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Chen T, Chen R, You A, Kouznetsova VL, Tsigelny IF. Search of inhibitors of aldose reductase for treatment of diabetic cataracts using machine learning. ADVANCES IN OPHTHALMOLOGY PRACTICE AND RESEARCH 2023; 3:187-191. [PMID: 37928946 PMCID: PMC10624573 DOI: 10.1016/j.aopr.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Patients with diabetes mellitus have an elevated chance of developing cataracts, a degenerative vision-impairing condition often needing surgery. The process of the reduction of glucose to sorbitol in the lens of the human eye that causes cataracts is managed by the Aldose Reductase Enzyme (AR), and it is been found that AR inhibitors may mitigate the onset of diabetic cataracts. There exists a large pool of natural and synthetic AR inhibitors that can prevent diabetic complications, and the development of a machine-learning (ML) prediction model may bring new AR inhibitors with better characteristics into clinical use. Methods Using known AR inhibitors and their chemical-physical descriptors we created the ML model for prediction of new AR inhibitors. The predicted inhibitors were tested by computational docking to the binding site of AR. Results Using cross-validation in order to find the most accurate ML model, we ended with final cross-validation accuracy of 90%. Computational docking testing of the predicted inhibitors gave a high level of correlation between the ML prediction score and binding free energy. Conclusions Currently known AR inhibitors are not used yet for patients for several reasons. We think that new predicted AR inhibitors have the potential to possess more favorable characteristics to be successfully implemented after clinical testing. Exploring new inhibitors can improve patient well-being and lower surgical complications all while decreasing long-term medical expenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Chen
- MAP Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Richard Chen
- MAP Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alvin You
- MAP Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Valentina L. Kouznetsova
- San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- CureScience Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Igor F. Tsigelny
- San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- CureScience Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Chou PH, Yao YH, Zheng RX, Liou YL, Liu TT, Lane HY, Yang AC, Wang SC. Deep Neural Network to Differentiate Brain Activity Between Patients With First-Episode Schizophrenia and Healthy Individuals: A Multi-Channel Near Infrared Spectroscopy Study. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:655292. [PMID: 33935840 PMCID: PMC8081971 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.655292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds: Reduced brain cortical activity over the frontotemporal regions measured by near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been reported in patients with first-episode schizophrenia (FES). This study aimed to differentiate between patients with FES and healthy controls (HCs) on basis of the frontotemporal activity measured by NIRS with a support vector machine (SVM) and deep neural network (DNN) classifier. In addition, we compared the accuracy of performance of SVM and DNN. Methods: In total, 33 FES patients and 34 HCs were recruited. Their brain cortical activities were measured using NIRS while performing letter and category versions of verbal fluency tests (VFTs). The integral and centroid values of brain cortical activity in the bilateral frontotemporal regions during the VFTs were selected as features in SVM and DNN classifier. Results: Compared to HCs, FES patients displayed reduced brain cortical activity over the bilateral frontotemporal regions during both types of VFTs. Regarding the classifier performance, SVM reached an accuracy of 68.6%, sensitivity of 70.1%, and specificity of 64.6%, while DNN reached an accuracy of 79.7%, sensitivity of 88.8%, and specificity of 74.9% in the classification of FES patients and HCs. Conclusions: Compared to findings of previous structural neuroimaging studies, we found that using DNN to measure the NIRS signals during the VFTs to differentiate between FES patients and HCs could achieve a higher accuracy, indicating that NIRS can be used as a potential marker to classify FES patients from HCs. Future additional independent datasets are needed to confirm the validity of our model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Han Chou
- Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hsinchu Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Department of Photonics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Han Yao
- MediaTek Inc., Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Rui-Xuan Zheng
- MediaTek Inc., Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Long Liou
- MediaTek Inc., Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Te Liu
- Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yuan Lane
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry and Brain Disease Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Albert C Yang
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Digital Medicine Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Brain Medicine Center, Taoyuan Psychiatric Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Cheng Wang
- Department of Forensic and Addiction Psychiatry, Jianan Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
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Fang SC, Huang CY, Liao DL, Hsu CC, Shao YHJ. Associations among antipsychotics, metabolism-related diseases, and cataracts in patients with schizophrenia: A retrospective cohort study. Schizophr Res 2019; 212:150-156. [PMID: 31395489 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term cataract risks associated with first-generation antipsychotics (FGAs) and second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs), and their associations with metabolism-related diseases are not yet elucidated. METHODS Using Taiwan National Health Insurance data, we conducted a propensity score matched population-based cohort study consisting of 10,014 patients with newly diagnosed schizophrenia from 2005 to 2009 and followed them until the end of 2013. A Cox hazard model with metabolism-related diseases as time-dependent covariates was adapted to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) of cataracts between SGAs and FGAs groups. RESULTS During the 8-year follow-up, patients receiving SGAs were associated with a higher risk of cataract than those receiving FGAs with an adjusted HR of 1.59 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.06-2.36). Patients receiving high-metabolic-risk SGAs (clozapine and olanzapine) showed the highest risk of cataracts among SGAs when compared with those receiving FGAs (aHR = 2.57, 95% CI: 1.35-4.88). SGAs demonstrated a stronger contribution in the risk of cataract in patients without diabetes mellitus (DM) and hyperlipidemia than in those developed these diseases. Patients who developed DM or hyperlipidemia after receiving antipsychotics had an approximately 2.5-fold increased cataract risk over those who did not develop these diseases. CONCLUSIONS Regardless of the condition of metabolic-related diseases, SGAs were independently associated with an increased risk of cataract. DM and hyperlipidemia developed after antipsychotics contributed to the risk of cataract risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Chen Fang
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yi Huang
- Department of Community Psychiatry and Addiction Psychiatry, Bali Psychiatric Center, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ding-Lieh Liao
- Department of General Psychiatry, Taoyuan Psychiatric Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chi Hsu
- Department of General Psychiatry, Taoyuan Psychiatric Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Joni Shao
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA; Clinical Big Data Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Cataracte et iatrogénie médicamenteuse. ACTUALITES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actpha.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Chu CS, Lin CH, Lan TH, Chou PH. Associations between use of mood stabilizers and risk of cataract: A population-based nested case-control study. J Affect Disord 2018; 227:79-81. [PMID: 29053979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate whether use of mood stabilizers (MS) is associated with an increased risk of cataract development. METHODS We conducted a nested case-control study using National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. A total of 14,288 patients with bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia were included; 7651 in the cataract group and 6637 in the control group. Based on overall cumulative period of MS (lithium, carbamazepine, valproate, and lamotrigine) treatment, we categorized into following groups: no use, and duration < 1 year, 1 to 2 years, and > 2 years. Conditional logistic regression analysis was used to explore the association between use of MS and risk of cataract development. RESULTS The risks for cataract development were significantly higher in patients using lithium alone and lithium combined with other MS for more than 2 years (adjusted odd ratio [AOR] = 1.39; 95% CI = 1.01-1.92, p = 0.043 and AOR = 1.44; 95% CI = 1.13-1.85, p = 0.003, respectively) than in non-users. Furthermore, the risks of cataract development increased in those treated with valproic acid combined with other MS (AOR = 1.26; 95% CI = 1.02-1.57, p = 0.035). Finally, no increased risks of cataract development were found in carbamazepine and lamotrigine users. CONCLUSIONS We found increased risks of cataract development in long-term users of lithium, lithium combined with other MS and valproic acid combined with other MS for more than two years among patients with BD and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Sheng Chu
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Center for Geriatric and Gerontology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Heng Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsuo-Hung Lan
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Han Chou
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Photonics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, USA.
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Antidepressants and risk of cataract development: A population-based, nested case-control study. J Affect Disord 2017; 215:237-244. [PMID: 28342338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies demonstrated increased risk of cataract development among users of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). However, it remains unknown whether this risk also prevails with the use of other types of antidepressants. The aim of this study was to investigate whether use of antidepressants is associated with an increased risk of cataract development. Moreover, the relationship between binding affinities of serotonin transporter (SERT) of antidepressant and the risk of cataracts is examined. METHODS We conducted a nested case-control study using National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. A total of 14,288 patients were included; 7651 in the cataract group and 6637 in the control group. Antidepressant exposure was categorized by type, duration of use, and binding affinities of SERT. The association between antidepressant exposure and cataract development was assessed using conditional logistic regression analysis. RESULTS The adjusted odds ratios (AORs) for developing cataracts among continuous users of SSRIs, serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), and other antidepressants were 1.26 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.12-1.41, p<0.001), 1.21 (95% CI: 1.02-1.43, p=0.027), and 1.18 (95% CI: 1.04-1.34, p=0.009) respectively. Specifically, continuous uses of fluoxetine (AOR: 1.21; 95% CI: 1.01-1.46, p=0.042), fluvoxamine (AOR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.01-2.12, p=0.043), venlafaxine (AOR: 1.44; 95% CI: 1.19-1.74, p<0.001) significantly increased the risk of cataract development. Moreover, continuous users of antidepressants with intermediate SERT binding affinities (AOR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.10-2.56, p=0.017) were significantly associated with increased risks of cataract development. LIMITATIONS Several confounding factors such as obesity, multiple drug users, family history of cataracts, substance use, and environmental factors (such as sunlight or radiation exposure) were acquired. CONCLUSIONS We found increased risk of cataract development in patients continuously using antidepressants. Regular ocular evaluations in these patients are warranted.
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Chu CS, Chou PH, Chen YH, Huang MW, Hsu MY, Lan TH, Lin CH. Association between antipsychotic drug use and cataracts in patients with bipolar disorder: A population-based, nested case-control study. J Affect Disord 2017; 209:86-92. [PMID: 27889598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No previous study has focused on the association between use of antipsychotic drugs and the development of cataracts in patients with bipolar disorder (BD); hence, we aimed to examine this association in the present study. METHODS We conducted a retrospective nested case-control study using data from the National Health Insurance Database of Taiwan between 2000 and 2011. A total of 3292 BD patients, 1684 with cataracts and 1608 controls matched for age, sex, and index date, were included. Antipsychotic drug exposure was categorized by type of drug and duration of use. A conditional logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the association. RESULTS Among BD patients, we found significantly reduced odds ratio (OR) of cataract development among past (adjusted OR (AOR), 0.74; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.62-0.89; p=0.001) and continuous users (AOR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.59-0.85; p<0.001) of atypical antipsychotics. No association was found between the odds of cataract development and typical antipsychotics. Besides, concomitant use of antidepressants (AOR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.06-1.43; p=0.007) and mood stabilizers (AOR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.06-1.42; p=0.007) were associated with increased odds of cataract development. LIMITATIONS Some important contributors to cataract development such as family history of cataract, smoking and alcohol exposure could not be measured from the claims data and this may confound the results. CONCLUSIONS Reduced odds of cataract were found in patients with BD taking atypical antipsychotics. However, given that BD patients often have risk factors for developing cataract, regular ocular evaluations are recommended for those treated with antipsychotics drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Sheng Chu
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Han Chou
- Department of Psychiatry, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Photonics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Huei Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Min-Wei Huang
- Chia-Yi branch, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Chiayi City, Taiwan
| | - Min-Yen Hsu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsuo-Hung Lan
- Department of Psychiatry, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Heng Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Use of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Risks of Stroke in Patients with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: A Population-Based Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162239. [PMID: 27612144 PMCID: PMC5017574 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous research has suggested a link between antidepressants use and the development of cerebrovascular events, but there has never been any study investigating the risk of stroke in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients treated with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Methods A retrospective observational cohort study was conducted using data from the National Health Insurance Database of Taiwan between the year of 2001 and 2009. A total of 527 OCD patients with 412 subjects in the SSRI use group and 115 in the non SSRI use group were included. Multivariable Cox proportional-hazards models were used to explore the associations between SSRI use and the occurrence of stroke, controlling for age, gender, concomitant medications, and comorbid medical illnesses. Results A total of nineteen OCD patients were diagnosed with new onset of stroke during the follow-up period including six cases in the SSRI group and thirteen in the non SSRI use group. SSRI use was demonstrated to be associated with a decreased risk of stroke (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.30; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.10–0.86, P = 0.02). The increase in age-related risk of strokes was 2.55 per decade (HR = 2.55; 95% CI = 1.74–3.75, P<0.001). Alternatively, sex, concomitant use of aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and comorbidities with angina pectoris, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia were not found to be associated with an increased risk for stroke in OCD patients. Conclusions Our study showed that SSRI use was associated with decreased risk of stroke in OCD patients. Further investigation into the possible biological mechanisms underlying the relationship between stroke and SSRI use in OCD patients is warranted.
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