter M Clifton
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide 5000, Australia.
- School of Pharmacology and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, Australia.
| | - Michael Horowitz
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide 5000, Australia.
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide 5000, Australia.
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Milan AM, D'Souza RF, Pundir S, Pileggi CA, Thorstensen EB, Barnett MPG, Markworth JF, Cameron-Smith D, Mitchell CJ. Older Adults Have Delayed Amino Acid Absorption after a High Protein Mixed Breakfast Meal. J Nutr Health Aging 2015; 19:839-45. [PMID: 26412288 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-015-0500-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To measure the postprandial plasma amino acid appearance in younger and older adults following a high protein mixed meal. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Clinical research setting. PARTICIPANTS Healthy men and women aged 60-75 (n=15) years, and young controls aged 20-25 years (n=15) matched for body mass index and insulin sensitivity based on the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance. INTERVENTION High protein mixed meal of complete food products. MEASUREMENTS Circulating amino acid concentrations were determined hourly before and for 5 hours after meal ingestion. RESULTS There was no difference between cohorts in postprandial appearance of non-essential amino acids, or area under the curve of any individual amino acid or amino acid class. However, older adults had higher baseline concentrations of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, ornithine, threonine and tyrosine and lower baseline concentrations of hydroxyproline, isoleucine, leucine, methionine and valine compared to younger adults. Younger adults showed peak essential (EAA) and branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) concentrations at 1 hour post meal while older adults' peak EAA and BCAA concentration was at 3 hours. Similarly, peak total amino acid concentrations were at 3 hours in older adults. CONCLUSION Older adults digested and absorbed the protein within a mixed meal more slowly than younger adults. Delayed absorption of AA following a mixed meal of complete food products may suppress or delay protein synthesis in senescent muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Milan
- Cameron Mitchell, The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1023, New Zealand. Tel: +64 (09) 9236606, Fax: (+64 9) 373 7039,
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24
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Bukhari SSI, Phillips BE, Wilkinson DJ, Limb MC, Rankin D, Mitchell WK, Kobayashi H, Greenhaff PL, Smith K, Atherton PJ. Intake of low-dose leucine-rich essential amino acids stimulates muscle anabolism equivalently to bolus whey protein in older women at rest and after exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 308:E1056-65. [PMID: 25827594 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00481.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated anabolic responses to nutrition/exercise may contribute to sarcopenia; however, these characteristics are poorly defined in female populations. We determined the effects of two feeding regimes in older women (66 ± 2.5 yr; n = 8/group): bolus whey protein (WP-20 g) or novel low-dose leucine-enriched essential amino acids (EAA) [LEAA; 3 g (40% leucine)]. Using [(13)C6]phenylalanine infusions, we quantified muscle (MPS) and albumin (APS) protein synthesis at baseline and in response to both feeding (FED) and feeding plus exercise (FED-EX; 6 × 8 knee extensions at 75% 1-repetition maximum). We also quantified plasma insulin/AA concentrations, whole leg (LBF)/muscle microvascular blood flow (MBF), and muscle anabolic signaling by phosphoimmunoblotting. Plasma insulinemia and EAA/aemia were markedly greater after WP than LEAA (P < 0.001). Neither LEAA nor WP modified LBF in response to FED or FED-EX, whereas MBF increased to a similar extent in both groups only after FED-EX (P < 0.05). In response to FED, both WP and LEAA equally stimulated MPS 0-2 h (P < 0.05), abating thereafter (0-4 h, P > 0.05). In contrast, after FED-EX, MPS increased at 0-2 h and remained elevated at 0-4 h (P < 0.05) with both WP and LEAA. No anabolic signals quantifiably increased after FED, but p70 S6K1 Thr(389) increased after FED-EX (2 h, P < 0.05). APS increased similarly after WP and LEAA. Older women remain subtly responsive to nutrition ± exercise. Intriguingly though, bolus WP offers no trophic advantage over LEAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed S I Bukhari
- Medical Research Council/Arthritis Research United Kingdom Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom; and
| | - Bethan E Phillips
- Medical Research Council/Arthritis Research United Kingdom Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom; and
| | - Daniel J Wilkinson
- Medical Research Council/Arthritis Research United Kingdom Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom; and
| | - Marie C Limb
- Medical Research Council/Arthritis Research United Kingdom Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom; and
| | - Debbie Rankin
- Medical Research Council/Arthritis Research United Kingdom Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom; and
| | - William K Mitchell
- Medical Research Council/Arthritis Research United Kingdom Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom; and
| | | | - Paul L Greenhaff
- Medical Research Council/Arthritis Research United Kingdom Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom; and
| | - Kenneth Smith
- Medical Research Council/Arthritis Research United Kingdom Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom; and
| | - Philip J Atherton
- Medical Research Council/Arthritis Research United Kingdom Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom; and
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- D Laouari
- Inserm U. 192, Hôpital Necker, Enfants-Malades, Paris, France
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26
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van Hees NJM, Giltay EJ, Tielemans SMAJ, Geleijnse JM, Puvill T, Janssen N, van der Does W. Essential amino acids in the gluten-free diet and serum in relation to depression in patients with celiac disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122619. [PMID: 25884227 PMCID: PMC4401736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Celiac disease (CD) is associated with an increased risk of major depressive disorder, possibly due to deficiencies in micronutrients in the gluten-free diet. We aimed to investigate whether essential amino acids (i.e., the precursors of serotonin, dopamine and other neurotransmitters) are depleted in the diet and serum of CD patients with major depressive disorder. METHODS In a cross-sectional study we assessed dietary intake of amino acids and serum levels of amino acids, in 77 CD patients on a gluten-free diet and in 33 healthy controls. Major depressive disorder was assessed with structured interviews (using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview Plus). Dietary intake was assessed using a 203-item food frequency questionnaire. RESULTS Participants had a mean age of 55 years and 74% were women. The intake of vegetable protein was significantly lower in CD patients than in healthy controls (mean difference of 7.8 g/d; 95% CI: 4.7-10.8), as were serum concentrations of tyrosine, phenylalanine and tryptophan (all p < 0.005). However, within the CD patient group, the presence of major depressive disorder (n = 42) was not associated with intake or serum levels of essential amino acids. CONCLUSIONS Patients with CD on a long-term gluten-free diet, with good adherence, consume significantly less vegetable protein than controls, and their serum levels of several essential amino acids were also lower. Despite its potential adverse effect, intake and serum levels of essential amino acids were not related to major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erik J. Giltay
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Thomas Puvill
- Leyden Academy on Vitality and Ageing, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nadine Janssen
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Willem van der Does
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Dietary recommendations for patients with urea cycle disorders (UCDs) are designed to prevent metabolic decompensation (primarily hyperammonaemia), and to enable normal growth. They are based on the 'recommended daily intake' guidelines, on theoretical considerations and on local experience. A retrospective dietary review of 28 patients with UCDs in good metabolic control, at different ages, indicates that most patients can tolerate a natural protein intake that is compatible with metabolic stability and good growth. However, protein aversion presents a problem in many patients, leading to poor compliance with the prescribed daily protein intake. These patients are at risk of chronic protein deficiency. Failing to recognise this risk, and further restricting protein intake because of persistent hyperammonaemia may aggravate the deficiency and potentially lead to episodes of metabolic decompensation for which no clear cause is found. These patients may need on-going supplementation with essential amino acids (EAA) to prevent protein malnutrition. Current recommendations for the management of acute metabolic decompensation include cessation of protein intake whilst increasing energy (calorie) intake in the first 24h. We have found that plasma concentrations of all EAA are low at the time of admission to hospital for metabolic decompensation, with correlation between low EAA concentrations, particularly branched-chain amino acids, and hyperammonaemia. Thus, supplementation with EAA should be considered at times of metabolic decompensation. Finally, it would be advantageous to treat patients in metabolic decompensation through enteral supplementation, whenever possible, because of the contribution of the splanchnic (portal-drained viscera) system to protein retention and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avihu Boneh
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Burrage LC, Jain M, Gandolfo L, Lee BH, Nagamani SCS. Sodium phenylbutyrate decreases plasma branched-chain amino acids in patients with urea cycle disorders. Mol Genet Metab 2014; 113:131-5. [PMID: 25042691 PMCID: PMC4177960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sodium phenylbutyrate (NaPBA) is a commonly used medication for the treatment of patients with urea cycle disorders (UCDs). Previous reports involving small numbers of patients with UCDs have shown that NaPBA treatment can result in lower plasma levels of the branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) but this has not been studied systematically. From a large cohort of patients (n=553) with UCDs enrolled in the Longitudinal Study of Urea Cycle Disorders, a collaborative multicenter study of the Urea Cycle Disorders Consortium, we evaluated whether treatment with NaPBA leads to a decrease in plasma BCAA levels. Our analysis shows that NaPBA use independently affects the plasma BCAA levels even after accounting for multiple confounding covariates. Moreover, NaPBA use increases the risk for BCAA deficiency. This effect of NaPBA seems specific to plasma BCAA levels, as levels of other essential amino acids are not altered by its use. Our study, in an unselected population of UCD subjects, is the largest to analyze the effects of NaPBA on BCAA metabolism and potentially has significant clinical implications. Our results indicate that plasma BCAA levels should to be monitored in patients treated with NaPBA since patients taking the medication are at increased risk for BCAA deficiency. On a broader scale, these findings could open avenues to explore NaPBA as a therapy in maple syrup urine disease and other common complex disorders with dysregulation of BCAA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay C Burrage
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mahim Jain
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Brendan H Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sandesh C S Nagamani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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29
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Margolis LM, Pasiakos SM, Karl JP, Rood JC, Cable SJ, Williams KW, Young AJ, McClung JP. Differential effects of military training on fat-free mass and plasma amino acid adaptations in men and women. Nutrients 2012; 4:2035-46. [PMID: 23250145 PMCID: PMC3546621 DOI: 10.3390/nu4122035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Fat-free mass (FFM) adaptations to physical training may differ between sexes based on disparities in fitness level, dietary intake, and levels of plasma amino acids (AA). This investigation aimed to determine FFM and plasma AA responses to military training, examine whether adaptations differ between male and female recruits, and explore potential associations between FFM and AA responses to training. Body composition and plasma AA levels were assessed in US Army recruits (n = 209, 118 males, 91 females) before (baseline) and every three weeks during basic combat training (BCT), a 10-week military training course. Body weight decreased in men but remained stable in women during BCT (sex-by-time interaction, P < 0.05). Fifty-eight percent of recruits gained FFM during BCT, with more (P < 0.05) females (88%) gaining FFM than males (36%). Total plasma AA increased (P < 0.05) during BCT, with greater (P < 0.05) increases observed in females (17%) then in males (4%). Essential amino acids (EAA) and branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) were increased (P < 0.05) in females but did not change in males (sex-by-time interaction, P < 0.05). Independent of sex, changes in EAA (r = 0.34) and BCAA (r = 0.27) from baseline were associated with changes in FFM (P < 0.05); greater (P < 0.05) increases in AA concentrations were observed for those who gained FFM. Increases in FFM and plasma AA suggest that BCT elicits a more pronounced anabolic response in women compared to men, which may reflect sex-specific differences in the relative intensity of the combined training and physiological stimulus associated with BCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee M. Margolis
- Military Nutrition Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 15 Kansas Street, Natick, MA 01760, USA; E-Mails: (L.M.M.); (S.M.P.); (J.P.K.); (A.J.Y.)
| | - Stefan M. Pasiakos
- Military Nutrition Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 15 Kansas Street, Natick, MA 01760, USA; E-Mails: (L.M.M.); (S.M.P.); (J.P.K.); (A.J.Y.)
| | - J. Philip Karl
- Military Nutrition Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 15 Kansas Street, Natick, MA 01760, USA; E-Mails: (L.M.M.); (S.M.P.); (J.P.K.); (A.J.Y.)
| | - Jennifer C. Rood
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Sonya J. Cable
- Experimentation and Analysis Element, Directorate of Basic Combat Training, Fort Jackson, SC 29207, USA; E-Mails: (S.J.C.); (K.W.W.)
| | - Kelly W. Williams
- Experimentation and Analysis Element, Directorate of Basic Combat Training, Fort Jackson, SC 29207, USA; E-Mails: (S.J.C.); (K.W.W.)
| | - Andrew J. Young
- Military Nutrition Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 15 Kansas Street, Natick, MA 01760, USA; E-Mails: (L.M.M.); (S.M.P.); (J.P.K.); (A.J.Y.)
| | - James P. McClung
- Military Nutrition Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 15 Kansas Street, Natick, MA 01760, USA; E-Mails: (L.M.M.); (S.M.P.); (J.P.K.); (A.J.Y.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-508-233-4979; Fax: +1-508-233-4869
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Bechshoeft R, Dideriksen KJ, Reitelseder S, Scheike T, Kjaer M, Holm L. The anabolic potential of dietary protein intake on skeletal muscle is prolonged by prior light-load exercise. Clin Nutr 2012; 32:236-44. [PMID: 22867749 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2012.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hyperaminoacidemia stimulates myofibrillar fractional synthesis rate (myoFSR) transiently in resting skeletal muscle. We investigated whether light-load resistance exercise can extent this responsiveness. METHODS Ten healthy males exercised one leg with a light-load resistance-like exercise at 16% of 1 repetition maximum and received oral protein boluses every hour for a 10-h period. Their myoFSR was determined by [1-(13)C]-leucine incorporation. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the resting (REST) and exercised (EXC) muscles every 2.5-h in the protein-fed period. RESULTS Protein feeding significantly elevated plasma leucine and essential amino acids by an average of 39 ± 9% (mean ± SEM) and 20 ± 4%, respectively, compared to the basal concentrations: 197 ± 12 μmol L(-1) and 854 ± 35 μmol L(-1), respectively. The myoFSR was similar in EXC and REST muscles in the first 8 h (all time intervals p > 0.05). After 8 h the myoFSR dropped in the REST muscle to 0.041 ± 0.005%·h(-1), which was 65 ± 5% of the rate in EXC leg at the same time point (0.062 ± 0.004%·h(-1)) and 80 ± 14% of the level in REST leg from 0.5 to 8 h (0.056 ± 0.005%·h(-1)) (interaction p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Compared to rest, light-load exercise prolonged the stimulatory effect of dietary protein on muscle biosynthesis providing perspectives for a muscle restorative effect in clinical settings where strenuous activity is intolerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Bechshoeft
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Dept. of Orthopedic Surgery M81, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Calderón-Santiago M, Priego-Capote F, Galache-Osuna JG, Luque de Castro MD. Determination of essential amino acids in human serum by a targeting method based on automated SPE-LC-MS/MS: discrimination between artherosclerotic patients. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 70:476-84. [PMID: 22819206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
An automated method based on a hyphenated SPE-LC-MS/MS configuration has been optimized for the determination of essential amino acids (threonine, valine, methionine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine) in human serum, with the aim of discriminating between different states of coronary artery disease. Validation in terms of sensitivity (detection limits below 28.0 ng on column) and precision (repeatability expressed as relative standard deviation below 6.0%) supports the suitability of the method for application to a cohort of 122 atherosclerosis patients confirmed by a catheterization test. The cohort was composed by 80 individuals diagnosed with stable angina and 42 patients who suffered from acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Both groups of individuals are differentiated by the occurrence of ischemia in AMI patients due to the formation of thrombi. The chemometric treatment of the data obtained by multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) allowed comparison between both groups of diagnosed patients. Therefore, amino acids whose serum levels were affected by ischemia have been identified. The contribution of risk factors such as obesity and hypercholesterolemia as well as the individuals' gender to the concentration of essential amino acids has also been studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Calderón-Santiago
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Annex Marie Curie Building, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain
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Narita K, Nagao K, Bannai M, Ichimaru T, Nakano S, Murata T, Higuchi T, Takahashi M. Dietary deficiency of essential amino acids rapidly induces cessation of the rat estrous cycle. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28136. [PMID: 22132231 PMCID: PMC3223240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reproductive functions are regulated by the sophisticated coordination between the neuronal and endocrine systems and are sustained by a proper nutritional environment. Female reproductive function is vulnerable to effects from dietary restrictions, suggesting a transient adaptation that prioritizes individual survival over reproduction until a possible future opportunity for satiation. This adaptation could also partially explain the existence of amenorrhea in women with anorexia nervosa. Because amino acid nutritional conditions other than caloric restriction uniquely alters amino acid metabolism and affect the hormonal levels of organisms, we hypothesized that the supply of essential amino acids in the diet plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of the female reproductive system. To test this hypothesis, we examined ovulatory cyclicity in female rats under diets that were deficient in threonine, lysine, tryptophan, methionine or valine. Ovulatory cyclicity was monitored by daily cytological evaluations of vaginal smears. After continuous feeding of the deficient diet, a persistent diestrus or anovulatory state was induced most quickly by the valine-deficient diet and most slowly by the lysine-deficient diet. A decline in the systemic insulin-like growth factor 1 level was associated with a dietary amino acid deficiency. Furthermore, a paired group of rats that were fed an isocaloric diet with balanced amino acids maintained normal estrous cyclicity. These disturbances of the estrous cycle by amino acid deficiency were quickly reversed by the consumption of a normal diet. The continuous anovulatory state in this study is not attributable to a decrease in caloric intake but to an imbalance in the dietary amino acid composition. With a shortage of well-balanced amino acid sources, reproduction becomes risky for both the mother and the fetus. It could be viewed as an adaptation to the diet, diverting resources away from reproduction and reallocating them to survival until well-balanced amino acid sources are found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi Narita
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, Japan
| | - Kenji Nagao
- Frontier Research Labs, Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Makoto Bannai
- Frontier Research Labs, Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Toru Ichimaru
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, Japan
| | - Sayako Nakano
- Frontier Research Labs, Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takuya Murata
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, Japan
| | - Takashi Higuchi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, Japan
| | - Michio Takahashi
- Frontier Research Labs, Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
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Bhasin KKS, van Nas A, Martin LJ, Davis RC, Devaskar SU, Lusis AJ. Maternal low-protein diet or hypercholesterolemia reduces circulating essential amino acids and leads to intrauterine growth restriction. Diabetes 2009; 58:559-66. [PMID: 19073773 PMCID: PMC2646054 DOI: 10.2337/db07-1530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We have examined maternal mechanisms for adult-onset glucose intolerance, increased adiposity, and atherosclerosis using two mouse models for intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR): maternal protein restriction and hypercholesterolemia. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS For these studies, we measured the amino acid levels in dams from two mouse models for IUGR: 1) feeding C57BL/6J dams a protein-restricted diet and 2) feeding C57BL/6J LDL receptor-null (LDLR(-/-)) dams a high-fat (Western) diet. RESULTS Both protein-restricted and hypercholesterolemic dams exhibited significantly decreased concentrations of the essential amino acid phenylalanine and the essential branched chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine. The protein-restricted diet for pregnant dams resulted in litters with significant IUGR. Protein-restricted male offspring exhibited catch-up growth by 8 weeks of age and developed increased adiposity and glucose intolerance by 32 weeks of age. LDLR(-/-) pregnant dams on a Western diet also had litters with significant IUGR. Male and female LDLR(-/-) Western-diet offspring developed significantly larger atherosclerotic lesions by 90 days compared with chow-diet offspring. CONCLUSIONS In two mouse models of IUGR, we found reduced concentrations of essential amino acids in the experimental dams. This indicated that shared mechanisms may underlie the phenotypic effects of maternal hypercholesterolemia and maternal protein restriction on the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kum Kum S Bhasin
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Sheĭbak VM, Smirnov VI, Sukhotskaia GM, Goretskaia MV. [Influence of taurine-zinc sulfate composition on the free amino acid level in blood plasma and the liver]. Eksp Klin Farmakol 2007; 70:27-29. [PMID: 18074803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The intraperitoneal injection of taurine--zinc sulfate composition (400 mg/kg body weight) led to a considerable increase in the plasma taurine levels, activated the hepatic uptake of free amino acids, and modulated the metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids.
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35
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Davis AM, Harris BJ, Lien EL, Pramuk K, Trabulsi J. α-Lactalbumin-rich infant formula fed to healthy term infants in a multicenter study: plasma essential amino acids and gastrointestinal tolerance. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007; 62:1294-301. [PMID: 17657228 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of an alpha-lactalbumin-enriched formula with a protein profile and total protein concentration closer to human milk (HM) and lower than conventional formulas. SUBJECTS/METHODS Two hundred and sixteen healthy, term infants, <or=14 days post-natal age were enrolled and 166 (76.9%) completed the study. Timed post-prandial plasma essential amino-acid levels were determined after 8 weeks of ad libitum study feeding. Study events were assessed every 2 weeks. RESULTS At 8 weeks, all mean plasma essential amino-acid levels in the experimental formula (EF) group were as high as the standard formula (SF) and HM groups. The incidence of feeding-related gastrointestinal (GI) events varied significantly (P=0.025) across groups: SF (31.3%), EF (17.2%) and HM (13.6%), with SF being significantly higher than HM (P=0.015). Study withdrawals due to feeding-related GI events were significantly different (P=0.001) across groups: SF (12.5%), EF (4.7%), and HM (0%). The timing of GI events was also significantly different across groups (P=0.010). CONCLUSION The study demonstrated that feeding a higher quality, lower protein concentration formula (alpha-lactalbumin-enriched) met all essential amino acid and protein requirements of infants. The GI tolerance profile of infants receiving the EF was similar to HM-fed infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Davis
- Wyeth Nutrition, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
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36
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Abstract
Lactating cows were exposed to large amino acid imbalances and deficiencies by i.v. infusion to characterize responses in milk production and plasma concentrations of metabolites and hormones. Six cows in early lactation were fed a basal diet of 9% CP and infused continuously for 6 d with saline (negative control), 1.1 kg/d of a complete amino acid mix (positive control), or the equivalent mix lacking Met, Lys, His, or all 3 branched-chain amino acids. All cows received all treatments in 6 successive periods in a Latin square design. Infusion of the complete amino acid mix resulted in an increase in the plasma concentrations of several essential amino acids, insulin, and glucagon. Milk protein production was stimulated by 19%, which accounted for 10% of the infused amino acid. Plasma urea, acetate, and beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations were increased. Compared with saline, the amino acid mixtures lacking Met, Lys, or His increased essential amino acids, glucose, insulin, and glucagon concentrations in plasma, and decreased growth hormone. Plasma concentration of the essential amino acid absent from the infusate fell 2-fold but milk protein yield remained within 12% of its basal value. Dry matter intakes were depressed 35% over the first 2 d of infusion of imbalanced mixtures but recovered thereafter. Milk fat yields were increased 258 and 320 g/d by mixtures devoid of Lys and His, respectively. Correction of a Met, Lys, or His deficiency did not affect hormone concentrations in plasma and milk protein yield increased 27% due entirely to increased concentration of the single amino acid in plasma. Although imbalance and deficiency generated similar amino acid profiles in plasma, it was concluded that endocrine responses to total amino acid supply during imbalance can override imperfections in the circulating amino acid profile to maintain milk protein yield at higher levels than expected from deficiency states. Both imbalance and deficiency were characterized by a low protein:fat ratio in milk. Infusion of a mix of amino acids lacking Val, Ile, and Leu, despite a decrease in plasma Leu to 58% of its basal value, increased milk protein and fat yields to the same extent as the complete amino acid mix.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Weekes
- Centre for Nutrition Modelling, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1 Canada
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37
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Abstract
The intracellular concentrations of essential amino acids (EAA) in muscle are maintained relatively constant under a variety of conditions. However, the effect of a decrease in blood amino acid concentrations on intracellular concentrations is not clear. Similarly, the relation between intracellular and interstitial concentrations has not been determined in this circumstance. Thus the aim of this study was to determine the effect of hypoaminoacidemia on intracellular, interstitial, and plasma concentrations of EAA and the mechanisms responsible for the respective changes. Twelve normal pigs were investigated before and during 120 min of hemodialysis by use of stable-isotope tracer methodology, microdialysis technique, and muscle biopsies. During hemodialysis, there was a decrease in the interstitial fluid concentrations of phenylalanine, leucine, alanine, and lysine that corresponded to their decrease in plasma concentration. Nonetheless, the intracellular concentrations of these amino acids were maintained at the basal levels throughout the entire period due principally to a reduction in the rate of incorporation of amino acids into protein that was approximately equivalent to the decrease in uptake from the plasma. In conclusion, intracellular concentrations of amino acids are regulated to maintain relatively constant values, even when plasma and interstitial concentrations fall as a consequence of hemodialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Børsheim
- Metabolism Unit, Department of Surgery, Shriners Hospitals for Children/Galveston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77550, USA.
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Mustonen AM, Puukka M, Saarela S, Paakkonen T, Aho J, Nieminen P. Adaptations to fasting in a terrestrial mustelid, the sable (Martes zibellina). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2006; 144:444-50. [PMID: 16716623 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2005] [Revised: 03/16/2006] [Accepted: 03/24/2006] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether the actively wintering Palearctic sable Martes zibellina has evolved physiological adaptations to tolerate nutritional scarcity. Sixteen farm-bred male sables were divided into a fed control group and an experimental group fasted for 4 days. The rate of weight loss in the sable was similar to other medium-sized mustelids. Fasting led to hypoglycaemia and to a decreased lymphocyte percentage. The sable derived metabolic energy from both subcutaneous and intraabdominal white adipose tissues and the relative decrease in fat mass was the largest for the retroperitoneal and subcutaneous depots. Metabolic energy derived partly from body proteins indicated by the increased plasma levels of urea, uric acid and total essential amino acids. Triacylglycerols accumulated in the livers of the fasted sables and the increased plasma aminotransferase activities suggested hepatic dysfunction. The decreased plasma insulin concentrations and the elevated cortisol levels probably contributed to stimulated lipolysis and protein catabolism. Moreover, fasting increased the plasma ghrelin concentrations of the sables and down-regulated the thyroid activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Mari Mustonen
- Department of Biology, University of Joensuu, P.O. Box 111, FIN-80101, Joensuu, Finland.
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Babraj JA, Cuthbertson DJR, Smith K, Langberg H, Miller B, Krogsgaard MR, Kjaer M, Rennie MJ. Collagen synthesis in human musculoskeletal tissues and skin. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2005; 289:E864-9. [PMID: 15972270 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00243.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a direct method for the measurement of human musculoskeletal collagen synthesis on the basis of the incorporation of stable isotope-labeled proline or leucine into protein and have used it to measure the rate of synthesis of collagen in tendon, ligament, muscle, and skin. In postabsorptive, healthy young men (28 +/- 6 yr) synthetic rates for tendon, ligament, muscle, and skin collagen were 0.046 +/- 0.005, 0.040 +/- 0.006, 0.016 +/- 0.002, and 0.037 +/- 0.003%/h, respectively (means +/- SD). In postabsorptive, healthy elderly men (70 +/- 6 yr) the rate of skeletal muscle collagen synthesis is greater than in the young (0.023 +/- 0.002%/h, P < 0.05 vs. young). The rates of synthesis of tendon and ligament collagen are similar to those of mixed skeletal muscle protein in the postabsorptive state, whereas the rate for muscle collagen synthesis is much lower in both young and elderly men. After nutrient provision, collagen synthesis was unaltered in tendon and skeletal muscle, remaining at postabsorptive values (young: tendon, 0.045 +/- 0.008%/h; muscle, 0.016 +/- 0.003%/h; elderly: muscle, 0.024 +/- 0.003%/h). These results demonstrate that the rate of human musculoskeletal tissue collagen synthesis can be directly and robustly measured using stable isotope methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Babraj
- Division of Molecular Physiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Abstract
There is emerging evidence in schizophrenia of membrane abnormalities, primarily reductions in the essential omega-3 and omega-6 series of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Because previous studies have largely been in chronic patients, it is not known whether these membrane abnormalities also occur early in illness. In the present study, red blood cell membrane fatty acid levels were determined by capillary gas chromatography from 24 neuroleptic-naive patients with first episode schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and 31 age-matched normal controls. Relative to normal subjects, patients had significant reductions in total PUFA (-13%) but not in monounsaturated or saturated fatty acids. Specifically, significant reductions were found in arachidonic acid (-18%), docosapentaenoic acid (-36%), and docosahexaenoic acid (-26%) concentrations. These reductions were not related to age, gender, smoking status, or cotinine levels. These results confirm previous findings of membrane deficits in schizophrenia and show that significant PUFA reductions occur early in the illness, prior to initiation of treatment, raising the possibility that these deficits are trait related. The findings also suggest that membrane fatty acid losses are quite specific to the highly unsaturated fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder D Reddy
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Paddon-Jones D, Sheffield-Moore M, Aarsland A, Wolfe RR, Ferrando AA. Exogenous amino acids stimulate human muscle anabolism without interfering with the response to mixed meal ingestion. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2005; 288:E761-7. [PMID: 15572657 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00291.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We sought to determine whether ingestion of a between-meal supplement containing 30 g of carbohydrate and 15 g of essential amino acids (CAA) altered the metabolic response to a nutritionally mixed meal in healthy, recreationally active male volunteers. A control group (CON; n = 6, 38 +/- 8 yr, 86 +/- 10 kg, 179 +/- 3 cm) received a liquid mixed meal [protein, 23.4 +/- 1.0 g (essential amino acids, 14.7 +/- 0.7 g); carbohydrate, 126.6 +/- 4.0 g; fat, 30.3 +/- 2.8 g] every 5 h (0830, 1330, 1830). The experimental group (SUP; n = 7, 36 +/- 10 yr, 87 +/- 12 kg, 180 +/- 3 cm) consumed the same meals but, in addition, were given CAA supplements (1100, 1600, 2100). Net phenylalanine balance (NB) and fractional synthetic rate (FSR) were calculated during a 16-h primed constant infusion of L-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine. Ingestion of a combination of CAA supplements and meals resulted in a greater mixed muscle FSR than ingestion of the meals alone (SUP, 0.099 +/- 0.008; CON, 0.076 +/- 0.005%/h; P < 0.05). Both groups experienced an improvement in NB after the morning (SUP, -2.2 +/- 3.3; CON, -1.5 +/- 3.5 nmol x min(-1) x 100 ml leg volume(-1)) and evening meals (SUP, -9.7 +/- 4.3; CON, -6.7 +/- 4.1 nmol x min(-1) x 100 ml leg volume(-1)). NB after CAA ingestion was significantly greater than after the meals, with values of 40.2 +/- 8.5 nmol x min(-1) x 100 ml leg volume(-1). These data indicate that CAA supplementation produces a greater anabolic effect than ingestion of intact protein but does not interfere with the normal metabolic response to a meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Paddon-Jones
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA.
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Abstract
The calf muscles, compared with the thigh, are less responsive to resistance exercise in ambulatory and bed-rested individuals, apparently due to muscle-specific differences in protein metabolism. We chose to evaluate the efficacy of using amino acids to elevate protein synthesis in the soleus, because amino acids have been shown to have a potent anabolic effect in the vastus lateralis. Mixed muscle protein synthesis in the soleus and vastus lateralis was measured before and after infusion of mixed amino acids in 10 individuals (28 +/- 1 yr). Phosphorylation of ribosomal protein p70 S6 kinase (p70S6K; Thr389) and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein-1 (4E-BP1; Thr37/46) was also evaluated at rest and after 3 h of amino acid infusion. Basal protein synthesis was similar (P = 0.126), and amino acids stimulated protein synthesis to a similar extent (P = 0.004) in the vastus lateralis (0.043 +/- 0.011%/h) and soleus (0.032 +/- 0.017%/h). Phosphorylation of p70S6K (P = 0.443) and 4E-BP1 (P = 0.192) was not increased in either muscle; however, the soleus contained more total (P = 0.002) and phosphorylated (P = 0.013) 4E-BP1 than the vastus lateralis. These data support the need for further study of amino acid supplementation as a means to compensate for the reduced effectiveness of calf resistance exercise in ambulatory individuals and those exposed to extended periods of unloading. The greater 4E-BP1 in the soleus suggests that there is a muscle-specific distribution of general translational initiation machinery in human skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad C Carroll
- Nutrition, Metabolism, and Exercise Laboratory, DWR Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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Abstract
AIM Protein hydrolysates have been introduced in preterm formulae, but it is not clear whether they are needed for the feeding of preterm infants. We designed a randomized, controlled trial to test the effects of a preterm formula with hydrolysed cow's milk proteins on short-term growth and urinary and plasma amino acids levels. METHODS Infants with a birthweight < or = 1750 g and gestational age < or = 34 wk fed a conventional preterm infant formula (formula B) or a hydrolysed formula (formula A). Weight was measured daily; length, head circumference, mid-arm circumference and total skinfold thickness were measured weekly. Blood and urine were analysed for amino acid concentrations at start, 14 and 28 d. RESULTS Twenty-one infants met the criteria for randomization. The daily feeding volumes were: formula A 172.8 +/- 5.6 vs formula B 170.1 +/- 2.8 ml/kg/d. Infants fed with formula A showed slower weight gain (17.4 +/- 3.4 vs 20.5 +/- 3.3 g/kg/d; p = 0.045) and lower mean change in Z-scores for weight (-0.18 +/- 0.16 vs 0.00 +/- 0.09; p = 0.009) and for head circumference (-0.06 +/- 0.13 vs 0.06 +/- 0.13; p = 0.049). After 14 d, infants receiving formula A had statistically significant higher urinary levels of essential amino acids compared to infants receiving formula B. CONCLUSION Our results support the hypothesis of less nutritional value of hydrolysed versus conventional preterm formulae. Higher renal excretion of essential amino acids may be one of the mechanisms involved. These findings must be confirmed by further studies with larger sample sizes and protein hydrolysates with different degrees of hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Maggio
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Paediatrics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
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Phillips RS, Enwonwu CO, Okolo S, Hassan A. Metabolic effects of acute measles in chronically malnourished Nigerian children. J Nutr Biochem 2004; 15:281-8. [PMID: 15135152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2003.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2003] [Revised: 10/17/2003] [Accepted: 11/10/2003] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that acute measles infection imposes severe metabolic demands on malnourished children. Nigerian rural communities, characterized by severe poverty and extensive malnutrition, served as site for this study. Sixty-five children (mean [+/-SD] age 2.67 +/- 1.96 years) with measles and a randomly selected equal number of children (age 2.83 +/- 1.23 years) from the same communities but measles-free were studied. Both groups were serologically negative for human immunodeficiency virus. The percentages of nonmeasles group who were underweight and wasted as exemplified by weight for age (WAZ) and weight for height (WHZ) scores less than -2.0 SD were 43% and 23%, respectively. Comparative values for the measles group (66% and 54% respectively) were significantly (P < 0.01 or 0.001) different. Compared to the controls, measles-infected children had significantly (P < 0.001) higher plasma cortisol level, marked hyporetinemia (plasma retinol 0.62 +/- 0.24 micromol/L) and prominent reduction (P < 0.002) in the sum of serum essential amino acids. Measles promoted a TH(1) to TH(2) cytokine shift, with severe depletion of plasma interleukin (IL)-12, a key cytokine in the development of cell mediated immunity. IL-6, a key stimulator of hepatic acute phase protein response, was prominently (P < 0.002) increased in plasma in measles-infected children. Glucocorticoids exert effects on cytokine expression, as well as on cytokine receptor expression and cytokine-regulated biological responses. They enhance synergistically, the effects of IL-1 and IL-6 type cytokines on many acute phase proteins. Because of the prominent increase in circulating level of cortisol in acute measles, glucocorticoid treatment for associated sepsis may pose serious problems. Additionally, glucocorticoids antagonize several effects of retinoids at cellular and transcriptional levels, thus suggesting that hypercortisolemia may increase the requirement for retinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma S Phillips
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, 666 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Dickinson PJ, Anderson PJB, Williams DC, Powell HC, Shelton GD, Morris JG, LeCouteur RA. Assessment of the neurologic effects of dietary deficiencies of phenylalanine and tyrosine in cats. Am J Vet Res 2004; 65:671-80. [PMID: 15141890 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the neurologic effects of reduced intake of phenylalanine and tyrosine in black-haired cats. ANIMALS 53 specific pathogen-free black domestic shorthair cats. PROCEDURE Cats were fed purified diets containing various concentrations of phenylalanine and tyrosine for < or = 9 months. Blood samples were obtained every 2 months for evaluation of serum aromatic amino acid concentrations. Cats were monitored for changes in hair color and neurologic or behavioral abnormalities. Three cats with neurologic deficits underwent clinical and electrophysiologic investigation; muscle and nerve biopsy specimens were also obtained from these cats. RESULTS After 6 months, neurologic and behavioral abnormalities including vocalization and abnormal posture and gait were observed in cats that had received diets containing < 16 g of total aromatic amino acid/kg of diet. Electrophysiologic data and results of microscopic examination of muscle and nerve biopsy specimens from 3 cats with neurologic signs were consistent with sensory neuropathy with primary axonal degeneration. Changes in hair color were detected in cats from all groups receiving < 16 g of phenylalanine plus tyrosine/kg of diet. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Findings suggested that chronic dietary restriction of phenylalanine and tyrosine in cats may result in a predominantly sensory neuropathy. In cats, the long-term nutritional requirement for phenylalanine and tyrosine appears to be greater for normal neurologic function than that required in short-term growth experiments. Official present-day recommendations for dietary phenylalanine and tyrosine in cats may be insufficient to support normal long-term neurologic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Dickinson
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Paddon-Jones D, Sheffield-Moore M, Zhang XJ, Volpi E, Wolf SE, Aarsland A, Ferrando AA, Wolfe RR. Amino acid ingestion improves muscle protein synthesis in the young and elderly. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2004; 286:E321-8. [PMID: 14583440 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00368.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that muscle protein synthesis was stimulated to a similar extent in young and elderly subjects during a 3-h amino acid infusion. We sought to determine if a more practical bolus oral ingestion would also produce a similar response in young (34 +/- 4 yr) and elderly (67 +/- 2 yr) individuals. Arteriovenous blood samples and muscle biopsies were obtained during a primed (2.0 micromol/kg) constant infusion (0.05 micromol.kg(-1).min(-1)) of L-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine. Muscle protein kinetics and mixed muscle fractional synthetic rate (FSR) were calculated before and after the bolus ingestion of 15 g of essential amino acids (EAA) in young (n = 6) and elderly (n = 7) subjects. After EAA ingestion, the rate of increase in femoral artery phenylalanine concentration was slower in elderly subjects but remained elevated for a longer period. EAA ingestion increased FSR in both age groups by approximately 0.04%/h (P < 0.05). However, muscle intracellular (IC) phenylalanine concentration remained significantly higher in elderly subjects at the completion of the study (young: 115.6 +/- 5.4 nmol/ml; elderly: 150.2 +/- 19.4 nmol/ml). Correction for the free phenylalanine retained in the muscle IC pool resulted in similar net phenylalanine uptake values in the young and elderly. EAA ingestion increased plasma insulin levels in young (6.1 +/- 1.2 to 21.3 +/- 3.1 microIU/ml) but not in elderly subjects (3.0 +/- 0.6 to 4.3 +/- 0.4 microIU/ml). Despite differences in the time course of plasma phenylalanine kinetics and a greater residual IC phenylalanine concentration, amino acid supplementation acutely stimulated muscle protein synthesis in both young and elderly individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Paddon-Jones
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77550, USA.
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Bos C, Stoll B, Fouillet H, Gaudichon C, Guan X, Grusak MA, Reeds PJ, Tomé D, Burrin DG. Intestinal lysine metabolism is driven by the enteral availability of dietary lysine in piglets fed a bolus meal. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2003; 285:E1246-57. [PMID: 12851176 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00150.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous steady-state continuous-feeding studies have shown that the gut mucosa removes substantial amounts of both dietary and systemic amino acids. However, enteral nutrition is often given under non-steady-state conditions as a bolus meal, and this has been shown to influence systemic metabolism. Therefore, our aim was to quantify the relative metabolism of dietary and systemic lysine by the portal-drained viscera (PDV) under non-steady-state conditions after a single bolus meal. Five 28-day-old piglets implanted with arterial, venous, and portal catheters and with an ultrasonic portal flow probe were given an oral bolus feeding of a milk formula containing a trace quantity of intrinsically 15N-labeled soy protein and a continuous intravenous infusion of [U-13C]lysine for 8 h. Total lysine use by the PDV was maximal 1 h after the meal (891 micromol x kg(-1) x h(-1)) and was predominantly of dietary origin (89%), paralleling the enteral delivery of dietary lysine. Intestinal lysine use returned to a low level after 4 h postprandially and was derived exclusively from the arterial supply until 8 h. Cumulative systemic appearance of dietary lysine reached 44 and 80% of the ingested amount 4 and 8 h after the meal, respectively, whereas the PDV first-pass use of dietary lysine was 55 and 32% of the intake for these two periods, respectively. We conclude that the first-pass utilization rate of dietary lysine by the PDV is directly increased by the enteral lysine availability and that it is higher with a bolus than with continuous oral feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Bos
- Department of Nutrition Physiology and Feeding Control, National Institute for Agricultural Research, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Paris, France.
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Savary-Auzeloux I, Majdoub L, Le Floc'h N, Ortigues-Marty I. Ryegrass-based diet and barley supplementation: Partition of nitrogenous nutrients among splanchnic tissues and hind limb in finishing lambs1. J Anim Sci 2003; 81:3160-73. [PMID: 14677872 DOI: 10.2527/2003.81123160x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Splanchnic metabolism of nitrogenous nutrients and their uptake by the hind limb were studied in finishing lambs receiving ryegrass harvested at grazing stage with or without barley supplementation. Six multicatheterized lambs (40.2 +/- 1.5 kg) were fed with frozen ryegrass (RG) at 690 kJ of ME intake (MEI) x d(-1) x BW(-0.75) and 20.8 g of N intake (NI)/d successively without and with barley supplementation (RG + B), according to a crossover design. Barley supplementation represented 21% of DM intake and increased the MEI and the NI by 32 and 24% respectively, (P < 0.01). In the ruminal fluid, barley increased acetate and butyrate concentrations by 21.2 and 49.6%, respectively (P < 0.04), without any effect on the ammonia concentration. Consequently, the net portal appearance (NPA) of ammonia was not modified, but the NPA of total amino acids (TAA; +38%) and nonessential amino acids (NEAA; +45%) was increased (P < 0.05) by barley supplementation. Taken individually, the NPA of the essential amino acids (EAA) was increased for isoleucine (+32%; P < 0.05), threonine (+151%; P < 0.03), and lysine (+26%; P < 0.06), with no effect for the other EAA. In contrast to what was observed at the PDV level, no significant alteration in the net hepatic amino acid flux was observed for TAA, EAA, NEAA, branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), urea, and ammonia after barley supplementation, showing a relatively minor role of the liver in the regulation of the supply of amino acids to the peripheral tissues. However, taken individually, the net hepatic uptake of some NEAA involved in gluconeogenesis and/or ureagenesis was altered with barley supplementation: the alanine uptake was increased by 44% (P < 0.05), aspartate + asparagine (asx) uptake was decreased by 18% (P < 0.01), and glutamate + glutamine (glx) release tended (P < 0.10) to be increased by 208%. With barley supplementation, NI increased by 5 g of N/d, and net splanchnic release increased by 4.63 g of N/d. Consequently, the additional dietary N supply (together with energy supply) was nearly exclusively available to peripheral tissues as AA-N (N as amino acids), but no strong effect of this additional supply of AA to the hind limb could be demonstrated in terms of net AA hind limb fluxes. Consequently, barley supplementation of a ryegrass-based diet increased the net AA release by the splanchnic tissues, with little effect on the AA net uptake by the peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Savary-Auzeloux
- Unité de Recherches sur les Herbivores, Equipe Nutriments et Métabolismes, INRA Clermont Ferrand-Theix, 63122 St. Genès Champanelle, France.
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Abstract
Four rumen cannulated Finnish Ayrshire cows in midlactation were used in an experiment designed as a 4 x 5 incomplete Latin square with 2-wk periods to compare effects of glucogenic substrates on grass silage-based diets. The five treatments were continuous infusions of 1) water (control), 2) casein 300 g/d, 3) glucose 300 g/d, 4) propionic acid 247 g/d, and 5) barley starch 270 g/d. Substrates were infused either into the rumen (propionic acid) or into the abomasum (other substrates). As a basal diet, cows were fed a formic acid treated grass silage ad libitum (digestible organic matter 690 g/kg dry matter [DM], crude protein [CP] 131 g/kg DM) and a barley-rapeseed concentrate (CP 141g/kg DM) at a rate of 7 kg/d. Production responses to glucogenic substrates other than casein were negligible, suggesting that glucose supply of the cows did not primarily limit milk production. However, with casein cows produced significantly more milk, milk protein, and lactose than with other glucogenic substrates. Casein increased urea and essential amino acid (EAA), and decreased nonessential AA (NEAA) in arterial plasma compared with other substrates, suggesting that casein provided precursors both in terms of NEAA for gluconeogenesis and EAA for milk protein synthesis. This puts forward that providing the AA needs of the mammary gland for milk protein synthesis are met, glucose supply may become the next limiting factor for milk protein synthesis in cows fed diets based on restrictively fermented grass silage. The limited supply of AA from the basal diet, and possibly the low production levels of cows partly invalidated the hypothesis of monitoring differing glucogenic substrates for grass silage-based diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vanhatalo
- MTT, Agrifood Research Finland, Animal Production Research, FIN-31600 Jokioinen, Finland.
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Aquilani R, Iadarola P, Boschi F, Pistarini C, Arcidiaco P, Contardi A. Reduced plasma levels of tyrosine, precursor of brain catecholamines, and of essential amino acids in patients with severe traumatic brain injury after rehabilitation11No commercial party having a direct financial interest in the results of the research supporting this article has or will confer a benefit upon the authors(s) or upon any organization with which the author(s) is/are associated. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003; 84:1258-65. [PMID: 13680559 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9993(03)00148-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether levels of plasma tyrosine and tryptophan, precursors of brain catecholamine and serotonin neurotransmitters, respectively, and other essential amino acids (EAA) may return to normal in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) after 2 months in a hospital rehabilitation center. DESIGN Peripheral plasma concentrations of tyrosine, tryptophan, and other EAAs in subjects with severe TBI, both at admission (44+/-11d postinjury) and at discharge from the center (110+/-15d after acute event) were compared with concentrations in control subjects. SETTING Tertiary care rehabilitation setting in Italy. PARTICIPANTS Ten men (26.6+/-12.6y) with TBI and 6 healthy subjects (controls) matched for age, sex, voluntary loss of body weight, and sedentary lifestyle. INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Concentrations of brain neurotransmitter precursor amino acids and of EAA. RESULTS On admission, patients had lower plasma tyrosine, leucine, valine, methionine, and phenylalanine concentrations than did control subjects. The plasma concentrations of tryptophan were similar in the 2 groups. These amino acid abnormalities were still present at discharge. CONCLUSION The levels of plasma tyrosine and many EAA in patients with TBI did not recover by discharge (110+/-15d) from rehabilitation. Plasma tryptophan concentrations were similar in patients and controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Aquilani
- Servizio di Fisiopatologia Metabolico-Nutrizionale e Nutrizione Clinica, Fondazione S. Maugeri, Istituto Scientifico di Montescano, Pavia, Italy
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