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Wess J, Liu L. A novel function of the M 2 muscarinic receptor. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2024; 45:663-665. [PMID: 38853101 PMCID: PMC11316642 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2024.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
The M2 muscarinic receptor (M2R) is a prototypic class A G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). Interestingly, Fasciani et al. recently identified an internal translation start site within the M2 receptor mRNA, directing the expression of a C-terminal receptor fragment. Elevated during cellular stress, this polypeptide localizes to mitochondria where it inhibits oxidative phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Wess
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 8A, 8 Center Drive MSC 0810, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Liu Liu
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 8A, 8 Center Drive MSC 0810, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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2
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Benaroya H. Mitochondria and MICOS - function and modeling. Rev Neurosci 2024; 35:503-531. [PMID: 38369708 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2024-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
An extensive review is presented on mitochondrial structure and function, mitochondrial proteins, the outer and inner membranes, cristae, the role of F1FO-ATP synthase, the mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS), the sorting and assembly machinery morphology and function, and phospholipids, in particular cardiolipin. Aspects of mitochondrial regulation under physiological and pathological conditions are outlined, in particular the role of dysregulated MICOS protein subunit Mic60 in Parkinson's disease, the relations between mitochondrial quality control and proteins, and mitochondria as signaling organelles. A mathematical modeling approach of cristae and MICOS using mechanical beam theory is introduced and outlined. The proposed modeling is based on the premise that an optimization framework can be used for a better understanding of critical mitochondrial function and also to better map certain experiments and clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haym Benaroya
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers University, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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3
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Mann MJ, Melendez-Suchi C, Vorndran HE, Sukhoplyasova M, Flory AR, Irvine MC, Iyer AR, Guerriero CJ, Brodsky JL, Hendershot LM, Buck TM. Loss of Grp170 results in catastrophic disruption of endoplasmic reticulum function. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar59. [PMID: 38446639 PMCID: PMC11064666 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e24-01-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
GRP170 (Hyou1) is required for mouse embryonic development, and its ablation in kidney nephrons leads to renal failure. Unlike most chaperones, GRP170 is the lone member of its chaperone family in the ER lumen. However, the cellular requirement for GRP170, which both binds nonnative proteins and acts as nucleotide exchange factor for BiP, is poorly understood. Here, we report on the isolation of mouse embryonic fibroblasts obtained from mice in which LoxP sites were engineered in the Hyou1 loci (Hyou1LoxP/LoxP). A doxycycline-regulated Cre recombinase was stably introduced into these cells. Induction of Cre resulted in depletion of Grp170 protein which culminated in cell death. As Grp170 levels fell we observed a portion of BiP fractionating with insoluble material, increased binding of BiP to a client with a concomitant reduction in its turnover, and reduced solubility of an aggregation-prone BiP substrate. Consistent with disrupted BiP functions, we observed reactivation of BiP and induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in futile attempts to provide compensatory increases in ER chaperones and folding enzymes. Together, these results provide insights into the cellular consequences of controlled Grp170 loss and provide hypotheses as to why mutations in the Hyou1 locus are linked to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J. Mann
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 30105
| | - Chris Melendez-Suchi
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 30105
| | - Hannah E. Vorndran
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Maria Sukhoplyasova
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Ashley R. Flory
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 30105
| | - Mary Carson Irvine
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 30105
| | - Anuradha R. Iyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | | | - Jeffrey L. Brodsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Linda M. Hendershot
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 30105
| | - Teresa M. Buck
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
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4
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Zhu Q, Zhu X, Zhang L. ER membrane complex (EMC): Structure, functions, and roles in diseases. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23539. [PMID: 38498340 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202302266r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the largest membrane system in eukaryotic cells and is the primary site for the biosynthesis of lipids and carbohydrates, as well as for the folding, assembly, modification, and transport of secreted and integrated membrane proteins. The ER membrane complex (EMC) on the ER membrane is an ER multiprotein complex that affects the quality control of membrane proteins, which is abundant and widely preserved. Its disruption has been found to affect a wide range of processes, including protein and lipid synthesis, organelle communication, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and viral maturation, and may lead to neurodevelopmental disorders and cancer. Therefore, EMC has attracted the attention of many scholars and become a hot field. In this paper, we summarized the main contributions of the research of EMC in the past nearly 15 years, and reviewed the structure and function of EMC as well as its related diseases. We hope this review will promote further progress of research on EMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhu
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Medical Genetics, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xianjun Zhu
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Medical Genetics, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Medical Genetics, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, China
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5
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Ersoy U, Kanakis I, Alameddine M, Pedraza-Vazquez G, Ozanne SE, Peffers MJ, Jackson MJ, Goljanek-Whysall K, Vasilaki A. Lifelong dietary protein restriction accelerates skeletal muscle loss and reduces muscle fibre size by impairing proteostasis and mitochondrial homeostasis. Redox Biol 2024; 69:102980. [PMID: 38064763 PMCID: PMC10755587 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The early life environment significantly affects the development of age-related skeletal muscle disorders. However, the long-term effects of lactational protein restriction on skeletal muscle are still poorly defined. Our study revealed that male mice nursed by dams fed a low-protein diet during lactation exhibited skeletal muscle growth restriction. This was associated with a dysregulation in the expression levels of genes related to the ribosome, mitochondria and skeletal muscle development. We reported that lifelong protein restriction accelerated loss of type-IIa muscle fibres and reduced muscle fibre size by impairing mitochondrial homeostasis and proteostasis at 18 months of age. However, feeding a normal-protein diet following lactational protein restriction prevented accelerated fibre loss and fibre size reduction in later life. These findings provide novel insight into the mechanisms by which lactational protein restriction hinders skeletal muscle growth and includes evidence that lifelong dietary protein restriction accelerated skeletal muscle loss in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ufuk Ersoy
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical Sciences (ILCaMS), The MRC - Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research Into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ioannis Kanakis
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical Sciences (ILCaMS), The MRC - Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research Into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Chester Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Chester, Chester, UK
| | - Moussira Alameddine
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical Sciences (ILCaMS), The MRC - Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research Into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Gibran Pedraza-Vazquez
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and REMEDI, CMNHS, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Susan E Ozanne
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Treatment Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mandy Jayne Peffers
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical Sciences (ILCaMS), The MRC - Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research Into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Malcolm J Jackson
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical Sciences (ILCaMS), The MRC - Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research Into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Katarzyna Goljanek-Whysall
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical Sciences (ILCaMS), The MRC - Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research Into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and REMEDI, CMNHS, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Aphrodite Vasilaki
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical Sciences (ILCaMS), The MRC - Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research Into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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Liu L, Wu J, Yan Y, Cheng S, Yu S, Wang Y. DERL2 (derlin 2) stabilizes BAG6 (BAG cochaperone 6) in chemotherapy resistance of cholangiocarcinoma. J Physiol Biochem 2024; 80:81-97. [PMID: 37815698 PMCID: PMC10810035 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-023-00986-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
DERL2 (derlin 2) is a critical component of the endoplasmic reticulum quality control pathway system whose mutations play an important role in carcinogenesis, including cholangiocarcinoma (CHOL). However, its role and its underlying mechanism have yet to be elucidated. Herein, we revealed that DERL2 was highly expressed in CHOL and considered as an independent prognostic indicator for inferior survival in CHOL. DERL2 ectopically expressed in CHOL cells promoted cell proliferation and colony formation rates, and depleting DERL2 in CHOL cells curbed tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. More interestingly, the knockout of DERL2 augmented the growth-inhibitory effect of gemcitabine chemotherapy on CHOL cells by inducing cell apoptosis. Mechanistically, we discovered that DERL2 interacted with BAG6 (BAG cochaperone 6), thereby extending its half-life and reinforcing the oncogenic role of BAG6 in CHOL progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luzheng Liu
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan, 570311, China
| | - Jincai Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan, 570311, China
| | - Yanggang Yan
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan, 570311, China
| | - Shoucai Cheng
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan, 570311, China
| | - Shuyong Yu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Hainan Cancer Hospital, Hainan, 570312, China.
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan, 570311, China.
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7
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Hickman SJ, Miller HL, Bukys A, Kapanidis AN, Berks BC. Aberrant Topologies of Bacterial Membrane Proteins Revealed by High Sensitivity Fluorescence Labelling. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168368. [PMID: 37977298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The cytoplasmic membrane compartmentalises the bacterial cell into cytoplasm and periplasm. Proteins located in this membrane have a defined topology that is established during their biogenesis. However, the accuracy of this fundamental biosynthetic process is unknown. We developed compartment-specific fluorescence labelling methods with up to single-molecule sensitivity. Application of these methods to the single and multi-spanning membrane proteins of the Tat protein transport system revealed rare topogenesis errors. This methodology also detected low level soluble protein mislocalization from the cytoplasm to the periplasm. This study shows that it is possible to uncover rare errors in protein localization by leveraging the high sensitivity of fluorescence methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Hickman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom.
| | - Helen L Miller
- Biological Physics Research Group, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom.
| | - Alfredas Bukys
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom.
| | - Achillefs N Kapanidis
- Biological Physics Research Group, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Sherrington Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom.
| | - Ben C Berks
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom.
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8
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Mesquita FS, Abrami L, Samurkas A, van der Goot FG. S-acylation: an orchestrator of the life cycle and function of membrane proteins. FEBS J 2024; 291:45-56. [PMID: 37811679 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
S-acylation is a covalent post-translational modification of proteins with fatty acids, achieved by enzymatic attachment via a labile thioester bond. This modification allows for dynamic control of protein properties and functions in association with cell membranes. This lipid modification regulates a substantial portion of the human proteome and plays an increasingly recognized role throughout the lifespan of affected proteins. Recent technical advancements have propelled the S-acylation field into a 'molecular era', unveiling new insights into its mechanistic intricacies and far-reaching implications. With a striking increase in the number of studies on this modification, new concepts are indeed emerging on the roles of S-acylation in specific cell biology processes and features. After a brief overview of the enzymes involved in S-acylation, this viewpoint focuses on the importance of S-acylation in the homeostasis, function, and coordination of integral membrane proteins. In particular, we put forward the hypotheses that S-acylation is a gatekeeper of membrane protein folding and turnover and a regulator of the formation and dynamics of membrane contact sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurence Abrami
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Samurkas
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
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9
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Mann MJ, Melendez-Suchi C, Sukhoplyasova M, Flory AR, Carson Irvine M, Iyer AR, Vorndran H, Guerriero CJ, Brodsky JL, Hendershot LM, Buck TM. Loss of Grp170 results in catastrophic disruption of endoplasmic reticulum functions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.19.563191. [PMID: 37905119 PMCID: PMC10614942 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.19.563191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
GRP170, a product of the Hyou1 gene, is required for mouse embryonic development, and its ablation in kidney nephrons leads to renal failure. Unlike most chaperones, GRP170 is the lone member of its chaperone family in the ER lumen. However, the cellular requirement for GRP170, which both binds non-native proteins and acts as nucleotide exchange factor for BiP, is poorly understood. Here, we report on the isolation of embryonic fibroblasts from mice in which LoxP sites were engineered in the Hyou1 loci ( Hyou1 LoxP/LoxP ). A doxycycline-regulated Cre recombinase was also stably introduced into these cells. Induction of Cre resulted in excision of Hyou1 and depletion of Grp170 protein, culminating in apoptotic cell death. As Grp170 levels fell we observed increased steady-state binding of BiP to a client, slowed degradation of a misfolded BiP substrate, and BiP accumulation in NP40-insoluble fractions. Consistent with disrupted BiP functions, we observed reactivation of BiP storage pools and induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in futile attempts to provide compensatory increases in ER chaperones and folding enzymes. Together, these results provide insights into the cellular consequences of controlled Grp170 loss and insights into mutations in the Hyou1 locus and human disease.
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10
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Xie SM, Lai JX, Liu CQ, Zhang XX, Lin YM, Lan QW, Hong DY, Chen XC, Qiao JD, Mao YL. UBR4 deficiency causes male sterility and testis abnormal in Drosophila. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1165825. [PMID: 37529615 PMCID: PMC10390308 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1165825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction It has been established that UBR4 encodes E3 ubiquitin ligase, which determines the specificity of substrate binding during protein ubiquitination and has been associated with various functions of the nervous system but not the reproductive system. Herein, we explored the role of UBR4 on fertility with a Drosophila model. Methods Different Ubr4 knockdown flies were established using the UAS/GAL4 activating sequence system. Fertility, hatchability, and testis morphology were studied, and bioinformatics analyses were conducted. Our results indicated that UBR4 deficiency could induce male sterility and influent egg hatchability in Drosophila. Results We found that Ubr4 deficiency affected the testis during morphological analysis. Proteomics analysis indicated 188 upregulated proteins and 175 downregulated proteins in the testis of Ubr4 knockdown flies. Gene Ontology analysis revealed significant upregulation of CG11598 and Sfp65A, and downregulation of Pelota in Ubr4 knockdown flies. These proteins were involved in the biometabolic or reproductive process in Drosophila. These regulated proteins are important in testis generation and sperm storage promotion. Bioinformatics analysis verified that UBR4 was low expressed in cryptorchidism patients, which further supported the important role of UBR4 in male fertility. Discussion Overall, our findings suggest that UBR4 deficiency could promote male infertility and may be involved in the protein modification of UBR4 by upregulating Sfp65A and CG11598, whereas downregulating Pelota protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Ming Xie
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The First Clinical Medicine School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Xuan Lai
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The First Clinical Medicine School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chu-Qiao Liu
- The Second Clinical Medicine School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi-Xing Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medicine School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Miao Lin
- The Second Clinical Medicine School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi-Wen Lan
- The Second Clinical Medicine School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - De-Yao Hong
- The First Clinical Medicine School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Chuan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Da Qiao
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Ling Mao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Oepen K, Mater V, Schneider D. Unfolding Individual Domains of BmrA, a Bacterial ABC Transporter Involved in Multidrug Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065239. [PMID: 36982314 PMCID: PMC10049088 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The folding and stability of proteins are often studied via unfolding (and refolding) a protein with urea. Yet, in the case of membrane integral protein domains, which are shielded by a membrane or a membrane mimetic, urea generally does not induce unfolding. However, the unfolding of α-helical membrane proteins may be induced by the addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). When protein unfolding is followed via monitoring changes in Trp fluorescence characteristics, the contributions of individual Trp residues often cannot be disentangled, and, consequently, the folding and stability of the individual domains of a multi-domain membrane protein cannot be studied. In this study, the unfolding of the homodimeric bacterial ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter Bacillus multidrug resistance ATP (BmrA), which comprises a transmembrane domain and a cytosolic nucleotide-binding domain, was investigated. To study the stability of individual BmrA domains in the context of the full-length protein, the individual domains were silenced by mutating the existent Trps. The SDS-induced unfolding of the corresponding constructs was compared to the (un)folding characteristics of the wild-type (wt) protein and isolated domains. The full-length variants BmrAW413Y and BmrAW104YW164A were able to mirror the changes observed with the isolated domains; thus, these variants allowed for the study of the unfolding and thermodynamic stability of mutated domains in the context of full-length BmrA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Oepen
- Department of Chemistry-Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Veronika Mater
- Department of Chemistry-Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Dirk Schneider
- Department of Chemistry-Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Yu M, Chen F, Wang H, Fu Q, Yan L, Chen Z, Li H, Jia M, Yang D, Hua X, Shen T, Zhu Q, Zhou C. Endoplasmic reticulum stress mediates nickel chloride-induced epithelial‑mesenchymal transition and migration of human lung cancer A549 cells through Smad2/3 and p38 MAPK activation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 249:114398. [PMID: 36508813 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a cellular membrane-bound organelle whereby proteins are synthesized, folded and glycosylated. Due to intrinsic (e.g., genetic) and extrinsic (e.g., environmental stressors) perturbations, ER proteostasis can be deregulated within cells which triggers unfolded protein response (UPR) as an adaptive stress response that may impact the migration and invasion properties of cancer cells. However, the mechanisms underlying the nickel compounds on lung cancer cell migration and invasion remain uncertain. OBJECTIVE We aimed to study whether Nickel chloride (NiCl2) induces ER stress in lung cancer cells, and whether ER stress is involved in modulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migration by Smads and MAPKs pathways activation following NiCl2 treatment. METHODS A549 cells were treated with NiCl2 to determine the cell viability using MTT assay. The wound healing assay was used to evaluate cell migration ability. ER ultrastructure was observed by transmission electron microscopy. Western blotting assay was performed to evaluate the protein levels of BIP, PERK, IRE-1α, XBP-1 s, and ATF6 for ER stress and UPR, E-cadherin and Vimentin for EMT, p-Smad2/3, p-ERK, p-JNK, and p-P38 for activation of Smads and MAPKs signaling pathways. RESULTS The expression levels of BIP, PERK, IRE-1α, XBP-1 s, and ATF6 were significantly increased following treatment with NiCl2 in time- and dose-effect relationship. The ER stress inhibitor 4-PBA downregulated the expression levels of the above five proteins, and reversed the decrease in E-cadherin protein level and the increase in vimentin protein expression and cell migration abilities caused by NiCl2. Furthermore, 4-PBA significantly reduced nickel chloride-induced Smad2/3 and p38 MAPK pathway activation, while not affected ERK and JNK MAPK pathways. CONCLUSION NiCl2 triggers ER stress and UPR in A549 cells. Moreover, 4-PBA alleviates NiCl2-induced EMT and migration ability of A549 cells possibly through the Smad2/3 and p38 MAPK pathways activation, rather than ERK and JNK MAPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengping Yu
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China
| | - Feipeng Chen
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China
| | - Haopei Wang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China
| | - Qianlei Fu
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China
| | - Lingzi Yan
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China
| | - Zhao Chen
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China
| | - Huijun Li
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China
| | - Miaomiao Jia
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China
| | - Dalong Yang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Hua
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China
| | - Tong Shen
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China
| | - Qixing Zhu
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China; Institute of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, Anhui, PR China
| | - Chengfan Zhou
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China.
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13
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Xiao R, Yuan Y, Xia H, Ge Q, Chen L, Zhu F, Xu J, Wang X, Fan Y, Wang Q, Yang Y, Chen K. Comparative transcriptome and proteome reveal synergistic functions of differentially expressed genes and proteins implicated in an over-dominant silkworm heterosis of increased silk yield. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 31:551-567. [PMID: 35445454 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We previously observed an over-dominant silkworm heterosis of increased yield in a cross of Bombyx mori nuclear polyhydrosis virus-resistant strain NB with a susceptible strain 306. In the present study, we found that heterosis also exists in crosses of NB with other susceptible strains, indicating it is a more general phenomenon. We performed comparative transcriptome and proteome and identified 1624 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 298 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in silk glands between parents and F1 hybrids, of which 24 DEGs/DEPs showed consistent expression at mRNA and protein levels revealed by Venn joint analysis. Their expressions are completely non-additive, mainly transgressive and under low-parent, suggesting recombination of parental genomes may be the major genetic mechanism for the heterosis. GO and KEGG analyses revealed that they may function in generally similar but distinctive aspects of metabolisms and processes with signal transduction and translation being most affected. Notably, they may not only up-regulate biosynthesis and transport of silk proteins but also down-regulate other unrelated processes, synergistically and globally remodelling the silk gland to increase yield and cause the heterosis. Our findings contribute insights into the understanding of silkworm heterosis and silk gland development and provide targets for transgenic manipulation to further increase the silk yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xiao
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Yuan
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hengchuan Xia
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qi Ge
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liang Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feifei Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xueqi Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yixuan Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanhua Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Keping Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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14
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Wang L, Li J, Wang Q, Ge MX, Ji J, Liu D, Wang Z, Cao Y, Zhang Y, Zhang ZR. TMUB1 is an endoplasmic reticulum-resident escortase that promotes the p97-mediated extraction of membrane proteins for degradation. Mol Cell 2022; 82:3453-3467.e14. [PMID: 35961308 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Membrane protein clients of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation must be retrotranslocated from the ER membrane by the AAA-ATPase p97 for proteasomal degradation. Before direct engagement with p97, client transmembrane domains (TMDs) that have partially or fully crossed the membrane must be constantly shielded to avoid non-native interactions. How client TMDs are seamlessly escorted from the membrane to p97 is unknown. Here, we identified ER-anchored TMUB1 as a TMD-specific escortase. TMUB1 interacts with the TMD of clients within the membrane and holds ∼10-14 residues of a hydrophobic sequence that is exposed out of membrane, using its transmembrane and cytosolic regions, respectively. The ubiquitin-like domain of TMUB1 recruits p97, which can pull client TMDs from bound TMUB1 into the cytosol. The disruption of TMUB1 escortase activity impairs retrotranslocation and stabilizes retrotranslocating intermediates of client proteins within the ER membrane. Thus, TMUB1 promotes TMD segregation by safeguarding the TMD movement from the membrane to p97.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhan Wang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiqiang Li
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingchen Wang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Man-Xi Ge
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Ji
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Di Liu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Cao
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaoyang Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zai-Rong Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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15
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Kennedy A, Ren HY, Madden VJ, Cyr DM. Lysosome docking to WIPI1 rings and ER-connected phagophores occurs during DNAJB12- and GABARAP-dependent selective autophagy of misfolded P23H-rhodopsin. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar84. [PMID: 35704470 PMCID: PMC9582645 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-10-0505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We report on how the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated-autophagy pathway (ERAA) delivers P23H-rhodopsin (P23H-R) to the lysosome. P23H-R accumulates in an ERAD-resistant conformation that is stabilized in a detergent-soluble state by DNAJB12 and Hsp70. P23H-R, DNAJB12, and FIP200 colocalize in discrete foci that punctuate the rim of omegasome rings coated by WIPI1. Loss of DNAJB12 function prevents the association of P23H-R containing ER tubules with omegasomes. P23H-R tubules thread through the wall of WIPI1 rings into their central cavity. Transfer of P23H-R from ER-connected phagophores to lysosomes requires GABARAP and is associated with the transient docking of lysosomes to WIPI1 rings. After departure from WIPI1 rings, new patches of P23H-R are seen in the membranes of lysosomes. The absence of GABARAP prevents transfer of P23H-R from phagophores to lysosomes without interfering with docking. These data identify lysosome docking to omegasomes as an important step in the DNAJB12- and GABARAP-dependent autophagic disposal of dominantly toxic P23H-R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kennedy
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, and
| | - Hong Yu Ren
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, and
| | - Victoria J. Madden
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Douglas M. Cyr
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, and,*Address correspondence to: Douglas M. Cyr ()
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16
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Brady R, Harris NJ, Pellowe GA, Gulaidi Breen S, Booth PJ. How lipids affect the energetics of co-translational alpha helical membrane protein folding. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:555-567. [PMID: 35212365 PMCID: PMC9022994 DOI: 10.1042/bst20201063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Membrane proteins need to fold with precision in order to function correctly, with misfolding potentially leading to disease. The proteins reside within a hydrophobic lipid membrane and must insert into the membrane and fold correctly, generally whilst they are being translated by the ribosome. Favourable and unfavourable free energy contributions are present throughout each stage of insertion and folding. The unfavourable energy cost of transferring peptide bonds into the hydrophobic membrane interior is compensated for by the favourable hydrophobic effect of partitioning a hydrophobic transmembrane alpha-helix into the membrane. Native membranes are composed of many different types of lipids, but how these different lipids influence folding and the associated free energies is not well understood. Altering the lipids in the bilayer is known to affect the probability of transmembrane helix insertion into the membrane, and lipids also affect protein stability and can promote successful folding. This review will summarise the free energy contributions associated with insertion and folding of alpha helical membrane proteins, as well as how lipids can make these processes more or less favourable. We will also discuss the implications of this work for the free energy landscape during the co-translational folding of alpha helical membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Brady
- King's College London, Department of Chemistry, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, U.K
| | - Nicola J. Harris
- King's College London, Department of Chemistry, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, U.K
| | - Grant A. Pellowe
- King's College London, Department of Chemistry, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, U.K
| | - Samuel Gulaidi Breen
- King's College London, Department of Chemistry, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, U.K
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, U.K
| | - Paula J. Booth
- King's College London, Department of Chemistry, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, U.K
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17
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Lebensohn AM, Bazan JF, Rohatgi R. Receptor control by membrane-tethered ubiquitin ligases in development and tissue homeostasis. Curr Top Dev Biol 2022; 150:25-89. [PMID: 35817504 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Paracrine cell-cell communication is central to all developmental processes, ranging from cell diversification to patterning and morphogenesis. Precise calibration of signaling strength is essential for the fidelity of tissue formation during embryogenesis and tissue maintenance in adults. Membrane-tethered ubiquitin ligases can control the sensitivity of target cells to secreted ligands by regulating the abundance of signaling receptors at the cell surface. We discuss two examples of this emerging concept in signaling: (1) the transmembrane ubiquitin ligases ZNRF3 and RNF43 that regulate WNT and bone morphogenetic protein receptor abundance in response to R-spondin ligands and (2) the membrane-recruited ubiquitin ligase MGRN1 that controls Hedgehog and melanocortin receptor abundance. We focus on the mechanistic logic of these systems, illustrated by structural and protein interaction models enabled by AlphaFold. We suggest that membrane-tethered ubiquitin ligases play a widespread role in remodeling the cell surface proteome to control responses to extracellular ligands in diverse biological processes.
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18
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Meng X, Liu K, Xie H, Zhu Y, Jin W, Lu J, Wang R. Endoplasmic reticulum stress promotes epithelial‑mesenchymal transition via the PERK signaling pathway in paraquat‑induced pulmonary fibrosis. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:525. [PMID: 34036384 PMCID: PMC8170262 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is the primary reason for mortality in patients with paraquat (PQ) poisoning. Our previous study demonstrated that epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) had a role in PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis. However, the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in PQ-induced EMT remains clear. The present study aimed to determine the role of ER stress in EMT in PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis. A549 and RLE-6TN cells were incubated with LY294002 (a PI3K inhibitor) or transfected with protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK) small interfering RNA (si) for 24 h prior to being exposed to PQ. Next, the expression levels of ER stress-related proteins, PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β signaling pathway-related proteins and EMT-related markers were analyzed by performing western blotting, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and immunofluorescence assays. The results of the present study revealed that the protein expression levels of PERK, phosphorylated (p)-PERK, p-eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2)α were significantly upregulated in the PQ group, whereas p-PI3K, p-AKT and p-GSK-3β were significantly upregulated in the sicontrol + PQ group compared with the sicontrol group. In vitro, following transfection with siPERK or treatment with the PI3K inhibitor, the protein expression levels of E-cadherin (an epithelial marker) were upregulated, whereas the protein expression levels of α-SMA (a mesenchymal marker) were downregulated. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that the levels of E-cadherin were markedly upregulated, whereas the levels of α-SMA were notably downregulated following transfection with siPERK compared with the sicontrol group. The results of wound healing assay demonstrated that cell migration in the siPERK + PQ group was markedly decreased compared with the sicontrol + PQ group. These indicated that PQ-induced EMT was suppressed after silencing PERK. The expression levels of p-GSK-3β, p-AKT and p-PI3K were also markedly downregulated in the siPERK + PQ group compared with the sicontrol + PQ group. In conclusion, the findings of the present study suggested that ER stress may promote EMT through the PERK signaling pathway in PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Thus, ER stress may represent a potential therapeutic target for PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Meng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Kan Liu
- Department of Diving Medicine, Faculty of Nautical Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200082, P.R. China
| | - Hui Xie
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Wei Jin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Jian Lu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Ruilan Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
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