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Effects of Short- and Long-Term Detraining on Maximal Oxygen Uptake in Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:2130993. [PMID: 36017396 PMCID: PMC9398774 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2130993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
V̇O2max, a gold standard for evaluating cardiorespiratory fitness, can be enhanced by training and will gradually decrease when training stops. This study, which followed the Cochrane Collaboration guidelines, is aimed at assessing the effect of short- and long-term detraining on trained individuals’ V̇O2max through a systematic review and meta-analysis and performed a subgroup analysis to evaluate the effects of different ages, detraining formats, and training statuses on V̇O2max variation between short- and long-term training cessation. Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, PubMed, and Scopus, four databases, were searched, from which 21 of 3315 potential studies met the inclusion criteria. Significant decreases in V̇O2max were identified after short-term training cessation (
[95% CI -0.94; -0.31],
; within-group
,
,
) and long-term training cessation (
[95% CI -1.99; -0.84],
; within-group
,
,
), which shows that the detraining effect was found to be larger on V̇O2max in long-term training cessation than in short-term training cessation (
,
). However, there was no significant difference regarding V̇O2max change between 30-90 days detraining and larger than 90 days detraining (
,
) when conducting subgroup analysis. In addition, younger (<20) individuals showed a greater reduction in V̇O2max after long-term detraining than adult individuals (
,
), and athletes with higher trained-state V̇O2max showed a significant decline in V̇O2max after long-term detraining compared with the lower trained-state group (
,
). In conclusion, both short- and long-term training cessation have a detrimental effect on V̇O2max, and a greater impact on V̇O2max was found in long-term training cessation compared to short-term training cessation; however, there was no significant change in V̇O2max when the duration of training cessation was more than 30 days. To buffer the detrimental effects of detraining, especially long-term training cessation, performing some physical exercise during training cessation can effectively weaken detraining effects. Thus, to prevent athlete’s V̇O2max from decreasing dramatically from detraining, athletes should continue performing some physical exercise during the cessation of training.
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Chen CY, Chou CC, Lin KX, Mündel T, Chen MT, Liao YH, Tsai SC. A Sports Nutrition Perspective on the Impacts of Hypoxic High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on Appetite Regulatory Mechanisms: A Narrative Review of the Current Evidence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031736. [PMID: 35162760 PMCID: PMC8835478 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) and low-oxygen exposure may inhibit the secretion of appetite-stimulating hormones, suppress appetite, and inhibit dietary intake. Physiological changes affecting appetite are frequent and include appetite hormone (ghrelin, leptin, PYY, and GLP-1) effects and the subjective loss of appetite, resulting in nutritional deficiencies. This paper is a narrative review of the literature to verify the HIIT effect on appetite regulation mechanisms and discusses the possible relationship between appetite effects and the need for high-intensity exercise training in a hypoxic environment. We searched MEDLINE/PubMed and the Web of Science databases, as well as English articles (gray literature by Google Scholar for English articles) through Google Scholar, and the searched studies primarily focused on the acute effects of exercise and hypoxic environmental factors on appetite, related hormones, and energy intake. In a general normoxic environment, regular exercise habits may have accustomed the athlete to intense training and, therefore, no changes occurred in their subjective appetite, but there is a significant effect on the appetite hormones. The higher the exercise intensity and the longer the duration, the more likely exercise is to cause exercise-induced appetite loss and changes in appetite hormones. It has not been clear whether performing HIIT in a hypoxic environment may interfere with the exerciser’s diet or the nutritional supplement intake as it suppresses appetite, which, in turn, affects and interferes with the recovery efficiency after exercise. Although appetite-regulatory hormones, the subjective appetite, and energy intake may be affected by exercise, such as hypoxia or hypoxic exercise, we believe that energy intake should be the main observable indicator in future studies on environmental and exercise interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Yu Chen
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei City 111, Taiwan;
| | - Chun-Chung Chou
- Physical Education Office, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei City 106, Taiwan;
| | - Ke-Xun Lin
- Department of Exercise and Health Science, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei City 112, Taiwan;
| | - Toby Mündel
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
| | - Mu-Tsung Chen
- Department of Food and Beverage Management, Shih Chien University, Taipei City 104, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Hung Liao
- Department of Exercise and Health Science, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei City 112, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (Y.-H.L.); (S.-C.T.)
| | - Shiow-Chwen Tsai
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei City 111, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-H.L.); (S.-C.T.)
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3
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Rosenblat MA, Lin E, da Costa BR, Thomas SG. Programming Interval Training to Optimize Time-Trial Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2021; 51:1687-1714. [PMID: 33826121 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01457-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interval training has become an essential component of endurance training programs because it can facilitate a substantial improvement in endurance sport performance. Two forms of interval training that are commonly used to improve endurance sport performance are high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and sprint interval training (SIT). Despite extensive research, there is no consensus concerning the optimal method to manipulate the interval training programming variables to maximize endurance performance for differing individuals. OBJECTIVE The objective of this manuscript was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of interval training studies to determine the influence that individual characteristics and training variables have on time-trial (TT) performance. DATA SOURCES SPORTDiscus and Medline with Full Text were explored to conduct a systematic literature search. STUDY SELECTION The following criteria were used to select studies appropriate for the review: 1. the studies were prospective in nature; 2. included individuals between the ages of 18 and 65 years; 3. included an interval training (HIIT or SIT) program at least 2 weeks in duration; 4. included a TT test that required participants to complete a set distance; 5. and programmed HIIT by power or velocity. RESULTS Twenty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria for the quantitative analysis with a total of 67 separate groups. The participants included males (n = 400) and females (n = 91) with a mean group age of 25 (range 19-45) years and mean [Formula: see text] of 52 (range 32-70) mL·kg-1·min-1. The training status of the participants comprised of inactive (n = 75), active (n = 146) and trained (n = 258) individuals. Training status played a significant role in improvements in TT performance with trained individuals only seeing improvements of approximately 2% whereas individuals of lower training status demonstrated improvements as high as 6%. The change in TT performance with HIIT depended on the duration but not the intensity of the interval work-bout. There was a dose-response relationship with the number of HIIT sessions, training weeks and total work with changes in TT performance. However, the dose-response was not present with SIT. CONCLUSION Optimization of interval training programs to produce TT performance improvements should be done according to training status. Our analysis suggests that increasing interval training dose beyond minimal requirements may not augment the training response. In addition, optimal dosing differs between high intensity and sprint interval programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Rosenblat
- Department of Exercise Science, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
| | - Edward Lin
- Department of Exercise Science, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Bruno R da Costa
- Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Applied Health Research Center (AHRC), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Scott G Thomas
- Department of Exercise Science, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Effect of Pause Versus Rebound Techniques on Neuromuscular and Functional Performance After a Prolonged Velocity-Based Training. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:927-933. [PMID: 33561819 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A variation of the traditional squat (SQ) rebound technique (REBOUND) including a momentary pause ∼2 seconds (PAUSE) between eccentric and concentric phases has been proposed. Although there is a consensus about the lower acute effects on performance of this PAUSE variant compared with traditional REBOUND technique, no information exists about the differences in longitudinal adaptations of these SQ executions. METHODS A total of 26 men were randomly assigned into the PAUSE (n = 13) or REBOUND (n = 13) groups and completed a 10-week velocity-based training using the SQ exercise, only differing in the technique. Neuromuscular adaptations were assessed by the changes in the 1-repetition maximum strength and mean propulsive velocity achieved against the absolute loads (in kilograms) common to pretest and posttest. Functional performance was evaluated by the following tests: countermovement jump, Wingate, and sprint time at 0 to 10, 10 to 20, and 0 to 20 m. RESULTS Whereas both groups showed significant increases in most of the neuromuscular tests (P < .05), the PAUSE (effect size [ES] = 0.76-1.12) presented greater enhancements than REBOUND (ES = 0.45-0.92). Although not significant, improvements in Wingate and sprint time at 0 to 10 and 0 to 20 m were higher for PAUSE (ES = 0.31-0.46) compared with REBOUND (ES = 0.10-0.29). Conversely, changes on countermovement jump and sprint time at 10 to 20 m were superior for REBOUND (ES = 0.17-0.88) than for PAUSE (ES = 0.09-0.75). CONCLUSION Imposing a pause between eccentric and concentric phases in the SQ exercise could be an interesting strategy to increase neuromuscular and functional adaptations in sport actions that mainly depend on concentric contractions. Moreover, sport abilities highly dependent on the stretch-shortening cycle could benefit from the REBOUND or a combination of the 2 techniques.
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Murawska-Cialowicz E, Wolanski P, Zuwala-Jagiello J, Feito Y, Petr M, Kokstejn J, Stastny P, Goliński D. Effect of HIIT with Tabata Protocol on Serum Irisin, Physical Performance, and Body Composition in Men. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17103589. [PMID: 32443802 PMCID: PMC7277607 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17103589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is frequently utilized as a method to reduce body mass. Its intensity of work results in a number of beneficial adaptive changes in a relatively short period of time. Irisin is a myokine and adipokine secreted to the blood during exercise and it takes part in the regulation of energy metabolism. It is a vital issue from the prophylaxis point of view as well as treatment through exercise of different diseases (e.g., obesity, type-2 diabetes). The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in irisin concentration, body composition, and aerobic and anaerobic performance in men after HIIT. Eight weeks of HIIT following the Tabata protocol was applied in the training group (HT) (n = 15), while a sedentary group (SED) (n = 10) did not participate in fitness activities within the same time period. Changes of irisin, body composition, and aerobic and anaerobic performance were evaluated after graded exercise test (GXT) and Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT) before and after eight weeks of training. Training resulted in an increased of blood irisin concentration (by 29.7%) p < 0.05), VO2max increase (PRE: 44.86 ± 5.74 mL·kg−1·min−1; POST: 50.16 ± 5.80 mL kg−1·min−1; p < 0.05), reduction in percent body fat (PRE: 14.44 ± 3.33%; POST: 13.61 ± 3.16%; p < 0.05), and increase of WAnT parameters (p < 0.05) in the HT group. No changes were observed in the SED group. HIIT resulted in beneficial effects in the increase in blood irisin concentration, physical performance, and reduced fat content. The HIIT may indicate an acceleration of base metabolism. This effect can be utilized in the prevention or treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Murawska-Cialowicz
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University School of Physical Education, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland; (P.W.); (D.G.)
- Correspondence: (E.M.-C.); (P.S.)
| | - Pawel Wolanski
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University School of Physical Education, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland; (P.W.); (D.G.)
| | | | - Yuri Feito
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA;
| | - Miroslav Petr
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 162-52 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.P.); (J.K.)
| | - Jakub Kokstejn
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 162-52 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.P.); (J.K.)
| | - Petr Stastny
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 162-52 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.P.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: (E.M.-C.); (P.S.)
| | - Dawid Goliński
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University School of Physical Education, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland; (P.W.); (D.G.)
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Tavoian D, Russ DW, Law TD, Simon JE, Chase PJ, Guseman EH, Clark BC. A Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing Three Different Exercise Strategies for Optimizing Aerobic Capacity and Skeletal Muscle Performance in Older Adults: Protocol for the DART Study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:236. [PMID: 31750307 PMCID: PMC6842975 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Age-related declines in physical function lead to decreased independence and higher healthcare costs. Individuals who meet the endurance and resistance exercise recommendations can improve their physical function and overall fitness, even into their ninth decade. However, most older adults do not exercise regularly, and the majority of those who do only perform one type of exercise, and in doing so are not getting the benefits of endurance or resistance exercise. Herein we present the study protocol for a randomized clinical trial that will investigate the potential for high-intensity interval training (HIIT) to improve maximal oxygen consumption, muscular power, and muscle volume (primary outcomes), as well as body composition, 6-min walk distance, and muscular strength and endurance (secondary outcomes). Methods and Analysis: This is a single-site, single-blinded, randomized clinical trial. A minimum of 24 and maximum of 30 subjects aged 60-75 that are generally healthy but insufficiently active will be randomized. After completion of baseline assessments, participants will be randomized in a 1:1:1 ratio to participate in one of three 12-week exercise programs: stationary bicycle HIIT, stationary bicycle moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), or resistance training. Repeat assessments will be taken immediately post intervention. Discussion: This study will examine the potential for stationary bicycle HIIT to result in both cardiorespiratory and muscular adaptations in older adults. The results will provide important insights into the effectiveness of interval training, and potentially support a shift from volume-driven to intensity-driven exercise strategies for older adults. Clinical Trial Registration: This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (registration number: NCT03978572, date of registration June 7, 2019).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dallin Tavoian
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - David W Russ
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States.,Laboratory for Integrative Muscle Biology, Division of Physical Therapy, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Timothy D Law
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Janet E Simon
- Division of Athletic Training, School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Paul J Chase
- Division of Exercise Physiology, School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Emily Hill Guseman
- Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States.,Department of Family Medicine, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Brian C Clark
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
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7
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Wen D, Utesch T, Wu J, Robertson S, Liu J, Hu G, Chen H. Effects of different protocols of high intensity interval training for VO 2max improvements in adults: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 22:941-947. [PMID: 30733142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the effects of different protocols of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on VO2max improvements in healthy, overweight/obese and athletic adults, based on the classifications of work intervals, session volumes and training periods. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS PubMed, Scopus, Medline, and Web of Science databases were searched up to April 2018. Inclusion criteria were randomised controlled trials; healthy, overweight/obese or athletic adults; examined pre- and post-training VO2max/peak; HIIT in comparison to control or moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) groups. RESULTS Fifty-three studies met the eligibility criteria. Overall, the degree of change in VO2max induced by HIIT varied by populations (SMD=0.41-1.81, p<0.05). When compared to control groups, even short-intervals (≤30s), low-volume (≤5min) and short-term HIIT (≤4weeks) elicited clear beneficial effects (SMD=0.79-1.65, p<0.05) on VO2max/peak. However, long-interval (≥2min), high-volume (≥15min) and moderate to long-term (≥4-12weeks) HIIT displayed significantly larger effects on VO2max (SMD=0.50-2.48, p<0.05). When compared to MICT, only long-interval (≥2min), high-volume (≥15min) and moderate to long-term (≥4-12weeks) HIIT showed beneficial effects (SMD=0.65-1.07, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Short-intervals (≤30s), low-volume (≤5min) and short-term (≤4weeks) HIIT represent effective and time-efficient strategies for developing VO2max, especially for the general population. To maximize the training effects on VO2max, long-interval (≥2min), high-volume (≥15min) and moderate to long-term (≥4-12weeks) HIIT are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daizong Wen
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Fujian Normal University, China; Physical Education and Health Science Research Center, HuaQiao University, China
| | - Till Utesch
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Jun Wu
- Fujian Research Institute of Sports Science, China
| | - Samuel Robertson
- Institute of Sport Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Australia
| | - John Liu
- Department of Physical Education and Health Education, Springfield College, USA
| | - Guopeng Hu
- Physical Education and Health Science Research Center, HuaQiao University, China; Department of Physical Education, HuaQiao University, China
| | - Haichun Chen
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Fujian Normal University, China.
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8
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Weston M, Taylor KL, Batterham AM, Hopkins WG. Effects of low-volume high-intensity interval training (HIT) on fitness in adults: a meta-analysis of controlled and non-controlled trials. Sports Med 2015; 44:1005-17. [PMID: 24743927 PMCID: PMC4072920 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0180-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Low-volume high-intensity interval training (HIT) appears to be an efficient and practical way to develop physical fitness. Objective Our objective was to estimate meta-analysed mean effects of HIT on aerobic power (maximum oxygen consumption [VO2max] in an incremental test) and sprint fitness (peak and mean power in a 30-s Wingate test). Data Sources Five databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, BIOSIS and Web of Science) were searched for original research articles published up to January 2014. Search terms included ‘high intensity’, ‘HIT’, ‘sprint’, ‘fitness’ and ‘VO2max’. Study Selection Inclusion criteria were fitness assessed pre- and post-training; training period ≥2 weeks; repetition duration 30–60 s; work/rest ratio <1.0; exercise intensity described as maximal or near maximal; adult subjects aged >18 years. Data Extraction The final data set consisted of 55 estimates from 32 trials for VO2max, 23 estimates from 16 trials for peak sprint power, and 19 estimates from 12 trials for mean sprint power. Effects on fitness were analysed as percentages via log transformation. Standard errors calculated from exact p values (where reported) or imputed from errors of measurement provided appropriate weightings. Fixed effects in the meta-regression model included type of study (controlled, uncontrolled), subject characteristics (sex, training status, baseline fitness) and training parameters (number of training sessions, repetition duration, work/rest ratio). Probabilistic magnitude-based inferences for meta-analysed effects were based on standardized thresholds for small, moderate and large changes (0.2, 0.6 and 1.2, respectively) derived from between-subject standard deviations (SDs) for baseline fitness. Results A mean low-volume HIT protocol (13 training sessions, 0.16 work/rest ratio) in a controlled trial produced a likely moderate improvement in the VO2max of active non-athletic males (6.2 %; 90 % confidence limits ±3.1 %), when compared with control. There were possibly moderate improvements in the VO2max of sedentary males (10.0 %; ±5.1 %) and active non-athletic females (3.6 %; ±4.3 %) and a likely small increase for sedentary females (7.3 %; ±4.8 %). The effect on the VO2max of athletic males was unclear (2.7 %; ±4.6 %). A possibly moderate additional increase was likely for subjects with a 10 mL·kg−1·min−1 lower baseline VO2max (3.8 %; ±2.5 %), whereas the modifying effects of sex and difference in exercise dose were unclear. The comparison of HIT with traditional endurance training was unclear (−1.6 %; ±4.3 %). Unexplained variation between studies was 2.0 % (SD). Meta-analysed effects of HIT on Wingate peak and mean power were unclear. Conclusions Low-volume HIT produces moderate improvements in the aerobic power of active non-athletic and sedentary subjects. More studies are needed to resolve the unclear modifying effects of sex and HIT dose on aerobic power and the unclear effects on sprint fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Weston
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Social Sciences and Law, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK,
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