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Hoffmann ME, Jacomin AC, Popovic D, Kalina D, Covarrubias-Pinto A, Dikic I. TBC1D2B undergoes phase separation and mediates autophagy initiation. J Cell Biochem 2024; 125:e30481. [PMID: 38226533 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Small ubiquitin-like modifiers from the ATG8 family regulate autophagy initiation and progression in mammalian cells. Their interaction with LC3-interacting region (LIR) containing proteins promotes cargo sequestration, phagophore assembly, or even fusion between autophagosomes and lysosomes. Previously, we have shown that RabGAP proteins from the TBC family directly bind to LC3/GABARAP proteins. In the present study, we focus on the function of TBC1D2B. We show that TBC1D2B contains a functional canonical LIR motif and acts at an early stage of autophagy by binding to both LC3/GABARAP and ATG12 conjugation complexes. Subsequently, TBC1D2B is degraded by autophagy. TBC1D2B condensates into liquid droplets upon autophagy induction. Our study suggests that phase separation is an underlying mechanism of TBC1D2B-dependent autophagy induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina E Hoffmann
- Molecular Signaling Group, Institute of Biochemistry II, Medical Faculty, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Anne-Claire Jacomin
- Molecular Signaling Group, Institute of Biochemistry II, Medical Faculty, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Doris Popovic
- Molecular Signaling Group, Institute of Biochemistry II, Medical Faculty, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daniel Kalina
- Molecular Signaling Group, Institute of Biochemistry II, Medical Faculty, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine, Goethe University Clinic Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Adriana Covarrubias-Pinto
- Molecular Signaling Group, Institute of Biochemistry II, Medical Faculty, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ivan Dikic
- Molecular Signaling Group, Institute of Biochemistry II, Medical Faculty, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Molecular Signaling Group, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Fraunhofer Institute of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Frankfurt, Germany
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2
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Jiang H, Peng J, Li Q, Geng S, Zhang H, Shu Y, Wang R, Zhang B, Li C, Xiang X. Genome-wide identification and analysis of monocot-specific chimeric jacalins (MCJ) genes in Maize (Zea mays L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:636. [PMID: 38971734 PMCID: PMC11227246 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05354-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The monocot chimeric jacalins (MCJ) proteins, which contain a jacalin-related lectin (JRL) domain and a dirigent domain (DIR), are specific to Poaceae. MCJ gene family is reported to play an important role in growth, development and stress response. However, their roles in maize have not been thoroughly investigated. RESULTS In this study, eight MCJ genes in the maize genome (designated as ZmMCJs) were identified, which displayed unequal distribution across four chromosomes. Phylogenetic relationships between the ZmMCJs were evident through the identification of highly conserved motifs and gene structures. Analysis of transcriptome data revealed distinct expression patterns among the ZmMCJ genes, leading to their classification into four different modules, which were subsequently validated using RT-qPCR. Protein structures of the same module are found to be relatively similar. Subcellular localization experiments indicated that the ZmMCJs are mainly located on the cell membrane. Additionally, hemagglutination and inhibition experiments show that only part of the ZmMCJs protein has lectin activity, which is mediated by the JRL structure, and belongs to the mannose-binding type. The cis-acting elements in the promoter region of ZmMCJ genes predicted their involvement response to phytohormones, such as abscisic acid and jasmonic acid. This suggests that ZmMCJ genes may play a significant role in both biotic and abiotic stress responses. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study adds new insights into our understanding of the gene-protein architecture, evolutionary characteristics, expression profiles, and potential functions of MCJ genes in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Jiang
- The National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Jiajian Peng
- The National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Qian Li
- The National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Siqian Geng
- The National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Hualei Zhang
- The National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuting Shu
- The National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Rui Wang
- The National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- The National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Changsheng Li
- The National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoli Xiang
- The National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.
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3
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Mosesso N, Lerner NS, Bläske T, Groh F, Maguire S, Niedermeier ML, Landwehr E, Vogel K, Meergans K, Nagel MK, Drescher M, Stengel F, Hauser K, Isono E. Arabidopsis CaLB1 undergoes phase separation with the ESCRT protein ALIX and modulates autophagosome maturation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5188. [PMID: 38898014 PMCID: PMC11187125 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49485-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is relevant for diverse processes in eukaryotic cells, making its regulation of fundamental importance. The formation and maturation of autophagosomes require a complex choreography of numerous factors. The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) is implicated in the final step of autophagosomal maturation by sealing of the phagophore membrane. ESCRT-III components were shown to mediate membrane scission by forming filaments that interact with cellular membranes. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the recruitment of ESCRTs to non-endosomal membranes remain largely unknown. Here we focus on the ESCRT-associated protein ALG2-interacting protein X (ALIX) and identify Ca2+-dependent lipid binding protein 1 (CaLB1) as its interactor. Our findings demonstrate that CaLB1 interacts with AUTOPHAGY8 (ATG8) and PI(3)P, a phospholipid found in autophagosomal membranes. Moreover, CaLB1 and ALIX localize with ATG8 on autophagosomes upon salt treatment and assemble together into condensates. The depletion of CaLB1 impacts the maturation of salt-induced autophagosomes and leads to reduced delivery of autophagosomes to the vacuole. Here, we propose a crucial role of CaLB1 in augmenting phase separation of ALIX, facilitating the recruitment of ESCRT-III to the site of phagophore closure thereby ensuring efficient maturation of autophagosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccolò Mosesso
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Niharika Savant Lerner
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Tobias Bläske
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Felix Groh
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Shane Maguire
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
- Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Marie Laura Niedermeier
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
- Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Eliane Landwehr
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
- Spectroscopy of Complex Systems, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Karin Vogel
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Konstanze Meergans
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Marie-Kristin Nagel
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Malte Drescher
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
- Spectroscopy of Complex Systems, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Florian Stengel
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
- Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Karin Hauser
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
- Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Erika Isono
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585 Aichi, Japan.
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4
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Yang X, Huang Y, Xia P. The property and function of proteins undergoing liquid-liquid phase separation in plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024. [PMID: 38808958 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
A wide variety of membrane-less organelles in cells play an essential role in regulating gene expression, RNA processing, plant growth and development, and helping organisms cope with changing external environments. In biology, liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) usually refers to a reversible process in which one or more specific molecular components are spontaneously separated from the bulk environment, producing two distinct liquid phases: concentrated and dilute. LLPS may be a powerful cellular compartmentalisation mechanism whereby biocondensates formed via LLPS when biomolecules exceed critical or saturating concentrations in the environment where they are found will be generated. It has been widely used to explain the formation of membrane-less organelles in organisms. LLPS studies in the context of plant physiology are now widespread, but most of the research is still focused on non-plant systems; the study of phase separation in plants needs to be more thorough. Proteins and nucleic acids are the main components involved in LLPS. This review summarises the specific features and properties of biomolecules undergoing LLPS in plants. We describe in detail these biomolecules' structural characteristics, the mechanism of formation of condensates, and the functions of these condensates. Finally, We summarised the phase separation mechanisms in plant growth, development, and stress adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Huang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pengguo Xia
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
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5
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Xu F, Wang L, Li Y, Shi J, Staiger D, Yu F. Phase separation of GRP7 facilitated by FERONIA-mediated phosphorylation inhibits mRNA translation to modulate plant temperature resilience. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:460-477. [PMID: 38327052 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Changes in ambient temperature profoundly affect plant growth and performance. Therefore, the molecular basis of plant acclimation to temperature fluctuation is of great interest. In this study, we discovered that GLYCINE-RICH RNA-BINDING PROTEIN 7 (GRP7) contributes to cold and heat tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. We found that exposure to a warm temperature rapidly induces GRP7 condensates in planta, which can be reversed by transfer to a lower temperature. Cell biology and biochemical assays revealed that GRP7 undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) in vivo and in vitro. LLPS of GRP7 in the cytoplasm contributes to the formation of stress granules that recruit RNA, along with the translation machinery component eukaryotic initiation factor 4E1 (eIF4E1) and the mRNA chaperones COLD SHOCK PROTEIN 1 (CSP1) and CSP3, to inhibit translation. Moreover, natural variations in GRP7 affecting the residue phosphorylated by the receptor kinase FERONIA alter its capacity to undergo LLPS and correlate with the adaptation of some Arabidopsis accessions to a wider temperature range. Taken together, our findings illustrate the role of translational control mediated by GRP7 LLPS to confer plants with temperature resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, and Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
| | - Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, and Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China; State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, P.R. China
| | - Yingbin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, and Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
| | - Junfeng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, and Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
| | - Dorothee Staiger
- RNA Biology and Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Feng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, and Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China.
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6
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Yagyu M, Yoshimoto K. New insights into plant autophagy: molecular mechanisms and roles in development and stress responses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:1234-1251. [PMID: 37978884 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved eukaryotic intracellular degradation process. Although the molecular mechanisms of plant autophagy share similarities with those in yeast and mammals, certain unique mechanisms have been identified. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of autophagy during vegetative growth stages as well as in plant-specific developmental processes, such as seed development, germination, flowering, and somatic reprogramming. Autophagy enables plants to adapt to and manage severe environmental conditions, such as nutrient starvation, high-intensity light stress, and heat stress, leading to intracellular remodeling and physiological changes in response to stress. In the past, plant autophagy research lagged behind similar studies in yeast and mammals; however, recent advances have greatly expanded our understanding of plant-specific autophagy mechanisms and functions. This review summarizes current knowledge and latest research findings on the mechanisms and roles of plant autophagy with the objective of improving our understanding of this vital process in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mako Yagyu
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
- Life Sciences Program, Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Kohki Yoshimoto
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
- Life Sciences Program, Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
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7
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Eljebbawi A, Dolata A, Strotmann VI, Stahl Y. Unlocking nature's (sub)cellular symphony: Phase separation in plant meristems. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 76:102480. [PMID: 37862837 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Plant development is based on the balance of stem cell maintenance and differentiation in the shoot and root meristems. The necessary cell fate decisions are regulated by intricate networks of proteins and biomolecules within plant cells and require robust and dynamic compartmentalization strategies, including liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), which allows the formation of membrane-less compartments. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the emerging field of LLPS in plant development, with a particular focus on the shoot and root meristems. LLPS regulates not only floral transition and flowering time while integrating environmental signals in the shoots but also influences auxin signalling and is putatively involved in maintaining the stem cell niche (SCN) in the roots. Therefore, LLPS has the potential to play a crucial role in the plasticity of plant development, necessitating further research for a comprehensive understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Eljebbawi
- Institute for Developmental Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Anika Dolata
- Institute for Developmental Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Vivien I Strotmann
- Institute for Developmental Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Yvonne Stahl
- Institute for Developmental Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Germany.
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8
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Li R, Pang L. Comparing the effects of proteins with IDRs on membrane system in yeast, mammalian cells, and the model plant Arabidopsis. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 74:102375. [PMID: 37172364 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Membrane vesiculation is an energy-costing process. Previous studies paid much attention to proteins with curvature-inducing motifs. Recent publications reveal that the liquid-like protein assembly on membrane surfaces provides an efficient yet structure-independent mechanism for increasing the membrane curvature, which plays important roles in vesicle transport in many aspects. Intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) within the proteins are highly potent drivers of membrane curvature by providing large hydrodynamic radii to generate steric pressure. Biomolecular condensates formed by phase separation can provide a reaction platform for sequential processes or generate a wetting surface to sequestrate cargos and trigger membrane remodeling. We review the latest progress in yeast and mammalian cells, focus on the mechanism of clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) and autophagy initiation, and compare with what we know in model plant Arabidopsis. The comparison may give important insights into the understanding of basic membrane trafficking mechanisms in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixi Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Plant and Food Science, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Lei Pang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Plant and Food Science, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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Wang H, Niu R, Zhou Y, Tang Z, Xu G, Zhou G. ECT9 condensates with ECT1 and regulates plant immunity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1140840. [PMID: 37113599 PMCID: PMC10126281 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1140840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Mounting an efficient defense against pathogens requires RNA binding proteins (RBPs) to regulate immune mRNAs transcription, splicing, export, translation, storage, and degradation. RBPs often have multiple family members, raising the question of how they coordinate to carry out diverse cellular functions. In this study, we demonstrate that EVOLUTIONARILY CONSERVED C-TERMINAL REGION 9 (ECT9), a member of the YTH protein family in Arabidopsis, can condensate with its homolog ECT1 to control immune responses. Among the 13 YTH family members screened, only ECT9 can form condensates that decrease after salicylic acid (SA) treatment. While ECT1 alone cannot form condensates, it can be recruited to ECT9 condensates in vivo and in vitro. Notably, the ect1/9 double mutant, but not the single mutant, exhibits heightened immune responses to the avirulent pathogen. Our findings suggest that co-condensation is a mechanism by which RBP family members confer redundant functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ruixia Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yulu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhijuan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guoyong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guilong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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