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Fakhimi N, Torres MJ, Fernández E, Galván A, Dubini A, González-Ballester D. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Microbacterium forte sp. nov., a mutualistic association that favors sustainable hydrogen production. Sci Total Environ 2024; 913:169559. [PMID: 38159768 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
A naturally occurring multispecies bacterial community composed of Bacillus cereus and two novel bacteria (Microbacterium forte sp. nov. and Stenotrophomonas goyi sp. nov.) has been identified from a contaminated culture of the microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. When incubated in mannitol- and yeast extract-containing medium, this bacterial community can promote and sustain algal hydrogen production up to 313 mL H2·L-1 for 17 days and 163.5 mL H2·L-1 for 25 days in high-cell (76.7 μg·mL-1 of initial chlorophyll) and low-cell density (10 μg·mL-1 of initial chlorophyll) algal cultures, respectively. In low-cell density algal cultures, hydrogen production was compatible with algal growth (reaching up to 60 μg·mL-1 of chlorophyll). Among the bacterial community, M. forte sp. nov. was the sole responsible for the improvement in hydrogen production. However, algal growth was not observed in the Chlamydomonas-M. forte sp. nov. consortium during hydrogen-producing conditions (hypoxia), suggesting that the presence of B. cereus and S. goyi sp. nov. could be crucial to support the algal growth during hypoxia. Still, under non‑hydrogen producing conditions (aerobiosis) the Chlamydomonas-M. forte sp. nov. consortium allowed algal growth (up to 40 μg·mL-1 of chlorophyll) and long-term algal viability (>45 days). The genome sequence and growth tests of M. forte sp. nov. have revealed that this bacterium is auxotroph for biotin and thiamine and unable to use sulfate as sulfur source; it requires S-reduced forms such as cysteine and methionine. Cocultures of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and M. forte sp. nov. established a mutualistic association: the alga complemented the nutrient deficiencies of the bacterium, while the bacterium released ammonium (0.19 mM·day-1) and acetic acid (0.15 mM·day-1) for the alga. This work offers a promising avenue for photohydrogen production concomitant with algal biomass generation using nutrients not suitable for mixotrophic algal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Fakhimi
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba 14071, Spain; Department of Biosphere Sciences and Engineering, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States of America.
| | - María Jesus Torres
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba 14071, Spain.
| | - Emilio Fernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba 14071, Spain.
| | - Aurora Galván
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba 14071, Spain.
| | - Alexandra Dubini
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba 14071, Spain.
| | - David González-Ballester
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba 14071, Spain.
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Torres MJ, Fakhimi N, Dubini A, González-Ballester D. Stenotrophomonas goyi sp. nov., a novel bacterium associated with the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. F1000Res 2023; 12:1373. [PMID: 38021406 PMCID: PMC10682605 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.134978.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A culture of the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was accidentally contaminated with three different bacteria in our laboratory facilities. This contaminated alga culture showed increased algal biohydrogen production. These three bacteria were independently isolated. Methods The chromosomic DNA of one of the isolated bacteria was extracted and sequenced using PacBio technology. Tentative genome annotation (RAST server) and phylogenetic trees analysis (TYGS server) were conducted. Diverse growth tests were assayed for the bacterium and for the alga-bacterium consortium. Results Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the bacterium is a novel member of the Stenotrophomonas genus that has been termed in this work as S. goyi sp. nov. A fully sequenced genome (4,487,389 base pairs) and its tentative annotation (4,147 genes) are provided. The genome information suggests that S. goyi sp. nov. is unable to use sulfate and nitrate as sulfur and nitrogen sources, respectively. Growth tests have confirmed the dependence on the sulfur-containing amino acids methionine and cysteine. S. goyi sp. nov. and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii can establish a mutualistic relationship when cocultured together. Conclusions S. goyi sp. nov. could be of interest for the design of biotechnological approaches based on the use of artificial microalgae-bacteria multispecies consortia that take advantage of the complementary metabolic capacities of their different microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Jesus Torres
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Universidad de Cordoba, Córdoba, Andalusia, 14071, Spain
| | - Neda Fakhimi
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Universidad de Cordoba, Córdoba, Andalusia, 14071, Spain
- Carnegie Institution for Science Department of Biosphere Sciences and Engineering, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | - Alexandra Dubini
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Universidad de Cordoba, Córdoba, Andalusia, 14071, Spain
| | - David González-Ballester
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Universidad de Cordoba, Córdoba, Andalusia, 14071, Spain
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Abstract
BACKGROUND A culture of the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was accidentally contaminated with three different bacteria in our laboratory facilities. This contaminated alga culture showed increased algal biohydrogen production. These three bacteria were independently isolated. METHODS The chromosomic DNA of one of the isolated bacteria was extracted and sequenced using PacBio technology. Tentative genome annotation (RAST server) and phylogenetic trees analysis (TYGS server) were conducted. Diverse growth tests were assayed for the bacterium and for the alga-bacterium consortium. RESULTS Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the bacterium is a novel member of the Stenotrophomonas genus that has been termed in this work as S. goyi sp. nov. A fully sequenced genome (4,487,389 base pairs) and its tentative annotation (4,147 genes) are provided. The genome information suggests that S. goyi sp. nov. is unable to use sulfate and nitrate as sulfur and nitrogen sources, respectively. Growth tests have confirmed the dependence on the sulfur-containing amino acids methionine and cysteine. S. goyi sp. nov. and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii can establish a mutualistic relationship when cocultured together. CONCLUSIONS S. goyi sp. nov. could be of interest for the design of biotechnological approaches based on the use of artificial microalgae-bacteria multispecies consortia that take advantage of the complementary metabolic capacities of their different microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Jesus Torres
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Universidad de Cordoba, Córdoba, Andalusia, 14071, Spain
| | - Neda Fakhimi
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Universidad de Cordoba, Córdoba, Andalusia, 14071, Spain
- Carnegie Institution for Science Department of Biosphere Sciences and Engineering, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | - Alexandra Dubini
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Universidad de Cordoba, Córdoba, Andalusia, 14071, Spain
| | - David González-Ballester
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Universidad de Cordoba, Córdoba, Andalusia, 14071, Spain
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Torres MJ, González-Ballester D, Gómez-Osuna A, Galván A, Fernández E, Dubini A. Chlamydomonas-Methylobacterium oryzae cooperation leads to increased biomass, nitrogen removal and hydrogen production. Bioresour Technol 2022; 352:127088. [PMID: 35364237 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In the context of algal wastewater bioremediation, this study has identified a novel consortium formed by the bacterium Methylobacterium oryzae and the microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii that greatly increase biomass generation (1.22 g L-1·d-1), inorganic nitrogen removal (>99%), and hydrogen production (33 mL·L-1) when incubated in media containing ethanol and methanol. The key metabolic aspect of this relationship relied on the bacterial oxidation of ethanol to acetate, which supported heterotrophic algal growth. However, in the bacterial monocultures the acetate accumulation inhibited bacterial growth. Moreover, in the absence of methanol, ethanol was an unsuitable carbon source and its incomplete oxidation to acetaldehyde had a toxic effect on both the alga and the bacterium. In cocultures, both alcohols were used as carbon sources by the bacteria, the inhibitory effects were overcome and both microorganisms mutually benefited. Potential biotechnological applications in wastewater treatment, biomass generation and hydrogen production are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Jesús Torres
- Universidad de Córdoba, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Ed. C6, Planta Baja, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - David González-Ballester
- Universidad de Córdoba, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Ed. C6, Planta Baja, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Aitor Gómez-Osuna
- Universidad de Córdoba, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Ed. C6, Planta Baja, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Aurora Galván
- Universidad de Córdoba, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Ed. C6, Planta Baja, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Emilio Fernández
- Universidad de Córdoba, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Ed. C6, Planta Baja, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Alexandra Dubini
- Universidad de Córdoba, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Ed. C6, Planta Baja, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
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González-Ballester D, González-García R, García Nogales A, Moreno García C, Monje Gil F. ¿Es el desplazamiento discal sinónimo de patología articular temporomandibular? Correlación clínico-radiológica y prevalencia de trastornos internos en sujetos voluntarios asintomáticos. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.20986/recom.2020.1133/2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Fakhimi N, Dubini A, Tavakoli O, González-Ballester D. Acetic acid is key for synergetic hydrogen production in Chlamydomonas-bacteria co-cultures. Bioresour Technol 2019; 289:121648. [PMID: 31247525 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study is a proof of concept for the synergetic biohydrogen production in alga-bacteria co-cultures. Algal hydrogen photoproduction was obtained in sugar-containing media only when the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was co-cultured with Pseudomonas putida (40.8 ml H2·L-1), Escherichia coli (35.1 ml H2·L-1) and Rhizobium etli (16.1 ml H2·L-1). Hydrogen photo-production in these co-cultures was not only linked to the induction of hypoxia, but to the ability of the bacteria to produce acetic acid from sugars. Synergetic hydrogen production was achieved by integrating the photobiological and fermentative production in Chlamydomonas and Escherichia coli co-cultures supplemented with glucose, which resulted in 60% more H2 production than the sum of the respective monocultures. This cooperation relied on the ability of the alga to consume the excreted bacterial acetic acid, which benefited both bacterial and algal hydrogen production. This knowledge may open new possibilities for the biohydrogen production from industrial wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Fakhimi
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 11155-4563, Tehran, Iran; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. Severo Ochoa, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Alexandra Dubini
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. Severo Ochoa, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Omid Tavakoli
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 11155-4563, Tehran, Iran.
| | - David González-Ballester
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. Severo Ochoa, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
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Subramanian V, Wecker MSA, Gerritsen A, Boehm M, Xiong W, Wachter B, Dubini A, González-Ballester D, Antonio RV, Ghirardi ML. Ferredoxin5 Deletion Affects Metabolism of Algae during the Different Phases of Sulfur Deprivation. Plant Physiol 2019; 181:426-441. [PMID: 31350361 PMCID: PMC6776842 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ferredoxin5 (FDX5), a minor ferredoxin protein in the alga Chlamydomonas (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii), helps maintain thylakoid membrane integrity in the dark. Sulfur (S) deprivation has been used to achieve prolonged hydrogen production in green algae. Here, we propose that FDX5 is involved in algal responses to S-deprivation as well as to the dark. Specifically, we tested the role of FDX5 in both the initial aerobic and subsequent anaerobic phases of S-deprivation. Under S-deprived conditions, absence of FDX5 causes a distinct delay in achieving anoxia by affecting photosynthetic O2 evolution, accompanied by reduced acetate uptake, lower starch accumulation, and delayed/lower fermentative metabolite production, including photohydrogen. We attribute these differences to transcriptional and/or posttranslational regulation of acetyl-CoA synthetase and ADP-Glc pyrophosphorylase, and increased stability of the PSII D1 protein. Interestingly, increased levels of FDX2 and FDX1 were observed in the mutant under oxic, S-replete conditions, strengthening our previously proposed hypothesis that other ferredoxins compensate in response to a lack of FDX5. Taken together, the results of our omics and pull-down experiments confirmed biochemical and physiological results, suggesting that FDX5 may have other effects on Chlamydomonas metabolism through its interaction with multiple redox partners.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matt S A Wecker
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401
- GeneBiologics, LLC, Boulder, Colorado 80303
| | - Alida Gerritsen
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401
| | - Marko Boehm
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401
| | - Wei Xiong
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401
| | - Benton Wachter
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401
| | - Alexandra Dubini
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401
| | | | - Regina V Antonio
- University Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, 476 Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Maria L Ghirardi
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401
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González-Ballester D, Sanz-Luque E, Galván A, Fernández E, de Montaigu A. Arginine is a component of the ammonium-CYG56 signalling cascade that represses genes of the nitrogen assimilation pathway in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196167. [PMID: 29684072 PMCID: PMC5912763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen assimilation and metabolism are essential processes for all living organisms, yet there is still much to be learnt on how they are regulated. The use of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as a model system has been instrumental not only in identifying conserved regulation mechanisms that control the nitrogen assimilation pathway, but also in understanding how the intracellular nitrogen status regulates metabolic processes of industrial interest such as the synthesis of biolipids. While the genetic regulators that control the nitrogen pathway are successfully being unravelled, other layers of regulation have received less attention. Amino acids, for example, regulate nitrogen assimilation in certain organisms, but their role in Chlamydomonas has not thoroughly been explored. Previous results had suggested that arginine might repress key genes of the nitrogen assimilation pathway by acting within the ammonium negative signalling cascade, upstream of the nitric oxide (NO) inducible guanylate cyclase CYG56. We tested this hypothesis with a combination of genetic and chemical approaches. Antagonising the effects of arginine with an arginine biosynthesis mutant or with two chemical analogues released gene expression from ammonium mediated repression. The cyg56 and related non1 mutants, which are partially insensitive to ammonium repression, were also partially insensitive to repression by arginine. Finally, we show that the addition of arginine to the medium leads to an increase in intracellular NO. Our data reveal that arginine acts as a negative signal for the assimilation of nitrogen within the ammonium-CYG56 negative signalling cascade, and provide a connection between amino acid metabolism and nitrogen assimilation in microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- David González-Ballester
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Emanuel Sanz-Luque
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Aurora Galván
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Emilio Fernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Amaury de Montaigu
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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González-Ballester D, Jurado-Oller JL, Galván A, Fernández E, Dubini A. H 2 production pathways in nutrient-replete mixotrophic Chlamydomonas cultures under low light. Response to the commentary article "On the pathways feeding the H 2 production process in nutrient-replete, hypoxic conditions," by Alberto Scoma and Szilvia Z. Tóth. Biotechnol Biofuels 2017; 10:117. [PMID: 28484517 PMCID: PMC5420093 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0801-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A recent Commentary article entitled "On the pathways feeding the H2 production process in nutrient-replete, hypoxic conditions" by Dr. Scoma and Dr. Tóth, Biotechnology for Biofuels (2017), opened a very interesting debate about the H2 production photosynthetic-linked pathways occurring in Chlamydomonas cultures grown in acetate-containing media and incubated under hypoxia/anoxia conditions. This Commentary article mainly focused on the results of our previous article "Low oxygen levels contribute to improve photohydrogen production in mixotrophic non-stressed Chlamydomonas cultures," by Jurado-Oller et al., Biotechnology for Biofuels (7, 2015; 8:149). MAIN BODY Here, we review some previous knowledge about the H2 production pathways linked to photosynthesis in Chlamydomonas, especially focusing on the role of the PSII-dependent and -independent pathways in acetate-containing nutrient-replete cultures. The potential contributions of these pathways to H2 production under anoxia/hypoxia are discussed. CONCLUSION Despite the fact that the PSII inhibitor DCMU is broadly used to discern between the two different photosynthetic pathways operating under H2 production conditions, its use may lead to distinctive conclusions depending on the growth conditions. The different potential sources of reductive power needed for the PSII-independent H2 production in mixotrophic nutrient-replete cultures are a matter of debate and conclusive evidences are still missing.
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Affiliation(s)
- David González-Ballester
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. Severo Ochoa, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Jurado-Oller
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. Severo Ochoa, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Aurora Galván
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. Severo Ochoa, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Emilio Fernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. Severo Ochoa, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alexandra Dubini
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. Severo Ochoa, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
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Muñoz-Marín MDC, Gómez-Baena G, Díez J, Beynon RJ, González-Ballester D, Zubkov MV, García-Fernández JM. Glucose Uptake in Prochlorococcus: Diversity of Kinetics and Effects on the Metabolism. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:327. [PMID: 28337178 PMCID: PMC5340979 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that Prochlorococcus sp. SS120 strain takes up glucose by using a multiphasic transporter encoded by the Pro1404 gene. Here, we studied the glucose uptake kinetics in multiple Prochlorococcus strains from different ecotypes, observing diverse values for the Ks constants (15–126.60 nM) and the uptake rates (0.48–6.36 pmol min-1 mg prot-1). Multiphasic kinetics was observed in all studied strains, except for TAK9803-2. Pro1404 gene expression studies during the 21st Atlantic Meridional Transect cruise showed positive correlation with glucose concentrations in the ocean. This suggests that the Pro1404 transporter has been subjected to diversification along the Prochlorococcus evolution, in a process probably driven by the glucose availabilities at the different niches it inhabits. The glucose uptake mechanism seems to be a primary transporter. Glucose addition induced detectable transcriptomic and proteomic changes in Prochlorococcus SS120, but photosynthetic efficiency was unaffected. Our studies indicate that glucose is actively taken up by Prochlorococcus, but its uptake does not significantly alter the trophic ways of this cyanobacterium, which continues performing photosynthesis. Therefore Prochlorococcus seems to remain acting as a fundamentally phototrophic organism, capable of using glucose as an extra resource of carbon and energy when available in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Carmen Muñoz-Marín
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Universidad de Córdoba Córdoba, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Gómez-Baena
- Centre for Proteome Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool Liverpool, UK
| | - Jesús Díez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Universidad de Córdoba Córdoba, Spain
| | - Robert J Beynon
- Centre for Proteome Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool Liverpool, UK
| | - David González-Ballester
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Universidad de Córdoba Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - José M García-Fernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Universidad de Córdoba Córdoba, Spain
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Rubio-Correa I, Manzano-Solo-de-Zaldívar D, Moreno-Sánchez M, Hernández-Vila C, Ramírez-Pérez FA, González-Ballester D, Ruíz-Laza L, González-García R, Monje-Gil F. Functional reconstruction after subtotal glossectomy in the surgical treatment of an uncommon and aggressive neoplasm in this location: Primary malignant melanoma in the base of the tongue. J Clin Exp Dent 2015; 6:e452-5. [PMID: 25593674 PMCID: PMC4282919 DOI: 10.4317/jced.51606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary malignant melanoma of the oral cavity is a rare neoplasm, especially on the tongue. We report a case of mucosal melanoma at the base of the tongue, an extremely rare location (only about 30 cases have been reported in literature). The extension study doesn´t revealed distant metastatic lesions. The patient was treated by subtotal glossectomy and bilateral functional neck dissection. Tongue is one of the most difficult structures to reconstruct, because of their central role in phonation, swallowing and airway protection. The defect was reconstructed with anterolateral thigh free flap. Surgical treatment was supplemented with adjuvant immunotherapy. The post-operative period was uneventful. At present, 24 months after surgery, patient is asymptomatic, there isn´t evidence of recurrence of melanoma and he hasn´t any difficulty in swallowing or phonation.
Key words:Malignant mucosal melanoma, anterolateral thigh free flap, phonation, swallowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidoro Rubio-Correa
- Resident Surgeon. University Hospital Infanta Cristina, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Badajoz, Spain
| | | | - Manuel Moreno-Sánchez
- Resident Surgeon. University Hospital Infanta Cristina, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Cristina Hernández-Vila
- Resident Surgeon. University Hospital Infanta Cristina, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Badajoz, Spain
| | | | - David González-Ballester
- Attending Surgeon. University Hospital Infanta Cristina, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Luis Ruíz-Laza
- Attending Surgeon. University Hospital Infanta Cristina, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Raúl González-García
- Attending Surgeon. University Hospital Infanta Cristina, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Florencio Monje-Gil
- Head of Department of Oral and Maxillofacial. University Hospital Infanta Cristina, Badajoz, Spain
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Jurado-Oller JL, Dubini A, Galván A, Fernández E, González-Ballester D. Low oxygen levels contribute to improve photohydrogen production in mixotrophic non-stressed Chlamydomonas cultures. Biotechnol Biofuels 2015; 8:149. [PMID: 26388936 PMCID: PMC4573693 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0341-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, hydrogen fuel is derived mainly from fossil fuels, but there is an increasing interest in clean and sustainable technologies for hydrogen production. In this context, the ability of some photosynthetic microorganisms, particularly cyanobacteria and microalgae, to produce hydrogen is a promising alternative for renewable, clean-energy production. Among a diverse array of photosynthetic microorganisms able to produce hydrogen, the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is the model organism widely used to study hydrogen production. Despite the well-known fact that acetate-containing medium enhances hydrogen production in this algae, little is known about the precise role of acetate during this process. RESULTS We have examined several physiological aspects related to acetate assimilation in the context of hydrogen production metabolism. Measurements of oxygen and CO2 levels, acetate uptake, and cell growth were performed under different light conditions, and oxygenic regimes. We show that oxygen and light intensity levels control acetate assimilation and modulate hydrogen production. We also demonstrate that the determination of the contribution of the PSII-dependent hydrogen production pathway in mixotrophic cultures, using the photosynthetic inhibitor DCMU, can lead to dissimilar results when used under various oxygenic regimes. The level of inhibition of DCMU in hydrogen production under low light seems to be linked to the acetate uptake rates. Moreover, we highlight the importance of releasing the hydrogen partial pressure to avoid an inherent inhibitory factor on the hydrogen production. CONCLUSION Low levels of oxygen allow for low acetate uptake rates, and paradoxically, lead to efficient and sustained production of hydrogen. Our data suggest that acetate plays an important role in the hydrogen production process, during non-stressed conditions, other than establishing anaerobiosis, and independent of starch accumulation. Potential metabolic pathways involved in hydrogen production in mixotrophic cultures are discussed. Mixotrophic nutrient-replete cultures under low light are shown to be an alternative for the simultaneous production of hydrogen and biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Jurado-Oller
- />Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. Severo Ochoa, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alexandra Dubini
- />Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401 USA
| | - Aurora Galván
- />Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. Severo Ochoa, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Emilio Fernández
- />Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. Severo Ochoa, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - David González-Ballester
- />Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. Severo Ochoa, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
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13
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Aksoy M, Pootakham W, Pollock SV, Moseley JL, González-Ballester D, Grossman AR. Tiered regulation of sulfur deprivation responses in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and identification of an associated regulatory factor. Plant Physiol 2013; 162:195-211. [PMID: 23482872 PMCID: PMC3641202 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.214593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
During sulfur (S) deprivation, the unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii exhibits increased expression of numerous genes. These genes encode proteins associated with sulfate (SO4(2-)) acquisition and assimilation, alterations in cellular metabolism, and internal S recycling. Administration of the cytoplasmic translational inhibitor cycloheximide prevents S deprivation-triggered accumulation of transcripts encoding arylsulfatases (ARS), an extracellular polypeptide that may be important for cell wall biosynthesis (ECP76), a light-harvesting protein (LHCBM9), the selenium-binding protein, and the haloperoxidase (HAP2). In contrast, the rapid accumulation of transcripts encoding high-affinity SO4(2-) transporters is not affected. These results suggest that there are two tiers of transcriptional regulation associated with S deprivation responses: the first is protein synthesis independent, while the second requires de novo protein synthesis. A mutant designated ars73a exhibited low ARS activity and failed to show increases in ECP76, LHCBM9, and HAP2 transcripts (among others) in response to S deprivation; increases in transcripts encoding the SO4(2-) transporters were not affected. These results suggest that the ARS73a protein, which has no known activity but might be a transcriptional regulator, is required for the expression of genes associated with the second tier of transcriptional regulation. Analysis of the ars73a strain has helped us generate a model that incorporates a number of complexities associated with S deprivation responses in C. reinhardtii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munevver Aksoy
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
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14
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Rubio-Correa I, Manzano-Solo de Zaldívar D, González-García R, Ruíz-Laza L, Villanueva-Alcojol L, González-Ballester D, Hernández Vila C, Monje-Gil F. Giant cell granuloma of the maxilla. Global management, review of literature and case report. J Clin Exp Dent 2012; 4:e129-31. [PMID: 24558538 PMCID: PMC3908797 DOI: 10.4317/jced.50701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Giant cell granuloma is a relatively rare benign entity but can be locally aggressive. Histologically characterized by intense proliferation of multinucleated giant cells and fibroblasts. Affects bone supported tissues. Definitive diagnosis is given by biopsy. Clinically manifest as a mass or nodule of reddish color and fleshy, occasionally ulcerated surface. They can range from asymptomatic to destructive lesions that grow quickly. It is a lesion to be considered in the differential diagnosis of osteolytic lesions affecting the maxilla or jaw. Its management passed from conservative treatment with intralesional infiltration of corticosteroids, calcitonin or interferon, to the surgical resection and reconstruction, for example with microvascular free flaps.
Key words:Giant cell granuloma, intralesional injection, microvascular free flap, fibula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidoro Rubio-Correa
- Resident Surgeon, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Surgery,University Hospital Infanta Cristina, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Damián Manzano-Solo de Zaldívar
- Staff Surgeon, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Infanta Cristina, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Raúl González-García
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon. Staff Surgeon, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Infanta Cristina, Badajoz, Spain. Fellow ofthe Eurpoean Board of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
| | - Luís Ruíz-Laza
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon. Staff Surgeon, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Infanta Cristina, Badajoz, Spain. Fellow ofthe Eurpoean Board of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
| | - Laura Villanueva-Alcojol
- Resident Surgeon, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Surgery,University Hospital Infanta Cristina, Badajoz, Spain
| | - David González-Ballester
- Resident Surgeon, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Surgery,University Hospital Infanta Cristina, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Cristina Hernández Vila
- Resident Surgeon, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Surgery,University Hospital Infanta Cristina, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Florencio Monje-Gil
- Head of Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Infanta Cristina, Badajoz, Spain
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15
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González-Ballester D, Ruiz-Laza L, González-García R, Manzano Sólo de Zaldivar D. P209. Vascularized free fibular flap for the reconstruction of the maxilo-mandibular defects following cancer ablation: Clinical experience in 35 cases. Oral Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2011.06.452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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González-Ballester D, Blanco-Fernández G, Tejero-García M, Márquez-Rojas J, Botello-Martínez F, Solórzano-Peck G, Catalina-Fernández I. Kikuchi-Fujimoto, abdominal tumor as atypical location. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2010; 102:455-7. [PMID: 20617873 DOI: 10.4321/s1130-01082010000700015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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González-Ballester D, Casero D, Cokus S, Pellegrini M, Merchant SS, Grossman AR. RNA-seq analysis of sulfur-deprived Chlamydomonas cells reveals aspects of acclimation critical for cell survival. Plant Cell 2010; 22:2058-84. [PMID: 20587772 PMCID: PMC2910963 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.109.071167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The Chlamydomonas reinhardtii transcriptome was characterized from nutrient-replete and sulfur-depleted wild-type and snrk2.1 mutant cells. This mutant is null for the regulatory Ser-Thr kinase SNRK2.1, which is required for acclimation of the alga to sulfur deprivation. The transcriptome analyses used microarray hybridization and RNA-seq technology. Quantitative RT-PCR evaluation of the results obtained by these techniques showed that RNA-seq reports a larger dynamic range of expression levels than do microarray hybridizations. Transcripts responsive to sulfur deprivation included those encoding proteins involved in sulfur acquisition and assimilation, synthesis of sulfur-containing metabolites, Cys degradation, and sulfur recycling. Furthermore, we noted potential modifications of cellular structures during sulfur deprivation, including the cell wall and complexes associated with the photosynthetic apparatus. Moreover, the data suggest that sulfur-deprived cells accumulate proteins with fewer sulfur-containing amino acids. Most of the sulfur deprivation responses are controlled by the SNRK2.1 protein kinase. The snrk2.1 mutant exhibits a set of unique responses during both sulfur-replete and sulfur-depleted conditions that are not observed in wild-type cells; the inability of this mutant to acclimate to S deprivation probably leads to elevated levels of singlet oxygen and severe oxidative stress, which ultimately causes cell death. The transcriptome results for wild-type and mutant cells strongly suggest the occurrence of massive changes in cellular physiology and metabolism as cells become depleted for sulfur and reveal aspects of acclimation that are likely critical for cell survival.
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18
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Galván A, González-Ballester D, Fernández E. Insertional mutagenesis as a tool to study genes/functions in Chlamydomonas. Adv Exp Med Biol 2008; 616:77-89. [PMID: 18161492 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-75532-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has emerged during the last decades as a model system to understand gene functions, many of them shared by bacteria, fungi, plants, animals and humans. A powerful resource for the research community is the availability of complete collections of stable mutants for studying whole genome function. In the meantime other strategies might be developed; insertional mutagenesis has become currently the best strategy to disrupt and tag nuclear genes in Chlamydomonas allowing forward and reverse genetic approaches. Here, we outline the mutagenesis technique stressing the idea of generating databases for ordered mutant libraries, and also of improving efficient methods for reverse genetics to identify mutants defective in a particular gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Galván
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba. Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Severo Ochoa, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
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19
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Camargo A, Llamas A, Schnell RA, Higuera JJ, González-Ballester D, Lefebvre PA, Fernández E, Galván A. Nitrate signaling by the regulatory gene NIT2 in Chlamydomonas. Plant Cell 2007; 19:3491-503. [PMID: 18024571 PMCID: PMC2174885 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.106.045922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Revised: 10/19/2007] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Positive signaling by nitrate in its assimilation pathway has been studied in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Among >34,000 lines generated by plasmid insertion, 10 mutants were unable to activate nitrate reductase (NIA1) gene expression and had a Nit(-) (no growth in nitrate) phenotype. Each of these 10 lines was mutated in the nitrate assimilation-specific regulatory gene NIT2. The complete NIT2 cDNA sequence was obtained, and its deduced amino acid sequence revealed GAF, Gln-rich, Leu zipper, and RWP-RK domains typical of transcription factors and transcriptional coactivators associated with signaling pathways. The predicted Nit2 protein sequence is structurally related to the Nin (for nodule inception) proteins from plants but not to NirA/Nit4/Yna proteins from fungi and yeast. NIT2 expression is negatively regulated by ammonium and is optimal in N-free medium with no need for the presence of nitrate. However, intracellular nitrate is required to allow Nit2 to activate the NIA1 promoter activity. Nit2 protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and shown to bind to specific sequences at the NIA1 gene promoter. Our data indicate that NIT2 is a central regulatory gene required for nitrate signaling on the Chlamydomonas NIA1 gene promoter and that intracellular nitrate is needed for NIT2 function and to modulate NIA1 transcript levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Camargo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
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20
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Merchant SS, Prochnik SE, Vallon O, Harris EH, Karpowicz SJ, Witman GB, Terry A, Salamov A, Fritz-Laylin LK, Maréchal-Drouard L, Marshall WF, Qu LH, Nelson DR, Sanderfoot AA, Spalding MH, Kapitonov VV, Ren Q, Ferris P, Lindquist E, Shapiro H, Lucas SM, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Cardol P, Cerutti H, Chanfreau G, Chen CL, Cognat V, Croft MT, Dent R, Dutcher S, Fernández E, Ferris P, Fukuzawa H, González-Ballester D, González-Halphen D, Hallmann A, Hanikenne M, Hippler M, Inwood W, Jabbari K, Kalanon M, Kuras R, Lefebvre PA, Lemaire SD, Lobanov AV, Lohr M, Manuell A, Meier I, Mets L, Mittag M, Mittelmeier T, Moroney JV, Moseley J, Napoli C, Nedelcu AM, Niyogi K, Novoselov SV, Paulsen IT, Pazour G, Purton S, Ral JP, Riaño-Pachón DM, Riekhof W, Rymarquis L, Schroda M, Stern D, Umen J, Willows R, Wilson N, Zimmer SL, Allmer J, Balk J, Bisova K, Chen CJ, Elias M, Gendler K, Hauser C, Lamb MR, Ledford H, Long JC, Minagawa J, Page MD, Pan J, Pootakham W, Roje S, Rose A, Stahlberg E, Terauchi AM, Yang P, Ball S, Bowler C, Dieckmann CL, Gladyshev VN, Green P, Jorgensen R, Mayfield S, Mueller-Roeber B, Rajamani S, Sayre RT, Brokstein P, Dubchak I, Goodstein D, Hornick L, Huang YW, Jhaveri J, Luo Y, Martínez D, Ngau WCA, Otillar B, Poliakov A, Porter A, Szajkowski L, Werner G, Zhou K, Grigoriev IV, Rokhsar DS, Grossman AR. The Chlamydomonas genome reveals the evolution of key animal and plant functions. Science 2007; 318:245-50. [PMID: 17932292 PMCID: PMC2875087 DOI: 10.1126/science.1143609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1774] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a unicellular green alga whose lineage diverged from land plants over 1 billion years ago. It is a model system for studying chloroplast-based photosynthesis, as well as the structure, assembly, and function of eukaryotic flagella (cilia), which were inherited from the common ancestor of plants and animals, but lost in land plants. We sequenced the approximately 120-megabase nuclear genome of Chlamydomonas and performed comparative phylogenomic analyses, identifying genes encoding uncharacterized proteins that are likely associated with the function and biogenesis of chloroplasts or eukaryotic flagella. Analyses of the Chlamydomonas genome advance our understanding of the ancestral eukaryotic cell, reveal previously unknown genes associated with photosynthetic and flagellar functions, and establish links between ciliopathy and the composition and function of flagella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabeeha S. Merchant
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Simon E. Prochnik
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Olivier Vallon
- CNRS, UMR 7141, CNRS/Université Paris 6, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Steven J. Karpowicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - George B. Witman
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Astrid Terry
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Asaf Salamov
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Lillian K. Fritz-Laylin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | | | - Wallace F. Marshall
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Liang-Hu Qu
- Biotechnology Research Center, Zhongshan University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - David R. Nelson
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Center of Excellence in Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Anton A. Sanderfoot
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul MN 55108, USA
| | - Martin H. Spalding
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | | | - Qinghu Ren
- The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Patrick Ferris
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Erika Lindquist
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Harris Shapiro
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Susan M. Lucas
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Jane Grimwood
- Stanford Human Genome Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Jeremy Schmutz
- Stanford Human Genome Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Pierre Cardol
- CNRS, UMR 7141, CNRS/Université Paris 6, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 75005 Paris, France
- Plant Biology Institute, Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Heriberto Cerutti
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, School of Biological Sciences–Plant Science Initiative, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Guillaume Chanfreau
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Chun-Long Chen
- Biotechnology Research Center, Zhongshan University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Valérie Cognat
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Martin T. Croft
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Rachel Dent
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Susan Dutcher
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Emilio Fernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Patrick Ferris
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hideya Fukuzawa
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | | | - Diego González-Halphen
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México 04510 DF, Mexico
| | - Armin Hallmann
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology of Plants, University of Bielefeld, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Marc Hanikenne
- Plant Biology Institute, Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Michael Hippler
- Department of Biology, Institute of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - William Inwood
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kamel Jabbari
- CNRS UMR 8186, Département de Biologie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75230 Paris, France
| | - Ming Kalanon
- Plant Cell Biology Research Centre, The School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Richard Kuras
- CNRS, UMR 7141, CNRS/Université Paris 6, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Paul A. Lefebvre
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul MN 55108, USA
| | - Stéphane D. Lemaire
- Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes, UMR 8618, CNRS/Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Alexey V. Lobanov
- Department of Biochemistry, N151 Beadle Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588–0664, USA
| | - Martin Lohr
- Institut für Allgemeine Botanik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Andrea Manuell
- Department of Cell Biology and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Iris Meier
- PCMB and Plant Biotechnology Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Laurens Mets
- Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Maria Mittag
- Institut für Allgemeine Botanik und Pflanzenphysiologie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Telsa Mittelmeier
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - James V. Moroney
- Department of Biological Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Jeffrey Moseley
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution, Stanford, CA 94306, USA
| | - Carolyn Napoli
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Aurora M. Nedelcu
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada E3B 6E1
| | - Krishna Niyogi
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sergey V. Novoselov
- Department of Biochemistry, N151 Beadle Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588–0664, USA
| | - Ian T. Paulsen
- The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Greg Pazour
- Department of Physiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Saul Purton
- Department of Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jean-Philippe Ral
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR8576 CNRS/USTL, IFR 118, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Cedex, France
| | | | - Wayne Riekhof
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Linda Rymarquis
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Michael Schroda
- Institute of Biology II/Plant Biochemistry, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - David Stern
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research at Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - James Umen
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Robert Willows
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia
| | - Nedra Wilson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Oklahoma State University, Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK 74107, USA
| | - Sara Lana Zimmer
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research at Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jens Allmer
- Izmir Ekonomi Universitesi, 35330 Balcova-Izmir Turkey
| | - Janneke Balk
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Katerina Bisova
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
| | - Chong-Jian Chen
- Biotechnology Research Center, Zhongshan University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Marek Elias
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Karla Gendler
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Charles Hauser
- Bioinformatics Program, St. Edward's University, Austin, TX 78704, USA
| | - Mary Rose Lamb
- Department of Biology, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA 98407, USA
| | - Heidi Ledford
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Joanne C. Long
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jun Minagawa
- Institute of Low-Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, 060-0819, Japan
| | - M. Dudley Page
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Junmin Pan
- Department of Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China 100084
| | - Wirulda Pootakham
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution, Stanford, CA 94306, USA
| | - Sanja Roje
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | | | - Eric Stahlberg
- PCMB and Plant Biotechnology Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Aimee M. Terauchi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Pinfen Yang
- Department of Biology, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Steven Ball
- UMR8576 CNRS, Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Chris Bowler
- CNRS UMR 8186, Département de Biologie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75230 Paris, France
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Stazione Zoologica, I 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Carol L. Dieckmann
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Vadim N. Gladyshev
- Department of Biochemistry, N151 Beadle Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588–0664, USA
| | - Pamela Green
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Richard Jorgensen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Stephen Mayfield
- Department of Cell Biology and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Sathish Rajamani
- Graduate Program in Biophysics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Richard T. Sayre
- PCMB and Plant Biotechnology Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Peter Brokstein
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Inna Dubchak
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - David Goodstein
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Leila Hornick
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Y. Wayne Huang
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Jinal Jhaveri
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Yigong Luo
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Diego Martínez
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Wing Chi Abby Ngau
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Bobby Otillar
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Alexander Poliakov
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Aaron Porter
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Lukasz Szajkowski
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Gregory Werner
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Kemin Zhou
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Igor V. Grigoriev
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Daniel S. Rokhsar
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Arthur R. Grossman
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution, Stanford, CA 94306, USA
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21
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Merchant SS, Prochnik SE, Vallon O, Harris EH, Karpowicz SJ, Witman GB, Terry A, Salamov A, Fritz-Laylin LK, Maréchal-Drouard L, Marshall WF, Qu LH, Nelson DR, Sanderfoot AA, Spalding MH, Kapitonov VV, Ren Q, Ferris P, Lindquist E, Shapiro H, Lucas SM, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Cardol P, Cerutti H, Chanfreau G, Chen CL, Cognat V, Croft MT, Dent R, Dutcher S, Fernández E, Fukuzawa H, González-Ballester D, González-Halphen D, Hallmann A, Hanikenne M, Hippler M, Inwood W, Jabbari K, Kalanon M, Kuras R, Lefebvre PA, Lemaire SD, Lobanov AV, Lohr M, Manuell A, Meier I, Mets L, Mittag M, Mittelmeier T, Moroney JV, Moseley J, Napoli C, Nedelcu AM, Niyogi K, Novoselov SV, Paulsen IT, Pazour G, Purton S, Ral JP, Riaño-Pachón DM, Riekhof W, Rymarquis L, Schroda M, Stern D, Umen J, Willows R, Wilson N, Zimmer SL, Allmer J, Balk J, Bisova K, Chen CJ, Elias M, Gendler K, Hauser C, Lamb MR, Ledford H, Long JC, Minagawa J, Page MD, Pan J, Pootakham W, Roje S, Rose A, Stahlberg E, Terauchi AM, Yang P, Ball S, Bowler C, Dieckmann CL, Gladyshev VN, Green P, Jorgensen R, Mayfield S, Mueller-Roeber B, Rajamani S, Sayre RT, Brokstein P, Dubchak I, Goodstein D, Hornick L, Huang YW, Jhaveri J, Luo Y, Martínez D, Ngau WCA, Otillar B, Poliakov A, Porter A, Szajkowski L, Werner G, Zhou K, Grigoriev IV, Rokhsar DS, Grossman AR. The Chlamydomonas genome reveals the evolution of key animal and plant functions. Science 2007. [PMID: 17932292 DOI: 10.1126/science.1143609.the] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a unicellular green alga whose lineage diverged from land plants over 1 billion years ago. It is a model system for studying chloroplast-based photosynthesis, as well as the structure, assembly, and function of eukaryotic flagella (cilia), which were inherited from the common ancestor of plants and animals, but lost in land plants. We sequenced the approximately 120-megabase nuclear genome of Chlamydomonas and performed comparative phylogenomic analyses, identifying genes encoding uncharacterized proteins that are likely associated with the function and biogenesis of chloroplasts or eukaryotic flagella. Analyses of the Chlamydomonas genome advance our understanding of the ancestral eukaryotic cell, reveal previously unknown genes associated with photosynthetic and flagellar functions, and establish links between ciliopathy and the composition and function of flagella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabeeha S Merchant
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Llamas A, Tejada-Jimenez M, González-Ballester D, Higuera JJ, Schwarz G, Galván A, Fernández E. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CNX1E reconstitutes molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis in Escherichia coli mutants. Eukaryot Cell 2007; 6:1063-7. [PMID: 17416894 PMCID: PMC1951514 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00072-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have isolated and characterized the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii genes for molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis, namely, CNX1G and CNX1E, and expressed them and their chimeric fusions in Chlamydomonas and Escherichia coli. In all cases, the wild-type phenotype was restored in individual mutants as well as in a CNX1G CNX1E double mutant. Therefore, CrCNX1E is the first eukaryotic protein able to complement an E. coli moeA mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Llamas
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Severo Ochoa, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
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González-Ballester D, de Montaigu A, Galván A, Fernández E. Corrigendum to “Restriction enzyme site-directed amplification PCR: A tool to identify regions flanking a marker DNA” [Anal. Biochem. 340 (2005) 330–335]. Anal Biochem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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González-Ballester D, de Montaigu A, Galván A, Fernández E. Restriction enzyme site-directed amplification PCR: A tool to identify regions flanking a marker DNA. Anal Biochem 2005; 340:330-5. [PMID: 15840506 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An innovative combination of various recently described molecular methods was set up to efficiently identify regions flanking a marker DNA in insertional mutants of Chlamydomonas. The technique is named restriction enzyme site-directed amplification PCR (RESDA-PCR) and is based on the random distribution of frequent restriction sites in a genome and on a special design of primers. The primer design is based on the presence of a restriction site included in a low degenerated sequence at the 3' end and of a specific adapter sequence at the 5' end, with the two ends being linked by a polyinosine bridge. Specific primers of the marker DNA combined with the degenerated primers allow amplification of DNA fragments adjacent to the marker insertion by using two rounds of either short or long cycling procedures. Amplified fragments from 0.3 to 2 kb or more are routinely obtained at sufficient purity and quantity for direct sequencing. This method is fast, is reliable (87% success rate), and can be easily extrapolated to any organism and marker DNA by designing the appropriate primers. A procedure involving the PCR over enzyme digest fragments is also proposed for when, exceptionally, positive results are not obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- David González-Ballester
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. Severo Ochoa, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
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González-Ballester D, de Montaigu A, Higuera JJ, Galván A, Fernández E. Functional genomics of the regulation of the nitrate assimilation pathway in Chlamydomonas. Plant Physiol 2005; 137:522-33. [PMID: 15665251 PMCID: PMC1065353 DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.050914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2004] [Revised: 10/13/2004] [Accepted: 10/14/2004] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The existence of mutants at specific steps in a pathway is a valuable tool of functional genomics in an organism. Heterologous integration occurring during transformation with a selectable marker in Chlamydomonas (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) has been used to generate an ordered mutant library. A strain, having a chimeric construct (pNia1::arylsulfatase gene) as a sensor of the Nia1 gene promoter activity, was transformed with a plasmid bearing the paramomycin resistance AphVIII gene to generate insertional mutants defective at regulatory steps of the nitrate assimilation pathway. Twenty-two thousand transformants were obtained and maintained in pools of 96 for further use. The mutant library was screened for the following phenotypes: insensitivity to the negative signal of ammonium, insensitivity to the positive signal of nitrate, overexpression in nitrate, and inability to use nitrate. Analyses of mutants showed that (1) the number or integrated copies of the gene marker is close to 1; (2) the probability of cloning the DNA region at the marker insertion site is high (76%); (3) insertions occur randomly; and (4) integrations at different positions and orientations of the same genomic region appeared in at least three cases. Some of the mutants analyzed were found to be affected at putative new genes related to regulatory functions, such as guanylate cyclase, protein kinase, peptidyl-prolyl isomerase, or DNA binding. The Chlamydomonas mutant library constructed would also be valuable to identify any other gene with a screenable phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- David González-Ballester
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
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González-Ballester D, Camargo A, Fernández E. Ammonium transporter genes in Chlamydomonas: the nitrate-specific regulatory gene Nit2 is involved in Amt1;1 expression. Plant Mol Biol 2004; 56:863-78. [PMID: 15821986 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-004-5292-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2004] [Accepted: 10/21/2004] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Ammonium transport is a key process in nitrogen metabolism. In the green alga Chlamydomonas, we have characterized molecularly the largest family of ammonium transporters (AMT1) so far described consisting of eight members. CrAmt1 genes have an interesting transcript structure with some very small exons. Differential expression patterns were found for each CrAmt1 gene in response to the nitrogen source by using Real Time PCR. These expression patterns were similar under high and low CO2 atmosphere. CrAmt1;1 expression was characterized in detail. It was repressed in both ammonium and nitrate medium, and strongly expressed in nitrogen-free media. Treatment with a Glutamine synthetase inhibitor released partially repression in ammonium and nitrate suggesting that ammonium and its derivatives participate in the observed repressing effects. By studying CrAmt1;1 expression in mutants deficient at different steps of the nitrate assimilation pathway, it has been shown that nitrate has a double negative effect on this gene expression; one related to its reduction to ammonium, and a second one by itself. This second effect of nitrate was dependent on the functionality of the regulatory gene Nit2, specific for nitrate assimilation. Thus, NIT2 would have a dual role on gene expression: the well-known positive one on nitrate assimilation and a novel negative one on Amt1;1 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David González-Ballester
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Edificio Severo Ochoa Planta baja, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Spain
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa León-Bañares
- Departamento de Química, Area de Bioquímica, Universidad de Huelva, Avda de las Fuerzas Armadas s/n, 21071 Huelva, Spain.
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