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Yan YJ, Hu HX, Zhang YJ, Wang LL, Pan YM, Lui SSY, Huang J, Chan RCK. Reward motivation adaptation in people with negative schizotypal features: development of a novel behavioural paradigm and identifying its neural correlates using resting-state functional connectivity analysis. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2024; 274:941-953. [PMID: 37395812 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-023-01640-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Reward motivation in individuals with high levels of negative schizotypal traits (NS) has been found to be lower than that in their counterparts. But it is unclear that whether their reward motivation adaptively changes with external effort-reward ratio, and what resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) is associated with this change. Thirty-five individuals with high levels of NS and 44 individuals with low levels of NS were recruited. A 3T resting-state functional brain scan and a novel reward motivation adaptation behavioural task were administrated in all participants. The behavioural task was manipulated with three conditions (effort > reward condition vs. effort < reward condition vs. effort = reward condition). Under each condition were rated 'wanting' and 'liking' for rewards. The seed-based voxel-wise rsFC analysis was conducted to explore the rsFCs associated with the 'wanting' and 'liking' ratings in individuals with high levels of NS. 'Wanting' and 'liking' ratings of individuals with high levels of NS significantly declined in the effort > reward condition but did not rebound as high as their counterparts in the effort < reward condition. The rsFCs in NS group associated with these ratings were altered. The altered rsFCs in NS group involved regions in the prefrontal lobe, dopaminergic brain regions (ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra), hippocampus, thalamus and cerebellum. Individuals with high levels of NS manifested their reward motivation adaptation impairment as a failure of adjustment adaptively during effort-reward imbalance condition and altered rsFCs in prefrontal, dopaminergic and other brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jie Yan
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
- Sino-Danish College of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Xin Hu
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
- Department of Psychology, The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Jing Zhang
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
- Department of Psychology, The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Ling Wang
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
- Department of Psychology, The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Ming Pan
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
- Department of Psychology, The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Simon S Y Lui
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region , People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Huang
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Psychology, The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Raymond C K Chan
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China.
- Sino-Danish College of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Psychology, The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Báthori N, Polner B, Simor P. Schizotypy unfolding into the night? Schizotypal traits and daytime psychotic-like experiences predict negative and salient dreams. Schizophr Res 2022; 246:17-25. [PMID: 35696857 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Symptoms of insomnia and frequent nightmares are prevalent in psychotic disorders, and are associated with psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) in the non-clinical population. Whereas the role of impaired sleep in psychosis was extensively examined by longitudinal and interventional approaches, studies on the association between psychosis and dream quality are scarce, and mainly cross-sectional. We conducted a three-week long prospective study in a group of healthy adults (N = 55), assessed schizotypal traits, daily PLEs, and the emotional quality of dreams recalled in the morning (N = 490). We extracted the latent factors of schizotypal traits and dream emotions, and examined the predictive value of trait-and state-like variables on day-to-day reports of PLEs and dream quality. PLEs reported in the evening predicted emotionally more negative and salient dream reports the following morning. On the other hand, the quality of dreams were not predictive of PLEs reported later during the day. Schizotypal personality traits were differentially associated with dream quality: Introvertive Anhedonia, Cognitive Disorganization, and General-Disorganized schizotypy were linked to more negative dream valence, whereas Unusual Experiences were associated with more salient dreams. Our findings highlight the relevance of the multidimensional nature of schizotypal traits, the role of different facets of schizotypy in daytime and nocturnal mental experiences, and the day-to-day associations between PLEs and dream affect. GENERAL SCIENTIFIC SUMMARIES (GSS): The aim of the study was to examine the temporal associations between psychotic-like experiences and dream emotions, taking into account the trait factors of schizotypy. Psychotic-like experiences during the evening hours predicted reporting more negative and salient dreams the following morning, and schizotypal personality traits were differentially associated with the dimensions of dream emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémi Báthori
- Department of Cognitive Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary
| | - Bertalan Polner
- Department of Cognitive Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary; Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Simor
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; UR2NF, Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit at CRCN-Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI-ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
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3
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Peng-Li D, Alves Da Mota P, Correa CMC, Chan RCK, Byrne DV, Wang QJ. “Sound” Decisions: The Combined Role of Ambient Noise and Cognitive Regulation on the Neurophysiology of Food Cravings. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:827021. [PMID: 35250463 PMCID: PMC8888436 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.827021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Our ability to evaluate long-term goals over immediate rewards is manifested in the brain’s decision circuit. Simplistically, it can be divided into a fast, impulsive, reward “system 1” and a slow, deliberate, control “system 2.” In a noisy eating environment, our cognitive resources may get depleted, potentially leading to cognitive overload, emotional arousal, and consequently more rash decisions, such as unhealthy food choices. Here, we investigated the combined impact of cognitive regulation and ambient noise on food cravings through neurophysiological activity. Thirty-seven participants were recruited for an adapted version of the Regulation of Craving (ROC) task. All participants underwent two sessions of the ROC task; once with soft ambient restaurant noise (∼50 dB) and once with loud ambient restaurant noise (∼70 dB), while data from electroencephalography (EEG), electrodermal activity (EDA), and self-reported craving were collected for all palatable food images presented in the task. The results indicated that thinking about future (“later”) consequences vs. immediate (“now”) sensations associated with the food decreased cravings, which were mediated by frontal EEG alpha power. Likewise, “later” trials also increased frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA) —an index for emotional motivation. Furthermore, loud (vs. soft) noise increased alpha, beta, and theta activity, but for theta activity, this was solely occurring during “later” trials. Similarly, EDA signal peak probability was also higher during loud noise. Collectively, our findings suggest that the presence of loud ambient noise in conjunction with prospective thinking can lead to the highest emotional arousal and cognitive load as measured by EDA and EEG, respectively, both of which are important in regulating cravings and decisions. Thus, exploring the combined effects of interoceptive regulation and exteroceptive cues on food-related decision-making could be methodologically advantageous in consumer neuroscience and entail theoretical, commercial, and managerial implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Peng-Li
- Food Quality Perception and Society Team, iSENSE Lab, Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Sino-Danish College (SDC), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Danni Peng-Li,
| | - Patricia Alves Da Mota
- Food Quality Perception and Society Team, iSENSE Lab, Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Center for Music in the Brain, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Camile Maria Costa Correa
- Food Quality Perception and Society Team, iSENSE Lab, Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Raymond C. K. Chan
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Derek Victor Byrne
- Food Quality Perception and Society Team, iSENSE Lab, Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Sino-Danish College (SDC), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Janice Wang
- Food Quality Perception and Society Team, iSENSE Lab, Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Sino-Danish College (SDC), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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4
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Knauth K, Peters J. Trial-wise exposure to visual emotional cues increases physiological arousal but not temporal discounting. Psychophysiology 2022; 59:e13996. [PMID: 35037293 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Humans and many animals devalue future rewards as a function of time (temporal discounting). Increased discounting has been linked to various psychiatric conditions, including substance-use-disorders, behavioral addictions, and obesity. Despite its high intra-individual stability, temporal discounting is partly under contextual control. One prominent manipulation that has been linked to increases in discounting is the exposure to highly arousing appetitive cues. However, results from trial-wise cue exposure studies appear highly mixed, and changes in physiological arousal were not adequately controlled. Here we tested the effects of appetitive (erotic), aversive, and neutral visual cues on temporal discounting in 35 healthy male participants. The contribution of single-trial physiological arousal was assessed using comprehensive monitoring of autonomic activity (pupil size, heart rate, electrodermal activity). Physiological arousal was elevated following aversive and in particular erotic cues. In contrast to our pre-registered hypothesis, steepness of temporal discounting was not significantly affected by emotional cues of either valence. Aversive cues tended to increase decision noise. Computational modeling revealed that trial-wise arousal only accounted for minor variance over and above aversive and erotic condition effects, arguing against a general effect of physiological arousal on temporal discounting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian Knauth
- Department of Psychology, Biological Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan Peters
- Department of Psychology, Biological Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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5
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Cai XL, Li GY, Wang LL, Zhao WW, Wang Y, Yan C, Lui SSY, Li JQ, Chan RCK. Striatal GABA level is associated with sensory integration ability in individuals with low levels of negative schizotypy. Psych J 2021; 11:205-213. [PMID: 34414691 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that altered gamma-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) function may result in multisensory integration deficits in schizophrenia. However, it is unclear whether the GABA level is abnormal in individuals with high levels of schizotypal traits and how it would correlate with sensory integration ability in these individuals. This study aimed to compare the GABA level between individuals with high and low levels of negative schizotypy, and examine the relationship between GABA levels and sensory integration ability in each group. In vivo GABA+ and N-acetylaspartate (NAA) levels in the striatum were measured using proton magnetic resonance imaging in 19 participants with high levels of negative schizotypy and 21 participants with low levels of negative schizotypy. The Sensory Integration subscale of the abridged version of the Cambridge Neurological Inventory was used. We examined the group differences in GABA+/NAA levels, and the correlation between striatal GABA+/NAA levels and sensory integration ability in each group. The two groups showed comparable levels of in-vivo GABA+/NAA. In-vivo GABA+/NAA levels were negatively correlated with sensory integration score in participants with low levels of negative schizotypy, but not in participants with high levels of negative schizotypy. Our findings indicate that the increased GABA level is correlated with better sensory integration ability in individuals with low levels of negative schizotypy, implicating the role of GABAergic function in multisensory integration. Unlike schizophrenia patients, individuals with high levels of schizotypy do not exhibit any abnormality in their GABAergic system and sensory integration ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Lu Cai
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Beijing, China
| | - Gai-Ying Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling-Ling Wang
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE&STCSM), Shanghai Changning-ECNU Mental Health Center, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Simon S Y Lui
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian-Qi Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Raymond C K Chan
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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6
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Bartolomeo LA, Chapman HC, Raugh IM, Strauss GP. Delay discounting in youth at clinical high-risk for psychosis and adults with schizophrenia. Psychol Med 2021; 51:1898-1905. [PMID: 32248851 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291720000677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia (SZ) is typically preceded by a prodromal (i.e. pre-illness) period characterized by attenuated positive symptoms and declining functional outcome. Negative symptoms are prominent among individuals at clinical high-risk (CHR) for psychosis (i.e. those with prodromal syndromes) and highly predictive of conversion to illness. Mechanisms underlying negative symptoms in the CHR population are unclear. Two studies were conducted to evaluate whether abnormalities in a reward processing mechanism thought to be core to negative symptoms in SZ, value representation, also exist in CHR individuals and whether they are associated with negative symptoms transphasically. METHODS Study 1 included 33 individuals in the chronic phase of illness who have been diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (SZ) and 40 healthy controls (CN). Study 2 included 37 CHR participants and 45 CN. In both studies, participants completed the delay discounting (DD) task as a measure of value representation and the Brief Negative Symptom Scale was rated to measure negative symptoms. RESULTS Results indicated that patients with SZ had steeper discounting rates than CN, indicating impairments in value representation. However, CHR participants were unimpaired on the DD task. In both studies, steeper discounting was associated with greater severity of negative symptoms. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that deficits in value representation are associated with negative symptoms transphasically.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ian M Raugh
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, USA
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7
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Jia L, Liu Z, Cui J, Ding Q, Ye J, Liu L, Xu H, Wang Y. Future thinking is related to lower delay discounting than recent thinking, regardless of the magnitude of the reward, in individuals with schizotypy. AUSTRALIAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ap.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu‐xia Jia
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China,
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,
| | - Zhe Liu
- Teachers' College, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China,
| | - Ji‐fang Cui
- Research Center for Information and Statistics, National Institute of Education Sciences, Beijing, China,
| | - Qing‐yu Ding
- Teachers' College, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China,
| | - Jun‐yan Ye
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China,
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,
| | - Lu‐lu Liu
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,
| | - Hua Xu
- Teachers' College, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China,
| | - Ya Wang
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China,
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,
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8
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Manuel AL, Roquet D, Landin-Romero R, Kumfor F, Ahmed RM, Hodges JR, Piguet O. Interactions between decision-making and emotion in behavioral-variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2020; 15:681-694. [PMID: 32613246 PMCID: PMC7393308 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaa085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative and positive emotions are known to shape decision-making toward more or less impulsive responses, respectively. Decision-making and emotion processing are underpinned by shared brain regions including the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and the amygdala. How these processes interact at the behavioral and brain levels is still unclear. We used a lesion model to address this question. Study participants included individuals diagnosed with behavioral-variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD, n = 18), who typically present deficits in decision-making/emotion processing and atrophy of the vmPFC, individuals with Alzheimer’s disease (AD, n = 12) who present with atrophy in limbic structures and age-matched healthy controls (CTRL, n = 15). Prior to each choice on the delay discounting task participants were cued with a positive, negative or neutral picture and asked to vividly imagine witnessing the event. As hypothesized, our findings showed that bvFTD patients were more impulsive than AD patients and CTRL and did not show any emotion-related modulation of delay discounting rate. In contrast, AD patients showed increased impulsivity when primed by negative emotion. This increased impulsivity was associated with reduced integrity of bilateral amygdala in AD but not in bvFTD. Altogether, our results indicate that decision-making and emotion interact at the level of the amygdala supporting findings from animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie L Manuel
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Brain & Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition & its Disorders, Sydney, Australia.,Laboratory for Research in Neuroimaging LREN, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Roquet
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Brain & Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition & its Disorders, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ramon Landin-Romero
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Brain & Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition & its Disorders, Sydney, Australia
| | - Fiona Kumfor
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Brain & Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition & its Disorders, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rebekah M Ahmed
- Brain & Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition & its Disorders, Sydney, Australia.,Clinical Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - John R Hodges
- Brain & Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition & its Disorders, Sydney, Australia.,Clinical Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Olivier Piguet
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Brain & Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition & its Disorders, Sydney, Australia
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