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Hirsch F, Flock M, Fischer I, Bakels S, Rijs AM. The Gas-Phase Infrared Spectra of Xylyl Radicals. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:9573-9578. [PMID: 31593463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b09153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The three isomers of the xylyl radical, C8H9, are possible intermediates in the formation of soot and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Their infrared spectra have been recorded by IR/UV ion dip spectroscopy using free electron laser radiation. The radicals were generated by flash pyrolysis from the corresponding nitrites and resonantly ionized via the D3 ← D0 transition around 310 nm. Mid-infrared spectra of the three xylyl isomers were recorded between 550 and 1700 cm-1 and are in excellent agreement with computations, provided that overtones and combination bands are included in the simulation. The results show that the three xylyl isomers can be distinguished by their infrared spectra and that no isomerization occurs in the pyrolysis reactor. The IR spectra obtained at m/z = 208 indicate that dimerization of xylyl radicals leads to substituted stilbenes, which has not been observed for benzyl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Hirsch
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry , University of Wuerzburg , Am Hubland Süd, 97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Marco Flock
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry , University of Wuerzburg , Am Hubland Süd, 97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Ingo Fischer
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry , University of Wuerzburg , Am Hubland Süd, 97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Sjors Bakels
- Radboud University , Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory , Toernooiveld 7-c , 6525 Nijmegen , the Netherlands
| | - Anouk M Rijs
- Radboud University , Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory , Toernooiveld 7-c , 6525 Nijmegen , the Netherlands
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Milazzo MF, Ancione G, Lisi R. Emissions of volatile organic compounds during the ship-loading of petroleum products: Dispersion modelling and environmental concerns. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 204:637-650. [PMID: 28942192 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Emissions due to ship-loading of hydrocarbons are currently not addressed neither by the Directive on the integrated pollution prevention or by other environmental regulations. The scope of this study is to point towards the environmental and safety concerns associated with such emissions, even if proper attention has not been given to this issue until now. In order to achieve this goal, the modelling of the emission volatile organic compounds (VOC), due to ship-load operations at refineries has been made by means of the definition of a simulation procedure which includes a proper treatment of the hours of calm. Afterwards, a quantitative analysis of VOC dispersion for an Italian case-study is presented with the primary aims: (i) to develop and verify the validity of the approach for the modelling of the emission sources and of the diffusion of these contaminants into the atmosphere by a proper treatment of the hours of calm and (ii) to identify their contribution to the total VOC emitted in a typical refinery. The calculated iso-concentration contours have also been drawn on a map and allowed the identification of critical areas for people protecting by the adoption of abatement solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuseppa Ancione
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, University of Messina, Contrada Di Dio, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Roberto Lisi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, University of Messina, Contrada Di Dio, 98166, Messina, Italy; Messinambiente S.p.A., via Salandra s.n., 98124, Messina, Italy
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3
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Ma X, An Z, Zhu Y, Wang W, He J. Pseudo-single-atom Platinum Induced by the Promoter Confined in Brucite-like Lattice for Catalytic Reforming. ChemCatChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201501239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; 15 Beisanhuandonglu, Chaoyang District Beijing city P.R. China
| | - Zhe An
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; 15 Beisanhuandonglu, Chaoyang District Beijing city P.R. China
| | - Yanru Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; 15 Beisanhuandonglu, Chaoyang District Beijing city P.R. China
| | - Wenlong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; 15 Beisanhuandonglu, Chaoyang District Beijing city P.R. China
| | - Jing He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; 15 Beisanhuandonglu, Chaoyang District Beijing city P.R. China
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Wangchuk T, Mazaheri M, Clifford S, Dudzinska MR, He C, Buonanno G, Morawska L. Children's personal exposure to air pollution in rural villages in Bhutan. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 140:691-698. [PMID: 26087435 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Exposure assessment studies conducted in developing countries have been based on fixed-site monitoring to date. This is a major deficiency, leading to errors in estimating the actual exposures, which are a function of time spent and pollutant concentrations in different microenvironments. This study quantified school children's daily personal exposure to ultrafine particles (UFP) using real-time monitoring, as well as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and NO2 using passive sampling in rural Bhutan in order to determine the factors driving the exposures. An activity diary was used to track children's time activity patterns, and difference in mean exposure levels across sex and indoor/outdoor were investigated with ANOVA. 82 children, attending three primary schools participated in this study; S1 and S2 during the wet season and S3 during the dry season. Mean daily UFP exposure (cm(-3)) was 1.08×10(4) for children attending S1, 9.81×10(3) for S2, and 4.19×10(4) for S3. The mean daily NO2 exposure (µg m(-3)) was 4.27 for S1, 3.33 for S2 and 5.38 for S3 children. Likewise, children attending S3 also experienced higher daily exposure to a majority of the VOCs than those attending S1 and S2. Time-series of UFP personal exposures provided detailed information on identifying sources of these particles and quantifying their contributions to the total daily exposures for each microenvironment. The highest UFP exposure resulted from cooking/eating, contributing to 64% of the daily exposure, due to firewood combustion in houses using traditional mud cookstoves. The lowest UFP exposures were during the hours that children spent outdoors at school. The outcomes of this study highlight the significant contributions of lifestyle and socio-economic factors in personal exposures and have applications in environmental risk assessment and household air pollution mitigation in Bhutan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tenzin Wangchuk
- Department of Environmental Science, Sherubtse College, Royal University of Bhutan, Trashigang, Bhutan.
| | - Mandana Mazaheri
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane 4001, Australia
| | - Sam Clifford
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane 4001, Australia; Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane 4001, Australia
| | - Marzenna R Dudzinska
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Lublin, Poland
| | - Congrong He
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane 4001, Australia
| | - Giorgio Buonanno
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane 4001, Australia; Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane 4001, Australia
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Liaud C, Nguyen N, Nasreddine R, Le Calvé S. Experimental performances study of a transportable GC-PID and two thermo-desorption based methods coupled to FID and MS detection to assess BTEX exposure at sub-ppb level in air. Talanta 2014; 127:33-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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Gallego E, Perales JF, Roca FJ, Guardino X. Surface emission determination of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from a closed industrial waste landfill using a self-designed static flux chamber. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 470-471:587-599. [PMID: 24176707 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.09.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Closed landfills can be a source of VOC and odorous nuisances to their atmospheric surroundings. A self-designed cylindrical air flux chamber was used to measure VOC surface emissions in a closed industrial landfill located in Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain. The two main objectives of the study were the evaluation of the performance of the chamber setup in typical measurement conditions and the determination of the emission rates of 60 different VOC from that industrial landfill, generating a valuable database that can be useful in future studies related to industrial landfill management. Triplicate samples were taken in five selected sampling points. VOC were sampled dynamically using multi-sorbent bed tubes (Carbotrap, Carbopack X, Carboxen 569) connected to SKC AirCheck 2000 pumps. The analysis was performed by automatic thermal desorption coupled with a capillary gas chromatograph/mass spectrometry detector. The emission rates of sixty VOC were calculated for each sampling point in an effort to characterize surface emissions. To calculate average, minimum and maximum emission values for each VOC, the results were analyzed by three different methods: Global, Kriging and Tributary area. Global and Tributary area methodologies presented similar values, with total VOC emissions of 237 ± 48 and 222 ± 46 g day(-1), respectively; however, Kriging values were lower, 77 ± 17 gd ay(-1). The main contributors to the total emission rate were aldehydes (nonanal and decanal), acetic acid, ketones (acetone), aromatic hydrocarbons and alcohols. Most aromatic hydrocarbon (except benzene, naphthalene and methylnaphthalenes) and aldehyde emission rates exhibited strong correlations with the rest of VOC of their family, indicating a possible common source of these compounds. B:T ratio obtained from the emission rates of the studied landfill suggested that the factors that regulate aromatic hydrocarbon distributions in the landfill emissions are different from the ones from urban areas. Environmental conditions (atmospheric pressure, temperature and relative humidity) did not alter the pollutant emission fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gallego
- Laboratori del Centre de Medi Ambient, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (LCMA-UPC), Avda. Diagonal, 647, E 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - J F Perales
- Laboratori del Centre de Medi Ambient, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (LCMA-UPC), Avda. Diagonal, 647, E 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - F J Roca
- Laboratori del Centre de Medi Ambient, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (LCMA-UPC), Avda. Diagonal, 647, E 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - X Guardino
- Centro Nacional de Condiciones de Trabajo, INSHT, C/Dulcet, 2-10, E 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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Astel AM, Giorgini L, Mistaro A, Pellegrini I, Cozzutto S, Barbieri P. Urban BTEX Spatiotemporal Exposure Assessment by Chemometric Expertise. WATER, AIR, AND SOIL POLLUTION 2013; 224:1503. [PMID: 23576825 PMCID: PMC3618885 DOI: 10.1007/s11270-013-1503-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Normative regulations on benzene in fuels and urban management strategies are expected to improve air quality. The present study deals with the application of self-organizing maps (SOMs) in order to explore the spatiotemporal variations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene levels in an urban atmosphere. Temperature, wind speed, and concentration values of these four volatile organic compounds were measured after passive sampling at 21 different sampling sites located in the city of Trieste (Italy) in the framework of a multi-year long-term monitoring program. SOM helps in defining pollution patterns and changes in the urban context, showing clear improvements for what concerns benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene concentrations in air for the 2001-2008 timeframe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Maria Astel
- Biology and Environmental Protection Institute, Pomeranian University, 22a Arciszewskiego Str., 76-200 Słupsk, Poland
| | - Luigi Giorgini
- Department and Laboratory of Trieste, A.R.P.A.-F.V.G., Via La Marmora 13, 34100 Trieste, Italy
- ARCO Solutions srl, Via Giorgieri, 1, Trieste, 34127 Italy
| | - Andrea Mistaro
- Department and Laboratory of Trieste, A.R.P.A.-F.V.G., Via La Marmora 13, 34100 Trieste, Italy
| | - Italo Pellegrini
- Department and Laboratory of Trieste, A.R.P.A.-F.V.G., Via La Marmora 13, 34100 Trieste, Italy
| | - Sergio Cozzutto
- D.S.C.F., University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri, 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
- ARCO Solutions srl, Via Giorgieri, 1, Trieste, 34127 Italy
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Kerchich Y, Kerbachi R. Measurement of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethybenzene, and xylene) levels at urban and semirural areas of Algiers City using passive air samplers. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2012; 62:1370-1379. [PMID: 23362756 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2012.712606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The study presents the levels of air pollution by aromatic organic compounds BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-, m-, and p-xylenes) in the city of Algiers. The sampling was carried out using Radiello passive sampler. Three sampling campaigns were carried out in roadside, tunnel, urban background, and semirural sites in Algiers. In order to determine the diurnal mean levels of air pollution by BTEX to which people are exposed, a modified passive sampler was used for the first time. In addition, monitoring of pollution inside vehicles was also made. In the spring of 2009, more than 27 samplings were carried out. In the background and road traffic sites the Radiello sampler was exposed for 7 days, whereas the time exposure was reduced to 1 day in the case of the vehicle as well as the tunnel. The results indicate that average benzene concentrations in the roadside and inside vehicle exceed largely the limit value of 5 microg m(-3) established by the European Community (EC). On the other hand, it has been noticed that the concentration levels of other BTEX are relatively high. Also, in order to identify the origin of emission sources, ratios and correlations between the BTEX species have been highlighted. This study shows that road traffic remains the main source of many local emission in Algiers. IMPLICATIONS The vehicle fleet in Algeria is growing rapidly since the 1990s following economic growth and is responsible for the increasing air pollution in large cities. Because there are no data collection of BTEX carried out by national air quality network, all environmental and transportation policies are based on European emissions standards, but national emission standards are currently not in place. This work will contribute to the analysis of real emissions of BTEX in Algiers, for the development of management and for assessment of population exposure variation depending on the location in the city of Algiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yacine Kerchich
- Laboratory of Sciences and Environmental Techniques, National Polytechnic School of Algiers, 10, Hacen Badi Ave. BP 182, El Harrach, 16200 Algiers, Algeria.
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Zabiegała B, Urbanowicz M, Namieśnik J, Górecki T. Spatial and seasonal patterns of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes in the Gdansk, Poland and surrounding areas determined using radiello passive samplers. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2010; 39:896-906. [PMID: 20400585 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2009.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) were assessed in the Gdańsk-Sopot-Gdynia Tricity area and in the city of Tczew using diffusive-type Radiello passive samplers. Samples were collected at the monitoring stations belonging to the Agency of Regional Air Quality Monitoring Foundation. The results indicated that the BTEX concentrations measured in the urban air in the Tricity area and in Tczew were dependent on the season, being somewhat higher in winter and spring than in summer. Maps of BTEX pollution in the Tricity and in Tczew were prepared by interpolating the results for the areas between the sampling points covering the mapped areas. This allowed the assessment of time-weighted average concentrations of the compounds studied at locations where measurements were not made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozena Zabiegała
- Dep. of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
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Validity of new biomarkers of internal dose for use in the biological monitoring of occupational and environmental exposure to low concentrations of benzene and toluene. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2009; 83:341-56. [PMID: 19830448 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-009-0469-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study analyzes the validity of new, more sensitive and specific urinary biomarkers of internal dose, namely, urinary benzene for benzene and urinary toluene and S-benzylmercapturic acid (SBMA) for toluene, to assess their efficacy when compared to traditional biomarkers for biological monitoring of occupational exposure to low concentrations of these two toxic substances. METHODS Assessment was made of 41 workers occupationally exposed to benzene and toluene, 18 fuel tanker drivers and 23 filling-station attendants, as well as 31 subjects with no occupational exposure to these toxic substances (controls). Exposure to airborne benzene and toluene was measured using passive Radiello personal samplers worn throughout the work shift. In urine samples collected from all subjects at the end of the workday, both the traditional and the new internal dose biomarkers of benzene and toluene were assessed, as well as creatinine so as to apply suitable adjustments. RESULTS Occupational exposure to benzene and toluene resulted significantly higher in the fuel tanker drivers than the filling-station attendants, and higher in the latter than in controls. Significantly higher concentrations of t,t-muconic acid (t,t-MA), S-phenylmercapturic acid (SPMA), urinary benzene, SBMA and urinary toluene were found in the drivers than the filling-station attendants or the controls. Instead, urinary phenol and hippuric acid were not different in the three groups. In the entire sample, airborne benzene and toluene values were significantly correlated, as were the respective urinary biomarkers, showing coefficients ranging from 0.36 to 0.98. Subdividing the subjects by smoking habit, higher coefficients were evident in non-smokers than in smokers; at multiple regression analysis t,t-MA, SPMA and urinary benzene and toluene were dependent on the number of cigarettes smoked daily and on airborne benzene and toluene, respectively. Instead, SBMA was dependent only on airborne toluene. CONCLUSIONS Our research confirmed the validity of t,t-MA and SPMA for use in the biological monitoring of exposure to low concentrations of benzene. Urinary benzene showed comparable validity to SPMA; both parameters are affected by smoking cigarettes in the hours before urine collection, so it is best to ask subjects to refrain from smoking for 2 h before urine collection. Urinary toluene was found to be a more specific biomarker than SBMA.
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Pérez-Rial D, López-Mahía P, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, Prada-Rodríguez D. Temporal distribution, behaviour and reactivities of BTEX compounds in a suburban Atlantic area during a year. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 11:1216-25. [DOI: 10.1039/b819370c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Gallego E, Roca FX, Guardino X, Rosell MG. Indoor and outdoor BTX levels in Barcelona City metropolitan area and Catalan rural areas. J Environ Sci (China) 2008; 20:1063-1069. [PMID: 19143312 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(08)62150-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Five aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, and three isomeric xylenes) were monitored in indoor and outdoor air of 7 public buildings and 54 private homes, located in Barcelona City metropolitan area and in several rural areas of Catalonia. The sampling was carried out over four periods: spring-summer and winter of 2000, and summer and winter of 2001. Passive ORSA 5 Dräger samplers were used for benzene, toluene, and xylenes (BTX) adsorption. BTX were extracted with carbon disulphide and analysed using a gas chromatograph coupled to a FID detector. In Barcelona metropolitan area the outdoor average concentrations of BTX were 3.5, 34.2, and 31.3 microg/m3 in urban areas, and 1.4, 9.2, and 9.2 microg/m3 in rural areas, respectively. Average indoor air concentrations of BTX were respectively 4.3, 64.8, and 47.6 microg/m3 in urban areas and 5.8, 67.0, and 51.4 microg/m3 in rural areas, respectively. A direct connection between the house and garage was one of the most influential factors for indoor BTX concentrations in rural areas. In urban areas, diffuse traffic sources were the predominant BTX source, slightly influenced by tobacco smoke in indoor air.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gallego
- Environmental Centre Laboratory, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Avenida Diagonal 647, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
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Advances in passive sampling in environmental studies. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 602:141-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2007] [Revised: 09/05/2007] [Accepted: 09/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Esteve-Turrillas FA, Pastor A, de la Guardia M. Assessing air quality inside vehicles and at filling stations by monitoring benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes with the use of semipermeable devices. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 593:108-16. [PMID: 17531831 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2007] [Revised: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 04/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes) were used as target molecules to evaluate the quality of air inside motor vehicles and near filling stations, using semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) as low-cost passive sampling devices. A direct, fast, simple methodology based on the use of headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detection (HS-GC-MS) was developed for BTEX determinations, without any sample pre-treatment. SPMDs (25.4 cm2 surface, filled with 100 microL triolein) were employed as static samplers. After the selected deployment time, the SPMDs were heated inside a HS vial at 150 degrees C for 20 min and BTEX compounds were determined by GC-MS in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode in less than 12 min. The proposed method provides limits of detection of less than 1 ng SPMD(-1) for all compounds studied; which is equivalent to 0.3-8 ng m(-3) in air for a deployment time of 24 h, and to 9-200 microg m(-3) for 10 min time, as a function of the compound considered. Using sampling times of around 24 h, concentrations from 0.2 to 145 microg m(-3) were measured inside motor vehicles. For exposure times from 2 to 40 min, concentrations of BTEX ranging from 0.03 to 79 mg m(-3) were measured at filling stations, especially during refueling of vehicles with gasoline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc A Esteve-Turrillas
- Analytical Chemistry Department, University of Valencia, Edifici Jeroni Muñoz, 50 Dr. Moliner, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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Lan Q, Zhang L, Li G, Vermeulen R, Weinberg RS, Dosemeci M, Rappaport SM, Shen M, Alter BP, Wu Y, Kopp W, Waidyanatha S, Rabkin C, Guo W, Chanock S, Hayes RB, Linet M, Kim S, Yin S, Rothman N, Smith MT. Hematotoxicity in workers exposed to low levels of benzene. Science 2004; 306:1774-6. [PMID: 15576619 PMCID: PMC1256034 DOI: 10.1126/science.1102443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Benzene is known to have toxic effects on the blood and bone marrow, but its impact at levels below the U.S. occupational standard of 1 part per million (ppm) remains uncertain. In a study of 250 workers exposed to benzene, white blood cell and platelet counts were significantly lower than in 140 controls, even for exposure below 1 ppm in air. Progenitor cell colony formation significantly declined with increasing benzene exposure and was more sensitive to the effects of benzene than was the number of mature blood cells. Two genetic variants in key metabolizing enzymes, myeloperoxidase and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase, influenced susceptibility to benzene hematotoxicity. Thus, hematotoxicity from exposure to benzene occurred at air levels of 1 ppm or less and may be particularly evident among genetically susceptible subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Lan
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Luoping Zhang
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Guilan Li
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rona S. Weinberg
- New York Blood Center, Clinical Services, White Plains, NY 10605, USA
| | - Mustafa Dosemeci
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stephen M. Rappaport
- School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Min Shen
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Blanche P. Alter
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yongji Wu
- Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | | | - Suramya Waidyanatha
- School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Charles Rabkin
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Weihong Guo
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Stephen Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard B. Hayes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Martha Linet
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sungkyoon Kim
- School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Songnian Yin
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Martyn T. Smith
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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