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Henry N, Frank J, McLouth C, Trout AL, Morris A, Chen J, Stowe AM, Fraser JF, Pennypacker K. Short Chain Fatty Acids Taken at Time of Thrombectomy in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients Are Independent of Stroke Severity But Associated With Inflammatory Markers and Worse Symptoms at Discharge. Front Immunol 2022; 12:797302. [PMID: 35126360 PMCID: PMC8807638 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.797302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Short chain fatty acids (SCFA) are gut microbiota-derived metabolites that contribute to the gut-brain axis and may impact stroke outcomes following gut dysbiosis. We evaluated plasma SCFA concentrations against stroke severity parameters and identified SCFA-associated protein networks. Methods The Blood and Clot Thrombectomy Registry and Collaboration (BACTRAC), a continuously enrolling tissue bank, was used to obtain stroke samples. Arterial blood distal and proximal to the thrombus was obtained from Acute Ischemic Stroke (AIS) Patients (n=53) during thrombectomy. Patient demographics, stroke presentation and outcome parameters were reported. The SCFAs were isolated from proximal plasma via chemical derivatization UHPLC coupled tandem mass spectrometry using electrospray ionization and multiple reaction monitoring. Proteomic levels for 184 cardioembolic and inflammatory proteins was quantified from systemic and intracranial plasma by Olink. Arterial blood from cerebrovascular patients undergoing elective neurointerventional procedures was used as controls. Results Acetate positively correlated with time from last known normal (LKN) and was significantly lower in stroke patients compared to control. Isobutyrate, Butyrate and 2-Methylbutyrate negatively correlated with %ΔNIHSS. Isobutyrate and 2-Methylbutyrate positively correlated with NIHSS discharge. SCFA concentrations were not associated with NIHSS admission, infarct volume, or edema volume. Multiple SCFAs positively associated with systemic and pro-inflammatory cytokines, most notably IL-6, TNF-α, VCAM1, IL-17, and MCP-1. Conclusions Plasma SCFA concentrations taken at time of stroke are not associated with stroke severity at presentation. However, higher levels of SCFAs at the time of stroke are associated with increased markers of inflammation, less recovery from admission to discharge, and worse symptom burden at discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Henry
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Jacqueline Frank
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Center for Advanced Translational Stroke Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Christopher McLouth
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Amanda L. Trout
- Center for Advanced Translational Stroke Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Andrew Morris
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky, and Lexington Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Jianzhong Chen
- Oligonucleotide Bioanalysis Research - Chemistry, Dicerna Pharmaceuticals Inc., Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Ann M. Stowe
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Center for Advanced Translational Stroke Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Justin F. Fraser
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Center for Advanced Translational Stroke Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Keith Pennypacker
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Center for Advanced Translational Stroke Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- *Correspondence: Keith Pennypacker,
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Liu Y, Croft KD, Caparros-Martin J, O'Gara F, Mori TA, Ward NC. Beneficial effects of inorganic nitrate in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 711:109032. [PMID: 34520731 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.109032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered the hepatic representation of the metabolic disorders. Inorganic nitrate/nitrite can be converted to nitric oxide, regulate glucose metabolism, lower lipid levels, and reduce inflammation, thus raising the hypothesis that inorganic nitrate/nitrite could be beneficial for improving NAFLD. This study assessed the therapeutic effects of chronic dietary nitrate on NAFLD in a mouse model. 60 ApoE-/- mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks to allow for the development of atherosclerosis with associated NAFLD. The mice were then randomly assigned to different groups (20/group) for a further 12 weeks: (i) HFD + NaCl (1 mmol/kg/day), (ii) HFD + NaNO3 (1 mmol/kg/day), and (iii) HFD + NaNO3 (10 mmol/kg/day). A fourth group of ApoE-/- mice consumed a normal chow diet for the duration of the study. At the end of the treatment, caecum contents, serum, and liver were collected. Consumption of the HFD resulted in significantly greater lipid accumulation in the liver compared to mice on the normal chow diet. Mice whose HFD was supplemented with dietary nitrate for the second half of the study, showed an attenuation in hepatic lipid accumulation. This was also associated with an increase in hepatic AMPK activity compared to mice on the HFD. In addition, a significant difference in bile acid profile was detected between mice on the HFD and those receiving the high dose nitrate supplemented HFD. In conclusion, dietary nitrate attenuates the progression of liver steatosis in ApoE-/- mice fed a HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Kevin D Croft
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jose Caparros-Martin
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Fergal O'Gara
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia; BIOMERIT Research Centre, School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 YN60, Cork, Ireland
| | - Trevor A Mori
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Natalie C Ward
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Dobney Hypertension Centre, Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
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Jardou M, Provost Q, Brossier C, Pinault É, Sauvage FL, Lawson R. Alteration of the gut microbiome in mycophenolate-induced enteropathy: impacts on the profile of short-chain fatty acids in a mouse model. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 22:66. [PMID: 34711288 PMCID: PMC8555345 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-021-00536-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is the most widely used immunosuppressive drug in transplantation and for autoimmune diseases. Unfortunately, more than 30% of patients experience a typical gastrointestinal adverse effect also referred to as mycophenolate-induced enteropathy. Due to its antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties, MPA exposure is associated with intestinal dysbiosis characterized by a decrease in density and diversity of the microbiome regarding the main bacterial phyla (Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes). These bacterial phyla are known for their metabolic role in maintaining the homeostasis of the digestive tract, particularly through the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) that could contribute to the pathophysiology of mycophenolate-induced enteropathy. Our study aimed at deciphering short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) profile alterations associated with gastrointestinal toxicity of MPA at the digestive and systemic levels in a mouse model. METHODS Ten-week old C57BL/6 (SOPF) mice were randomly assigned in 2 groups of 9 subjects: control, and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF, 900 mg/kg/day). All mice were daily treated by oral gavage for 7 days. Individual faecal pellets were collected at days 0, 4 and 8 as well as plasma at day 8 for SCFA profiling. Additionally, after the sacrifice on day 8, the caecum was weighted, and colon length was measured. The proximal colon was cut for histological analysis. RESULTS MMF treatment induced around 10% weight loss at the end of the protocol associated with a significant decrease in caecum weight and a slight reduction in colon length. Histological analysis showed significant architectural changes in colon epithelium. Moreover, we observed an overall decrease in SCFA concentrations in faecal samples, especially regarding acetate (at day 8, control 1040.6 ± 278.161 μM versus MMF 384.7 ± 80.5 μM, p < 0.01) and propionate (at day 8, control 185.94 ± 51.96 μM versus MMF 44.07 ± 14.66 μM, p < 0.001), and in plasma samples for butyrate (at day 8, control 0.91 ± 0.1 μM versus MMF 0.46 ± 0.1 μM, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS These results are consistent with functional impairment of the gut microbiome linked with digestive or systemic defects during MMF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Jardou
- Univ. Limoges, Inserm U1248, IPPRITT, F-87000 Limoges, France
| | - Quentin Provost
- Univ. Limoges, Inserm U1248, IPPRITT, F-87000 Limoges, France
| | | | - Émilie Pinault
- Univ. Limoges, Inserm U1248, IPPRITT, F-87000 Limoges, France
| | | | - Roland Lawson
- Univ. Limoges, Inserm U1248, IPPRITT, F-87000 Limoges, France
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Limoges, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France
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Zhou T, Sun D, Li X, Heianza Y, LeBoff MS, Bray GA, Sacks FM, Qi L. Genetically determined SCFA concentration modifies the association of dietary fiber intake with changes in bone mineral density during weight loss: The Preventing Overweight Using Novel Dietary Strategies (POUNDS LOST) trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 114:42-48. [PMID: 33829223 PMCID: PMC8246619 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SCFAs are involved in regulation of body weight and bone health. OBJECTIVES We aimed to examine whether genetic variations related to butyrate modified the relation between dietary fiber intake and changes in bone mineral density (BMD) in response to weight-loss dietary interventions. METHODS In the 2-y Preventing Overweight Using Novel Dietary Strategies trial, 424 participants with BMD measured by DXA scan were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 diets varying in macronutrient intakes. A polygenic score (PGS) was calculated based on 7 genetic variants related to the production of butyrate for 370 of the 424 participants. RESULTS SCFA PGS significantly modified the association between baseline dietary fiber intake and sex on 2-y changes in whole-body BMD (P-interaction = 0.049 and 0.008). In participants with the highest tertile of SCFA PGS, higher dietary fiber intake was related to a greater increase in BMD (β: 0.0022; 95% CI: 0.0009, 0.0035; P = 0.002), whereas no such association was found for participants in the lower tertiles. In the lowest tertiles of SCFA PGS, men showed a significant increase in whole-body BMD (β: 0.0280; 95% CI: 0.0112, 0.0447; P = 0.002) compared with women. In the highest tertile, no significant difference was found for the change in BMD between men and women. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that genetic variants related to butyrate modify the relations of dietary fiber intake and sex with long-term changes in BMD in response to weight-loss diet interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhou
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Dianjianyi Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Yoriko Heianza
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Meryl S LeBoff
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - George A Bray
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Frank M Sacks
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Kawano R, Okamura T, Hashimoto Y, Majima S, Senmaru T, Ushigome E, Asano M, Yamazaki M, Takakuwa H, Sasano R, Nakanishi N, Hamaguchi M, Fukui M. Erythritol Ameliorates Small Intestinal Inflammation Induced by High-Fat Diets and Improves Glucose Tolerance. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5558. [PMID: 34074061 PMCID: PMC8197374 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Erythritol, a sugar alcohol, is widely used as a substitute for sugar in diets for patients with diabetes or obesity. METHODS In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of erythritol on metabolic disorders induced by a high-fat diet in C57BL/6J mice, while focusing on changes in innate immunity. RESULTS Mice that were fed a high-fat diet and administered water containing 5% erythritol (Ery group) had markedly lower body weight, improved glucose tolerance, and markedly higher energy expenditure than the control mice (Ctrl group) (n = 6). Furthermore, compared with the Ctrl group, the Ery group had lesser fat deposition in the liver, smaller adipocytes, and significantly better inflammatory findings in the small intestine. The concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as acetic acid, propanoic acid, and butanoic acid, in the serum, feces, and white adipose tissue of the Ery group were markedly higher than those in the Ctrl group. In flow cytometry experiments, group 3 innate lymphoid cell (ILC3) counts in the lamina propria of the small intestine and ILC2 counts in the white adipose tissue of the Ery group were markedly higher than those in the Ctrl group. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses showed that the Il-22 expression in the small intestine of the Ery group was markedly higher than that in the Ctrl group. CONCLUSIONS Erythritol markedly decreased metabolic disorders such as diet-induced obesity, glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia, and fat accumulation in the mouse liver by increasing SCFAs and modulating innate immunity.
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MESH Headings
- Adipocytes/cytology
- Adipocytes/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism
- Animals
- Blood Glucose/drug effects
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Energy Metabolism/drug effects
- Erythritol/administration & dosage
- Erythritol/pharmacology
- Fatty Acids, Volatile/blood
- Fatty Acids, Volatile/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation/genetics
- Glucose Intolerance/diet therapy
- Glucose Intolerance/metabolism
- Immunity, Innate/drug effects
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Inflammation/diet therapy
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Interleukins/genetics
- Interleukins/metabolism
- Intestine, Small/drug effects
- Intestine, Small/immunology
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/enzymology
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mucous Membrane/drug effects
- Mucous Membrane/metabolism
- Obesity/drug therapy
- Obesity/genetics
- Obesity/metabolism
- Interleukin-22
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Affiliation(s)
- Rena Kawano
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (R.K.); (T.O.); (Y.H.); (S.M.); (T.S.); (E.U.); (M.A.); (M.Y.); (N.N.); (M.F.)
| | - Takuro Okamura
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (R.K.); (T.O.); (Y.H.); (S.M.); (T.S.); (E.U.); (M.A.); (M.Y.); (N.N.); (M.F.)
| | - Yoshitaka Hashimoto
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (R.K.); (T.O.); (Y.H.); (S.M.); (T.S.); (E.U.); (M.A.); (M.Y.); (N.N.); (M.F.)
| | - Saori Majima
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (R.K.); (T.O.); (Y.H.); (S.M.); (T.S.); (E.U.); (M.A.); (M.Y.); (N.N.); (M.F.)
| | - Takafumi Senmaru
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (R.K.); (T.O.); (Y.H.); (S.M.); (T.S.); (E.U.); (M.A.); (M.Y.); (N.N.); (M.F.)
| | - Emi Ushigome
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (R.K.); (T.O.); (Y.H.); (S.M.); (T.S.); (E.U.); (M.A.); (M.Y.); (N.N.); (M.F.)
| | - Mai Asano
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (R.K.); (T.O.); (Y.H.); (S.M.); (T.S.); (E.U.); (M.A.); (M.Y.); (N.N.); (M.F.)
| | - Masahiro Yamazaki
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (R.K.); (T.O.); (Y.H.); (S.M.); (T.S.); (E.U.); (M.A.); (M.Y.); (N.N.); (M.F.)
| | - Hiroshi Takakuwa
- Agilent Technologies, Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Sales Department, Life Science and Applied Markets Group, Tokyo 192-8510, Japan;
| | | | - Naoko Nakanishi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (R.K.); (T.O.); (Y.H.); (S.M.); (T.S.); (E.U.); (M.A.); (M.Y.); (N.N.); (M.F.)
| | - Masahide Hamaguchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (R.K.); (T.O.); (Y.H.); (S.M.); (T.S.); (E.U.); (M.A.); (M.Y.); (N.N.); (M.F.)
| | - Michiaki Fukui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (R.K.); (T.O.); (Y.H.); (S.M.); (T.S.); (E.U.); (M.A.); (M.Y.); (N.N.); (M.F.)
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Moon S, Tsay JJ, Lampert H, Md Dom ZI, Kostic AD, Smiles A, Niewczas MA. Circulating short and medium chain fatty acids are associated with normoalbuminuria in type 1 diabetes of long duration. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8592. [PMID: 33883567 PMCID: PMC8060327 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87585-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A substantial number of subjects with Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) of long duration never develop albuminuria or renal function impairment, yet the underlying protective mechanisms remain unknown. Therefore, our study included 308 Joslin Kidney Study subjects who had T1D of long duration (median: 24 years), maintained normal renal function and had either normoalbuminuria or a broad range of albuminuria within the 2 years preceding the metabolomic determinations. Serum samples were subjected to global metabolomic profiling. 352 metabolites were detected in at least 80% of the study population. In the logistic analyses adjusted for multiple testing (Bonferroni corrected α = 0.000028), we identified 38 metabolites associated with persistent normoalbuminuria independently from clinical covariates. Protective metabolites were enriched in Medium Chain Fatty Acids (MCFAs) and in Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) and particularly involved odd-numbered and dicarboxylate Fatty Acids. One quartile change of nonanoate, the top protective MCFA, was associated with high odds of having persistent normoalbuminuria (OR (95% CI) 0.14 (0.09, 0.23); p < 10-12). Multivariable Random Forest analysis concordantly indicated to MCFAs as effective classifiers. Associations of the relevant Fatty Acids with albuminuria seemed to parallel associations with tubular biomarkers. Our findings suggest that MCFAs and SCFAs contribute to the metabolic processes underlying protection against albuminuria development in T1D that are independent from mechanisms associated with changes in renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salina Moon
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - John J Tsay
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Medicine, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Heather Lampert
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Family Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Zaipul I Md Dom
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aleksandar D Kostic
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adam Smiles
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Monika A Niewczas
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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7
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Bai Y, Li Y, Marion T, Tong Y, Zaiss MM, Tang Z, Zhang Q, Liu Y, Luo Y. Resistant starch intake alleviates collagen-induced arthritis in mice by modulating gut microbiota and promoting concomitant propionate production. J Autoimmun 2021; 116:102564. [PMID: 33203617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gut dysbiosis precedes clinic symptoms in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and has been implicated in the initiation and persistence of RA. The early treatment of RA is critical to better clinical outcome especially for joint destruction. Although dietary interventions have been reported to be beneficial for RA patients, it is unclear to whether diet-induced gut microbiome changes can be a preventive strategy to RA development. Here, we investigated the effect of a high fiber diet (HFD) rich with resistant starch (RS) on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and gut microbial composition in mice. RS-HFD significantly reduced arthritis severity and bone erosion in CIA mice. The therapeutic effects of RS-HFD were correlated with splenic regulatory T cell (Treg) expansion and serum interleukin-10 (IL-10) increase. The increased abundance of Lactobacillus and Lachnoclostridium genera concomitant with CIA were eliminated in CIA mice fed the RS-HFD diet. Notably, RS-HFD also led to a predominance of Bacteroidetes, and increased abundances of Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and Bacteroidales_S24-7_group genera in CIA mice. Accompanied with the gut microbiome changes, serum levels of the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) acetate, propionate and isobutyrate detected by GC-TOFMS were also increased in CIA mice fed RS-HFD. While, addition of β-acids from hops extract to the drinking water of mice fed RS-HFD significantly decreased serum propionate and completely eliminated RS-HFD-induced disease improvement, Treg cell increase and IL-10 production in CIA mice. Moreover, exogenous propionate added to drinking water replicated the protective role of RS-HFD in CIA including reduced bone damage. The direct effect of propionate on T cells in vitro was further explored as at least one mechanistic explanation for the dietary effects of microbial metabolites on immune regulation in experimental RA. Taken together, RS-HFD significantly reduced CIA and bone damage and altered gut microbial composition with concomitant increase in circulating propionate, indicating that RS-rich diet might be a promising therapy especially in the early stage of RA.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arthritis, Experimental/blood
- Arthritis, Experimental/metabolism
- Arthritis, Experimental/prevention & control
- Bacteria/classification
- Bacteria/genetics
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cytokines/blood
- Diet, High-Fat
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fatty Acids, Volatile/blood
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome/genetics
- Humans
- Interleukin-10/blood
- Intestines/drug effects
- Intestines/immunology
- Intestines/microbiology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Propionates/metabolism
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- Resistant Starch/administration & dosage
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqiang Bai
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yanhong Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tony Marion
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yanli Tong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mario M Zaiss
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitäts Klinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Zhigang Tang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiuping Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yubin Luo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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8
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Sharma M, Arora I, Stoll ML, Li Y, Morrow CD, Barnes S, Berryhill TF, Li S, Tollefsbol TO. Nutritional combinatorial impact on the gut microbiota and plasma short-chain fatty acids levels in the prevention of mammary cancer in Her2/neu estrogen receptor-negative transgenic mice. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234893. [PMID: 33382695 PMCID: PMC7774855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality in women. Various nutritional compounds possess anti-carcinogenic properties which may be mediated through their effects on the gut microbiota and its production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) for the prevention of breast cancer. We evaluated the impact of broccoli sprouts (BSp), green tea polyphenols (GTPs) and their combination on the gut microbiota and SCFAs metabolism from the microbiota in Her2/neu transgenic mice that spontaneously develop estrogen receptor-negative [ER(-)] mammary tumors. The mice were grouped based on the dietary treatment: control, BSp, GTPs or their combination from beginning in early life (BE) or life-long from conception (LC). We found that the combination group showed the strongest inhibiting effect on tumor growth volume and a significant increase in tumor latency. BSp treatment was integrally more efficacious than the GTPs group when compared to the control group. There was similar clustering of microbiota of BSp-fed mice with combination-fed mice, and GTPs-fed mice with control-fed mice at pre-tumor in the BE group and at pre-tumor and post-tumor in the LC group. The mice on all dietary treatment groups incurred a significant increase of Adlercreutzia, Lactobacillus genus and Lachnospiraceae, S24-7 family in the both BE and LC groups. We found no change in SCFAs levels in the plasma of BSp-fed, GTPs-fed and combination-fed mice of the BE group. Marked changes were observed in the mice of the LC group consisting of significant increases in propionate and isobutyrate in GTPs-fed and combination-fed mice. These studies indicate that nutrients such as BSp and GTPs differentially affect the gut microbial composition in both the BE and LC groups and the key metabolites (SCFAs) levels in the LC group. The findings also suggest that temporal factors related to different time windows of consumption during the life-span can have a promising influence on the gut microbial composition, SCFAs profiles and ER(-) breast cancer prevention.
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MESH Headings
- Actinobacteria/drug effects
- Actinobacteria/isolation & purification
- Actinobacteria/physiology
- Animals
- Brassica/chemistry
- Clostridiales/drug effects
- Clostridiales/isolation & purification
- Clostridiales/physiology
- Diet/methods
- Fatty Acids, Volatile/blood
- Female
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology
- Gene Expression
- Lactobacillus/drug effects
- Lactobacillus/isolation & purification
- Lactobacillus/physiology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/drug effects
- Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/blood
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Polyphenols/chemistry
- Polyphenols/pharmacology
- Receptor, ErbB-2/deficiency
- Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/deficiency
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Seedlings/chemistry
- Tea/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Manvi Sharma
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Itika Arora
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Matthew L Stoll
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Women's Heath, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Casey D Morrow
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Stephen Barnes
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Targeted Metabolomics and Proteomics Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Comprehensive Center for Healthy Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Taylor F Berryhill
- Targeted Metabolomics and Proteomics Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Shizhao Li
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Trygve O Tollefsbol
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Comprehensive Center for Healthy Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
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9
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Guo LX, Tong Y, Wang J, Yin G, Huang HS, Zeng L, Wang P, Li JP, Bi KS, Wang TJ. Determination and Comparison of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Serum and Colon Content Samples: Alzheimer's Disease Rat as a Case Study. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235739. [PMID: 33291848 PMCID: PMC7729479 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are the main microbial fermentation products from dietary fibers in the colon, and it has been speculated that they play a key role in keeping healthy in the whole-body. However, differences in SCFAs concentration in the serum and colon samples had attracted little attention. In this study, we have optimized the extract and analysis methods for the determination of ten SCFAs in both serum and colon content samples. Methanol and acetonitrile were chosen for extraction of SCFAs from serum and colon content samples, respectively. Biological samples were collected from Alzheimer's disease rats treated by extract of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill (SC-extract) were taken as research objects. The results showed that, the relative peak intensities of SCFAs in the colon content from all groups were quite similar, and the trend was identical in the serum samples. Compared with the values in humans, the ratio of ten SCFAs in rat's colon was similar, while the percent of acetate in rat's serum was significantly higher. For therapy of Alzheimer's disease (AD), SC-extract decreased the concentration of butyrate, 3-Methyvalerate, and caproate in the serum samples towards the trend of normal rats. This study may help our understanding of how SCFAs are transported across colonic epithelium in healthy and diseased organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Xiu Guo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Standard Research, Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen 518057, China; (L.-X.G.); (Y.T.); (J.W.); (G.Y.); (H.-S.H.); (L.Z.); (P.W.); (J.-P.L.)
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yue Tong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Standard Research, Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen 518057, China; (L.-X.G.); (Y.T.); (J.W.); (G.Y.); (H.-S.H.); (L.Z.); (P.W.); (J.-P.L.)
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Standard Research, Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen 518057, China; (L.-X.G.); (Y.T.); (J.W.); (G.Y.); (H.-S.H.); (L.Z.); (P.W.); (J.-P.L.)
| | - Guo Yin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Standard Research, Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen 518057, China; (L.-X.G.); (Y.T.); (J.W.); (G.Y.); (H.-S.H.); (L.Z.); (P.W.); (J.-P.L.)
| | - Hou-Shuang Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Standard Research, Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen 518057, China; (L.-X.G.); (Y.T.); (J.W.); (G.Y.); (H.-S.H.); (L.Z.); (P.W.); (J.-P.L.)
| | - Long Zeng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Standard Research, Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen 518057, China; (L.-X.G.); (Y.T.); (J.W.); (G.Y.); (H.-S.H.); (L.Z.); (P.W.); (J.-P.L.)
| | - Ping Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Standard Research, Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen 518057, China; (L.-X.G.); (Y.T.); (J.W.); (G.Y.); (H.-S.H.); (L.Z.); (P.W.); (J.-P.L.)
| | - Jun-Peng Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Standard Research, Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen 518057, China; (L.-X.G.); (Y.T.); (J.W.); (G.Y.); (H.-S.H.); (L.Z.); (P.W.); (J.-P.L.)
| | - Kai-Shun Bi
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- Correspondence: (K.-S.B.); (T.-J.W.); Tel.: +86-024-4352-0012 (K.-S.B.); +86-755-2603-1728 (T.-J.W.)
| | - Tie-Jie Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Standard Research, Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen 518057, China; (L.-X.G.); (Y.T.); (J.W.); (G.Y.); (H.-S.H.); (L.Z.); (P.W.); (J.-P.L.)
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- Correspondence: (K.-S.B.); (T.-J.W.); Tel.: +86-024-4352-0012 (K.-S.B.); +86-755-2603-1728 (T.-J.W.)
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10
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Hijova E, Strojný L, Bertková I, Bomba A, Štofilová J. Dietary Lactobacillus plantarum LS/07 and inulin in the management of chronic disease risk factors. Acta Biochim Pol 2020; 67:447-451. [PMID: 33108141 DOI: 10.18388/abp.2020_5404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the possibilities of modification of chronic disease risk factors with probiotic strain Lactobacillus plantarum LS/07 and prebiotic inulin in rats with western high fat diet. The Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: control group (CG group), group with high fat diet (HFD group), group receiving high fat diet in combination with Lactobacillus plantarum LS/07 (HFD+PRO group), and group receiving high fat diet in combination with oligofructose enriched inulin (HFD+PRE group). The activity of β-glucuronidase, lipid parameters, bile acids, oxLDL, short chain fatty acids, and counts of coliforms and lactobacilli were determined. High fat diet as a key risk factor of chronic diseases had adverse effect on expression of metabolic and biochemical parameters. Dietary intake of Lactobacillus plantarum LS/07 (HFD+PRO group) and inulin (HFD+PRE group) suppressed weight gain of rats. In HFD+PRO group, the level of total cholesterol (P<0.001), LDL-CH (P<0.05), oxLDL (P<0.001), total bile acids (P<0.001) were statistically significantly decreased, while the production of short chain fatty acids was enhanced. Changes in the selected parameters exhibited a similar tendency also in the HFD+PRE group. Activity of β-glucuronidase was statistically significantly decreased (P<0.001) in the HFD+PRE group. Lactobacillus plantarum LS/07 and inulin caused a statistically significant increase in the count of lactobacilli (P<0.001) and a decrease in the number of coliforms (P<0.001). These results indicate Lactobacillus plantarum LS/07 and inulin could be used in diet for human and animals as an important nutritional supplement or in medicinal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Hijova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Ladislav Strojný
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Izabela Bertková
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Alojz Bomba
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Jana Štofilová
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic
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11
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Dürholz K, Hofmann J, Iljazovic A, Häger J, Lucas S, Sarter K, Strowig T, Bang H, Rech J, Schett G, Zaiss MM. Dietary Short-Term Fiber Interventions in Arthritis Patients Increase Systemic SCFA Levels and Regulate Inflammation. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12103207. [PMID: 33092271 PMCID: PMC7589100 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory diseases are often initiated and guided by the release of proinflammatory mediators. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is caused by an imbalance between the pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators in the joints, thereby favoring chronic inflammation and joint damage. Here, we investigate if short-term high-fiber dietary intervention shifts this towards anti-inflammatory mediators. Healthy controls (n = 10) and RA patients (n = 29) under routine care received daily high-fiber bars for 15 or 30 days, respectively. Stool and sera were analyzed for pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators. A high-fiber dietary intervention resulted in increased anti-inflammatory short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), decreased proarthritic cytokine concentrations, along with a durable shift in the Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio. Together, these results further strengthen high-fiber dietary interventions as a practical approach complementing existing pharmacological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Dürholz
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (K.D.); (J.H.); (S.L.); (K.S.); (J.R.); (G.S.)
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg Hofmann
- Department of Biology, Division of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU), 91058 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Aida Iljazovic
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (A.I.); (T.S.)
| | - Julian Häger
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (K.D.); (J.H.); (S.L.); (K.S.); (J.R.); (G.S.)
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sébastien Lucas
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (K.D.); (J.H.); (S.L.); (K.S.); (J.R.); (G.S.)
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Sarter
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (K.D.); (J.H.); (S.L.); (K.S.); (J.R.); (G.S.)
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Till Strowig
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (A.I.); (T.S.)
| | - Holger Bang
- Melio.Care GmbH, 91080 Marloffstein, Germany;
| | - Jürgen Rech
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (K.D.); (J.H.); (S.L.); (K.S.); (J.R.); (G.S.)
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (K.D.); (J.H.); (S.L.); (K.S.); (J.R.); (G.S.)
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mario M. Zaiss
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (K.D.); (J.H.); (S.L.); (K.S.); (J.R.); (G.S.)
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Correspondence:
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12
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Segers A, Desmet L, Sun S, Verbeke K, Tack J, Depoortere I. Night-time feeding of Bmal1-/- mice restores SCFA rhythms and their effect on ghrelin. J Endocrinol 2020; 245:155-164. [PMID: 32045364 DOI: 10.1530/joe-20-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The known crosstalk between short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and the circadian clock is tightly intertwined with feeding time. We aimed to investigate the role of the core clock gene Bmal1 and feeding time in the diurnal rhythms in plasma and caecal SCFA levels and in their effect on the release of the hunger hormone ghrelin in the stomach and colon. WT, Bmal1-/- (ad libitum fed) and night-time-restricted-fed (RF)-Bmal1-/- littermates were killed at zeitgeber time (ZT) 4 and 16. SCFA concentrations were measured by gas chromatography. To investigate the effect of SCFAs on ghrelin release, stomach and colonic full-thickness strips were incubated with Krebs or a SCFA mix mimicking plasma or caecal concentrations, after which octanoyl ghrelin release was measured by RIA. Diurnal rhythms in caecal and plasma SCFAs oscillated in phase but rhythmic changes were abolished in Bmal1-/- mice. RF of Bmal1-/- mice restored fluctuations in caecal SCFAs. Plasma SCFA concentrations failed to affect gastric ghrelin release. The effect of caecal SCFA concentrations on colonic ghrelin release was rhythmic (inhibition at ZT 4, no effect at ZT 16). In Bmal1-/- mice, the inhibitory effect of SCFAs at ZT 4 was abolished. RF Bmal1-/- mice restored the inhibitory effect and increased colonic Clock expression. To conclude, diurnal fluctuations in caecal SCFAs and the effect of SCFAs on colonic ghrelin release are regulated by feeding time, independent of the core clock gene Bmal1. However, local entrainment of other clock genes might contribute to the observed effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneleen Segers
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Louis Desmet
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shu Sun
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristin Verbeke
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Tack
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inge Depoortere
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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13
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Mueller NT, Zhang M, Juraschek SP, Miller ER, Appel LJ. Effects of high-fiber diets enriched with carbohydrate, protein, or unsaturated fat on circulating short chain fatty acids: results from the OmniHeart randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 111:545-554. [PMID: 31927581 PMCID: PMC7049528 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs; e.g., acetate, propionate, and butyrate) are produced by microbial fermentation of fiber in the colon. Evidence is lacking on how high-fiber diets that differ in macronutrient composition affect circulating SCFAs. OBJECTIVES We aimed to compare the effects of 3 high-fiber isocaloric diets differing in %kcal of carbohydrate, protein, or unsaturated fat on circulating SCFAs. Based on previous literature, we hypothesized that serum acetate, the main SCFA in circulation, increases on all high-fiber diets, but differently by macronutrient composition of the diet. METHODS OmniHeart is a randomized crossover trial of 164 men and women (≥30 y old); 163 participants with SCFA data were included in this analysis. We provided participants 3 isocaloric high-fiber (∼30 g/2100 kcal) diets, each for 6 wk, in random order: a carbohydrate-rich (Carb) diet, a protein-rich (Prot) diet (protein predominantly from plant sources), and an unsaturated fat-rich (Unsat) diet. We used LC-MS to quantify SCFA concentrations in fasting serum, collected at baseline and the end of each diet period. We fitted linear regression models with generalized estimating equations to examine change in ln-transformed SCFAs from baseline to the end of each diet; differences between diets; and associations of changes in SCFAs with cardiometabolic parameters. RESULTS From baseline, serum acetate concentrations were increased by the Prot (β: 0.24; 95% CI: 0.12, 0.35), Unsat (β: 0.21; 95% CI: 0.10, 0.33), and Carb (β: 0.12; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.24) diets; between diets, only Prot compared with Carb was significant (P = 0.02). Propionate was decreased by the Carb (β: -0.10; 95% CI: -0.16, -0.03) and Unsat (β: -0.10; 95% CI: -0.16, -0.04) diets, not the Prot diet; between diet comparisons of Carb vs. Prot (P = 0.006) and Unsat vs. Prot (P = 0.002) were significant. The Prot diet increased butyrate (β: 0.05; 95% CI: 0.00, 0.09) compared with baseline, but not compared with the other diets. Increases in acetate were associated with decreases in insulin and glucose; increases in propionate with increases in leptin, LDL cholesterol, and blood pressure; and increases in butyrate with increases in insulin and glucose, and decreases in HDL cholesterol and ghrelin (Ps < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Macronutrient composition of high-fiber diets affects circulating SCFAs, which are associated with measures of appetite and cardiometabolic health. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00051350.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel T Mueller
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mingyu Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephen P Juraschek
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edgar R Miller
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lawrence J Appel
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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14
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Sowah SA, Hirche F, Milanese A, Johnson TS, Grafetstätter M, Schübel R, Kirsten R, Ulrich CM, Kaaks R, Zeller G, Kühn T, Stangl GI. Changes in Plasma Short-Chain Fatty Acid Levels after Dietary Weight Loss Among Overweight and Obese Adults over 50 Weeks. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020452. [PMID: 32053988 PMCID: PMC7071291 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbial-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) may regulate energy homeostasis and exert anti-carcinogenic, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. Smaller trials indicate that dietary weight loss may lead to decreased SCFA production, but findings have been inconclusive. SCFA concentrations were measured by HPLC-MS/MS in plasma samples of 150 overweight or obese adults in a trial initially designed to evaluate the metabolic effects of intermittent (ICR) versus continuous (CCR) calorie restriction (NCT02449148). For the present post hoc analyses, participants were classified by quartiles of weight loss, irrespective of the dietary intervention. Linear mixed models were used to analyze weight-loss-induced changes in SCFA concentrations after 12, 24 and 50 weeks. There were no differential changes in SCFA levels across the initial study arms (ICR versus CCR versus control) after 12 weeks, but acetate concentrations significantly decreased with overall weight loss (mean log-relative change of −0.7 ± 1.8 in the lowest quartile versus. −7.6 ± 2 in the highest, p = 0.026). Concentrations of propionate, butyrate and other SCFAs did not change throughout the study. Our results show that weight-loss, achieved through calorie restriction, may lead to smaller initial decreases in plasma acetate, while plasma SCFAs generally remain remarkably stable over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon A. Sowah
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (T.S.J.); (M.G.); (R.S.); (R.K.); (T.K.)
- Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Frank Hirche
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (F.H.); (G.I.S.)
| | - Alessio Milanese
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Structural and Computational Biology Unit, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; (A.M.); (G.Z.)
| | - Theron S. Johnson
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (T.S.J.); (M.G.); (R.S.); (R.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Mirja Grafetstätter
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (T.S.J.); (M.G.); (R.S.); (R.K.); (T.K.)
- Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ruth Schübel
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (T.S.J.); (M.G.); (R.S.); (R.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Romy Kirsten
- Biobank of the National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Cornelia M. Ulrich
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5550, USA;
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (T.S.J.); (M.G.); (R.S.); (R.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Georg Zeller
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Structural and Computational Biology Unit, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; (A.M.); (G.Z.)
| | - Tilman Kühn
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (T.S.J.); (M.G.); (R.S.); (R.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Gabriele I. Stangl
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (F.H.); (G.I.S.)
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15
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Miranda VPN, dos Santos Amorim PR, Bastos RR, de Faria ER, de Castro Moreira ME, do Carmo Castro Franceschini S, do Carmo Gouveia Peluzio M, de Luces Fortes Ferreira CL, Priore SE. Abundance of Gut Microbiota, Concentration of Short-Chain Fatty Acids, and Inflammatory Markers Associated with Elevated Body Fat, Overweight, and Obesity in Female Adolescents. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:7346863. [PMID: 31933541 PMCID: PMC6942879 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7346863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Overweight is ever more prevalent in the pediatric population, and this cardiometabolic factor can be associated with inflammatory markers, gut microbiota composition, and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations. The aim of this study is to evaluate to what extent the abundance of gut microbiota phyla, SCFA concentrations, and inflammatory markers are associated with elevated body fat percentage (BF%), overweight, and obesity in female adolescents. METHODS An experimental and comparative study was conducted with 96 girls 14 to 19 years old. They were divided into 3 groups: G1-eutrophic (EUT) and adequate BF%; G2-EUT and high BF%; and G3-overweight (OW) or obese (OB) and high BF%. Waist circumference (WC), waist to height ratio (WtHR), and neck circumference (NC) were analyzed as indicators of central visceral adiposity. The BF% was evaluated by DEXA equipment. A food frequency questionnaire was used to evaluate the main types of food consumed in a week. The abundance of the Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria phyla was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and the SFCA concentrations (acetic, butyric, and propionic) were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The inflammatory markers leptin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were assessed. RESULTS Female adolescents in groups G2 and G3 had greater central visceral adiposity and leptin concentration than those in group G1. No association was found between gut microbiota phyla abundance and SFCA concentrations in any of the groups. WC and frequency of consumption of oily and fatty foods were associated with Firmicutes abundance and SFCA concentrations. Girls with high WC also had the greatest leptin (p < 0.001) and hs-CRP (p = 0.035) concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Inflammatory markers showed association with increased BMI and high BF% in female adolescents. The abundance of Firmicutes was associated with WC and NC, but not with BMI classification or BF%. Specifically, WC and the consumption of oils and fats showed correlation with SCFA concentrations. Different anthropometric indicators, such as NC and WC, should be incorporated into the clinical evaluation of the nutritional status of individuals in the adolescent population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valter Paulo Neves Miranda
- Department of Nutrition and Health and Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais CEP 36570-900, Brazil
| | | | - Ronaldo Rocha Bastos
- Department of Statistics-ICE, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora MG, Brazil CEP 36036-330
| | - Eliane Rodrigues de Faria
- Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil CEP 36036-900
| | | | | | | | | | - Silvia Eloiza Priore
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais CEP 36570-900, Brazil
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16
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Shimizu H, Masujima Y, Ushiroda C, Mizushima R, Taira S, Ohue-Kitano R, Kimura I. Dietary short-chain fatty acid intake improves the hepatic metabolic condition via FFAR3. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16574. [PMID: 31719611 PMCID: PMC6851370 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53242-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fermented foods represent a significant portion of human diets with several beneficial effects. Foods produced by bacterial fermentation are enriched in short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are functional products of dietary fibers via gut microbial fermentation. In addition to energy sources, SCFAs also act as signaling molecules via G-protein coupled receptors such as FFAR2 and FFAR3. Hence, dietary SCFAs in fermented foods may have a direct influence on metabolic functions. However, the detailed mechanism by dietary SCFAs remains unclear. Here, we show that dietary SCFAs protected against high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice in parallel with increased plasma SCFAs without changing cecal SCFA or gut microbial composition. Dietary SCFAs suppressed hepatic weight and lipid synthesis. These effects were abolished in FFAR3-deficient mice but not FFAR2-deficient. Thus, SCFAs supplementation improved hepatic metabolic functions via FFAR3 without influencing intestinal environment. These findings could help to promote the development of functional foods using SCFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Shimizu
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan
- NOSTER Bio-Institute, Nitto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., Kamiueno, Muko, Kyoto, 617-0006, Japan
| | - Yuki Masujima
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Chihiro Ushiroda
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan
| | - Rina Mizushima
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Satsuki Taira
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Ryuji Ohue-Kitano
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan
| | - Ikuo Kimura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan.
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17
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Kanani M, Kargar S, Zamiri MJ, Ghoreishi SM, Mirzaei M. Reciprocal combinations of alfalfa hay and corn silage in the starter diets of Holstein dairy calves: effects on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation and selected blood metabolites. Animal 2019; 13:2501-2509. [PMID: 31062676 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731119000934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Adding corn silage (CS) instead of alfalfa hay (AH) to the finely ground starter diet would improve calf performance if feed intake or feed efficiency is increased. We investigated the effects of replacing AH with CS in the starter diet on nutrient intake, digestibility, growth performance, rumen fermentation and selected blood metabolites in Holstein calves. Newborn male calves (n = 30; 3 days of age; 40.2 ± 1.28 kg BW) were assigned randomly to three groups receiving starter diets containing chopped AH (10% dry matter (DM) basis; AH diet), CS (10% DM, CS diet) or their combination (each at 5% level; AHCS diet). The starter diets had the same nutrient composition but differed in DM content (91.2%, 87.5% and 83.8% for AH, AHCS and CS, respectively). The calves were weaned on day 50, and the study continued until day 70. Nutrient intake, BW (at weaning and at the end of the study) and body measurements were not affected by the diet. During the post-weaning period, average daily gain tended to be greater on CS than on AH diet. Feed efficiency was greater in CS than in AH or AHCS calves during the post-weaning period. Digestibility of neutral detergent fiber was greater in AHCS and CS compared with AH during the post-weaning period. Concentration and profile of volatile fatty acids and ruminal fluid pH were not affected by the diet. Replacing AH with CS in the starter diet had no effect on feed intake, growth performance and general health of the calves. These results indicate that AH and CS can be used interchangeably in dairy calf starter diets until 70 days of age, allowing dairy producers more choices in selecting the feed ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kanani
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71441-65186, Iran
| | - S Kargar
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71441-65186, Iran
| | - M J Zamiri
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71441-65186, Iran
| | - S M Ghoreishi
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71441-65186, Iran
| | - M Mirzaei
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, Arak 38156-88349, Iran
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18
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Li L, Pan M, Pan S, Li W, Zhong Y, Hu J, Nie S. Effects of insoluble and soluble fibers isolated from barley on blood glucose, serum lipids, liver function and caecal short-chain fatty acids in type 2 diabetic and normal rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 135:110937. [PMID: 31682932 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Large prospective cohort studies suggested an important role of cereal insoluble fiber in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes, which challenge the traditional view that viscosity and solubility are the main driving factors for these beneficial effects of dietary fiber. To evaluate the anti-diabetic effects of insoluble- (BIF) and soluble fibers (BSF) enzymatically isolated from barley, a conventional rat model and a type 2 diabetes rat model were used. Our results showed that 4-week treatment of BIF or BSF effectively reduced FBG in the diabetic condition, with caecal level of propionic acid and minor SCFAs increased by BIF and that of butyric acid and insulin sensitivity improved by BSF, respectively. The two treatments further ameliorated liver function, judged by the recovered serum level of ALT, albumin and total protein levels. BIF and BSF also increased HDL-C and decreased serum MDA. In normal rats, BIF and BSF showed a hypolipidaemic effect in triglycerides and LDL-C, reduced body weight and enhanced the caecal production of minor SCFAs. Furthermore, the two treatments reduced the caecal level of butyric acid while BSF increased that of propionic acid. In conclusion, BIF could exert anti-diabetic effects that might via a different mechanism from BSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, 330047, China
| | - Meng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, 330047, China
| | - Shijie Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, 330047, China
| | - Wen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, 330047, China
| | - Yadong Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, 330047, China.
| | - Jielun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, 330047, China
| | - Shaoping Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, 330047, China
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19
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Liu HY, Walden TB, Cai D, Ahl D, Bertilsson S, Phillipson M, Nyman M, Holm L. Dietary Fiber in Bilberry Ameliorates Pre-Obesity Events in Rats by Regulating Lipid Depot, Cecal Short-Chain Fatty Acid Formation and Microbiota Composition. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061350. [PMID: 31208043 PMCID: PMC6627426 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is linked to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk factors associated to metabolic syndrome. Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) that contains easily fermentable fiber may strengthen the intestinal barrier function, attenuate inflammation and modulate gut microbiota composition, thereby prevent obesity development. In the current study, liver lipid metabolism, fat depot, cecal and serum short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and gut microbiome were evaluated in rats fed bilberries in a high-fat (HFD + BB) or low-fat (LFD + BB) setting for 8 weeks and compared with diets containing equal amount of fiber resistant to fermentation (cellulose, HFD and LFD). HFD fed rats did not obtain an obese phenotype but underwent pre-obesity events including increased liver index, lipid accumulation and increased serum cholesterol levels. This was linked to shifts of cecal bacterial community and reduction of major SCFAs. Bilberry inclusion improved liver metabolism and serum lipid levels. Bilberry inclusion under either LFD or HFD, maintained microbiota homeostasis, stimulated interscapular-brown adipose tissue depot associated with increased mRNA expression of uncoupling protein-1; enhanced SCFAs in the cecum and circulation; and promoted butyric acid and butyrate-producing bacteria. These findings suggest that bilberry may serve as a preventative dietary measure to optimize microbiome and associated lipid metabolism during or prior to HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yu Liu
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Tomas B Walden
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Demin Cai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
| | - David Ahl
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Stefan Bertilsson
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Limnology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Mia Phillipson
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Margareta Nyman
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Lena Holm
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
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20
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Sakanoi Y, E S, Yamamoto K, Ota T, Seki K, Imai M, Ota R, Asayama Y, Nakashima A, Suzuki K, Tsuduki T. Simultaneous Intake of Euglena Gracilis and Vegetables Synergistically Exerts an Anti-Inflammatory Effect and Attenuates Visceral Fat Accumulation by Affecting Gut Microbiota in Mice. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1417. [PMID: 30282906 PMCID: PMC6213005 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We determined whether the benefits provided by the consumption of Euglena gracilis (Euglena), which is a unicellular photosynthesizing green alga and rich in insoluble dietary fiber paramylon, can be enhanced by the co-consumption of vegetables that are rich in soluble dietary fiber. Nine-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were divided into four groups: group 1 received normal diet, whereas groups 2, 3 and 4 received normal diet containing 0.3% paramylon, 1.0% Euglena, or 1.0% Euglena plus 0.3% vegetables (barley leaf, kale and ashitaba), respectively. Mice were fed ad libitum until 18 weeks of age. Euglena intake significantly decreased serum markers of inflammation and co-consumption of vegetables enhanced this reduction. Notably, we observed an increase in the fraction of beneficial bacteria producing short-chain fatty acids, a reduction in harmful bacteria that cause inflammation and an increase in short-chain fatty acid production. Visceral fat accumulation was also reduced. Subsequent analyses showed that co-consumption of Euglena with vegetables reduced adipocyte area, suppressed the expression of genes related to fatty acid synthesis and increased the expression of genes related to adipocyte growth and lipolysis. Therefore, co-consumption of Euglena with vegetables enhanced its anti-inflammatory effect and the inhibitory effect on visceral fat accumulation likely by modulating the composition of gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Sakanoi
- Laboratory of Food and Biomolecular Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-0845, Japan.
| | - Shuang E
- Laboratory of Food and Biomolecular Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-0845, Japan.
| | - Kazushi Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Food and Biomolecular Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-0845, Japan.
| | - Toshikuni Ota
- Takeda Consumer Healthcare Company Limited, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0005, Japan.
| | - Kentarou Seki
- Takeda Consumer Healthcare Company Limited, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0005, Japan.
| | - Mayumi Imai
- Takeda Consumer Healthcare Company Limited, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0005, Japan.
| | - Ryuki Ota
- Takeda Consumer Healthcare Company Limited, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0005, Japan.
| | - Yuta Asayama
- Euglena Co., Ltd., Minato-ku Tokyo 108-0014, Japan.
| | | | - Kengo Suzuki
- Euglena Co., Ltd., Minato-ku Tokyo 108-0014, Japan.
| | - Tsuyoshi Tsuduki
- Laboratory of Food and Biomolecular Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-0845, Japan.
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21
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Hsu CN, Lin YJ, Hou CY, Tain YL. Maternal Administration of Probiotic or Prebiotic Prevents Male Adult Rat Offspring against Developmental Programming of Hypertension Induced by High Fructose Consumption in Pregnancy and Lactation. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10091229. [PMID: 30181501 PMCID: PMC6163452 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive intake of fructose is associated with hypertension. Gut microbiota and their metabolites are thought to be associated with the development of hypertension. We examined whether maternal high-fructose (HF) diet-induced programmed hypertension via altering gut microbiota, regulating short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and their receptors, and mediating nutrient-sensing signals in adult male offspring. Next, we aimed to determine whether early gut microbiota-targeted therapies with probiotic Lactobacillus casei and prebiotic inulin can prevent maternal HF-induced programmed hypertension. Pregnant rats received 60% high-fructose (HF) diet, with 2 × 108 CFU/day Lactobacillus casei via oral gavage (HF+Probiotic), or with 5% w/w long chain inulin (HF+prebiotic) during pregnancy and lactation. Male offspring (n = 7–8/group) were assigned to four groups: control, HF, HF+Probiotic, and HF+Prebiotic. Rats were sacrificed at 12 weeks of age. Maternal probiotic Lactobacillus casei and prebiotic inulin therapies protect against hypertension in male adult offspring born to fructose-fed mothers. Probiotic treatment prevents HF-induced hypertension is associated with reduced plasma acetate level and decreased renal mRNA expression of Olfr78. While prebiotic treatment increased plasma propionate level and restored HF-induced reduction of Frar2 expression. Maternal HF diet has long-term programming effects on the adult offspring’s gut microbiota. Probiotic and prebiotic therapies exerted similar protective effects on blood pressure but they showed different mechanisms on modulation of gut microbiota. Maternal HF diet induced developmental programming of hypertension, which probiotic Lactobacillus casei or prebiotic inulin therapy prevented. Maternal gut microbiota-targeted therapies could be reprogramming strategies to prevent the development of hypertension caused by maternal consumption of fructose-rich diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Ning Hsu
- Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan.
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Ju Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Yao Hou
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 811, Taiwan.
| | - You-Lin Tain
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan.
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan.
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22
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Nakatani M, Inoue R, Tomonaga S, Fukuta K, Tsukahara T. Production, Absorption, and Blood Flow Dynamics of Short-Chain Fatty Acids Produced by Fermentation in Piglet Hindgut during the Suckling⁻Weaning Period. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10091220. [PMID: 30177641 PMCID: PMC6164037 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Luminal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are rapidly absorbed from the intestine and subsequently utilized by the host as substrate for metabolic energy production. In pigs, the energy contribution of SCFA is thought to be 30⁻76%. However, since absorption and blood flow dynamics of SCFA in pigs, particularly during the suckling⁻weaning period, remain unclear, we aimed to elucidate these phenomena. Thirty-two piglets were used in the present work. Cecal vein blood and digesta, and portal and abdominal vein blood were sampled from suckling (7-, 14-, 21- and 28-day-old) and weaned (weaning at 21 and 28 days of age) piglets. Four piglets from each group were euthanized. SCFA concentrations in blood samples were analyzed by a highly sensitive gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique. Age at weaning tended to affect SCFA absorption. For example, acetate and propionate concentrations in the cecal vein tended to be higher in piglets weaned at day 21 than at day 28. SCFA concentrations in the abdominal vein tended to differ from those in other veins. Mucosal gene expression analysis suggested that monocarboxylate transporter 1 and occludin were associated in absorption of SCFA from the lumen into the blood of piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Nakatani
- Department of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Hangi-cho, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan.
| | - Ryo Inoue
- Department of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Hangi-cho, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan.
| | - Shozo Tomonaga
- Laboratory of Nutritional Science for Animals, Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Kikuto Fukuta
- Technical Center, Toyohashi Feed Mills, Kawada, Shinshiro, Aichi 441-1346, Japan.
| | - Takamitsu Tsukahara
- Department of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Hangi-cho, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan.
- Kyoto Institute of Nutrition & Pathology, Furuikedani, Tachikawa, Ujitawara-cho, Kyoto 610-0231, Japan.
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23
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Zhang XY, Sukhchuluun G, Bo TB, Chi QS, Yang JJ, Chen B, Zhang L, Wang DH. Huddling remodels gut microbiota to reduce energy requirements in a small mammal species during cold exposure. Microbiome 2018; 6:103. [PMID: 29884232 PMCID: PMC5994089 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-018-0473-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Huddling is highly evolved as a cooperative behavioral strategy for social mammals to maximize their fitness in harsh environments. Huddling behavior can change psychological and physiological responses. The coevolution of mammals with their microbial communities confers fitness benefits to both partners. The gut microbiome is a key regulator of host immune and metabolic functions. We hypothesized that huddling behavior altered energetics and thermoregulation by shaping caecal microbiota in small herbivores. Brandt's voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii) were maintained in a group (huddling) or as individuals (separated) and were exposed to warm (23 ± 1 °C) and cold (4 ± 1 °C) air temperatures (Ta). RESULTS Voles exposed to cold Ta had higher energy intake, resting metabolic rate (RMR) and nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) than voles exposed to warm Ta. Huddling voles had lower RMR and NST than separated voles in cold. In addition, huddling voles had a higher surface body temperature (Tsurface), but lower core body temperature (Tcore) than separated voles, suggesting a lower set-point of Tcore in huddling voles. Both cold and huddling induced a marked variation in caecal bacterial composition, which was associated with the lower Tcore. Huddling voles had a higher α and β-diversity, abundance of Lachnospiraceae and Veillonellaceae, but lower abundance of Cyanobacteria, Tenericutes, TM7, Comamonadaceae, and Sinobacteraceae than separated voles. Huddling or cold resulted in higher concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), particularly acetic acid and butyric acid when compared to their counterparts. Transplantation of caecal microbiota from cold-separated voles but not from cold-huddling voles induced significant increases in energy intake and RMR compared to that from warm-separated voles. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that the remodeling of gut microbiota, which is associated with a reduction in host Tcore, mediates cold- and huddling-induced energy intake and thermoregulation and therefore orchestrates host metabolic and thermal homeostasis. It highlights the coevolutionary mechanism of host huddling and gut microbiota in thermoregulation and energy saving for winter survival in endotherms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Gansukh Sukhchuluun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ting-Bei Bo
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qing-Sheng Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jun-Jie Yang
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan, 250014, China
| | - Bin Chen
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan, 250014, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan, 250014, China
- Microbiome Research Center, Shandong Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Ji'nan, 250101, China
| | - De-Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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24
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Marlatt KL, White UA, Beyl RA, Peterson CM, Martin CK, Marco ML, Keenan MJ, Martin RJ, Aryana KJ, Ravussin E. Role of resistant starch on diabetes risk factors in people with prediabetes: Design, conduct, and baseline results of the STARCH trial. Contemp Clin Trials 2018; 65:99-108. [PMID: 29274892 PMCID: PMC5857355 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dietary resistant starch (RS) might alter gastrointestinal tract function in a manner that improves human health, particularly among adults at risk for diabetes. Here, we report the design and baseline results (with emphasis on race differences) from the STARCH trial, the first comprehensive metabolic phenotyping of people with prediabetes enrolled in a randomized clinical trial testing the effect of RS on risk factors for diabetes. Overweight/obese participants (BMI≥27kg/m2 and weight≤143kg), age 35-75y, with confirmed prediabetes were eligible. Participants were randomized to consume 45g/day of RS (RS=amylose) or amylopectin (Control) for 12weeks. The study was designed to evaluate the effect of RS on insulin sensitivity and secretion, ectopic fat, and inflammatory markers. Secondary outcomes included energy expenditure, substrate oxidation, appetite, food intake, colonic microbial composition, fecal and plasma levels of short-chain fatty acids, fecal RS excretion, and gut permeability. Out of 280 individuals screened, 68 were randomized, 65 started the intervention, and 63 were analyzed at baseline (mean age 55y, BMI 35.6kg/m2); 2 were excluded from baseline analyses due to abnormal insulin and diabetes. Sex and race comparisons at baseline were reported. African-Americans had higher baseline acute insulin response to glucose (AIRg measured by frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test) compared to Caucasians, despite having less visceral adipose tissue mass and intrahepatic lipid; all other glycemic variables were similar between races. Sleep energy expenditure was ~90-100kcal/day lower in African-Americans after adjusting for insulin sensitivity and secretion. This manuscript provides an overview of the strategy used to enroll people with prediabetes into the STARCH trial and describes methodologies used in the assessment of risk factors for diabetes. Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: STARCH (NCT01708694). The present study reference can be found here: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01708694. Submission Category: "Study Design, Statistical Design, Study Protocols".
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara L Marlatt
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, United States
| | - Ursula A White
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, United States
| | - Robbie A Beyl
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, United States
| | - Courtney M Peterson
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, United States; Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, United States
| | - Corby K Martin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, United States
| | - Maria L Marco
- School of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Michael J Keenan
- School of Nutrition & Food Sciences, College of Agriculture, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States
| | - Roy J Martin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, United States; School of Nutrition & Food Sciences, College of Agriculture, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States
| | - Kayanush J Aryana
- School of Nutrition & Food Sciences, College of Agriculture, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States
| | - Eric Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, United States.
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25
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Si X, Shang W, Zhou Z, Shui G, Lam SM, Blanchard C, Strappe P. Gamma-aminobutyric Acid Enriched Rice Bran Diet Attenuates Insulin Resistance and Balances Energy Expenditure via Modification of Gut Microbiota and Short-Chain Fatty Acids. J Agric Food Chem 2018; 66:881-890. [PMID: 29327584 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) enriched rice bran (ERB) was supplemented to obese rats to investigate the attenuation of metabolic syndromes induced by high-fat diet. ERB-containing diet stimulated butyrate and propionate production by promoting Anaerostipes, Anaerostipes sp., and associated synthesizing enzymes. This altered short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) distribution further enhanced circulatory levels of leptin and glucagon-like peptide-1, controlling food intake by downregulating orexigenic factors. Together with the enhanced fatty acid β-oxidation highlighted by Prkaa2, Ppara, and Scd1 expression via AMPK signaling pathway and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease pathway, energy expenditure was positively modulated. Serum lipid compositions showed ERB supplement exhibited a more efficient effect on lowering serum sphingolipids, which was closely associated with the status of insulin resistance. Consistently, genes of Ppp2r3b and Prkcg, involved in the function of ceramides in blocking insulin action, were also downregulated following ERB intervention. Enriched GABA and phenolic acids were supposed to be responsible for the health-beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Si
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Wenting Shang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Zhongkai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457, China
- ARC Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Functional Grains, Charles Sturt University , Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia
| | - Guanghou Shui
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101, China
| | - Sin Man Lam
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chris Blanchard
- ARC Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Functional Grains, Charles Sturt University , Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia
| | - Padraig Strappe
- School of Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University , Rockhampton, Queensland 4700, Australia
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26
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Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids, the end products of fermentation of dietary fibers by the gut microbiota, have been shown to exert multiple effects on mammalian metabolism. For the analysis of short-chain fatty acids, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is a very powerful and reliable method. Here, we describe a fast, reliable, and reproducible method for the separation and quantification of short-chain fatty acids in mouse feces, cecum content, and blood samples (i.e., plasma or serum) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The short-chain fatty acids analyzed include acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, hexanoic acid, and heptanoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa R Hoving
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Heijink
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vanessa van Harmelen
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ko Willems van Dijk
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Giera
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands.
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27
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Nakajima A, Kaga N, Nakanishi Y, Ohno H, Miyamoto J, Kimura I, Hori S, Sasaki T, Hiramatsu K, Okumura K, Miyake S, Habu S, Watanabe S. Maternal High Fiber Diet during Pregnancy and Lactation Influences Regulatory T Cell Differentiation in Offspring in Mice. J Immunol 2017; 199:3516-3524. [PMID: 29021375 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), the end products of dietary fiber, influence the immune system. Moreover, during pregnancy the maternal microbiome has a great impact on the development of the offspring's immune system. However, the exact mechanisms by which maternal SCFAs during pregnancy and lactation influence the immune system of offspring are not fully understood. We investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying regulatory T cell (Treg) differentiation in offspring regulated by a maternal high fiber diet (HFD). Plasma levels of SCFAs in offspring from HFD-fed mice were higher than in those from no fiber diet-fed mice. Consequently, the offspring from HFD-fed mice had higher frequencies of thymic Treg (tTreg) and peripheral Tregs We found that the offspring of HFD-fed mice exhibited higher autoimmune regulator (Aire) expression, a transcription factor expressed in the thymic microenvironment, suggesting SCFAs promote tTreg differentiation through increased Aire expression. Notably, the receptor for butyrate, G protein-coupled receptor 41 (GPR41), is highly expressed in the thymic microenvironment and Aire expression is not increased by stimulation with butyrate in GPR41-deficient mice. Our studies highlight the significance of SCFAs produced by a maternal HFD for Treg differentiation in the thymus of offspring. Given that Aire expression is associated with the induction of tTregs, the maternal microbiome influences Treg differentiation in the thymus of offspring through GPR41-mediated Aire expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Nakajima
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan;
| | - Naoko Kaga
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Biomolecular Science, Biomedical Research Center, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yumiko Nakanishi
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohno
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Junki Miyamoto
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu 183-8509, Japan
| | - Ikuo Kimura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu 183-8509, Japan
| | - Shohei Hori
- Laboratory for Immune Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- Laboratory of Immunology and Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Takashi Sasaki
- Department of Bacteriology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Keiichi Hiramatsu
- Department of Bacteriology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Ko Okumura
- Atopic Research Center, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; and
| | - Sachiko Miyake
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Sonoko Habu
- Atopic Research Center, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; and
| | - Sumio Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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28
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Hashemi Z, Fouhse J, Im HS, Chan CB, Willing BP. Dietary Pea Fiber Supplementation Improves Glycemia and Induces Changes in the Composition of Gut Microbiota, Serum Short Chain Fatty Acid Profile and Expression of Mucins in Glucose Intolerant Rats. Nutrients 2017; 9:E1236. [PMID: 29137145 PMCID: PMC5707708 DOI: 10.3390/nu9111236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated the beneficial impact of dried peas and their components on glucose tolerance; however, the role of gut microbiota as a potential mediator is not fully examined. In this study, we investigated the effect of dietary supplementation with raw and cooked pea seed coats (PSC) on glucose tolerance, microbial composition of the gut, select markers of intestinal barrier function, and short chain fatty acid profile in glucose intolerant rats. Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed high fat diet (HFD) for six weeks to induce glucose intolerance, followed by four weeks of feeding PSC-supplemented diets. Cooked PSC improved glucose tolerance by approximately 30% (p < 0.05), and raw and cooked PSC diets reduced insulin response by 53% and 56% respectively (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01), compared to HFD (containing cellulose as the source of dietary fiber). 16S rRNA gene sequencing on fecal samples showed a significant shift in the overall microbial composition of PSC groups when compared to HFD and low fat diet (LFD) controls. At the family level, PSC increased the abundance of Lachnospiraceae and Prevotellaceae (p < 0.001), and decreased Porphyromonadaceae (p < 0.01) compared with HFD. This was accompanied by increased mRNA expression of mucin genes Muc1, Muc2, and Muc4 in ileal epithelium (p < 0.05). Serum levels of acetate and propionate increased with raw PSC diet (p < 0.01). These results indicate that supplementation of HFD with PSC fractions can improve glycemia and may have a protective role against HFD-induced alterations in gut microbiota and mucus layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohre Hashemi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada.
| | - Janelle Fouhse
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada.
| | - Hyun Seun Im
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada.
| | - Catherine B Chan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada.
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
| | - Benjamin P Willing
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
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29
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Ingerslev AK, Mutt SJ, Lærke HN, Hedemann MS, Theil PK, Nielsen KL, Jørgensen H, Herzig KH, Bach Knudsen KE. Postprandial PYY increase by resistant starch supplementation is independent of net portal appearance of short-chain fatty acids in pigs. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185927. [PMID: 28982156 PMCID: PMC5628905 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased dietary fiber (DF) fermentation and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production may stimulate peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY) secretion. In this study, the effects of hindgut SCFA production on postprandial PYY plasma levels were assessed using different experimental diets in a porto-arterial catheterized pig model. The pigs were fed experimental diets varying in source and levels of DF for one week in 3×3 Latin square designs. The DF sources were whole-wheat grain, wheat aleurone, rye aleurone-rich flour, rye flakes, and resistant starch. Postprandial blood samples were collected from the catheters and analyzed for PYY levels and net portal appearance (NPA) of PYY was correlated to NPA of SCFA. No significant effects of diets on NPA of PYY were observed (P > 0.05), however, resistant starch supplementation increased postprandial NPA of PYY levels by 37 to 54% compared with rye-based and Western-style control diets (P = 0.19). This increase was caused by higher mesenteric artery and portal vein PYY plasma levels (P < 0.001) and was independent of SCFA absorption (P > 0.05). The PYY levels were higher in response to the second daily meal compared with the first daily meal (P < 0.001), but similar among diets (P > 0.10). In conclusion, the increased postprandial PYY responses in pigs fed with different levels and sources of DF are not caused by an increased SCFA absorption and suggest that other mechanisms such as neural reflexes and possibly an increased flow of digesta in the small intestine may be involved. The content of DF and SCFA production did not affect PYY levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shivaprakash Jagalur Mutt
- Research Unit of Biomedicine and Biocenter of Oulu, Department of Physiology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | - Henry Jørgensen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- Research Unit of Biomedicine and Biocenter of Oulu, Department of Physiology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Medical Research Center (MRC) and University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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30
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperthyroidism is associated with alterations in metabolism that are currently only partially understood. The objective of the study was to investigate changes in metabolism associated with reinstatement of euthyroidism in Swedish patients. METHODS Eighty metabolites in plasma were profiled from 10 subjects with Graves' disease (GD) at baseline and after 9 and 15 months of treatment to reinstate euthyroidism. Thyroid parameters, thyrotropin (TSH), TSH receptor antibodies, free triiodothyronine, and free thyroxine were followed. Main findings were validated in plasma from 20 subjects with GD at baseline and at three, six, and nine months. The study was conducted at the endocrinology clinic in Malmö, Sweden. RESULTS Euthyroidism was reinstated at three months, and thyroid status did not change further during the 15-month follow-up. This was paralleled by altered levels of 9/19 detected acylcarnitines (p < 0.05 after adjustment for multiple testing). Levels of short-chain acylcarnitines were decreased, intermediate-chain acylcarnitines elevated, and long-chain acylcarnitines unaltered. CONCLUSIONS GD and treatment of the disease is associated with pronounced acyl chain length-dependent alterations in acylcarnitine levels. These changes may be impacted by ethnicity and or dietary differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Al-Majdoub
- 1 Unit of Molecular Metabolism, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö Lund University , Malmö, Sweden
| | - Mikael Lantz
- 1 Unit of Molecular Metabolism, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö Lund University , Malmö, Sweden
- 2 Department of Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital , Malmö, Sweden
| | - Peter Spégel
- 1 Unit of Molecular Metabolism, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö Lund University , Malmö, Sweden
- 3 Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University , Malmö, Sweden
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31
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Borgo F, Riva A, Benetti A, Casiraghi MC, Bertelli S, Garbossa S, Anselmetti S, Scarone S, Pontiroli AE, Morace G, Borghi E. Microbiota in anorexia nervosa: The triangle between bacterial species, metabolites and psychological tests. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179739. [PMID: 28636668 PMCID: PMC5479564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a psychiatric disease with devastating physical consequences, with a pathophysiological mechanism still to be elucidated. Metagenomic studies on anorexia nervosa have revealed profound gut microbiome perturbations as a possible environmental factor involved in the disease. In this study we performed a comprehensive analysis integrating data on gut microbiota with clinical, anthropometric and psychological traits to gain new insight in the pathophysiology of AN. Fifteen AN women were compared with fifteen age-, sex- and ethnicity-matched healthy controls. AN diet was characterized by a significant lower energy intake, but macronutrient analysis highlighted a restriction only in fats and carbohydrates consumption. Next generation sequencing showed that AN intestinal microbiota was significantly affected at every taxonomic level, showing a significant increase of Enterobacteriaceae, and of the archeon Methanobrevibacter smithii compared with healthy controls. On the contrary, the genera Roseburia, Ruminococcus and Clostridium, were depleted, in line with the observed reduction in AN of total short chain fatty acids, butyrate, and propionate. Butyrate concentrations inversely correlated with anxiety levels, whereas propionate directly correlated with insulin levels and with the relative abundance of Roseburia inulinivorans, a known propionate producer. BMI represented the best predictive value for gut dysbiosis and metabolic alterations, showing a negative correlation with Bacteroides uniformis (microbiota), with alanine aminotransferase (liver function), and with psychopathological scores (obsession-compulsion, anxiety, and depression), and a positive correlation with white blood cells count. In conclusion, our findings corroborate the hypothesis that the gut dysbiosis could take part in the AN neurobiology, in particular in sustaining the persistence of alterations that eventually result in relapses after renourishment and psychological therapy, but causality still needs to be proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Borgo
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Riva
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Maria Cristina Casiraghi
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Stefania Garbossa
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Silvio Scarone
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio E. Pontiroli
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Morace
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Borghi
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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32
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Segal LN, Clemente JC, Li Y, Ruan C, Cao J, Danckers M, Morris A, Tapyrik S, Wu BG, Diaz P, Calligaro G, Dawson R, van Zyl-Smit RN, Dheda K, Rom WN, Weiden MD. Anaerobic Bacterial Fermentation Products Increase Tuberculosis Risk in Antiretroviral-Drug-Treated HIV Patients. Cell Host Microbe 2017; 21:530-537.e4. [PMID: 28366509 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the immune-reconstitution with antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV-infected individuals remain highly susceptible to tuberculosis (TB) and have an enrichment of oral anaerobes in the lung. Products of bacterial anaerobic metabolism, like butyrate and other short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), induce regulatory T cells (Tregs). We tested whether SCFAs contribute to poor TB control in a longitudinal cohort of ART-treated HIV-infected South Africans. Increase in serum SCFAs was associated with increased TB susceptibility. SCFAs inhibited IFN-γ and IL-17A production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-infected ART-treated individuals in response to M. tuberculosis antigen stimulation. Pulmonary SCFAs correlated with increased oral anaerobes, such as Prevotella in the lung, and with M. tuberculosis antigen-induced Tregs. Metabolites from anaerobic bacterial fermentation may, therefore, increase TB susceptibility by suppressing IFN-γ and IL-17A production during the cellular immune response to M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopoldo N Segal
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jose C Clemente
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, and Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yonghua Li
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Chunhai Ruan
- Metabolomics Core, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Jane Cao
- Metabolomics Core, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Mauricio Danckers
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Alison Morris
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Medicine and the Microbiome, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Sarah Tapyrik
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Benjamin G Wu
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Philip Diaz
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Gregory Calligaro
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine & UCT Lung Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Rodney Dawson
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine & UCT Lung Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Richard N van Zyl-Smit
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine & UCT Lung Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Keertan Dheda
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine & UCT Lung Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - William N Rom
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Michael D Weiden
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Rahat-Rozenbloom S, Fernandes J, Cheng J, Gloor GB, Wolever TMS. The acute effects of inulin and resistant starch on postprandial serum short-chain fatty acids and second-meal glycemic response in lean and overweight humans. Eur J Clin Nutr 2017; 71:227-233. [PMID: 27966565 PMCID: PMC5298923 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Colonic fermentation of dietary fiber to short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) may protect against obesity and diabetes, but excess production of colonic SCFA has been implicated in the promotion of obesity. We aimed to compare the effects of two fermentable fibers on postprandial SCFA and second-meal glycemic response in healthy overweight or obese (OWO) vs lean (LN) participants. SUBJECTS/METHODS Using a randomized crossover design, 13 OWO and 12 LN overnight fasted participants were studied for 6 h on three separate days after consuming 300 ml water containing 75 g glucose (GLU) as control or with 24 g inulin (IN) or 28 g resistant starch (RS). A standard lunch was served 4 h after the test drink. RESULTS Within the entire group, compared with control, IN significantly increased serum SCFA (P<0.001) but had no effect on free-fatty acids (FFA) or second-meal glucose and insulin responses. In contrast, RS had no significant effect on SCFA but reduced FFA rebound (P<0.001) and second-meal glucose (P=0.002) and insulin responses (P=0.024). OWO had similar postprandial serum SCFA and glucose concentrations but significantly greater insulin and FFA than LN. However, the effects of IN and RS on SCFA, glucose, insulin and FFA responses were similar in LN and OWO. CONCLUSIONS RS has favorable second-meal effects, likely related to changes in FFA rather than SCFA concentrations. However, a longer study may be needed to demonstrate an effect of RS on SCFA. We found no evidence that acute increases in SCFA after IN reduce glycemic responses in humans, and we were unable to detect a significant difference in SCFA responses between OWO vs LN subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari Rahat-Rozenbloom
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Judlyn Fernandes
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ji Cheng
- Biostatistics Unit, St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, 50 Charlton East, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Gregory B Gloor
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas MS Wolever
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Neis EPJG, Bloemen JG, Rensen SS, van der Vorst JR, van den Broek MA, Venema K, Buurman WA, Dejong CHC. Effects of Liver Resection on Hepatic Short-Chain Fatty Acid Metabolism in Humans. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166161. [PMID: 27835668 PMCID: PMC5105994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine whether acute loss of liver tissue affects hepatic short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) clearance. METHODS Blood was sampled from the radial artery, portal vein, and hepatic vein before and after hepatic resection in 30 patients undergoing partial liver resection. Plasma SCFA levels were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. SCFA exchange across gut and liver was calculated from arteriovenous differences and plasma flow. Liver volume was estimated by CT liver volumetry. RESULTS The gut produced significant amounts of acetate, propionate, and butyrate (39.4±13.5, 6.2±1.3, and 9.5±2.6 μmol·kgbw-1·h-1), which did not change after partial hepatectomy (p = 0.67, p = 0.59 and p = 0.24). Hepatic propionate uptake did not differ significantly before and after resection (-6.4±1.4 vs. -8.4±1.5 μmol·kgbw-1·h-1, p = 0.49). Hepatic acetate and butyrate uptake increased significantly upon partial liver resection (acetate: -35.1±13.0 vs. -39.6±9.4 μmol·kgbw-1·h-1, p = 0.0011; butyrate: -9.9±2.7 vs. -11.5±2.4 μmol·kgbw-1·h-1, p = 0.0006). Arterial SCFA concentrations were not different before and after partial liver resection (acetate: 176.9±17.3 vs. 142.3±12.5 μmol/L, p = 0.18; propionate: 7.2±1.4 vs. 5.6±0.6 μmol/L, p = 0.38; butyrate: 4.3±0.7 vs. 3.6±0.6 μmol/L, p = 0.73). CONCLUSION The liver maintains its capacity to clear acetate, propionate, and butyrate from the portal blood upon acute loss of liver tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien P. J. G. Neis
- TI Food and Nutrition, 6709 PA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Johanne G. Bloemen
- TI Food and Nutrition, 6709 PA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sander S. Rensen
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joost R. van der Vorst
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maartje A. van den Broek
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Koen Venema
- TI Food and Nutrition, 6709 PA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Beneficial Microbes Consultancy, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim A. Buurman
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Shang H, Sun J, Chen YQ. Clostridium Butyricum CGMCC0313.1 Modulates Lipid Profile, Insulin Resistance and Colon Homeostasis in Obese Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154373. [PMID: 27123997 PMCID: PMC4849746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with a cluster of metabolic disorders and systemic low-grade inflammation involving multiple organs. Recent findings have suggested that intestine is a key organ altered in response to high fat diet (HFD) feeding. Probiotics mainly lactobacillus strains have earlier been implicated in alleviating metabolic disorders. Here we aimed to examine the effects of a naturally occurring butyrate-producing probiotic clostridium butyricum CGMCC0313.1 (CB0313.1) in limiting the development of HFD-induced obesity. Mice treated with CB0313.1 exhibited reduced lipid accumulation in liver and serum, lower circulating insulin levels and improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Furthermore, CB0313.1 administration reversed the HFD-induced colonic inflammation as evidenced by reduced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α level and increases the interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-22 levels in colon tissue. Additionally to colonic inflammation, CB0313.1 also reduced the colon permeability by upregulating the tight junction (TJ) proteins (claudin-1 and occludin) and contributed to a decreased circulating endotoxin level. In colon content, CB0313.1 administration restored the reduced production of butyrate and other short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) caused by HFD feeding. In adipose tissue, lower transcriptional levels of pro-inflammatory TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 in adipose tissue were observed in CB0313.1-treated mice. Collectively, our data demonstrated that CB0313.1, targeting colon inflammation and permeability, ameliorated HFD-induced obesity, insulin resistance as well as adipose inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixiao Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology and Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Jia Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology and Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Yong Q. Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology and Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
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Zhu KX, Nie SP, Tan LH, Li C, Gong DM, Xie MY. A Polysaccharide from Ganoderma atrum Improves Liver Function in Type 2 Diabetic Rats via Antioxidant Action and Short-Chain Fatty Acids Excretion. J Agric Food Chem 2016; 64:1938-1944. [PMID: 26898215 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b06103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study was to evaluate the beneficial effect of polysaccharide isolated from Ganoderma atrum (PSG-1) on liver function in type 2 diabetic rats. Results showed that PSG-1 decreased the activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), while increasing hepatic glycogen levels. PSG-1 also exerted strong antioxidant activities, together with upregulated mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and phosphorylated-Akt (p-Akt) in the liver of diabetic rats. Moreover, the concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) were significantly higher in the liver, serum, and faeces of diabetic rats after treating with PSG-1 for 4 weeks. These results suggest that the improvement of PSG-1 on liver function in type 2 diabetic rats may be due to its antioxidant effects, SCFA excretion in the colon from PSG-1, and regulation of hepatic glucose uptake by inducing GLUT4 translocation through PI3K/Akt signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Xue Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University , Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
- Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , Wanning, Hainan 571533, China
| | - Shao-Ping Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University , Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Le-He Tan
- Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , Wanning, Hainan 571533, China
| | - Chuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University , Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University , Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - De-Ming Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University , Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ming-Yong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University , Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
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Fuller M, Priyadarshini M, Gibbons SM, Angueira AR, Brodsky M, Hayes MG, Kovatcheva-Datchary P, Bäckhed F, Gilbert JA, Lowe WL, Layden BT. The short-chain fatty acid receptor, FFA2, contributes to gestational glucose homeostasis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 309:E840-51. [PMID: 26394664 PMCID: PMC4838121 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00171.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The structure of the human gastrointestinal microbiota can change during pregnancy, which may influence gestational metabolism; however, a mechanism of action remains unclear. Here we observed that in wild-type (WT) mice the relative abundance of Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes increased during pregnancy. Along with these changes, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are mainly produced through gut microbiota fermentation, significantly changed in both the cecum and peripheral blood throughout gestation in these mice. SCFAs are recognized by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) such as free fatty acid receptor-2 (FFA2), and we have previously demonstrated that the fatty acid receptor-2 gene (Ffar2) expression is higher in pancreatic islets during pregnancy. Using female Ffar2-/- mice, we explored the physiological relevance of signaling through this GPCR and found that Ffar2-deficient female mice developed fasting hyperglycemia and impaired glucose tolerance in the setting of impaired insulin secretion compared with WT mice during, but not before, pregnancy. Insulin tolerance tests were similar in Ffar2-/- and WT mice before and during pregnancy. Next, we examined the role of FFA2 in gestational β-cell mass, observing that Ffar2-/- mice had diminished gestational expansion of β-cells during pregnancy. Interestingly, mouse genotype had no significant impact on the composition of the gut microbiome, but did affect the observed SCFA profiles, suggesting a functional difference in the microbiota. Together, these results suggest a potential link between increased Ffar2 expression in islets and the alteration of circulating SCFA levels, possibly explaining how changes in the gut microbiome contribute to gestational glucose homeostasis.
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MESH Headings
- Actinobacteria/classification
- Actinobacteria/growth & development
- Actinobacteria/isolation & purification
- Actinobacteria/metabolism
- Animals
- Bacteroidetes/classification
- Bacteroidetes/growth & development
- Bacteroidetes/isolation & purification
- Bacteroidetes/metabolism
- Cecum/metabolism
- Cecum/microbiology
- Diabetes, Gestational/blood
- Diabetes, Gestational/metabolism
- Diabetes, Gestational/microbiology
- Fatty Acids, Volatile/blood
- Fatty Acids, Volatile/metabolism
- Female
- Fermentation
- Gastrointestinal Contents/chemistry
- Gastrointestinal Contents/microbiology
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome
- Insulin/blood
- Insulin/metabolism
- Insulin Secretion
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Molecular Typing
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Maintenance
- Principal Component Analysis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/agonists
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Tenericutes/classification
- Tenericutes/growth & development
- Tenericutes/isolation & purification
- Tenericutes/metabolism
- Tissue Culture Techniques
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles Fuller
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Medha Priyadarshini
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sean M Gibbons
- Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Institute for Genomic and Systems Biology, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois
| | - Anthony R Angueira
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Michael Brodsky
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - M Geoffrey Hayes
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Petia Kovatcheva-Datchary
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Bäckhed
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jack A Gilbert
- Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Institute for Genomic and Systems Biology, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois; Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts; College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - William L Lowe
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Brian T Layden
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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Fåk F, Jakobsdottir G, Kulcinskaja E, Marungruang N, Matziouridou C, Nilsson U, Stålbrand H, Nyman M. The physico-chemical properties of dietary fibre determine metabolic responses, short-chain Fatty Acid profiles and gut microbiota composition in rats fed low- and high-fat diets. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127252. [PMID: 25973610 PMCID: PMC4431822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate how physico-chemical properties of two dietary fibres, guar gum and pectin, affected weight gain, adiposity, lipid metabolism, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) profiles and the gut microbiota in male Wistar rats fed either low- or high-fat diets for three weeks. Both pectin and guar gum reduced weight gain, adiposity, liver fat and blood glucose levels in rats fed a high-fat diet. Methoxylation degree of pectin (low, LM and high (HM)) and viscosity of guar gum (low, medium or high) resulted in different effects in the rats, where total blood and caecal amounts of SCFA were increased with guar gum (all viscosities) and with high methoxylated (HM) pectin. However, only guar gum with medium and high viscosity increased the levels of butyric acid in caecum and blood. Both pectin and guar gum reduced cholesterol, liver steatosis and blood glucose levels, but to varying extent depending on the degree of methoxylation and viscosity of the fibres. The medium viscosity guar gum was the most effective preparation for prevention of diet-induced hyperlipidaemia and liver steatosis. Caecal abundance of Akkermansia was increased with high-fat feeding and with HM pectin and guar gum of all viscosities tested. Moreover, guar gum had distinct bifidogenic effects independent of viscosity, increasing the caecal abundance of Bifidobacterium ten-fold. In conclusion, by tailoring the viscosity and possibly also the degree of methoxylation of dietary fibre, metabolic effects may be optimized, through a targeted modulation of the gut microbiota and its metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Fåk
- Food for Health Science Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Evelina Kulcinskaja
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | - Ulf Nilsson
- Food for Health Science Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Henrik Stålbrand
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Margareta Nyman
- Food for Health Science Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Muhammad N, Nasir R, Li D, Lili Z, Tian W. Effects of steam-treated rice straw feeding on growth, digestibility, and plasma volatile fatty acids of goats under different housing systems. Trop Anim Health Prod 2014; 46:1475-82. [PMID: 25277493 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-014-0671-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In order to use rice straw as forage in livestock feeding, the effects of steam-treated rice straw (at 15.5 kgf/cm(2) for 120 s) feeding on growth performance, plasma volatile fatty acid profile, and nutrient digestibility of goats were determined. Twenty male goats (18.69 ± 0.34 kg) were used in an 84-day trial. The goats were divided into four groups of five goats each to receive steam-treated (STRS) or untreated (UTRS) rice straw diet under closed house (CH) and open house (OH) systems. The results revealed that the goats fed with STRS had significantly higher dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) digestibility; similarly, the average daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio were higher for STRS groups under both CH and OH systems than those for UTRS. The plasma protein and insulin in STRS and cholesterol in UTRS groups was higher (P < 0.05) at 60 days but found not different (P > 0.05) at 30 days. The plasma amylase, lipase, T3, T4 and glucagon at 30 and 60 days were not different (P > 0.05) among the groups. The plasma acetate, propionate, butyrate, and total volatile fatty acid were higher (P < 0.05) in STRS groups at 30 and 60 days. The housing conditions had no effects (P > 0.05) on these parameters. It could be concluded that steam treatment of rice straw at 15.5 kgf/cm(2) for 120 s increased apparent nutrient digestibility, hence increased the growth and feed efficiency of growing goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeem Muhammad
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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40
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Hijova E, Szabadosova V, Strojny L, Bomba A. Changes chemopreventive markers in colorectal cancer development after inulin supplementation. BRATISL MED J 2014; 115:76-9. [PMID: 24601699 DOI: 10.4149/bll_2014_016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural dietary compounds such as prebiotics modulate microbial composition and could prevent the colon cancer development as potential chemopreventive agent. OBJECTIVES Effect of prebiotic-inulin on biochemical, microbial and chemopreventive markers were examined in Sprague-Dawley rats during experimental chemically dimethylhydrazine induced colon cancer development. METHODS Rats were divided to 3 groups: control group (CG), group with dimethylhydrazine (DMH) and group with DMH and prebiotic (DMH+PRE). The efficacy of the prebiotic inulin (PRE) on the activities of β-glucuronidase, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), counts of coliforms and lactobacilli, immunoreactivity of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), transcription nuclear factor kappa beta (NFκB) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in colon tissue were examined. RESULTS Inulin significantly decreased coliforms counts (p<0.01), increased lactobacilli counts (p<0.001), and decreased activity of β-glucuronidase (p<0.01) in fresh caecal digesta. Butyric and propionic acids concentrations were increased after inulin supplementation in comparison to DMH group. Application of inulin decreased immunoreactivity and numbers of COX-2, NFκB and iNOS positive cells in colon tissue in comparison to DMH group. CONCLUSION Inulin suppressed expression observed markers, which play an important role in carcinogenesis and in the inflammatory process, which predisposes to the use of inulin in the prevention or treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (Tab. 1, Fig. 2, Ref. 17).
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Jakobsdottir G, Xu J, Molin G, Ahrné S, Nyman M. High-fat diet reduces the formation of butyrate, but increases succinate, inflammation, liver fat and cholesterol in rats, while dietary fibre counteracts these effects. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80476. [PMID: 24236183 PMCID: PMC3827442 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity is linked to type 2 diabetes and risk factors associated to the metabolic syndrome. Consumption of dietary fibres has been shown to have positive metabolic health effects, such as by increasing satiety, lowering blood glucose and cholesterol levels. These effects may be associated with short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), particularly propionic and butyric acids, formed by microbial degradation of dietary fibres in colon, and by their capacity to reduce low-grade inflammation. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether dietary fibres, giving rise to different SCFAs, would affect metabolic risk markers in low-fat and high-fat diets using a model with conventional rats for 2, 4 and 6 weeks. MATERIAL AND METHODS Conventional rats were administered low-fat or high-fat diets, for 2, 4 or 6 weeks, supplemented with fermentable dietary fibres, giving rise to different SCFA patterns (pectin - acetic acid; guar gum - propionic acid; or a mixture - butyric acid). At the end of each experimental period, liver fat, cholesterol and triglycerides, serum and caecal SCFAs, plasma cholesterol, and inflammatory cytokines were analysed. The caecal microbiota was analysed after 6 weeks. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Fermentable dietary fibre decreased weight gain, liver fat, cholesterol and triglyceride content, and changed the formation of SCFAs. The high-fat diet primarily reduced formation of SCFAs but, after a longer experimental period, the formation of propionic and acetic acids recovered. The concentration of succinic acid in the rats increased in high-fat diets with time, indicating harmful effect of high-fat consumption. The dietary fibre partly counteracted these harmful effects and reduced inflammation. Furthermore, the number of Bacteroides was higher with guar gum, while noticeably that of Akkermansia was highest with the fibre-free diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Jakobsdottir
- Department of Applied Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Applied Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Göran Molin
- Department of Applied Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Siv Ahrné
- Department of Applied Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Margareta Nyman
- Department of Applied Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Bokova TA, Ardatskaia MD. [Peculiarities of functional status and microbiocenosis of the intestines in children with metabolic syndrome]. Eksp Klin Gastroenterol 2013:34-37. [PMID: 23951896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The article is devoted to the study of the functional state and microbiocenosis of intestines in children with a metabolic syndrome based on the study of the qualitative and quantitative composition of short-chain fatty acids in feces and blood serum. The results of the study showed that children with MS have a high rate of registered functional disorders of the intestine, characterized by the change of the nature of the chair and the results of scatological and biochemical tests. Disbiotic violations, accompanied by a reduction in the number and the metabolic activity of the indigenous microflora, change in the activity of anaerobic microorganisms were identified, which manifests itself as characteristic changes of qualitative and quantitative composition of the SHQ in the feces and blood serum.
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Zaĭtseva NV, Ulanova TS, Nurislamova TV, Popova NA, Aminova AI. [Determination of volatile fatty acids in blood for the evaluation of multiple-factor environmental exposure]. Gig Sanit 2010:75-77. [PMID: 20734746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The paper considers problems in the assay of volatile fatty acids in blood by capillary gas chromatography using a flame ionization detector. The blood levels of different volatile fatty acids were analyzed in children with environment-induced chronic gastroduodenitis with secretory failure. The performed studies allowed the authors to recommend that the altered blood levels of volatile fatty acids as an indicator of the environment-modified influence of poor environmental factors on the course of the disease.
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Tarini J, Wolever TMS. The fermentable fibre inulin increases postprandial serum short-chain fatty acids and reduces free-fatty acids and ghrelin in healthy subjects. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2010. [PMID: 20130660 DOI: 10.1139/h09-119%m20130660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
It is thought that diets high in dietary fibre are associated with reduced risk for type 2 diabetes, at least in part because the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced during the colonic fermentation of fibre beneficially influence circulating concentrations of free-fatty acids (FFAs) and gut hormones involved in the regulation of blood glucose and body mass. However, there is a paucity of data showing this sequence of events in humans. Thus, our objective was to determine the effect of the fermentable fibre inulin on postprandial glucose, insulin, SCFA, FFA, and gut hormone responses in healthy subjects. Overnight fasted healthy subjects (n = 12) were studied for 6 h after consuming 400 mL drinks, containing 80 g high-fructose corn syrup (80HFCS), 56 g HFCS (56HFCS), or 56 g HFCS plus 24 g inulin (Inulin), using a randomized, single-blind, crossover design. A standard lunch was served 4 h after the test drink. Glucose and insulin responses after Inulin did not differ significantly from those after 80HFCS or 56HFCS. Serum acetate, propionate, and butyrate were significantly higher after Inulin than after HFCS drinks from 4-6 h. FFAs fell at a similar rate after all 3 test drinks, but were lower after Inulin than after 56HFCS at 4 h (0.40 +/- 0.06 vs. 0.51 +/- 0.06 mmol*L-1; p < 0.05). Compared with 56HFCS, Inulin significantly increased plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 concentrations at 30 min, and reduced ghrelin at 4.5 h and 6 h. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that dietary fibre increases the production of colonic SCFAs, which may reduce type 2 diabetes risk by reducing postprandial FFAs and favorably affecting gut hormones, which regulate food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Tarini
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
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Bloemen JG, Olde Damink SWM, Venema K, Buurman WA, Jalan R, Dejong CHC. Short chain fatty acids exchange: Is the cirrhotic, dysfunctional liver still able to clear them? Clin Nutr 2009; 29:365-9. [PMID: 19897285 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Revised: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Prebiotics are increasingly used to improve gut integrity. A presumed mechanism of their beneficial action is the synthesis of short chain fatty acids (SCFA: acetate, propionate and butyrate). High systemic concentrations of propionate and butyrate are toxic and can adversely affect the patient. In physiological situations the liver uses propionate and butyrate for energy metabolism. The aim of the present study was to investigate to which extent patients with liver cirrhosis are still able to metabolize portal derived SCFA in the liver. METHODS Twelve patients with liver cirrhosis and an intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPSS) were studied. Blood was sampled from the femoral artery, portal and hepatic vein. Organ plasma flow was measured. Net release or uptake was calculated by multiplying the arteriovenous differences by plasma flow. SCFA plasma concentrations were measured using LC-MS. RESULTS Arterial concentrations were 124+/-12, 8+/-1 and 10+/-1micromol/l for acetate, propionate and butyrate, respectively. The gut produced 32.5+/-13.0, 4.8+/-1.3 and 6.2+/-2.1micromolkgbw(-1)h(-1) of acetate, propionate and butyrate, respectively. Assuming 70% portosystemic shunting, hepatic uptake of propionate and butyrate was 3.1+/-0.9 and 5.2+/-1.4micromolkgbw(-1)h(-1). Hepatic uptake of acetate was non significant (12.1+/-12.3micromolkgbw(-1)min(-1)). As a consequence of shunting, part of total acetate escaped from the splanchnic bed, which equalled 34.9+/-14.7micromolkgbw(-1)h(-1). CONCLUSION The liver of patients with stable cirrhosis is able to use butyrate and propionate, most likely preventing increased systemic concentrations. This suggests that prebiotics can be administered safely, but monitoring butyrate levels may be advisable in patients with diminished liver function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanne G Bloemen
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Khyshiktuev BS, Karavaeva TM, Fal'ko EV. [Variability of quantitative changes in short-chain fatty acids in serum and epidermis in psoriasis]. Klin Lab Diagn 2008:22-24. [PMID: 18810829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Gas liquid chromatography was used to study the spectrum of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in the serum and epidermal corneal layers of abnormal and apparently healthy skin areas in patients with psoriatic disease on an exacerbation and at a progressive stage. Significantly lower SCFA levels were detected in both psoriatic and intact areas, with derangements being mostly manifested in the papulae. There were heterodirectional serum volatile fatty acid spectrum changes that were characterized by a rise in the concentrations of isobutyrate, valeriate, and capronate and by a decrease in the proportion of acetate and propionate.
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Pouteau E, Rochat F, Jann A, Meirim I, Sanchez-Garcia JL, Ornstein K, German B, Ballèvre O. Chicory increases acetate turnover, but not propionate and butyrate peripheral turnovers in rats. Br J Nutr 2008; 99:287-96. [PMID: 17761014 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507815790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Chicory roots are rich in inulin that is degraded into SCFA in the caecum and colon. Whole-body SCFA metabolism was investigated in rats during food deprivation and postprandial states. After 22 h of food deprivation, sixteen rats received an IV injection of radioactive 14C-labelled SCFA. The volume of distribution and the fractional clearance rate of SCFA were 0.25-0.27 litres/kg and 5.4-5.9 %/min, respectively. The half-life in the first extracellular rapidly decaying compartment was between 0.9 and 1.4 min. After 22 h of food deprivation, another seventeen rats received a primed continuous IV infusion of 13C-labelled SCFA for 2 h. Isotope enrichment (13C) of SCFA was determined in peripheral arterial blood by MS. Peripheral acetate, propionate and butyrate turnover rates were 29, 4 and 0.3 micromol/kg per min respectively. Following 4 weeks of treatment with chicory root or control diets, eighteen fed rats received a primed continuous IV infusion of 13C-labelled SCFA for 2 h. Intestinal degradation of dietary chicory lowered caecal pH, enhanced caecal and colonic weights, caecal SCFA concentrations and breath H2. The diet with chicory supplementation enhanced peripheral acetate turnover by 25 % (P = 0.017) concomitant with an increase in plasma acetate concentration. There were no changes in propionate or butyrate turnovers. In conclusion, by setting up a multi-tracer approach to simultaneously assess the turnovers of acetate, propionate and butyrate it was demonstrated that a chronic chicory-rich diet significantly increases peripheral acetate turnover but not that of propionate or butyrate in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Pouteau
- Nestlé Research Centre, Nutrition and Health Department, Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, PO Box 44, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland.
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Martin FPJ, Wang Y, Sprenger N, Yap IKS, Lundstedt T, Lek P, Rezzi S, Ramadan Z, van Bladeren P, Fay LB, Kochhar S, Lindon JC, Holmes E, Nicholson JK. Probiotic modulation of symbiotic gut microbial-host metabolic interactions in a humanized microbiome mouse model. Mol Syst Biol 2008; 4:157. [PMID: 18197175 PMCID: PMC2238715 DOI: 10.1038/msb4100190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The transgenomic metabolic effects of exposure to either Lactobacillus paracasei or Lactobacillus rhamnosus probiotics have been measured and mapped in humanized extended genome mice (germ-free mice colonized with human baby flora). Statistical analysis of the compartmental fluctuations in diverse metabolic compartments, including biofluids, tissue and cecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in relation to microbial population modulation generated a novel top-down systems biology view of the host response to probiotic intervention. Probiotic exposure exerted microbiome modification and resulted in altered hepatic lipid metabolism coupled with lowered plasma lipoprotein levels and apparent stimulated glycolysis. Probiotic treatments also altered a diverse range of pathways outcomes, including amino-acid metabolism, methylamines and SCFAs. The novel application of hierarchical-principal component analysis allowed visualization of multicompartmental transgenomic metabolic interactions that could also be resolved at the compartment and pathway level. These integrated system investigations demonstrate the potential of metabolic profiling as a top-down systems biology driver for investigating the mechanistic basis of probiotic action and the therapeutic surveillance of the gut microbial activity related to dietary supplementation of probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois-Pierre J Martin
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yulan Wang
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Ivan K S Yap
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Torbjörn Lundstedt
- AcurePharmaAB, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Lek
- AcurePharmaAB, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Serge Rezzi
- Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - John C Lindon
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Elaine Holmes
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jeremy K Nicholson
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Xu Z, Riediger N, Innis S, Moghadasian MH. Fish oil significantly alters fatty acid profiles in various lipid fractions but not atherogenesis in apo E-KO mice. Eur J Nutr 2007; 46:103-10. [PMID: 17225919 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-006-0638-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2006] [Accepted: 12/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consumption of fish oil and n-3 fatty acids is associated with beneficial modifications in plasma lipid levels. The impact of these modifications on development of atherosclerotic lesions merits further investigation. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of fish oil consumption on quality and quantity of lipoprotein fatty acids and its influence on atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-knockout (apo E-KO) mice. METHODS Male apo E-KO mice were treated with 1% dietary fish oil for 14 weeks. Plasma triglycerides (TG), phospholipids, (PL) and cholesteryl ester (CE) fractions were separated using thin layer chromatography. Plasma-free fatty acids (FFA) plus fatty acid contents of TG, PL, CE were determined using gas chromatography. Aortic atherosclerosis was assessed by histological and morphometrical techniques. RESULTS Twenty-eight fatty acids were identified in each of the four lipid compartments. High amounts of n-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic (EPA), docosahexaenoic (DHA)) were found in all of these fractions. The levels of EPA and DHA increased by 400 and 150%, respectively, in FFA, TG and PL compartments; higher increases (>500 and 200%) in EPA and DHA were found in CE. This markedly decreased the n-6/n-3 ratios in FFA, TG, PL, and CE by 60, 72, 53, and 61%, respectively. These changes were accompanied by a significant increase in plasma triglyceride levels. Surprisingly, these changes did not affect atherogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Elevated levels of EPA and DHA do not appear to prevent development of atherosclerotic plaques in this model. Longer studies warrant investigation of the direct benefits of these fatty acids against myocardial damage as clinical consequences of advanced atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuyuan Xu
- Dept. of Human Nutritional Sciences. University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (MB), Canada
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Kristensen NB, Sehested J, Jensen SK, Vestergaard M. Effect of Milk Allowance on Concentrate Intake, Ruminal Environment, and Ruminal Development in Milk-Fed Holstein Calves. J Dairy Sci 2007; 90:4346-55. [PMID: 17699055 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2006-885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present experiment was to test the hypothesis that a barley-based concentrate would induce an acidic ruminal environment in young calves and that increased milk allowance would alleviate this condition. Eight Holstein calves ruminally cannulated at d 7 +/- 1 of age were used to study the effect of variation in barley-based starter concentrate intake induced by 4 different milk allowances (3.10, 4.84, 6.60, and 8.34 kg of milk replacer/d; 123 g of dry matter/kg of milk) on the ruminal environment, blood variables, and fore-stomach development from wk 2 to 5 of age. Twelve ruminal fluid samples were collected during a weekly 24-h sampling in 4 consecutive weeks. Blood samples were collected by venipuncture between 1200 and 1300 h on ruminal sampling days. Rumen papillae development and visceral organ mass were recorded at slaughter. A linear treatment x week effect was observed for concentrate intake, with the calves fed the lowest milk allowance having the fastest increase in concentrate intake whereby these calves reached the same ME intake in wk 5 compared with calves with the highest milk allowance. Effects on ruminal variables were dominated by week of sampling, with minor differences among treatments. Ruminal pH was below 5.5 for 5 to 13 h/d and all calves with concentrate intake above 20 g of dry matter/d were observed to have a daily ruminal pH minimum at pH 5.5 or lower. The ruminal concentration of total volatile fatty acids (VFA) increased from 71 to 133 +/- 9 mmol/L in wk 2 to 5 and was characterized by a relatively high molar proportion of propionate, increasing from 34 to 40 mol/100 mol of VFA in wk 2 to 5. In addition, the presence of ethanol and propanol as well as numerous VFA esters points to a ruminal environment with a relatively high hydrogen pressure. Plasma glucose and insulin responded to the highest milk allowance in wk 2 to 4. Plasma VFA and ketone bodies increased with the lowest milk allowance in wk 4 to 5. At slaughter, empty wet weights of the rumen + reticulum and omasum as well as mass of digesta in these compartments were found to decrease linearly and perirenal fat was found to increase linearly with milk allowance, indicating that the milk allowance changed the body composition of the calves. Lengths of ruminal papillae in the atrium and ventral ruminal sac were not affected by treatment. We concluded that the ruminal environment of young calves fed a barley-based starter concentrate was characterized by a low ruminal pH and high VFA concentration regardless of the milk allowance.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Kristensen
- Department of Animal Health, Welfare and Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Aarhus, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.
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