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Huang Y, Lv S, Liu H, Cheng Q, Biao Y, Lu H, Lin X, Wang Z, Yang H, Chen H, Weng YX. Observation of photoinduced polarons in semimetal 1T-TiSe 2. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 34:235707. [PMID: 36877995 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acc188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this work, ultrafast carrier dynamics of mechanically exfoliated 1T-TiSe2flakes from the high-quality single crystals with self-intercalated Ti atoms are investigated by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. The observed coherent acoustic and optical phonon oscillations after ultrafast photoexcitation reveal the strong electron-phonon coupling in 1T-TiSe2. The ultrafast carrier dynamics probed in both visible and mid-infrared regions indicate that some photogenerated carriers localize near the intercalated Ti atoms and form small polarons rapidly within several picoseconds after photoexcitation due to the strong and short-range electron-phonon coupling. The formation of polarons leads to a reduction of carrier mobility and a long-time relaxation process of photoexcited carriers for several nanoseconds. The formation and dissociation rates of the photoinduced polarons are dependent on both the pump fluence and the thickness of TiSe2sample. This work offers new insights into the photogenerated carrier dynamics of 1T-TiSe2, and emphasizes the effects of intercalated atoms on the electron and lattice dynamics after photoexcitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Huang
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Senhao Lv
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Heyuan Liu
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuzhen Cheng
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Biao
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongliang Lu
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Lin
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuan Wang
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Haitao Yang
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, People's Republic of China
| | - Hailong Chen
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Xiang Weng
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, People's Republic of China
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2
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Zhao WM, Zhu L, Nie Z, Li QY, Wang QW, Dou LG, Hu JG, Xian L, Meng S, Li SC. Moiré enhanced charge density wave state in twisted 1T-TiTe 2/1T-TiSe 2 heterostructures. NATURE MATERIALS 2022; 21:284-289. [PMID: 34916657 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-021-01167-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale periodic moiré patterns, for example those formed at the interface of a twisted bilayer of two-dimensional materials, provide opportunities for engineering the electronic properties of van der Waals heterostructures1-11. In this work, we synthesized the epitaxial heterostructure of 1T-TiTe2/1T-TiSe2 with various twist angles using molecular beam epitaxy and investigated the moiré pattern induced/enhanced charge density wave (CDW) states with scanning tunnelling microscopy. When the twist angle is near zero degrees, 2 × 2 CDW domains are formed in 1T-TiTe2, separated by 1 × 1 normal state domains, and trapped in the moiré pattern. The formation of the moiré-trapped CDW state is ascribed to the local strain variation due to atomic reconstruction. Furthermore, this CDW state persists at room temperature, suggesting its potential for future CDW-based applications. Such moiré-trapped CDW patterns were not observed at larger twist angles. Our study paves the way for constructing metallic twist van der Waals bilayers and tuning many-body effects via moiré engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Min Zhao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Zhu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengwei Nie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi-Yuan Li
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi-Wei Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li-Guo Dou
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ju-Gang Hu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lede Xian
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, P. R. China.
| | - Shao-Chun Li
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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3
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Li S, Zhang Z, Xu C, Liu Z, Chen X, Bian Q, Gedeon H, Shao Z, Liu L, Liu Z, Kang N, Cheng HM, Ren W, Pan M. Magnetic Doping Induced Superconductivity-to-Incommensurate Density Waves Transition in a 2D Ultrathin Cr-Doped Mo 2C Crystal. ACS NANO 2021; 15:14938-14946. [PMID: 34469117 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c05133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the vicinity of a competing electronic order, superconductivity emerges within a superconducting dome in the phase diagram, which has been demonstrated in unconventional superconductors and transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), suggesting a scenario where fluctuations or a partial melting of a parent order are essential for inducing superconductivity. Here, we present a contrary example, the two-dimensional (2D) superconductivity in transition-metal carbide can be readily turned into charge density wave (CDW) phases via dilute magnetic doping. Low temperature scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy (STM/STS), transport measurements, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations were employed to investigate Cr-doped superconducting Mo2C crystals in the 2D limit. With ultralow Cr doping (2.7 atom %), the superconductivity of Mo2C is heavily suppressed. Strikingly, an incommensurate density wave (IDW) and a related partially opened gap are observed at a temperature above the superconducting regime. The wave vector of IDW agrees well with the calculated Fermi surface nesting vectors. By further increasing the Cr doping level to 9.4 atom %, a stronger IDW with a smaller periodicity and a larger partial gap appear concurrently. The resistance anomaly implies the onset of the CDW phase. Spatial-resolved and temperature-dependent spectroscopy reveals that such CDW phases exist only in a nonsuperconducting regime and could form long-range orders uniformly. The results provide the understanding for the interplay between charge ordered states and superconductivity in 2D transition-metal carbide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojian Li
- School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Zongyuan Zhang
- School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Chuan Xu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Xiaorui Chen
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Qi Bian
- School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Habakubaho Gedeon
- School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Zhibin Shao
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Zhibo Liu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Ning Kang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Ming Cheng
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Wencai Ren
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Minghu Pan
- School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
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4
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Spera M, Scarfato A, Pásztor Á, Giannini E, Bowler DR, Renner C. Insight into the Charge Density Wave Gap from Contrast Inversion in Topographic STM Images. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:267603. [PMID: 33449793 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.267603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Charge density waves (CDWs) are understood in great detail in one dimension, but they remain largely enigmatic in two-dimensional systems. In particular, numerous aspects of the associated energy gap and the formation mechanism are not fully understood. Two long-standing riddles are the amplitude and position of the CDW gap with respect to the Fermi level (E_{F}) and the frequent absence of CDW contrast inversion (CI) between opposite bias scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images. Here, we find compelling evidence that these two issues are intimately related. Combining density functional theory and STM to analyze the CDW pattern and modulation amplitude in 1T-TiSe_{2}, we find that CI takes place at an unexpected negative sample bias because the CDW gap opens away from E_{F}, deep inside the valence band. This bias becomes increasingly negative as the CDW gap shifts to higher binding energy with electron doping. This study shows the importance of CI in STM images to identify periodic modulations with a CDW and to gain valuable insight into the CDW gap, whose measurement is notoriously controversial.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Spera
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, 24 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - A Scarfato
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, 24 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Á Pásztor
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, 24 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - E Giannini
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, 24 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - D R Bowler
- London Centre for Nanotechnology and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Ch Renner
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, 24 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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5
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Li Z, Song Y, Tang S. Quantum spin Hall state in monolayer 1T '-TMDCs. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:333001. [PMID: 32244235 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab8660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although the 1T'phase is rare in the transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) family, it has attracted rapid growing research interest due to the coexistence of superconductivity, unsaturated magneto-resistance, topological phases etc. Among them, the quantum spin Hall (QSH) state in monolayer 1T'-TMDCs is especially interesting because of its unique van der Waals crystal structure, bringing advantages in the fundamental research and application. For example, the van der Waals two-dimensional (2D) layer is vital in building novel functional vertical heterostructure. The monolayer 1T'-TMDCs has become one of the widely studied QSH insulator. In this review, we review the recent progress in fabrications of monolayer 1T'-TMDCs and evidence that establishes it as QSH insulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuojun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), Shanghai 200050, People's Republic of China
| | - Yekai Song
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), Shanghai 200050, People's Republic of China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Shujie Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), Shanghai 200050, People's Republic of China
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6
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Wang X, Song Z, Wen W, Liu H, Wu J, Dang C, Hossain M, Iqbal MA, Xie L. Potential 2D Materials with Phase Transitions: Structure, Synthesis, and Device Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1804682. [PMID: 30393917 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201804682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Layered materials with phase transitions, such as charge density wave (CDW) and magnetic and dipole ordering, have potential to be exfoliated into monolayers and few-layers and then become a large and important subfamily of two-dimensional (2D) materials. Benefitting from enriched physical properties from the collective interactions, long-range ordering, and related phase transitions, as well as the atomic thickness yet having nondangling bonds on the surface, 2D phase-transition materials have vast potential for use in new-concept and functional devices. Here, potential 2D phase-transition materials with CDWs and magnetic and dipole ordering, including transition metal dichalcogenides, transition metal halides, metal thio/selenophosphates, chromium silicon/germanium tellurides, and more, are introduced. The structures and experimental phase-transition properties are summarized for the bulk materials and some of the obtained monolayers. In addition, recent experimental progress on the synthesis and measurement of monolayers, such as 1T-TaS2 , CrI3 , and Cr2 Ge2 Te6 , is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinsheng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Song
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, CB3 0FA, Cambridge, UK
| | - Wen Wen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Haining Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Juanxia Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Chunhe Dang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Mongur Hossain
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Muhammad Ahsan Iqbal
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Liming Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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7
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Shao Z, Fu ZG, Li S, Cao Y, Bian Q, Sun H, Zhang Z, Gedeon H, Zhang X, Liu L, Cheng Z, Zheng F, Zhang P, Pan M. Strongly Compressed Few-Layered SnSe 2 Films Grown on a SrTiO 3 Substrate: The Coexistence of Charge Ordering and Enhanced Interfacial Superconductivity. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:5304-5312. [PMID: 31287705 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b01766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
High pressure has been demonstrated to be a powerful approach of producing novel condensed-matter states, particularly in tuning the superconducting transition temperature (Tc) of the superconductivity in a clean fashion without involving the complexity of chemical doping. However, the challenge of high-pressure experiment hinders further in-depth research for underlying mechanisms. Here, we have successfully synthesized continuous layer-controllable SnSe2 films on SrTiO3 substrate using molecular beam epitaxy. By means of scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy (STM/S) and Raman spectroscopy, we found that the strong compressive strain is intrinsically built in few-layers films, with a largest equivalent pressure up to 23 GPa in the monolayer. Upon this, unusual 2 × 2 charge ordering is induced at the occupied states in the monolayer, accompanied by prominent decrease in the density of states (DOS) near the Fermi energy (EF), resembling the gap states of CDW reported in transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) materials. Subsequently, the coexistence of charge ordering and the interfacial superconductivity is observed in bilayer films as a result of releasing the compressive strain. In conjunction with spatially resolved spectroscopic study and first-principles calculation, we find that the enhanced interfacial superconductivity with an estimated Tc of 8.3 K is observed only in the 1 × 1 region. Such superconductivity can be ascribed to a combined effect of interfacial charge transfer and compressive strain, which leads to a considerable downshift of the conduction band minimum and an increase in the DOS at EF. Our results provide an attractive platform for further in-depth investigation of compression-induced charge ordering (monolayer) and the interplay between charge ordering and superconductivity (bilayer). Meanwhile, it has opened up a pathway to prepare strongly compressed two-dimensional materials by growing onto a SrTiO3 substrate, which is promising to induce superconductivity with a higher Tc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Shao
- School of Physics , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Zhen-Guo Fu
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics , Beijing 100088 , China
| | - Shaojian Li
- School of Physics , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Yan Cao
- School of Physics , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Qi Bian
- School of Physics , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Haigen Sun
- School of Physics , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Zongyuan Zhang
- School of Physics , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Habakubaho Gedeon
- School of Physics , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Physics , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Lijun Liu
- School of Physics , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Zhengwang Cheng
- School of Physics , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Fawei Zheng
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics , Beijing 100088 , China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics , Beijing 100088 , China
| | - Minghu Pan
- School of Physics , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
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