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Eken A, Nassehi F, Eroğul O. Diagnostic machine learning applications on clinical populations using functional near infrared spectroscopy: a review. Rev Neurosci 2024; 35:421-449. [PMID: 38308531 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2023-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and its interaction with machine learning (ML) is a popular research topic for the diagnostic classification of clinical disorders due to the lack of robust and objective biomarkers. This review provides an overview of research on psychiatric diseases by using fNIRS and ML. Article search was carried out and 45 studies were evaluated by considering their sample sizes, used features, ML methodology, and reported accuracy. To our best knowledge, this is the first review that reports diagnostic ML applications using fNIRS. We found that there has been an increasing trend to perform ML applications on fNIRS-based biomarker research since 2010. The most studied populations are schizophrenia (n = 12), attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (n = 7), and autism spectrum disorder (n = 6) are the most studied populations. There is a significant negative correlation between sample size (>21) and accuracy values. Support vector machine (SVM) and deep learning (DL) approaches were the most popular classifier approaches (SVM = 20) (DL = 10). Eight of these studies recruited a number of participants more than 100 for classification. Concentration changes in oxy-hemoglobin (ΔHbO) based features were used more than concentration changes in deoxy-hemoglobin (ΔHb) based ones and the most popular ΔHbO-based features were mean ΔHbO (n = 11) and ΔHbO-based functional connections (n = 11). Using ML on fNIRS data might be a promising approach to reveal specific biomarkers for diagnostic classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aykut Eken
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Sogutozu, 06510, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Farhad Nassehi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Sogutozu, 06510, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Osman Eroğul
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Sogutozu, 06510, Ankara, Türkiye
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Erdoğan SB, Yükselen G. Four-Class Classification of Neuropsychiatric Disorders by Use of Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Derived Biomarkers. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:5407. [PMID: 35891088 PMCID: PMC9322944 DOI: 10.3390/s22145407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Diagnosis of most neuropsychiatric disorders relies on subjective measures, which makes the reliability of final clinical decisions questionable. The aim of this study was to propose a machine learning-based classification approach for objective diagnosis of three disorders of neuropsychiatric or neurological origin with functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) derived biomarkers. Thirteen healthy adolescents and sixty-seven patients who were clinically diagnosed with migraine, obsessive compulsive disorder, or schizophrenia performed a Stroop task, while prefrontal cortex hemodynamics were monitored with fNIRS. Hemodynamic and cognitive features were extracted for training three supervised learning algorithms (naïve bayes (NB), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and support vector machines (SVM)). The performance of each algorithm in correctly predicting the class of each participant across the four classes was tested with ten runs of a ten-fold cross-validation procedure. All algorithms achieved four-class classification performances with accuracies above 81% and specificities above 94%. SVM had the highest performance in terms of accuracy (85.1 ± 1.77%), sensitivity (84 ± 1.7%), specificity (95 ± 0.5%), precision (86 ± 1.6%), and F1-score (85 ± 1.7%). fNIRS-derived features have no subjective report bias when used for automated classification purposes. The presented methodology might have significant potential for assisting in the objective diagnosis of neuropsychiatric disorders associated with frontal lobe dysfunction.
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Eken A, Akaslan DS, Baskak B, Münir K. Diagnostic Classification of Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder by Using Dynamic Functional Connectivity: an fNIRS Study. J Neurosci Methods 2022; 376:109596. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2022.109596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Eken A. Assessment of flourishing levels of individuals by using resting-state fNIRS with different functional connectivity measures. Biomed Signal Process Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2021.102645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Classification of schizophrenia using general linear model and support vector machine via fNIRS. Phys Eng Sci Med 2020; 43:1151-1160. [PMID: 33113110 DOI: 10.1007/s13246-020-00920-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a type of serious mental illness. In clinical practice, it is still a challenging problem to identify schizophrenia-related brain patterns due to the lack of objective physiological data support and a unified data analysis method, physicians can only use the subjective experience to distinguish schizophrenia patients and healthy people, which may easily lead to misdiagnosis. In this study, we designed an optimized data-preprocessing method accompanied with techniques of general linear model feature extraction, independent sample t-test feature selection and support vector machine to identify a set of robust fNIRS pattern features as a biomarker to discriminate schizophrenia patients and healthy people. Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed combination way of data preprocessing, feature extraction, feature selection and support vector machine classification can effectively identify schizophrenia patients and the healthy people with a leave-one-out-cross-validation classification accuracy of 89.5%.
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Yang J, Ji X, Quan W, Liu Y, Wei B, Wu T. Classification of Schizophrenia by Functional Connectivity Strength Using Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy. Front Neuroinform 2020; 14:40. [PMID: 33117140 PMCID: PMC7575761 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2020.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) has been widely employed in the objective diagnosis of patients with schizophrenia during a verbal fluency task (VFT). Most of the available methods depended on the time-domain features extracted from the data of single or multiple channels. The present study proposed an alternative method based on the functional connectivity strength (FCS) derived from an individual channel. The data measured 100 patients with schizophrenia and 100 healthy controls, who were used to train the classifiers and to evaluate their performance. Different classifiers were evaluated, and support machine vector achieved the best performance. In order to reduce the dimensional complexity of the feature domain, principal component analysis (PCA) was applied. The classification results by using an individual channel, a combination of several channels, and 52 ensemble channels with and without the dimensional reduced technique were compared. It provided a new approach to identify schizophrenia, improving the objective diagnosis of this mental disorder. FCS from three channels on the medial prefrontal and left ventrolateral prefrontal cortices rendered accuracy as high as 84.67%, sensitivity at 92.00%, and specificity at 70%. The neurophysiological significance of the change at these regions was consistence with the major syndromes of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Yang
- China Academy of Information and Communications Technology, Beijing, China.,Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ji
- China Academy of Information and Communications Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxiang Quan
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Yunshan Liu
- China Academy of Information and Communications Technology, Beijing, China.,School of Computer Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bowen Wei
- China Academy of Information and Communications Technology, Beijing, China.,School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xian, China
| | - Tongning Wu
- China Academy of Information and Communications Technology, Beijing, China
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Sato M, Shoji Y, Morita K, Kato Y, Ishii Y, Nakano S, Uchimura N. Comparison of changes in the oxygenated hemoglobin level during a 'modified rock-paper-scissors task' between healthy subjects and patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2018; 72:490-501. [PMID: 29582515 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
AIM The purpose of this study, using single-event-related near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), was to examine the psychophysiological and social function assessment of 30 schizophrenic patients during a modified rock-paper-scissors task. METHODS We set up a screen in front of the subjects, on which pictures of hand-gestures for rock, paper, and scissors were randomly presented. Subjects were asked to give verbal answers under the conditions of win, lose, and draw, respectively. Using the 44-channel NIRS system, we evaluated the maximum amplitude of oxygenated hemoglobin, latency, and the area based on the arithmetic mean of resulting values after the task between 30 outpatients with schizophrenia and 30 healthy subjects, and analyzed the frontal pole area, dorsolateral prefrontal region, and parietal association area as regions of interest (ROI). RESULTS In schizophrenic patients, oxygenated hemoglobin changes (Δoxy-Hb) when losing the task showed a significantly lower level of Δoxy-Hb in ROI than controls. In addition, a significant positive correlation was observed between the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale and Δoxy-Hb in ROI, and a significant negative correlation was observed between the Negative Syndrome scale of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and Δoxy-Hb in ROI. CONCLUSION From these results, we conclude that Δoxy-Hb levels when performing the modified rock-paper-scissors task assessed using NIRS may be a useful psychophysiological marker to evaluate the cognitive and social functions of schizophrenic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru Sato
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.,Cognitive and Molecular Research Institute of Brain Diseases, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Shoji
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.,Cognitive and Molecular Research Institute of Brain Diseases, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Kiichiro Morita
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.,Cognitive and Molecular Research Institute of Brain Diseases, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kato
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.,Cognitive and Molecular Research Institute of Brain Diseases, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Youhei Ishii
- Cognitive and Molecular Research Institute of Brain Diseases, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Shinya Nakano
- Cognitive and Molecular Research Institute of Brain Diseases, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Naohisa Uchimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.,Cognitive and Molecular Research Institute of Brain Diseases, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
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Song H, Chen L, Gao R, Bogdan IIM, Yang J, Wang S, Dong W, Quan W, Dang W, Yu X. Automatic schizophrenic discrimination on fNIRS by using complex brain network analysis and SVM. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2017; 17:166. [PMID: 29297320 PMCID: PMC5751689 DOI: 10.1186/s12911-017-0559-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schizophrenia is a kind of serious mental illness. Due to the lack of an objective physiological data supporting and a unified data analysis method, doctors can only rely on the subjective experience of the data to distinguish normal people and patients, which easily lead to misdiagnosis. In recent years, functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) has been widely used in clinical diagnosis, it can get the hemoglobin concentration through the variation of optical intensity. Methods Firstly, the prefrontal brain networks were constructed based on oxy-Hb signals from 52-channel fNIRS data of schizophrenia and healthy controls. Then, Complex Brain Network Analysis (CBNA) was used to extract features from the prefrontal brain networks. Finally, a classier based on Support Vector Machine (SVM) is designed and trained to discriminate schizophrenia from healthy controls. We recruited a sample which contains 34 healthy controls and 42 schizophrenia patients to do the one-back memory task. The hemoglobin response was measured in the prefrontal cortex during the task using a 52-channel fNIRS system. Results The experimental results indicate that the proposed method can achieve a satisfactory classification with the accuracy of 85.5%, 92.8% for schizophrenia samples and 76.5% for healthy controls. Also, our results suggested that fNIRS has the potential capacity to be an effective objective biomarker for the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Conclusions Our results suggested that, using the appropriate classification method, fNIRS has the potential capacity to be an effective objective biomarker for the diagnosis of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Song
- School of Software, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Chen
- School of Software, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - RuiQi Gao
- School of Software, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jian Yang
- School of Optics and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Shuliang Wang
- School of Software, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Wentian Dong
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Wenxiang Quan
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Weimin Dang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
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Kim HY, Seo K, Jeon HJ, Lee U, Lee H. Application of Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy to the Study of Brain Function in Humans and Animal Models. Mol Cells 2017; 40:523-532. [PMID: 28835022 PMCID: PMC5582298 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2017.0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a noninvasive optical imaging technique that indirectly assesses neuronal activity by measuring changes in oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin in tissues using near-infrared light. fNIRS has been used not only to investigate cortical activity in healthy human subjects and animals but also to reveal abnormalities in brain function in patients suffering from neurological and psychiatric disorders and in animals that exhibit disease conditions. Because of its safety, quietness, resistance to motion artifacts, and portability, fNIRS has become a tool to complement conventional imaging techniques in measuring hemodynamic responses while a subject performs diverse cognitive and behavioral tasks in test settings that are more ecologically relevant and involve social interaction. In this review, we introduce the basic principles of fNIRS and discuss the application of this technique in human and animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hak Yeong Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu 42988,
Korea
| | - Kain Seo
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu 42988,
Korea
| | - Hong Jin Jeon
- Department of Psychiatry, Depression Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Seoul 06351,
Korea
| | - Unjoo Lee
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hallym University, Kangwon 24252,
Korea
| | - Hyosang Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu 42988,
Korea
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10
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Kumar V, Shivakumar V, Chhabra H, Bose A, Venkatasubramanian G, Gangadhar BN. Functional near infra-red spectroscopy (fNIRS) in schizophrenia: A review. Asian J Psychiatr 2017; 27:18-31. [PMID: 28558892 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The research on the alterations in functional connectivity in schizophrenia has been facilitated by development of an array of functional neuroimaging techniques. Functional Near Infra Red Spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a novel diffuse optical neuromonitring method with its own advantages and limitations. The advantages of fNIRS have made it to be frequently used as a research tool by medical community in different settings. In fNIRS the property of haemoglobin to absorb near infrared light is used to measure brain activity. It provides the indirect measurement of the neuronal activity in the areas of interest. The advantage of fNIRS being less restrictive has made it to be used more commonly in the research of psychiatric disorders in general, schizophrenia in particular. The fNIRS studies on patients with schizophrenia have shown haemodynamic hypo activation primarily in the prefrontal cortex during various cognitive tasks. In this review, initially we have briefly explained the basic principles of fNIRS followed by detailed review of fNIRS findings in patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- The Schizophrenia Clinic, Department of Psychiatry & Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.
| | - Venkataram Shivakumar
- The Schizophrenia Clinic, Department of Psychiatry & Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Harleen Chhabra
- The Schizophrenia Clinic, Department of Psychiatry & Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Anushree Bose
- The Schizophrenia Clinic, Department of Psychiatry & Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Ganesan Venkatasubramanian
- The Schizophrenia Clinic, Department of Psychiatry & Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Bangalore N Gangadhar
- The Schizophrenia Clinic, Department of Psychiatry & Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
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11
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Fujino H, Sumiyoshi C, Yasuda Y, Yamamori H, Fujimoto M, Fukunaga M, Miura K, Takebayashi Y, Okada N, Isomura S, Kawano N, Toyomaki A, Kuga H, Isobe M, Oya K, Okahisa Y, Takaki M, Hashimoto N, Kato M, Onitsuka T, Ueno T, Ohnuma T, Kasai K, Ozaki N, Sumiyoshi T, Imura O, Hashimoto R. Estimated cognitive decline in patients with schizophrenia: A multicenter study. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2017; 71:294-300. [PMID: 27804186 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Studies have reported that cognitive decline occurs after the onset of schizophrenia despite heterogeneity in cognitive function among patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the degree of estimated cognitive decline in patients with schizophrenia by comparing estimated premorbid intellectual functioning and current intellectual functioning. METHODS A total of 446 patients with schizophrenia (228 male, 218 female), consisting of three sample sets obtained from 11 psychiatric facilities, and 686 healthy controls participated in this study. The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III (WAIS-III) was used to measure the participants' current full-scale IQ (FSIQ). The premorbid IQ was estimated using the Japanese Adult Reading Test-25. Estimated cognitive decline (difference score) was defined as the difference between the estimated premorbid IQ and the current FSIQ. RESULTS Patients with schizophrenia showed greater estimated cognitive decline, a lower FSIQ, and a lower premorbid IQ compared with the healthy controls. The mean difference score, FSIQ, and estimated premorbid IQ were -16.3, 84.2, and 100.5, respectively, in patients with schizophrenia. Furthermore, 39.7% of the patients had a difference score of 20 points or greater decline. A discriminant analysis showed that the difference score accurately predicted 81.6% of the patients and healthy controls. CONCLUSION These results show the distribution of difference score in patients with schizophrenia. These findings may contribute to assessing the severity of estimated cognitive decline and identifying patients with schizophrenia who suffer from cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruo Fujino
- Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Graduate School of Education, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Chika Sumiyoshi
- Faculty of Human Development and Culture, Fukushima University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yuka Yasuda
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidenaga Yamamori
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Michiko Fujimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaki Fukunaga
- Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Miura
- Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Integrative Brain Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuto Takebayashi
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naohiro Okada
- Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Neuropsychiatry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuichi Isomura
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naoko Kawano
- Green Mobility Research Institute, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Atsuhito Toyomaki
- Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hironori Kuga
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Division of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization, Hizen Psychiatric Center, Saga, Japan
| | - Masanori Isobe
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuto Oya
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuko Okahisa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Manabu Takaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Naoki Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaki Kato
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Onitsuka
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takefumi Ueno
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Division of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization, Hizen Psychiatric Center, Saga, Japan
| | - Tohru Ohnuma
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoto Kasai
- Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Neuropsychiatry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norio Ozaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tomiki Sumiyoshi
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Translational Medical Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Imura
- Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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12
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Differences in the Pulsatile Component of the Skin Hemodynamic Response to Verbal Fluency Tasks in the Forehead and the Fingertip. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20978. [PMID: 26905432 PMCID: PMC4764919 DOI: 10.1038/srep20978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have claimed that hemodynamic signals measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) on the forehead exhibit different patterns during a verbal fluency task (VFT) in various psychiatric disorders, whereas many studies have noted that NIRS signals can reflect task-related changes in skin blood flow. If such a task-related skin hemodynamic response is also observed in the fingertip, a simpler biomarker may be developed. Furthermore, determining the difference in the response pattern may provide physiological insights into the condition. We found that the magnitude of the pulsatile component in skin hemodynamic signals increased on the forehead (p < 0.001 for N = 50, p = 0.073 for N = 8) but decreased on the fingertip (p < 0.001, N = 8) during the VFT, whereas the rate in both areas increased (p < 0.02, N = 8). We also did not find a repetition effect in both the rate and the magnitude on the fingertip, whereas the effect was present in the magnitude (p < 0.02, N = 8) but not in the rate on the forehead. These results suggest that the skin vasomotor system in the forehead could have a different vessel mechanism to psychological tasks compared to the fingertip.
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13
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Stojanovic-Radic J, Wylie G, Voelbel G, Chiaravalloti N, DeLuca J. Neuroimaging and cognition using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in multiple sclerosis. Brain Imaging Behav 2016; 9:302-11. [PMID: 24916919 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-014-9307-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study utilized functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to detect neural activation differences in the orbitofrontal brain region between individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) and healthy controls (HCs) during a working memory (WM) task. Thirteen individuals with MS and 12 HCs underwent fNIRS recording while performing the n-back WM task with four levels of difficulty (0-, 1-, 2-, and 3-back). Subjects were fitted with the fNIRS cap consisting of 30 'optodes' positioned over the forehead. The results revealed different patterns of brain activation in MS and HCs. The MS group showed an increase in brain activation, as measured by the concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin (oxyHb), in the left superior frontal gyrus (LSFG) at lower task difficulty levels (i.e. 1-back), followed by a decrease at higher task difficulty (2- and 3-back) as compared with the HC group. HC group achieved higher accuracy than the MS group on the lower task loads (i.e. 0- and 1-back), however there were no performance differences between the groups at the higher task loads (i.e. 2- and 3-back). Taken together, the results suggest that individuals with MS experience a task with the lower cognitive load as more difficult than the HC group, and the brain activation patterns observed during the task confirm some of the previous findings from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies. This study is the first to investigate brain activation by utilizing the method of fNIRS in MS during the performance of a cognitive task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Stojanovic-Radic
- Kessler Foundation, Neuropsychology and Neuroscience Laboratory, 300 Executive Drive, Suite 70, West Orange, NJ, 07052, USA
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14
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Pu S, Nakagome K, Itakura M, Yamanashi T, Sugie T, Miura A, Satake T, Iwata M, Nagata I, Kaneko K. Self-reported social functioning and prefrontal hemodynamic responses during a cognitive task in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2015; 234:121-9. [PMID: 26382107 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Impaired social functioning is a characteristic of schizophrenia that affects patients' quality of life. The aim of the study was to assess prefrontal hemodynamic responses during a cognitive task and establish its influence on psychiatric symptoms, cognitive function, global functioning, and self-reported social functioning in patients with schizophrenia. Thirty-three patients with schizophrenia and 30 age-and sex-matched healthy controls participated in the study. We measured hemodynamic responses in the prefrontal and superior temporal cortical surface areas with 52-channel near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) during a verbal fluency task (VFT). Self-reported social functioning was assessed using the Social Functioning Scale (SFS). Regional hemodynamic responses were significantly smaller in the prefrontal and temporal regions in subjects with schizophrenia than in the controls, and prefrontal hemodynamic responses during the VFT showed a strong correlation with SFS total scores. These results suggest an association between self-reported social functioning and prefrontal activation in subjects with schizophrenia. The present study provides evidence that NIRS imaging could be helpful in understanding the neural basis of social functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghong Pu
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan.
| | - Kazuyuki Nakagome
- National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
| | - Masashi Itakura
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan
| | - Takehiko Yamanashi
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan
| | - Takuya Sugie
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan
| | - Akehiko Miura
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan
| | - Takahiro Satake
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan
| | - Masaaki Iwata
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan
| | - Izumi Nagata
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan
| | - Koichi Kaneko
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan
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Quan W, Wu T, Li Z, Wang Y, Dong W, Lv B. Reduced prefrontal activation during a verbal fluency task in Chinese-speaking patients with schizophrenia as measured by near-infrared spectroscopy. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 58:51-8. [PMID: 25542372 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been applied to examine the possible functional alternations during the performance of cognitive tasks in schizophrenia. With this technique, previous studies have observed that patients with schizophrenia are often associated with reduced brain activation in the prefrontal cortex during the verbal fluency task (VFT) of the English version or the Japanese version. However, it remains unclear whether there is a brain functional impairment in Chinese-speaking patients with schizophrenia. In this study, we designed a Chinese version of the VFT and performed a multichannel NIRS study in a large group of patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. We investigated brain activation during the task period of the Chinese version of the VFT within a schizophrenia group and a healthy group, respectively, and compared the relative changes between the two groups. Our results confirmed that Chinese-speaking patients with schizophrenia had significantly lower brain activation in the prefrontal cortex and superior temporal cortex when compared with healthy controls. Such findings based on the NIRS data provided us reliable evidences about brain functional deficits in the Chinese-speaking patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Quan
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China; Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Tongning Wu
- China Academy of Telecommunication Research of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaohua Li
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuduo Wang
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, China
| | - Wentian Dong
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China; Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China.
| | - Bin Lv
- China Academy of Telecommunication Research of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing, China.
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Li Z, Wang Y, Quan W, Wu T, Lv B. Evaluation of different classification methods for the diagnosis of schizophrenia based on functional near-infrared spectroscopy. J Neurosci Methods 2015; 241:101-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Developmental changes in frontal lobe function during a verbal fluency task: a multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy study. Brain Dev 2014; 36:844-52. [PMID: 24512679 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is commonly used to investigate continuous changes of brain activation and has excellent time resolution. Verbal fluency task (VFT) is widely used as a neuropsychological test of frontal lobe function. The aim of this study was to investigate normal developmental change in frontal lobe function during VFT performance using multi-channel NIRS, specifically focusing on oxygenation hemoglobin (oxyHb) changes. METHODS The subjects were 9 adults and 37 childrens who were all healthy right-handed volunteers. Children were divided into four age groups (group A, 6-8 years; group B, 9-11 years; group C, 12-14 years; group D, 15-18 years). The [oxyHb] changes were measured with 22 channels of NIRS during VFT. We defined the frontopolar region as the region of interest for analysis, and calculated the Z-score to compare the data between groups. RESULTS The task performance changed with age. There were significant differences between group A and other groups. The Z-score of [oxyHb] also significantly increased with age, when comparing adults to groups A and B. The task performances decreased with time in all groups. In contrast, [oxyHb] only continued to increase in the adult group. CONCLUSION The verbal retrieval functions begin to mature in early adolescence and continue to grow up to adulthood.
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Tully LM, Lincoln SH, Liyanage-Don N, Hooker CI. Impaired cognitive control mediates the relationship between cortical thickness of the superior frontal gyrus and role functioning in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2014; 152:358-64. [PMID: 24388000 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Structural abnormalities in the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) are well-documented in schizophrenia and recent evidence suggests that these abnormalities relate to functional outcome. Cognitive control mechanisms, reliant on the LPFC, are impaired in schizophrenia and predict functional outcome, thus impaired cognitive control could mediate the relationship between neuroanatomical abnormalities in the LPFC and functional outcome. We used surface-based morphometry to investigate relationships between cortical surface characteristics, cognitive control, and measures of social and role functioning in 26 individuals with schizophrenia and 29 healthy controls. Results demonstrate that schizophrenia participants had thinner cortex in a region of the superior frontal gyrus (BA10). Across all participants, decreased cortical thickness in this region related to decreased cognitive control and decreased role functioning. Moreover, cognitive control fully mediated the relationship between cortical thickness in the superior frontal gyrus and role functioning, indicating that neuroanatomical abnormalities in the LPFC adversely impact role functioning via impaired cognitive control processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Tully
- Harvard University, Department of Psychology, 33 Kirkland St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Sarah Hope Lincoln
- Harvard University, Department of Psychology, 33 Kirkland St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Nadia Liyanage-Don
- Harvard University, Department of Psychology, 33 Kirkland St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Christine I Hooker
- Harvard University, Department of Psychology, 33 Kirkland St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Fujiki R, Morita K, Sato M, Yamashita Y, Kato Y, Ishii Y, Shoji Y, Uchimura N. Single event-related changes in cerebral oxygenated hemoglobin using word game in schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2014; 10:2353-60. [PMID: 25525364 PMCID: PMC4266384 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s73975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies have been conducted using word generation tasks and have shown greater hypofrontality in patients with schizophrenia compared with healthy subjects. In this study, we compared the characteristics of oxygenated hemoglobin changes involved in both phonological and categorical verbal fluency between 35 outpatients with schizophrenia and 35 healthy subjects during a Japanese "shiritori" task using single-event-related near-infrared spectroscopy. During this task, the schizophrenic patients showed significantly smaller activation in the prefrontal cortex area than the controls. In addition, a significant positive correlation was obtained between oxygenated hemoglobin changes (prefrontal cortex area, inferior parietal area) and the severity of positive psychiatric symptoms. It is possible that hypofrontality of patients may be a diagnostic assistance tool for schizophrenia, and that the relationship between activation and positive syndrome scores may be of help in predicting functional outcome in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Fujiki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kurume University, Kurume-City, Japan ; Cognitive and Molecular Research Institute of Brain Diseases, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume-City, Japan
| | - Kiichiro Morita
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kurume University, Kurume-City, Japan ; Cognitive and Molecular Research Institute of Brain Diseases, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume-City, Japan
| | - Mamoru Sato
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kurume University, Kurume-City, Japan ; Cognitive and Molecular Research Institute of Brain Diseases, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume-City, Japan
| | - Yuji Yamashita
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kurume University, Kurume-City, Japan ; Cognitive and Molecular Research Institute of Brain Diseases, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume-City, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kato
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kurume University, Kurume-City, Japan ; Cognitive and Molecular Research Institute of Brain Diseases, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume-City, Japan
| | - Yohei Ishii
- Cognitive and Molecular Research Institute of Brain Diseases, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume-City, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Shoji
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kurume University, Kurume-City, Japan ; Cognitive and Molecular Research Institute of Brain Diseases, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume-City, Japan
| | - Naohisa Uchimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kurume University, Kurume-City, Japan
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Ehlis AC, Schneider S, Dresler T, Fallgatter AJ. Application of functional near-infrared spectroscopy in psychiatry. Neuroimage 2014; 85 Pt 1:478-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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21
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Verbal working memory impairments following traumatic brain injury: an fNIRS investigation. Brain Imaging Behav 2013; 8:446-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s11682-013-9258-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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Koike S, Nishimura Y, Takizawa R, Yahata N, Kasai K. Near-infrared spectroscopy in schizophrenia: a possible biomarker for predicting clinical outcome and treatment response. Front Psychiatry 2013; 4:145. [PMID: 24294205 PMCID: PMC3827961 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a relatively new technique that can measure hemoglobin changes in brain tissues, and its use in psychiatry has been progressing rapidly. Although it has several disadvantages (e.g., relatively low spatial resolution and the possibility of shallow coverage in the depth of brain regions) compared with other functional neuroimaging techniques (e.g., functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography), fNIRS may be a candidate instrument for clinical use in psychiatry, as it can measure brain activity in naturalistic position easily and non-invasively. fNIRS instruments are also small and work silently, and can be moved almost everywhere including schools and care units. Previous fNIRS studies have shown that patients with schizophrenia have impaired activity and characteristic waveform patterns in the prefrontal cortex during the letter version of the verbal fluency task, and part of these results have been approved as one of the Advanced Medical Technologies as an aid for the differential diagnosis of depressive symptoms by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare of Japan in 2009, which was the first such approval in the field of psychiatry. Moreover, previous studies suggest that the activity in the frontopolar prefrontal cortex is associated with their functions in chronic schizophrenia and is its next candidate biomarker. Future studies aimed at exploring fNIRS differences in various clinical stages, longitudinal changes, drug effects, and variations during different task paradigms will be needed to develop more accurate biomarkers that can be used to aid differential diagnosis, the comprehension of the present condition, the prediction of outcome, and the decision regarding treatment options in schizophrenia. Future fNIRS researches will require standardized measurement procedures, probe settings, analytical methods and tools, manuscript description, and database systems in an fNIRS community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Koike
- Office for Mental Health Support, Division for Counseling and Support, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan ; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
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23
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Hirosawa R, Narumoto J, Sakai Y, Nishida S, Ishida T, Nakamae T, Takei Y, Fukui K. Reduced dorsolateral prefrontal cortical hemodynamic response in adult obsessive-compulsive disorder as measured by near-infrared spectroscopy during the verbal fluency task. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2013; 9:955-62. [PMID: 23874098 PMCID: PMC3713899 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s45402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Near-infrared spectroscopy has helped our understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms of psychiatric disorders and has advantages including noninvasiveness, lower cost, and ease of use compared with other imaging techniques, like functional magnetic resonance imaging. The verbal fluency task is the most common and well established task used to assess cognitive activation during near-infrared spectroscopy. Recent functional neuroimaging studies have shown that the orbitofrontal cortex and other brain regions, including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, may play important roles in the pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This study aimed to evaluate hemodynamic responses in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in patients with OCD using near-infrared spectroscopy during the verbal fluency task and to compare these with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex responses in healthy controls. METHODS Twenty patients with OCD and 20 controls matched for age, gender, handedness, and estimated intelligence quotient participated in this study. The verbal fluency task was used to elicit near-infrared spectroscopic activation and consisted of a 30-second pre-task, followed by three repetitions of a 20-second verbal fluency task (total 60 seconds), followed by a 70-second post-task period. The near-infrared spectroscopy experiment was conducted on the same day as surveys of obsessive-compulsive symptoms, depression, and anxiety. Z-scores for changes in the concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin were compared between the OCD patients and controls in 14 channels set over the left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and frontopolar areas. RESULTS During the verbal fluency task, significant task-related activation was detected in both the OCD group and the controls. Changes in oxygenated hemoglobin concentration in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex were significantly smaller in the OCD group than in the controls, but were not statistically significant after correction for multiple comparisons. CONCLUSION Patients with OCD have reduced prefrontal, especially right dorsolateral prefrontal, cortical hemodynamic responses as measured by near-infrared spectroscopy during the verbal fluency task. These results support the hypothesis that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex plays a role in the pathophysiology of OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikuei Hirosawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto
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Taniguchi K, Sumitani S, Watanabe Y, Akiyama M, Ohmori T. Multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy reveals reduced prefrontal activation in schizophrenia patients during performance of the kana Stroop task. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2012; 59:45-52. [PMID: 22449992 DOI: 10.2152/jmi.59.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the activity of frontal lobe of patients with schizophrenia during performance of two Japanese versions of the Stroop task (kana and kanji) by measuring changes in the concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin (oxyHb) with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Fourteen schizophrenia patients and 14 age- and gender-matched healthy control subjects participated in the study after giving consent. The relative changes of concentrations of oxyHb were measured by NIRS during performance of the Stroop task. Significant Stroop effects, as measured by the number of correct responses, were observed with both the kana and the kanji versions. Analysis of NIRS data revealed that the schizophrenia patients showed reduced activation in the prefrontal cortex compared to healthy controls during performance of the kana Stroop task, and that both schizophrenia patients and healthy controls showed lack of activity in the prefrontal cortex during performance of the kanji Stroop task. The results of the present study suggest the possibility that the kana Stroop task cause a greater Stroop effect than the kanji Stroop task, and schizophrenia patients show decreased prefrontal vascular reactivity associated with the inhibition required during the performance of the kana Stroop task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Taniguchi
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Health Biosciences, the University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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25
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Dieler AC, Tupak SV, Fallgatter AJ. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy for the assessment of speech related tasks. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2012; 121:90-109. [PMID: 21507475 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the past years functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) has substantially contributed to the understanding of language and its neural correlates. In contrast to other imaging techniques, fNIRS is well suited to study language function in healthy and psychiatric populations due to its cheap and easy application in a quiet and natural measurement setting. Its relative insensitivity for motion artifacts allows the use of overt speech tasks and the investigation of verbal conversation. The present review focuses on the numerous contributions of fNIRS to the field of language, its development, and related psychiatric disorders but also on its limitations and chances for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Dieler
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Wuerzburg, Germany
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26
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Influence of skin blood flow on near-infrared spectroscopy signals measured on the forehead during a verbal fluency task. Neuroimage 2011; 57:991-1002. [PMID: 21600294 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Ohi K, Hashimoto R, Yasuda Y, Fukumoto M, Yamamori H, Umeda-Yano S, Kamino K, Ikezawa K, Azechi M, Iwase M, Kazui H, Kasai K, Takeda M. The SIGMAR1 gene is associated with a risk of schizophrenia and activation of the prefrontal cortex. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35:1309-15. [PMID: 21549171 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have identified the possible involvement of sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1 (SIGMAR1) in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. The Gln2Pro polymorphism in the SIGMAR1 gene has been extensively examined for an association with schizophrenia. However, findings across multiple studies have been inconsistent. We performed a meta-analysis of the association between the functional Gln2Pro polymorphism and schizophrenia using combined samples (1254 patients with schizophrenia and 1574 healthy controls) from previously published studies and our own additional samples (478 patients and 631 controls). We then used near-infrared spectroscopy to analyze the effects of the Gln2Pro genotype, a schizophrenia diagnosis and the interaction between genotype and diagnosis on activation of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) during a verbal fluency task (127 patients and 216 controls). The meta-analysis provided evidence of an association between Gln2Pro and schizophrenia without heterogeneity across studies (odds ratio=1.12, p=0.047). Consistent with previous studies, patients with schizophrenia showed lower bilateral activation of the PFC when compared to controls (p<0.05). We provide evidence that Pro carriers, who are more common among patients with schizophrenia, have significantly lower activation of the right PFC compared to subjects with the Gln/Gln genotype (p=0.013). These data suggest that the SIGMAR1 polymorphism is associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia and differential activation of the PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Ohi
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Fujita Y, Takebayashi M, Hisaoka K, Tsuchioka M, Morinobu S, Yamawaki S. Asymmetric alternation of the hemodynamic response at the prefrontal cortex in patients with schizophrenia during electroconvulsive therapy: a near-infrared spectroscopy study. Brain Res 2011; 1410:132-40. [PMID: 21803334 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a well-established treatment for psychiatric disorders, its mechanism of action remains unclear. To investigate the cerebral hemodynamic response during ECT, we measured the changes in the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) at the bilateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Method. The participants included eleven patients with schizophrenia and ten patients with mood disorders. The normalized tissue hemoglobin index (nTHI) was used as a sensitive parameter of rCBF by the SRS method and was measured during bilateral ECT using a two-channel NIRS. Results. 1. All patients responded to ECT treatment. 2. The levels of bilateral nTHI indicated a transient decrease during electrical stimulation and immediately were increased at both ictal and post-ictal phases by approximately 20% above baseline. 3. Patients with schizophrenia, but not mood disorders, showed significant asymmetric alteration of nTHI levels (left>right) during both the ictal and post-ictal phases. 4. The asymmetry index of nTHI, which indicates the difference between the left and right sides of the nTHI, was negatively correlated with the period of illness for schizophrenia, although the asymmetry index was not significantly correlated with any other clinical data, such as the effect of ECT treatment. Conclusion. Preliminary data demonstrated that bilateral ECT caused hemodynamic changes in bilateral PFC, and asymmetric alteration was found for schizophrenia, but not for mood disorders. Although further studies are necessary, the asymmetric hemodynamic response by ECT may be associated with the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, especially in the early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutaka Fujita
- Department of Psychiatry, National Hospital Organization (NHO), Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, 3-1 Aoyama, Kure 737-0023, Japan
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Kasparek T, Thomaz CE, Sato JR, Schwarz D, Janousova E, Marecek R, Prikryl R, Vanicek J, Fujita A, Ceskova E. Maximum-uncertainty linear discrimination analysis of first-episode schizophrenia subjects. Psychiatry Res 2011; 191:174-81. [PMID: 21295452 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent techniques of image analysis brought the possibility to recognize subjects based on discriminative image features. We performed a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based classification study to assess its usefulness for outcome prediction of first-episode schizophrenia patients (FES). We included 39 FES patients and 39 healthy controls (HC) and performed the maximum-uncertainty linear discrimination analysis (MLDA) of MRI brain intensity images. The classification accuracy index (CA) was correlated with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Global Assessment of Functioning scale (GAF) at 1-year follow-up. The rate of correct classifications of patients with poor and good outcomes was analyzed using chi-square tests. MLDA classification was significantly better than classification by chance. Leave-one-out accuracy was 72%. CA correlated significantly with PANSS and GAF scores at the 1-year follow-up. Moreover, significantly more patients with poor outcome than those with good outcome were classified correctly. MLDA of brain MR intensity features is, therefore, able to correctly classify a significant number of FES patients, and the discriminative features are clinically relevant for clinical presentation 1 year after the first episode of schizophrenia. The accuracy of the current approach is, however, insufficient to be used in clinical practice immediately. Several methodological issues need to be addressed to increase the usefulness of this classification approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Kasparek
- Department of Psychiatry, Masaryk University, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty Hospital Brno-Bohunice, Jihlavska 20, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Yanagisawa K, Masui K, Onoda K, Furutani K, Nomura M, Yoshida H, Ura M. The effects of the behavioral inhibition and activation systems on social inclusion and exclusion. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2010.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Nakahachi T, Ishii R, Iwase M, Canuet L, Takahashi H, Kurimoto R, Ikezawa K, Azechi M, Kajimoto O, Takeda M. Frontal cortex activation associated with speeded processing of visuospatial working memory revealed by multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy during Advanced Trail Making Test performance. Behav Brain Res 2010; 215:21-7. [PMID: 20600348 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although visuospatial working memory (VSWM) is commonly used during speeded and unconscious memory processing in daily life, most neuroimaging studies on VSWM use tasks that impose motor restrictions onto the examinees to avoid movement-related artifacts. Multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), however, can measure cortical activation during cognitive processing without interfering with task procedure. The purpose of this study is to determine whether multichannel NIRS can detect VSWM-induced frontal cortex activation similar to that seen in VSWM performance in daily-life activity. Using NIRS, we measured relative changes in the concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin as an index of frontal activation in 52 measurement points (channels) on the frontal area during the Advanced Trail Making Test (ATMT), a tool used to assess VSWM. The ATMT consists of two tasks, R and F, with the former assessing motor factors and the latter relating to both motor and cognitive factors involved in speeded and unconscious VSWM operations. Twenty-six healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study. Channel activation during Task F performance was observed bilaterally over the dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. This distribution may reflect central executive function of working memory. Channel activation during Task R was circumscribed to part of the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex partially overlapping with areas active during Task F performance, likely representing task-related motor factor activation. Our findings suggest that multichannel NIRS during ATMT performance is an appropriate means of measuring cortical activation induced by VSWM operations during daily activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Nakahachi
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, D3 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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