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Puente AR, Polavarapu PL. Chiral explosives: A theoretical investigation of structure and chiroptical properties of triacetone triperoxide and hexamethylene triperoxide diamine. Chirality 2023; 35:211-226. [PMID: 36651721 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Triacetone triperoxide (TATP) and hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD) are cyclic peroxides that exhibit atropisomerism resulting from restricted rotation around three peroxide bonds. As a result, one pair of enantiomers with D3 symmetry and another pair of enantiomers with C2 symmetry can be identified. Previous studies, based on mass spectrometry data and computational results, have shown that conformations of TATP with D3 and C2 symmetry can be isolated. Assuming that enantiomer samples of TATP and HMTD can be obtained with sufficient enantiopurity, we investigated their chiroptical properties, namely, optical rotatory dispersion (ORD), vibrational circular dichroism (VCD), and Raman optical activity (VROA). ORD curves and VCD spectra are seen to be very similar for D3 - and C2 -symmetric atropisomers with the same overall helicity. Predicted VROA results, however, show significant differences between D3 - and C2 -symmetric atropisomers with the same overall helicity. The D3 -symmetric atropisomer is predicted to exhibit considerably larger magnitude vibrational optical activity signals than the C2 -symmetric atropisomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Puente
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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2
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Hehet P, Pütz M, Kämmerer B, Umlauf G, Geiss O, Caetano JGN, Karaghiosoff K, Wende M. Determination of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) traces using passive samplers in combination with GC-MS and GC-PCI-MS/MS methods. Forensic Sci Int 2023:111673. [PMID: 37031011 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
The use of organic peroxides for the preparation of homemade explosives (HMEs) is common among terrorists due to inexpensive precursor chemicals and simple synthetic procedures. Triacetone triperoxide (TATP) is the most notable peroxide explosive, and has been deployed in several terrorist attacks as explosive filling of improvised explosive devices (IEDs). Forensic identification of TATP in pre-blast and post-blast residues, including on-site analysis, poses significant analytical challenges and induces demand for practicable and sensitive detection techniques. This work presents a concept suitable for laboratory and on-site identification of TATP residues in liquid samples (aqueous TATP synthetic waste) and in gas phase. It is based on TATP enrichment from the aqueous or gas phase using different types of passive samplers (polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) sampling rods and activated carbon sampling tubes (ACST)) and subsequent identification of the explosive by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or GC with positive chemical ionization and tandem MS (GC-PCI-MS/MS) analytical techniques. Additionally, investigation of the stability of TATP in aqueous solutions and of the stability of enriched TATP in passive samplers under different storage conditions, as well as development of TATP re-extraction procedures from passive samplers have been performed in this study. The practical use of passive samplers was demonstrated during and after TATP production processes. Moreover, post-blast sampling of TATP under different conditions of controlled blasting events was investigated using the passive sampling concept.
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Pawlus K, Kwiatkowski M, Stolarczyk A, Glosz K, Jarosz T. Synthesis of explosive peroxides using unrecognised explosive precursors - percarbonates and perborates. FIREPHYSCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpc.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Blanco S, Macario A, García‐Calvo J, Revilla‐Cuesta A, Torroba T, López JC. Microwave Detection of Wet Triacetone Triperoxide (TATP): Non‐Covalent Forces and Water Dynamics. Chemistry 2020; 27:1680-1687. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susana Blanco
- Departamento de Química Física y Química Inorgánica Facultad de Ciencias, IU CINQUIMA Universidad de Valladolid 47011 Valladolid Spain
| | - Alberto Macario
- Departamento de Química Física y Química Inorgánica Facultad de Ciencias, IU CINQUIMA Universidad de Valladolid 47011 Valladolid Spain
| | - José García‐Calvo
- Departamento de Química Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Burgos 09001 Burgos Spain
| | - Andrea Revilla‐Cuesta
- Departamento de Química Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Burgos 09001 Burgos Spain
| | - Tomas Torroba
- Departamento de Química Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Burgos 09001 Burgos Spain
| | - Juan Carlos López
- Departamento de Química Física y Química Inorgánica Facultad de Ciencias, IU CINQUIMA Universidad de Valladolid 47011 Valladolid Spain
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Matyáš R, Chýlková J. Study of TATP: Impact of TATP Sublimation on the Content of Residual Acid in TATP Crystals and on TATP's Properties. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.201900375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Matyáš
- Institute of Energetic MaterialsUniversity of Pardubice, Faculty of Chemical Technology Studentska 95 532 10 Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Jaromíra Chýlková
- Institute of Environmental and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Pardubice, Faculty of Chemical Technology Studentska 95 532 10 Pardubice Czech Republic
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A Powdered Simulant of Triacetone Triperoxide (TATP) for Safe Testing of X-ray Transmission Screening Equipment. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25061473. [PMID: 32214034 PMCID: PMC7146122 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Explosives detection systems (EDS) based on X-ray are used at airports to screen baggage for the presence of explosives. Once EDS are installed in airports, however, it can be challenging to test the EDS equipment and verify that it continues to perform at the highest level, because of the impracticality of introducing bulk explosives into civil aviation airports. The problem is particularly acute for sensitive homemade explosives, such as triacetone triperoxide (TATP). This paper describes our work to develop a safe, accurate and stable simulant for TATP for EDS based on X-ray transmission. Bulk quantities of TATP were synthesised and characterised especially for this project, and we describe the unique challenges and safety considerations of collecting this data. Our calculations show that the expanded measurement uncertainty with a coverage factor of k = 2 is 5.7% for bulk density and 1.0% for Zeff at 24 months.
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Makhmudiyarova NN, Shangaraev KR, Dzhemileva LU, Tyumkina TV, Mescheryakova ES, D'yakonov VA, Ibragimov AG, Dzhemilev UM. New synthesis of tetraoxaspirododecane-diamines and tetraoxazaspirobicycloalkanes. RSC Adv 2019; 9:29949-29958. [PMID: 35531552 PMCID: PMC9072112 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06372b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient method for the synthesis of new spiro-tetraoxadodecanediamines and tetraoxazaspirobicycloalkanes has been developed by reactions of primary arylamines with gem-dihydroperoxides and α,ω-dialdehydes (glyoxal, pentanedial) catalyzed by lanthanide catalysts. A potential pathway for formation of tetraoxaspirododecane-diamines and tetraoxazospirobicycloalkanes has been proposed that involves generation of intermediate tetraoxaspiroalkanediols under the reaction conditions. The structures of the crystalline products have been confirmed by XRD. It was shown that the synthesized tetraoxazaspirobicycloalkanes exhibit high cytotoxic activity against Jurkat, K562, and U937 tumor cultures and Fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya N Makhmudiyarova
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Russian Academy of Sciences 141 Prospekt Oktyabrya 450075 Ufa Russian Federation
| | - Kamil R Shangaraev
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Russian Academy of Sciences 141 Prospekt Oktyabrya 450075 Ufa Russian Federation
| | - Lilya U Dzhemileva
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Russian Academy of Sciences 141 Prospekt Oktyabrya 450075 Ufa Russian Federation
| | - Tatyana V Tyumkina
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Russian Academy of Sciences 141 Prospekt Oktyabrya 450075 Ufa Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina S Mescheryakova
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Russian Academy of Sciences 141 Prospekt Oktyabrya 450075 Ufa Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir A D'yakonov
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Russian Academy of Sciences 141 Prospekt Oktyabrya 450075 Ufa Russian Federation
| | - Askhat G Ibragimov
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Russian Academy of Sciences 141 Prospekt Oktyabrya 450075 Ufa Russian Federation
| | - Usein M Dzhemilev
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Russian Academy of Sciences 141 Prospekt Oktyabrya 450075 Ufa Russian Federation
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Santos A, Dutra L, Menezes L, Santos M, Barison A. Forensic NMR spectroscopy: Just a beginning of a promising partnership. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Dunn L, Al Obaidly HSA, Khalil SE. Development and validation of fast liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometric (LC-APCI-QToF-MS) methods for the analysis of hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD) and triacetone triperoxide (TATP). Forensic Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Hagenhoff S, Franzke J, Hayen H. Determination of Peroxide Explosive TATP and Related Compounds by Dielectric Barrier Discharge Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (DBDI-MS). Anal Chem 2017; 89:4210-4215. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hagenhoff
- Institute
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße
30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Joachim Franzke
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften − ISAS − e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Heiko Hayen
- Institute
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße
30, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Espinosa-Fuentes E, Colpas-Castillo F, Meza-Fuentes E, Ropero J. An Easy Method to Prepare D 3and C 2-TATP Crystals. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.201500245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Espinosa-Fuentes
- GESSA, Research Group, Department of enviromental Sciences; Corporación Universidad de la Costa (CUC); Barranquilla Colombia
| | - Fredy Colpas-Castillo
- Carboquimica, Research Group, Department of Chemistry; Universidad de Cartagena; Cartagena Colombia
| | - Edgardo Meza-Fuentes
- Estudios en Materiales y Combustibles, Research Group, Department of Chemistry; Universidad de Cartagena; Cartagena Colombia
| | - Jorge Ropero
- Department of Chemistry; Universidad del Atlántico; Barranquilla Colombia
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Johns C, Hutchinson JP, Guijt RM, Hilder EF, Haddad PR, Macka M, Nesterenko PN, Gaudry AJ, Dicinoski GW, Breadmore MC. Micellar electrokinetic chromatography of organic and peroxide-based explosives. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 876:91-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Hill AR, Edgar M, Chatzigeorgiou M, Reynolds JC, Kelly PF, Creaser CS. Analysis of triacetone triperoxide complexes with alkali metal ions by electrospray and extractive electrospray ionisation combined with ion mobility spectrometry and mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2015; 21:265-274. [PMID: 26307706 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The complexation of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) with a range of alkali metals has been studied by electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry yield [M+Cat](+) ions for all of the alkali metals. The formation of [2TATP+Li+LiX](+) (X = Br, Cl) sandwich complexes was also observed. Collision cross- sections for the lithium-containing complexes of TATP were measured by travelling wave ion mobility spectrometry mass spectrometry, and compared well with computationally determined structures. Extractive electrospray ionisation (EESI) using a lithium doped electrospray is demonstrated for the detection of TATP vapours desorbed from a metal surface. The limit of detection for EESI was shown to be 20 ng using the [TATP+Li](+) ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex R Hill
- Centr e for Analytical Science, Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - Mark Edgar
- Centre for Analytical Science, Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - Maria Chatzigeorgiou
- Centre for Analytical Science, Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK. m.chatzigeorgiou- 13@
| | - James C Reynolds
- Centre for Analytical Science, Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - Paul F Kelly
- Cent re for Analytical Science, Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - Colin S Creaser
- C entre for Analytical Science, Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK.
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Giordano BC, Lubrano AL, Field CR, Collins GE. Dynamic headspace generation and quantitation of triacetone triperoxide vapor. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1331:38-43. [PMID: 24508355 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Two methods for quantitation of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) vapor using a programmable temperature vaporization (PTV) inlet coupled to a gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) have been demonstrated. The dynamic headspace of bulk TATP was mixed with clean humid air to produce a TATP vapor stream. Sampling via a heated transfer line to a PTV inlet with a Tenax-TA™ filled liner allowed for direct injection of the vapor stream to a GC/MS for vapor quantitation. TATP was extracted from the vapor stream and subsequently desorbed from the PTV liner for splitless injection on the GC column. Calibration curves were prepared using solution standards with a standard split/splitless GC inlet for quantitation of the TATP vapor. Alternatively, vapor was sampled onto a Tenax-TA™ sample tube and placed into a thermal desorption system. In this instance, vapor was desorbed from the tube and subsequently trapped on a liquid nitrogen cooled PTV inlet. Calibration curves for this method were prepared from direct liquid injection of standards onto samples tube with the caveat that a vacuum is applied to the tube during deposition to ensure that the volatile TATP penetrates into the tube. Vapor concentration measurements, as determined by either GC/MS analysis or mass gravimetry of the bulk TATP, were statistically indistinguishable. Different approaches to broaden the TATP vapor dynamic range, including diluent air flow, sample chamber temperature, sample vial orifice size, and sample size are discussed. Vapor concentrations between 50 and 5400ngL(-1) are reported, with stable vapor generation observed for as long as 60 consecutive hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braden C Giordano
- Chemistry Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
| | | | - Christopher R Field
- Chemistry Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - Greg E Collins
- Chemistry Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
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Ion chromatography-mass spectrometry: A review of recent technologies and applications in forensic and environmental explosives analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 806:27-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Romolo FS, Cassioli L, Grossi S, Cinelli G, Russo MV. Surface-sampling and analysis of TATP by swabbing and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 2013; 224:96-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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