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Liu Z, Li W, Wu Y, Man H, Zhao YB, Li Z. TOF-SIMS study of latent fingerprints on challenging substrates with the aid of transfer films. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:5225-5232. [PMID: 37781992 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01256e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) has been applied in forensic science for fingerprint detection. However, due to limitations of the instrument, it is not always possible to directly sample fingerprints on certain substrates. In this report, we indirectly sampled fingerprints using transfer films. First, we optimized the experimental conditions and identified transfer films with better results. We then explored the feasibility of revealing fingerprints after transfer and successfully transferred and revealed the detailed features of fingerprints on several common objects that could not be directly sampled. Fingerprints transferred from smooth surfaces yield clearer feature details in ion images. Additionally, we analyzed the substances in the transferred fingerprints and detected components of morphine and MDMA(3,4-methylenedioxy-n-methylamphetamine). By combining feature details with identified chemical components, the identity of a person can be determined, linking suspects to the crime scene. This work provides a new approach for sample introduction in instrumental analysis, enabling TOF-SIMS to be applied in more scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolun Liu
- Department of Forensic Science, People's Security University of China, Beijing, 100038, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjie Li
- Forensic Science Office of Yandu Branch of Yancheng Public Security Bureau, Yancheng, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Wu
- Department of Forensic Science, People's Security University of China, Beijing, 100038, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanze Man
- Department of Forensic Science, People's Security University of China, Beijing, 100038, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Bin Zhao
- Department of Forensic Science, People's Security University of China, Beijing, 100038, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanping Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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2
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Hanna T, Chadwick S, Moret S. Fingermark quality assessment, a transversal study of subjective quality scales. Forensic Sci Int 2023; 350:111783. [PMID: 37453206 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Fingermark detection research aims to improve the quantity and quality of fingermarks detected through the development of novel techniques. Subsequently, there is a need to evaluate these methods to determine the quality of the developed mark. Since the 1980's there has been a significant number of publications, which utilise a variety of different quality assessment methods. The introduction of common practice methods from the International Fingerprint Research Group (IFRG) aimed to implement a more standardised approach. Although these schemes are recommended as common practice, they are only guidelines. Consequentially, there is currently no universally accepted method to evaluate the enhancement techniques implemented in research. Therefore, this study aimed to collate and analyse the published protocols being used within fingermark detection research in order to better understand their application and how research is currently analysing and interpreting fingermark quality. This study comprised of manual and automatic searches of over 2000 published papers within the fingermark detection area. After thorough analysis of the articles, 396 published papers were found to have used a scale within the years spanning 1998-2022. The number of publications that report the use of a scale to assess quality for fingermark detection research has considerably increased over the last decade. However, whilst the number of publications utilising scales has increased, it is not proportional to the number of papers using the IFRG scales. The choice of scale is often institution specific and even more specific to their location. There are also numerous different adaptations of the IFRG recommended scales, as well as novel scales, which do not associate with the IFRG recommended versions being introduced the more research continues to grow. One such reason for this is investigated here, as different quality parameters are utilised within each individual scale. There is underrepresentation of these quality parameters within some of the IFRG scales, in particular the Centre for Applied Science and Technology (CAST) scale. This correlates to the considerable number of tailored approaches as authors are forced to add these parameters within the descriptions. Until there is an introduction of clear guidelines surrounding all areas of fingermark quality, from definition to parameters chosen within phases, the research area will continue to face such issues. This article recommends areas of potential study, whilst also recommending procedures that may be employed to alleviate some of the issues seen with fingermark quality evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teneil Hanna
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Scott Chadwick
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Sébastien Moret
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; School of Human Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, University of Derby, United Kingdom
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3
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Tian L, Chen H, Sun X, Liu L, Zhang M. Wet nitrocellulose membrane for the level 3 feature visualization of various latent fingerprints and gender determination. Analyst 2023; 148:2438-2448. [PMID: 37139711 DOI: 10.1039/d3an00511a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A facile and high-resolution enhancement of latent fingerprints (LFPs) has been developed by using a wet nitrocellulose (NC) membrane as a matrix under natural light. A clear fingerprint pattern was presented on the membrane after a fingertip touch owing to the difference in light transmittance between the ridge residues and the wet-NC-membrane background. Compared with conventional methods, this protocol can provide a higher resolution fingerprint image to extract level 3 details accurately. It is also compatible with commonly used fingerprint visualization techniques (magnetic ferric oxide powder and AgNO3. The modified membrane could be more general to realize the high-resolution visualization of LFP transferred from various substrates, even independent of light projection. Due to the excellent feasibility and reproducibility of level 3 details extracted by the wet NC membrane, the frequency distribution of the distance between adjacent sweat pores (FDDasp) could be used to effectively distinguish the fragmentary fingerprints. Finally, the level 3 features of LFPs from females and males were conveniently extracted by the wet-NC-membrane method for gender identification. The statistical results indicated that females had a higher average sweat pore density (115/9 mm2) than males (84/9 mm2). Taken together, this approach provided a high-resolution, reproducible, and accurate imaging of LFPs, which shows great promise for forensic information analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Xiangyu Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Lu Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Meiqin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
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Chen H, Ma R, Zhang M. Recent Progress in Visualization and Analysis of Fingerprint Level 3 Features. ChemistryOpen 2022; 11:e202200091. [PMID: 35896949 PMCID: PMC9630047 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Fingerprints provide sufficient and reliable discriminative characteristics which have been considered one of the most robust evidence for individualization. The limitation of current minutiae-based fingerprint technology seems to be solved with the development of level 3 features since they can offer additional information for problematic fingerprint recognition and even donor profiling. So far, tremendous efforts have been devoted to detecting and analysing the third-level details. This review summarizes the advances in level 3 details with an emphasis on their reliability assessment, visualization methods based on physical interaction, residue-response, mass spectrometry and electrochemical techniques, as well as the potentiality for individualization, donor profiling and even other application scenarios. In the end, we also give a personal perspective on the future direction and the remaining challenges in the third-level-detail-related field. We believe that the new exciting progress is expected in the development of level 3 detail detection and analysis with continued interest and attention to this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing TechnologySchool of Chemistry and Biological EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology Beijing30 Xueyuan RoadBeijing100083P.R. China
| | - Rongliang Ma
- Institute of Forensic ScienceMinistry of Public SecurityBeijing100038P. R. China
| | - Meiqin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing TechnologySchool of Chemistry and Biological EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology Beijing30 Xueyuan RoadBeijing100083P.R. China
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5
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Lee CJ, Scurr DJ, Jiang L, Kenton A, Beebe SRT, Sharp JS. Imaging mass spectrometry of fingermarks on brass bullet casings using sample rotation. Analyst 2021; 146:7563-7572. [PMID: 34779802 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01768c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A rotation stage was developed to allow the surface of bullet casings to be imaged under ultra-high vacuum (UHV) conditions using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). Experiments were performed over a period of seven months to determine how fingermarks deposited on the surface of Webley MkII revolver rounds change over time. Stitching software written in Python was used to combine image strips that were collected by performing ToF-SIMS analysis along the length of the revolver rounds. The ToF-SIMS analysis was performed by analysing a thin strip along the length of the casings, before rotating them through a few degrees and analysing a new strip. This process was repeated until the entire casing had been imaged. The resulting secondary ion images of the fingermarks were compared to optical images obtained from the same and similar rounds that had been exposed to cyanoacrylate fumes and subsequently stained using Basic Yellow 40 (BY40) dye. ToF-SIMS images were shown to display evidence of ridge and sweat pore level detail on samples that displayed no evidence of fingermarks when developed with cyanoacrylate and BY40. The effects of the curvature of the round casings on the morphology of fingermarks were also assessed. ToF SIMS images were compared to marks that had been deposited onto flat paper surfaces using ink. The distortions caused by differences in surface curvature and the deposition methods were found to be within acceptable limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Lee
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - David J Scurr
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Long Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Andrew Kenton
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Shaun R T Beebe
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - James S Sharp
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
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6
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Fingerprint Presentation Attack Detection Utilizing Spatio-Temporal Features. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21062059. [PMID: 33804127 PMCID: PMC7999406 DOI: 10.3390/s21062059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a novel mechanism for fingerprint dynamic presentation attack detection. We utilize five spatio-temporal feature extractors to efficiently eliminate and mitigate different presentation attack species. The feature extractors are selected such that the fingerprint ridge/valley pattern is consolidated with the temporal variations within the pattern in fingerprint videos. An SVM classification scheme, with a second degree polynomial kernel, is used in our presentation attack detection subsystem to classify bona fide and attack presentations. The experiment protocol and evaluation are conducted following the ISO/IEC 30107-3:2017 standard. Our proposed approach demonstrates efficient capability of detecting presentation attacks with significantly low BPCER where BPCER is 1.11% for an optical sensor and 3.89% for a thermal sensor at 5% APCER for both.
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7
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Bradshaw R, Wilson G, Denison N, Francese S. Application of MALDI MS imaging after sequential processing of latent fingermarks. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 319:110643. [PMID: 33321384 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Latent fingermarks are routinely visualised by subjecting them to one or more CSI/crime lab processes to maximise the recovery of ridge flow and minutiae permitting an identification. In the last decade mass spectrometric imaging (MSI) techniques have been applied to fingermarks to provide information about a suspect and/or on the circumstances of the crime as well as yielding additional images of the ridge pattern. In some cases, these techniques have shown the ability to provide further ridge detail, "filling in the gaps" of the developed mark. Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionisation Mass Spectrometry Imaging (MALDI MSI) is presently the most advanced of the so-called 'surface analysis' techniques, in terms of compatibility with a number of fingermark enhancement processes and implementation in operational casework. However, for the use of this technique in major crimes to become widespread, compatibility with sequential processing must be demonstrated. This short study has assessed compatibility with a number fingermark processing sequences applied to natural marks on the adhesive side of brown (parcel) and clear tapes. Within the study undertaken, the results confirm the possibility to use MALDI MSI in sequence with multiple processes offering in some instances, complementary ridge detail with respect to that recovered from marks developed by conventional sequence processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bradshaw
- Centre for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield, UK
| | - G Wilson
- Accreditation & Standards, Yorkshire & Humber Regional Scientific Support Services, UK
| | - N Denison
- Identification Services Yorkshire and the Humber Region, West Yorkshire Police, UK
| | - S Francese
- Centre for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield, UK.
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Costa CV, Assis AML, Freitas JD, Tonholo J, Ribeiro AS. A low‐potential electrochemical method for fast development of latent fingerprints on brass cartridge cases by electrodeposition of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene). NANO SELECT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202000040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane V. Costa
- Chemistry and Biotechnology Institute Federal University of Alagoas Campus A. C. Simões Maceió–AL 57072–970 Brazil
| | - Alexandro M. L. Assis
- Chemistry and Biotechnology Institute Federal University of Alagoas Campus A. C. Simões Maceió–AL 57072–970 Brazil
- National Institute of Criminalistics Technical and Scientific Section of Alagoas Federal Police Maceió–AL 57025–080 Brazil
| | | | - Josealdo Tonholo
- Chemistry and Biotechnology Institute Federal University of Alagoas Campus A. C. Simões Maceió–AL 57072–970 Brazil
| | - Adriana S. Ribeiro
- Chemistry and Biotechnology Institute Federal University of Alagoas Campus A. C. Simões Maceió–AL 57072–970 Brazil
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9
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Bécue A, Eldridge H, Champod C. Interpol review of fingermarks and other body impressions 2016-2019. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2020; 2:442-480. [PMID: 33385142 PMCID: PMC7770454 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review paper covers the forensic-relevant literature in fingerprint and bodily impression sciences from 2016 to 2019 as a part of the 19th Interpol International Forensic Science Managers Symposium. The review papers are also available at the Interpol website at: https://www.interpol.int/content/download/14458/file/Interpol%20 Review%20 Papers%202019. pdf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Bécue
- École des Sciences Criminelles, Faculté de Droit, des Sciences criminelles et d’Administration publique, Quartier Sorge, Building Batochime, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Dorigny, Switzerland
| | - Heidi Eldridge
- École des Sciences Criminelles, Faculté de Droit, des Sciences criminelles et d’Administration publique, Quartier Sorge, Building Batochime, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Dorigny, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Champod
- École des Sciences Criminelles, Faculté de Droit, des Sciences criminelles et d’Administration publique, Quartier Sorge, Building Batochime, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Dorigny, Switzerland
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10
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Bleay SM, Kelly PF, King RSP, Thorngate SG. A comparative evaluation of the disulfur dinitride process for the visualisation of fingermarks on metal surfaces. Sci Justice 2019; 59:606-621. [PMID: 31606098 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The disulfur dinitride process for fingermark visualisation was first reported a decade ago, with promising results obtained for a range of materials including metals. However, the friction sensitive nature of the material and difficulty of synthesis made routine use difficult. Many of these issues have since been addressed, making equipment and chemicals available to build an understanding of how the effectiveness of disulfur dinitride compares to other fingermark visualisation processes currently used on metal surfaces. This enables more informed advice to be given on selection of processes for treatment of metal items, an area of operational interest that encompasses weapons used in violent crime and the increasing incidence in metal theft. This paper reports a comparative study into the effectiveness of disulfur dinitride, cyanoacrylate fuming, vacuum metal deposition, gun blueing and wet powder suspensions on brass, bronze, copper and stainless steel. Experiments were conducted with the surfaces exposed to a range of environments including long term ageing, water/detergent washing, acetone washing and high temperature exposure. The results indicate that disulfur dinitride is an effective process for fingermark visualisation on metal surfaces, including those exposed to adverse environments, and may offer potential improvements over existing processes for those surfaces. Further work, including pseudo-operational trials, is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Bleay
- Home Office Centre for Applied Science and Technology, Woodcock Hill, Sandridge, Hertfordshire AL4 9HQ, United Kingdom.
| | - P F Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - R S P King
- Foster + Freeman Ltd, Vale Park, Evesham, Worcestershire WR11 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - S G Thorngate
- Defence Science & Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
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11
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Boseley RE, Dorakumbura BN, Howard DL, de Jonge MD, Tobin MJ, Vongsvivut J, Ho TTM, van Bronswijk W, Hackett MJ, Lewis SW. Revealing the Elemental Distribution within Latent Fingermarks Using Synchrotron Sourced X-ray Fluorescence Microscopy. Anal Chem 2019; 91:10622-10630. [PMID: 31322860 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Fingermarks are an important form of crime-scene trace evidence; however, their usefulness may be hampered by a variation in response or a lack of robustness in detection methods. Understanding the chemical composition and distribution within fingermarks may help explain variation in latent fingermark detection with existing methods and identify new strategies to increase detection capabilities. The majority of research in the literature describes investigation of organic components of fingermark residue, leaving the elemental distribution less well understood. The relative scarcity of information regarding the elemental distribution within fingermarks is in part due to previous unavailability of direct, micron resolution elemental mapping techniques. This capability is now provided at third generation synchrotron light sources, where X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) provides micron or submicron spatial resolution and direct detection with sub-μM detection limits. XFM has been applied in this study to reveal the distribution of inorganic components within fingermark residue, including endogenous trace metals (Fe, Cu, Zn), diffusible ions (Cl-, K+, Ca2+), and exogeneous metals (Ni, Ti, Bi). This study incorporated a multimodal approach using XFM and infrared microspectroscopy analyses to demonstrate colocalization of endogenous metals within the hydrophilic organic components of fingermark residue. Additional experiments were then undertaken to investigate how sources of exogenous metals (e.g., coins and cosmetics) may be transferred to, and distributed within, latent fingermarks. Lastly, this study reports a preliminary assessment of how environmental factors such as exposure to aqueous environments may affect elemental distribution within fingermarks. Taken together, the results of this study advance our current understanding of fingermark composition and its spatial distribution of chemical components and may help explain detection variation observed during detection of fingermarks using standard forensic protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon E Boseley
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences , Curtin University , GPO Box U1987 , Perth , Western Australia , Australia 6845.,Curtin Institute of Functional Molecules and Interfaces , GPO Box U1987 , Perth , Western Australia , Australia 6845
| | - Buddhika N Dorakumbura
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences , Curtin University , GPO Box U1987 , Perth , Western Australia , Australia 6845.,Curtin Institute of Functional Molecules and Interfaces , GPO Box U1987 , Perth , Western Australia , Australia 6845
| | - Daryl L Howard
- ANSTO, Australian Synchrotron , 800 Blackburn Road , Clayton , Victoria 3168 , Australia
| | - Martin D de Jonge
- ANSTO, Australian Synchrotron , 800 Blackburn Road , Clayton , Victoria 3168 , Australia
| | - Mark J Tobin
- ANSTO, Australian Synchrotron , 800 Blackburn Road , Clayton , Victoria 3168 , Australia
| | - Jitraporn Vongsvivut
- ANSTO, Australian Synchrotron , 800 Blackburn Road , Clayton , Victoria 3168 , Australia
| | - Tracey T M Ho
- ANSTO, Australian Synchrotron , 800 Blackburn Road , Clayton , Victoria 3168 , Australia
| | - Wilhelm van Bronswijk
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences , Curtin University , GPO Box U1987 , Perth , Western Australia , Australia 6845
| | - Mark J Hackett
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences , Curtin University , GPO Box U1987 , Perth , Western Australia , Australia 6845.,Curtin Institute of Functional Molecules and Interfaces , GPO Box U1987 , Perth , Western Australia , Australia 6845
| | - Simon W Lewis
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences , Curtin University , GPO Box U1987 , Perth , Western Australia , Australia 6845.,Curtin Institute of Functional Molecules and Interfaces , GPO Box U1987 , Perth , Western Australia , Australia 6845
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12
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J. Bailey M, Costa C. Mass Spectrometry Methods for the Recovery of Forensic Intelligence from Fingermarks. EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE ANALYSIS OF FORENSIC TRACES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-20542-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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