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Wang X, Yu B, Iwahara J. Slow Rotational Dynamics of Cytosine NH 2 Groups in Double-Stranded DNA. Biochemistry 2022; 61:1415-1418. [PMID: 35759792 PMCID: PMC9805297 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic NH2 groups are essential as hydrogen-bond donors in secondary structures of DNA and RNA. Although rapid rotations of NH2 groups of adenine and guanine bases were previously characterized, there has been a lack of quantitative information about slow rotations of cytosine NH2 groups in Watson-Crick base pairs. In this study, using an NMR method we had recently developed, we determined the kinetic rate constants and energy barriers for cytosine NH2 rotations in a 15-base-pair DNA duplex. Our data show that the rotational dynamics of cytosine NH2 groups depend on local environments. Qualitative correlation between the ranges of 15N chemical shifts and rotational time scales for various NH2 groups of nucleic acids and proteins illuminates a relationship between the partial double-bond character of the C-N bond and the time scale for NH2 rotations.
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2
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Artemyeva-Isman OV, Porter ACG. U5 snRNA Interactions With Exons Ensure Splicing Precision. Front Genet 2021; 12:676971. [PMID: 34276781 PMCID: PMC8283771 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.676971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Imperfect conservation of human pre-mRNA splice sites is necessary to produce alternative isoforms. This flexibility is combined with the precision of the message reading frame. Apart from intron-termini GU_AG and the branchpoint A, the most conserved are the exon-end guanine and +5G of the intron start. Association between these guanines cannot be explained solely by base-pairing with U1 snRNA in the early spliceosome complex. U6 succeeds U1 and pairs +5G in the pre-catalytic spliceosome, while U5 binds the exon end. Current U5 snRNA reconstructions by CryoEM cannot explain the conservation of the exon-end G. Conversely, human mutation analyses show that guanines of both exon termini can suppress splicing mutations. Our U5 hypothesis explains the mechanism of splicing precision and the role of these conserved guanines in the pre-catalytic spliceosome. We propose: (1) optimal binding register for human exons and U5-the exon junction positioned at U5Loop1 C39|C38; (2) common mechanism for base-pairing of human U5 snRNA with diverse exons and bacterial Ll.LtrB intron with new loci in retrotransposition-guided by base pair geometry; and (3) U5 plays a significant role in specific exon recognition in the pre-catalytic spliceosome. Statistical analyses showed increased U5 Watson-Crick pairs with the 5'exon in the absence of +5G at the intron start. In 5'exon positions -3 and -5, this effect is specific to U5 snRNA rather than U1 snRNA of the early spliceosome. Increased U5 Watson-Crick pairs with 3'exon position +1 coincide with substitutions of the conserved -3C at the intron 3'end. Based on mutation and X-ray evidence, we propose that -3C pairs with U2 G31 juxtaposing the branchpoint and the 3'intron end. The intron-termini pair, formed in the pre-catalytic spliceosome to be ready for transition after branching, and the early involvement of the 3'intron end ensure that the 3'exon contacts U5 in the pre-catalytic complex. We suggest that splicing precision is safeguarded cooperatively by U5, U6, and U2 snRNAs that stabilize the pre-catalytic complex by Watson-Crick base pairing. In addition, our new U5 model explains the splicing effect of exon-start +1G mutations: U5 Watson-Crick pairs with exon +2C/+3G strongly promote exon inclusion. We discuss potential applications for snRNA therapeutics and gene repair by reverse splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Artemyeva-Isman
- Gene Targeting Group, Centre for Haematology, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew C G Porter
- Gene Targeting Group, Centre for Haematology, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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3
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Le Brun E, Arluison V, Wien F. Application of Synchrotron Radiation Circular Dichroism for RNA Structural Analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2113:135-148. [PMID: 32006313 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0278-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy is a fast and simple technique providing important information about the conformation of nucleic acids, proteins, sugars, lipids, and their interactions between each other. This electronic absorption spectroscopy method is extremely sensitive to any change in molecular structure containing asymmetric molecules. While numerous reviews describe how to analyze deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) structures using CD, analyses of ribonucleic acids (RNAs) are scarce. Nevertheless, RNAs are important molecules involved in a multitude of roles in the cell. In this chapter, we present applications of synchrotron radiation circular dichroism (SRCD) extending the spectral range down to 170 nm, improving structural analysis of RNA, including the analysis of helical parameters and alternative structures found in RNA. The effects of temperature to measure thermodynamic parameters and analyze ribonucleoprotein complexes will also be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Le Brun
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin LLB, CEA, CNRS UMR12, Université Paris Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Véronique Arluison
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin LLB, CEA, CNRS UMR12, Université Paris Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Frank Wien
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers Saint Aubin, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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4
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Abstract
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy has been widely used for the analysis of both protein and nucleic acid secondary structure. This is one of the vibration spectroscopy methods that are extremely sensitive to any change in molecular structure. While numerous reports describe how to proceed to analyze protein and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) structures using FTIR, reports related to the analyses of ribonucleic acids (RNAs) are few. Nevertheless, RNAs are versatile molecules involved in a multitude of roles in the cell. In this chapter, we present applications of FTIR for the structural analysis of RNA, including the analysis of helical parameters and noncanonical base pairing, often found in RNA. The effect of temperature pretreatment, which has a great impact on RNA folding, will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Geinguenaud
- Plateforme CNanoMat, UFR SMBH, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny, France.
- INSERM, U1148, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, UFR SMBH, Université Paris 13, Bobigny, France.
| | - Valeria Militello
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Palermo, Italy
| | - Véronique Arluison
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin LLB, CEA, CNRS UMR12, Université Paris Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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5
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Nishigaki K. III. Functions of short lifetime structures at large 9: case of nucleic acids. Brief Funct Genomics 2019; 18:205-210. [PMID: 30247522 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/ely028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The short lifetime structures of nucleic acids are not well studied because of the poor recognition of their importance and the methodological difficulty. In case of proteins, which are a type of single-stranded biopolymers, the essential roles of their transient structures are well established. Therefore, the role of transient structures of nucleic acids is, naturally, of great interest. There have been multiple reports on the function-related unstable (transient) structures of single-stranded nucleotides, though not as many as at present. Recent methodological advances are now enabling us to observe structures with ultra-short lifetime (less than a nanosecond). On the other hand, the biological importance of transient structures of ribonucleicacid (RNA) is increasingly recognized because of the findings of novel functional RNAs such as microRNA. Therefore, the time has come to tackle the structure and function dynamic of RNA/deoxyribonucleic acid in relation to their transient, unstable structures. The specific properties of rapidity and diversity are hypothesized to be involved in unexplored phenomena in neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Nishigaki
- Center for Single Nanoscale Innovative Devices, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology,1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikaw, Japan.,Graduate School of Science and Technology, Saitama University, Shimo-okubo, Saitama City, Saitama, Japan
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6
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Abstract
One of the hallmarks of cancer is the formation of oncogenic fusion genes as a result of chromosomal translocations. Fusion genes are presumed to form before fusion RNA expression. However, studies have reported the presence of fusion RNAs in individuals who were negative for chromosomal translocations. These observations give rise to "the cart before the horse" hypothesis, in which the genesis of a fusion RNA precedes the fusion gene. The fusion RNA then guides the genomic rearrangements that ultimately result in a gene fusion. However, RNA-mediated genomic rearrangements in mammalian cells have never been demonstrated. Here we provide evidence that expression of a chimeric RNA drives formation of a specified gene fusion via genomic rearrangement in mammalian cells. The process is: (i) specified by the sequence of chimeric RNA involved, (ii) facilitated by physiological hormone levels, (iii) permissible regardless of intrachromosomal (TMPRSS2-ERG) or interchromosomal (TMPRSS2-ETV1) fusion, and (iv) can occur in normal cells before malignant transformation. We demonstrate that, contrary to "the cart before the horse" model, it is the antisense rather than sense chimeric RNAs that effectively drive gene fusion, and that this disparity can be explained by transcriptional conflict. Furthermore, we identified an endogenous RNA AZI1 that functions as the "initiator" RNA to induce TMPRSS2-ERG fusion. RNA-driven gene fusion demonstrated in this report provides important insight in early disease mechanisms, and could have fundamental implications in the biology of mammalian genome stability, as well as gene-editing technology via mechanisms native to mammalian cells.
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7
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Maximoff SN, Kamerlin SCL, Florián J. DNA Polymerase λ Active Site Favors a Mutagenic Mispair between the Enol Form of Deoxyguanosine Triphosphate Substrate and the Keto Form of Thymidine Template: A Free Energy Perturbation Study. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:7813-7822. [PMID: 28732447 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b04874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Human DNA polymerase λ is an intermediate fidelity member of the X family, which plays a role in DNA repair. Recent X-ray diffraction structures of a ternary complex of a loop-deletion mutant of polymerase λ, a deoxyguanosine triphosphate analogue, and a gapped DNA show that guanine and thymine form a mutagenic mispair with an unexpected Watson-Crick-like geometry rather than a wobble geometry. Hence, there is an intriguing possibility that either thymine in the DNA or guanine in the deoxyguanosine triphosphate analogue may spend a substantial fraction of time in a deprotonated or enol form (both are minor species in aqueous solution) in the active site of the polymerase λ mutant. The experiments do not determine particular forms of the nucleobases that contribute to this mutagenic mispair. Thus, we investigate the thermodynamics of formation of various mispairs between guanine and thymine in the ternary complex at a neutral pH using classical molecular dynamics simulations and the free energy perturbation method. Our free energy calculations, as well as a comparison of the experimental and computed structures of mispairs, indicate that the Watson-Crick-like mispair between the enol tautomer of guanine and the keto tautomer of thymine is dominant. The wobble mispair between the keto forms of guanine and thymine and the Watson-Crick-like mispair between the keto tautomer of guanine and the enol tautomer of thymine are less prevalent, and mispairs that involve deprotonated guanine or thymine are thermodynamically unlikely. These findings are consistent with the experiment and relevant for understanding mechanisms of spontaneous mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey N Maximoff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago , 1032 W. Sheridan Road, Chicago, Illinois 60660, United States
| | | | - Jan Florián
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago , 1032 W. Sheridan Road, Chicago, Illinois 60660, United States
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8
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Zhou H, Kimsey IJ, Nikolova EN, Sathyamoorthy B, Grazioli G, McSally J, Bai T, Wunderlich CH, Kreutz C, Andricioaei I, Al-Hashimi HM. m(1)A and m(1)G disrupt A-RNA structure through the intrinsic instability of Hoogsteen base pairs. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2016; 23:803-10. [PMID: 27478929 PMCID: PMC5016226 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The B-DNA double helix can dynamically accommodate G-C and A-T base pairs in either Watson-Crick or Hoogsteen configurations. Here, we show that G-C(+) (in which + indicates protonation) and A-U Hoogsteen base pairs are strongly disfavored in A-RNA. As a result,N(1)-methyladenosine and N(1)-methylguanosine, which occur in DNA as a form of alkylation damage and in RNA as post-transcriptional modifications, have dramatically different consequences. Whereas they create G-C(+) and A-T Hoogsteen base pairs in duplex DNA, thereby maintaining the structural integrity of the double helix, they block base-pairing and induce local duplex melting in RNA. These observations provide a mechanism for disrupting RNA structure through post-transcriptional modifications. The different propensities to form Hoogsteen base pairs in B-DNA and A-RNA may help cells meet the opposing requirements of maintaining genome stability, on the one hand, and of dynamically modulating the structure of the epitranscriptome, on the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqing Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina USA
| | - Isaac J. Kimsey
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina USA
| | - Evgenia N. Nikolova
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California USA
| | | | - Gianmarc Grazioli
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California USA
| | - James McSally
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California USA
| | - Tianyu Bai
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina USA
| | | | - Christoph Kreutz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck Austria
| | - Ioan Andricioaei
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California USA
| | - Hashim M. Al-Hashimi
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina USA
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina USA
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9
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Sholokh M, Improta R, Mori M, Sharma R, Kenfack C, Shin D, Voltz K, Stote RH, Zaporozhets OA, Botta M, Tor Y, Mély Y. Tautomers of a Fluorescent G Surrogate and Their Distinct Photophysics Provide Additional Information Channels. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:7974-7978. [PMID: 27273741 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201601688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Thienoguanosine ((th) G) is an isomorphic nucleoside analogue acting as a faithful fluorescent substitute of G, with respectable quantum yield in oligonucleotides. Photophysical analysis of (th) G reveals the existence of two ground-state tautomers with significantly shifted absorption and emission wavelengths, and high quantum yield in buffer. Using (TD)-DFT calculations, the tautomers were identified as the H1 and H3 keto-amino tautomers. When incorporated into the loop of (-)PBS, the (-)DNA copy of the HIV-1 primer binding site, both tautomers are observed and show differential sensitivity to protein binding. The red-shifted H1 tautomer is strongly favored in matched (-)/(+)PBS duplexes, while the relative emission of the H3 tautomer can be used to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms. These tautomers and their distinct environmental sensitivity provide unprecedented information channels for analyzing G residues in oligonucleotides and their complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Sholokh
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 7213 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch (France)
| | - Roberto Improta
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli (Italy)
| | - Mattia Mori
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia Università degli Studi di Siena Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena (Italy)
| | - Rajhans Sharma
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 7213 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch (France)
| | - Cyril Kenfack
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 7213 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch (France)
| | - Dongwon Shin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358 (USA)
| | - Karine Voltz
- Department of Integrative Structural Biology, Institut de Génétique de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM U964 UMR 7104 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch (France)
| | - Roland H Stote
- Department of Integrative Structural Biology, Institut de Génétique de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM U964 UMR 7104 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch (France)
| | - Olga A Zaporozhets
- Department of Chemistry Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University 60 Volodymyrska street, 01033 Kyiv (Ukraine)
| | - Maurizio Botta
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia Università degli Studi di Siena Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena (Italy)
| | - Yitzhak Tor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358 (USA)
| | - Yves Mély
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 7213 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch (France)
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10
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Sholokh M, Improta R, Mori M, Sharma R, Kenfack C, Shin D, Voltz K, Stote RH, Zaporozhets OA, Botta M, Tor Y, Mély Y. Tautomers of a Fluorescent G Surrogate and Their Distinct Photophysics Provide Additional Information Channels. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201601688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Sholokh
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 7213 CNRS; Université de Strasbourg; 74 route du Rhin 67401 Illkirch France
- Department of Chemistry; Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University; 60 Volodymyrska street 01033 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Roberto Improta
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini; Via Mezzocannone 16 80134 Napoli Italy
| | - Mattia Mori
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia; Università degli Studi di Siena; Via Aldo Moro 2 53100 Siena Italy
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; viale Regina Elena 291 00161 Roma Italy
| | - Rajhans Sharma
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 7213 CNRS; Université de Strasbourg; 74 route du Rhin 67401 Illkirch France
| | - Cyril Kenfack
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 7213 CNRS; Université de Strasbourg; 74 route du Rhin 67401 Illkirch France
- Laboratoire O'Optique et Applications, Centre de Physique Atomique Moléculaire et Optique Quantique; Université de Douala; BP 8580 Douala Cameroon
| | - Dongwon Shin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of California, San Diego; 9500 Gilman Dr La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
| | - Karine Voltz
- Department of Integrative Structural Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM U964 UMR 7104 CNRS; Université de Strasbourg; 67400 Illkirch France
| | - Roland H. Stote
- Department of Integrative Structural Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM U964 UMR 7104 CNRS; Université de Strasbourg; 67400 Illkirch France
| | - Olga A. Zaporozhets
- Department of Chemistry; Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University; 60 Volodymyrska street 01033 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Maurizio Botta
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia; Università degli Studi di Siena; Via Aldo Moro 2 53100 Siena Italy
| | - Yitzhak Tor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of California, San Diego; 9500 Gilman Dr La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
| | - Yves Mély
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 7213 CNRS; Université de Strasbourg; 74 route du Rhin 67401 Illkirch France
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11
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Ren A, Wang XC, Kellenberger CA, Rajashankar KR, Jones RA, Hammond MC, Patel DJ. Structural basis for molecular discrimination by a 3',3'-cGAMP sensing riboswitch. Cell Rep 2015; 11:1-12. [PMID: 25818298 PMCID: PMC4732562 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic dinucleotides are second messengers that target the adaptor STING and stimulate the innate immune response in mammals. Besides protein receptors, there are bacterial riboswitches that selectively recognize cyclic dinucleotides. We recently discovered a natural riboswitch that targets 3',3'-cGAMP, which is distinguished from the endogenous mammalian signal 2',3'-cGAMP by its backbone connectivity. Here, we report on structures of the aptamer domain of the 3',3'-cGAMP riboswitch from Geobacter in the 3',3'-cGAMP and c-di-GMP bound states. The riboswitch adopts a tuning fork-like architecture with a junctional ligand-binding pocket and different orientations of the arms are correlated with the identity of the bound cyclic dinucleotide. Subsequent biochemical experiments revealed that specificity of ligand recognition can be affected by point mutations outside of the binding pocket, which has implications for both the assignment and reengineering of riboswitches in this structural class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiming Ren
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Xin C Wang
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Colleen A Kellenberger
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kanagalaghatta R Rajashankar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, NE-CAT, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Roger A Jones
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ming C Hammond
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Dinshaw J Patel
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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