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Teffahi A, Kerchich Y, Moussaoui Y, Romagnoli P, Balducci C, Malherbe C, Kerbachi R, Eppe G, Cecinato A. Exposure levels and health risk of PAHs associated with fine and ultrafine aerosols in an urban site in northern Algeria. Air Qual Atmos Health 2021; 14:1375-1391. [PMID: 33880133 PMCID: PMC8050985 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-021-01028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Size distribution of toxicants in airborne particulates remains insufficiently investigated in Algeria. A 1-year campaign was performed at Bab Ezzouar, Algiers (Algeria), aimed at characterizing particulates for their physical and chemical features. For this purpose, scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy (RaS), and GC-MS methodologies were applied. The samples were collected on daily basis by means of a high-volume sampling (HVS) system equipped with cascade impactor separating three size fractions, i.e., particles with aerodynamic diameters d < 1.0 μm (PM1), 1.0 μm <d<2.5 μm (PM2.5), and 2.5 μm <d<10 μm (PM10), respectively. The organic fraction was recovered from substrate through solvent extraction in an ultrasonic bath, separated and purified by column chromatography, then analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Investigation was focused on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the concentration ratios suitable to investigate the source nature. Further information was drawn from SEM and Raman analyses. Total PAH concentrations ranged broadly throughout the study period (namely, from 4.1 to 59.7 ng m-3 for PM1, from 2.72 to 32.3 ng m-3 for PM2.5 and from 3.30 to 32.7 ng m-3 for PM10). Both approaches and principal component analysis (PCA) of data revealed that emission from vehicles was the most important PAH source, while tobacco smoke provided an additional contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Teffahi
- Laboratory of Sciences and Techniques of Environment, National Polytechnic School, El-Harrach, BP 132 Algiers, Algeria
| | - Yacine Kerchich
- Laboratory of Sciences and Techniques of Environment, National Polytechnic School, El-Harrach, BP 132 Algiers, Algeria
| | - Yacine Moussaoui
- Faculté des Mathématiques et Sciences de la Matière, Université Kasdi Merbah (UKMO), Ouargla, Algeria
| | - Paola Romagnoli
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), National Research Council of Italy, Via Salaria Km 29.3, Monterotondo Scalo, P.O. Box 10, 00015 Rome, Italy
| | - Catia Balducci
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), National Research Council of Italy, Via Salaria Km 29.3, Monterotondo Scalo, P.O. Box 10, 00015 Rome, Italy
| | - Cedric Malherbe
- CART, Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, UR MolSys, University of Liège, B4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Rabah Kerbachi
- Laboratory of Sciences and Techniques of Environment, National Polytechnic School, El-Harrach, BP 132 Algiers, Algeria
| | - Gauthier Eppe
- CART, Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, UR MolSys, University of Liège, B4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Angelo Cecinato
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), National Research Council of Italy, Via Salaria Km 29.3, Monterotondo Scalo, P.O. Box 10, 00015 Rome, Italy
- Dept. of Chemistry, University “Sapienza – Roma 1”, Rome, Italy
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Talbi A, Kerchich Y, Kerbachi R, Boughedaoui M. Assessment of annual air pollution levels with PM1, PM2.5, PM10 and associated heavy metals in Algiers, Algeria. Environ Pollut 2018; 232:252-263. [PMID: 28943349 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of particulate matter less than 1 μm, 2.5 μm, 10 μm and their contents of heavy metals were investigated in two different stations, urban and roadside at Algiers (Algeria). Sampling was conducted during two years by a high volume samplers (HVS) equipped with a cascade impactor at four levels stage, for one year sampling. The characterization of the heavy metals associated to the particulate matter (PM) was carried out by X-Ray Fluorescence analysis (XRF). The annual average concentration of PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 in both stations were 18.24, 32.23 and 60.01 μg m-3 respectively. The PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations in roadside varied from 13.46 to 25.59 μg m-3, 20.82-49.85 μg m-3 and 45.90-77.23 μg m-3 respectively. However in the urban station, the PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations varied from 10.45 to 26.24 μg m-3, 18.53-47.58 μg m-3 and 43.8-91.62 μg m-3. The heavy metals associated to the PM were confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-Ray analyses (SEM-EDX). The different spots of PM2.5 analysis by SEM-EDX shows the presence of nineteen elements with anthropogenic and natural origins, within the heavy metal detected, the lead was found with maximum of 5% (weight percent). In order to determine the source contributions of PM levels at the two sampling sites sampling, principal compound analysis (PCA) was applied to the collected data. Statistical analysis confirmed anthropogenic source with traffic being a significant source and high contribution of natural emissions. At both sites, the PM2.5/PM10 ratio is lower than that usually recorded in developed countries. The study of the back-trajectories of the air masses starting from Sahara shows that desert dust influences the concentration and the composition of the PM measured in Algiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelhamid Talbi
- Environmental Science and Technology Laboratory, National Polytechnic School of Algiers, Algiers 16200, Algeria
| | - Yacine Kerchich
- Materials and Environmental Laboratory, University of Medea, AinD'Heb, 26001 Medea, Algeria.
| | - Rabah Kerbachi
- Environmental Science and Technology Laboratory, National Polytechnic School of Algiers, Algiers 16200, Algeria
| | - Ménouèr Boughedaoui
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, University of Blida 1, Route de Soumaa, Blida 09000, Algeria
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Oucher N, Kerbachi R, Ghezloun A, Merabet H. Magnitude of Air Pollution by Heavy Metals Associated with Aerosols Particles in Algiers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Chikhi S, Boughedaoui M, Kerbachi R, Joumard R. On-board measurement of emissions from liquefied petroleum gas, gasoline and diesel powered passenger cars in Algeria. J Environ Sci (China) 2014; 26:1651-1659. [PMID: 25108721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
On-board measurements of unit emissions of CO, HC, NOx and CO₂ were conducted on 17 private cars powered by different types of fuels including gasoline, dual gasoline-liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), gasoline, and diesel. The tests performed revealed the effect of LPG injection technology on unit emissions and made it possible to compare the measured emissions to the European Artemis emission model. A sequential multipoint injection LPG kit with no catalyst installed was found to be the most efficient pollutant reduction device for all of the pollutants, with the exception of the NOx. Specific test results for a sub-group of LPG vehicles revealed that LPG-fueled engines with no catalyst cannot compete with catalyzed gasoline and diesel engines. Vehicle age does not appear to be a determining parameter with regard to vehicle pollutant emissions. A fuel switch to LPG offers many advantages as far as pollutant emissions are concerned, due to LPG's intrinsic characteristics. However, these advantages are being rapidly offset by the strong development of both gasoline and diesel engine technologies and catalyst converters. The LPG's performance on a chassis dynamometer under real driving conditions was better than expected. The enforcement of pollutant emission standards in developing countries is an important step towards introducing clean technology and reducing vehicle emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saâdane Chikhi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, University of Blida 1, Route de Soumaa, Blida 09000, Algeria; Environmental Science and Technology Laboratory, National Polytechnic School of Algiers, Algiers 16200, Algeria
| | - Ménouèr Boughedaoui
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, University of Blida 1, Route de Soumaa, Blida 09000, Algeria; Environmental Science and Technology Laboratory, National Polytechnic School of Algiers, Algiers 16200, Algeria.
| | - Rabah Kerbachi
- Environmental Science and Technology Laboratory, National Polytechnic School of Algiers, Algiers 16200, Algeria
| | - Robert Joumard
- Transport and Environment Laboratory, Ifsttar, Bron, France
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Sahnoune F, Belhamel M, Zelmat M, Kerbachi R. Climate Change in Algeria: Vulnerability and Strategy of Mitigation and Adaptation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2013.07.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kerchich Y, Kerbachi R. Measurement of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethybenzene, and xylene) levels at urban and semirural areas of Algiers City using passive air samplers. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 2012; 62:1370-1379. [PMID: 23362756 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2012.712606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The study presents the levels of air pollution by aromatic organic compounds BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-, m-, and p-xylenes) in the city of Algiers. The sampling was carried out using Radiello passive sampler. Three sampling campaigns were carried out in roadside, tunnel, urban background, and semirural sites in Algiers. In order to determine the diurnal mean levels of air pollution by BTEX to which people are exposed, a modified passive sampler was used for the first time. In addition, monitoring of pollution inside vehicles was also made. In the spring of 2009, more than 27 samplings were carried out. In the background and road traffic sites the Radiello sampler was exposed for 7 days, whereas the time exposure was reduced to 1 day in the case of the vehicle as well as the tunnel. The results indicate that average benzene concentrations in the roadside and inside vehicle exceed largely the limit value of 5 microg m(-3) established by the European Community (EC). On the other hand, it has been noticed that the concentration levels of other BTEX are relatively high. Also, in order to identify the origin of emission sources, ratios and correlations between the BTEX species have been highlighted. This study shows that road traffic remains the main source of many local emission in Algiers. IMPLICATIONS The vehicle fleet in Algeria is growing rapidly since the 1990s following economic growth and is responsible for the increasing air pollution in large cities. Because there are no data collection of BTEX carried out by national air quality network, all environmental and transportation policies are based on European emissions standards, but national emission standards are currently not in place. This work will contribute to the analysis of real emissions of BTEX in Algiers, for the development of management and for assessment of population exposure variation depending on the location in the city of Algiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yacine Kerchich
- Laboratory of Sciences and Environmental Techniques, National Polytechnic School of Algiers, 10, Hacen Badi Ave. BP 182, El Harrach, 16200 Algiers, Algeria.
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Abstract
A sample of eight private gasoline and diesel conventional light-duty vehicles (LDVs) in use with various ages, carrying a load of 460 kg, were tested on a representative trip in the traffic flow of the city of Blida to obtain emission factors representing the actual use conditions of Algerian LDVs. The gas sampling system (mini-constant volume sampling) as well as the analyzers are carried on-board the vehicle. Around 55 tests were conducted during 3 months covering more than 480 km under various real driving conditions. The mean speed downtown is about 16.1 km/hr with a rather low acceleration, an average of 0.60 m/sec2. For each test, kinematics are recorded as well as the analysis of the four emitted pollutants carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, and total hydrocarbons. Emission factors were evaluated according to speed for each category of gasoline and diesel engines. The influence of some parameters such as cold/hot start, age of vehicle and its state of maintenance are discussed. Results are compared with the European database ARTEMIS for comparable vehicles. These measurements contribute to the development of unit emission of the vehicles used in Algeria, which are necessary for the calculation of emission inventory of pollutants and greenhouse gases from the road transportation sector. The unit emissions constitute a tool of decisionmaking aid regarding the conception of new regulations of vehicle control and inspection in Algeria and even in similar developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ménouèr Boughedaoui
- Ecole Nationale Polytechnique, Départment Génie de l'Environnement, EL Harrach, Algiers, Algeria.
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Kerbachi R, Minkwitz R, Engelhardt U. UV-VIS- und Raman-spektroskopische Untersuchungen der gr�nen L�sungen von Stickstofftriiodid-1-Pyridin in Pyridin. Z Anorg Allg Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.19845130614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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