1
|
Rozsypal T. Persistence of A-234 nerve agent on indoor surfaces. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 357:141968. [PMID: 38615965 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the fundamental physical characteristics of extremely toxic compounds and their behavior across different environments plays a crucial role in assessing their danger. Additionally, this knowledge informs the development of protocols for gathering forensic evidence related to harmful chemicals misuse. In 2018, former Russian spy Sergei Skripal and his daughter were poisoned in Salisbury, England, with a substance later identified as the unconventional nerve agent A-234. Contamination with the compound was found on items inside Skripal's home. The aim of this paper was to determine the persistence of A-234 on selected indoor surfaces. Ceramics, aluminum can, laminated chipboard, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) floor tile, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottle, acrylic paint and computer keyboard were used as matrices. The decrease in surface contamination and further fate of the compound was monitored for 12 weeks. Persistence determination involved optimizing the wipe sampling method. Simultaneously, evaporation from the surface and permeation of the contaminant into the matrix were closely monitored. The experimental findings indicate that the nerve agent exhibits remarkable persistence, particularly on impermeable surfaces. Notably, the process of A-234 evaporation plays a minor role in determining its fate, with detectable concentrations observed solely above solid, non-porous surfaces such as ceramics and aluminum can. The surface persistence half-life varied significantly, ranging from 12 min to 478 days, depending on the material. The article has implications for emergency response protocols, decontamination strategies, public health and crime scene investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Rozsypal
- Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Defence Institute, University of Defence, Vita Nejedleho 1, 68203, Vyskov, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Taiba J, Rogan EG, Snow DD, Achutan C, Zahid M. Characterization of Environmental Levels of Pesticide Residues in Household Air and Dust Samples near a Bioenergy Plant Using Treated Seed as Feedstock. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6967. [PMID: 37947525 PMCID: PMC10648468 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20216967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to neonicotinoid insecticides is associated with adverse human health outcomes. There is environmental contamination in Saunders County, Nebraska, due to the accumulation of fungicides and insecticides from a now-closed ethanol plant using seed corn as stock. A pilot study quantified environmental contamination in nearby houses from residual pesticides by measuring dust and air (indoor/outdoor) concentrations of neonicotinoids and fungicides at the study site (households within two miles of the plant) and control towns (20-30 miles away). Air (SASS® 2300 Wetted-Wall Air Sampler) and surface dust (GHOST wipes with 4 × 4-inch template) samples were collected from eleven study households and six controls. Targeted analysis quantified 13 neonicotinoids, their transformation products and seven fungicides. Sample extracts were concentrated using solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridges, eluted with methanol and evaporated. Residues were re-dissolved in methanol-water (1:4) prior to analysis, with an Acquity H-Class ultraperformance liquid chromatograph (UPLC) and a Xevo triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. We compared differences across chemicals in air and surface dust samples at the study and control sites by dichotomizing concentrations above or below the detection limit, using Fisher's exact test. A relatively higher detection frequency was observed for clothianidin and thiamethoxam at the study site for the surface dust samples, similarly for thiamethoxam in the air samples. Our results suggest airborne contamination (neonicotinoids and fungicides) from the ethanol facility at houses near the pesticide contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jabeen Taiba
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-4388, USA
| | - Eleanor G. Rogan
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-4388, USA
| | - Daniel D. Snow
- Water Sciences Laboratory, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0844, USA
| | - Chandran Achutan
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-4388, USA
| | - Muhammad Zahid
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-4388, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Willison SA, Stout D, Mysz A, Starr J, Tabor D, Wyrzykowska-Ceradini B, Nardin J, Morris E, Snyder EG. Evaluating wipe sampling parameters to assess method performance and data confidence during remediation of hazardous pesticide misuse chemicals on indoor materials. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:159053. [PMID: 36179849 PMCID: PMC9827677 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide misuse incidents are reported worldwide each year. The potential exposure to pesticides creates a concern for occupants in affected homes, apartments, and other occupied buildings. Pesticides that are improperly applied within these locations may require remediation prior to reoccupation. Incident response personnel rely heavily on data from sampling results to identify residue levels and determine when site remediation is complete. Surface wipe samples are often collected for this purpose. Therefore, it is important to ensure sampling and analysis procedures are well established for the contaminants of concern, particularly for wipe sampling variables that can affect analysis results. This investigation evaluated the effects of surface wipe media, wipe wetting solvents, pesticide concentrations effects, composite sampling, surface types, and pesticide formulation effects on analysis results for fipronil, permethrin, and deltamethrin. Tested surface types included galvanized steel, vinyl tile, and plywood. Wipe media included pre-packaged, sterile cotton gauze, pre-cleaned cotton twill, and a pre-packaged, pre-wetted wipes. Surface recovery results are reported for commercially available fipronil formulations and compared to technical grade fipronil solutions. Fipronil recoveries were 92-107 % for twill wipes, 81-98 % for cotton gauze wipes, and 79 % for pre-packaged, pre-wetted wipes on a galvanized steel surface. Permethrin recoveries were 83-116 % for twill wipes, 66-94 % for cotton gauze wipes, and 73 % for pre-packaged, pre-wetted wipes on a galvanized steel surface. Deltamethrin recoveries were 67-88 % for twill wipes, 55-71 % for cotton gauze wipes, and 63 % for pre-packaged, pre-wetted wipes on a galvanized steel surface. The data collected in this study can inform surface wipe sampling methods and potentially assist in obtaining more accurate sampling data associated with pesticide misuse incidents involving the target analytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A Willison
- U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, 26 Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA.
| | - Daniel Stout
- U.S. EPA, Center for Environmental Management and Monitoring, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Durham, NC 27711, USA
| | - Amy Mysz
- U.S. EPA, Region 5, 77 W. Jackson Blvd., Chicago, IL 60604, USA
| | - James Starr
- U.S. EPA, Center for Environmental Management and Monitoring, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Durham, NC 27711, USA
| | - Dennis Tabor
- U.S. EPA, Center for Environmental Management and Monitoring, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Durham, NC 27711, USA
| | | | - Josh Nardin
- Jacobs Technology, Inc., 600 William Northern Blvd, Tullahoma, TN 37388, USA
| | - Eric Morris
- Jacobs Technology, Inc., 600 William Northern Blvd, Tullahoma, TN 37388, USA
| | - Emily Gibb Snyder
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Thornton SB, Luxton TP, Clar JG. Variation in zinc release from surface coatings as a function of methodology. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 788:147907. [PMID: 34134384 PMCID: PMC9614699 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade the growth of "nano-enabled" products have exploded in both industrial and direct to consumer applications. One area of interest is surface coatings, including paints, stains and sealants. Large scale applications of the products raise questions about both short- and long-term effects to both human and environmental health. Release of nanoparticles (NPs) from surfaces as a function of dermal contact is recognized as a potential human exposure route. Several standardized methods to quantify nanomaterial release have been previously used. In the current study, two standardized method were used to quantify the total mass of NPs released during sampling. ZnO (NPs) were used as a case study as they are commonly added to surface coatings to increase UV resistance. Particles were dispersed in Milli-Q water or a deck stain and applied to sanded plywood surfaces. Total release of Zn due to simulated dermal contact was evaluated using the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) wipe methods. Additionally, three different sampling materials were tested. The total quantity of Zn released between the two methods was dependent upon the material used and how the ZnO was applied to the surface. Critically, less than 3% of the ZnO NPs applied to test surfaces was removed using either method. The results of this study demonstrate how different testing methodologies may result in varying estimates of human and environmental risk from NPs in surface coatings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Todd P Luxton
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Research and Emergency Response, 5995 Center Hill Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45224, USA
| | - Justin G Clar
- Elon University, Department of Chemistry, Elon, NC 27244, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
López-Gálvez N, Wagoner R, Canales RA, de Zapien J, Calafat AM, Ospina M, Rosales C, Beamer P. Evaluating imidacloprid exposure among grape field male workers using biological and environmental assessment tools: An exploratory study. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 230:113625. [PMID: 32950770 PMCID: PMC7965794 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Imidacloprid is a neonicotinoid insecticide commonly injected through agricultural drip irrigation systems to reduce the population of vine mealybugs (P. ficus) in grape farms. There is a growing concern of potential human health effects of imidacloprid, however, there is limited information on the exposure to imidacloprid in farm workers. Imidacloprid exposure was evaluated in this exploratory study of 20 male migrant grape workers sampled five days after imidacloprid was injected in the irrigation system during winter and summer seasons. We administered a questionnaire on work activities, exposure characteristics, and socio-demographics and collected personal air, hand wipe, and spot urine samples. Heat exposure was also assessed. Spearman's correlation coefficients and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were utilized to evaluate associations and differences in imidacloprid exposures with socio-demographic, occupational, and environmental characteristics. All participants had less than a high school education and about half identified an Indigenous language as their primary language. Although not detected in air samples, imidacloprid was detected in 85% of the hand wipes (median: 0.26: 0.41 μg/wipe, range: 0.05-7.10 μg/wipe). The majority of participants (75%) had detectable urinary concentrations of imidacloprid (median: 0.11 μg/g creatinine, range: 0.05-3.90 μg/g of creatinine), and nearly all (95%) had detectable urinary concentrations of 5-hydroxy-Imidacloprid (5-OH-IMI), a metabolite of imidacloprid (median: 1.28 μg/g creatinine, range: 0.20-27.89 μg/g creatinine). There was a significant correlation (p < 0.001) between imidacloprid in hand wipes and urinary imidacloprid and 5-OH-IMI (rs: 0.67 for imidacloprid and 0.80 for 5-OH-IMI). Hand temperature was significantly and positively correlated (p < 0.05) with imidacloprid concentration on hand wipes (rs: 0.70), and urinary biomarkers (rs: 0.68 for imidacloprid, and 0.60 for 5-OH-IMI) suggesting that working in high temperatures may influence the exposure and absorption of imidacloprid. Thus, research on farm workers would benefit in the future by evaluating imidacloprid exposure in relation to heat stress and other occupational factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás López-Gálvez
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, 1295 N. Martin Ave. PO 245210, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.
| | - Rietta Wagoner
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, 1295 N. Martin Ave. PO 245210, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Robert A Canales
- Interdisciplinary Program in Applied Mathematics, University of Arizona, 617 N. Santa Rita Ave. PO Box 210089, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Jill de Zapien
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, 1295 N. Martin Ave. PO 245210, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, 4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA, 30341, United States
| | - Maria Ospina
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, 4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA, 30341, United States
| | - Cecilia Rosales
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, 1295 N. Martin Ave. PO 245210, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Paloma Beamer
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, 1295 N. Martin Ave. PO 245210, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Béranger R, Billoir E, Nuckols JR, Blain J, Millet M, Bayle ML, Combourieu B, Philip T, Schüz J, Fervers B. Agricultural and domestic pesticides in house dust from different agricultural areas in France. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:19632-19645. [PMID: 31079297 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05313-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides have been associated with various pathologies, and there is growing evidence of pesticide presence in domestic environments. However, most available studies focused on a limited number of pesticides or households, and few have been conducted in Europe. We aimed to assess indoor pesticide contamination by screening the prevalence of 276 pesticides and ten pesticide metabolites, in French households from different agricultural and urban areas. We sampled indoor dust from 239 households in 2012, proximate to orchards (n = 69), cereals (n = 66) and vineyard (n = 68) crops, or from urban area (n = 36). we used cellulose wipes moistened with isopropanol and polypropylene dust traps to collect recent (7 and 30 days, respectively) and settled dust (> 6 months). Overall, 125 pesticides and piperonyl butoxide were detected at least once in households, mostly at low prevalence: 97 in recent dust, and 111 in settled dust. In recent dust, the most prevalent compounds were o-phenylphenol (168 households, 70%), pentachlorophenol (86, 36%), and piperonyl butoxide (82, 34%). In addition to agricultural pesticides, we found a high proportion of domestic and banned compounds in recent and settled house dust. Several pesticides were identified in house dust, from different pesticide groups and sources. Our results suggest that domestic usage and persistence of banned pesticides may contribute substantially to indoor pesticide contamination. Graphical abstract 97 pesticides detected in households' recent indoor dust.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Béranger
- Department of Cancer and Environment, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.
- Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France.
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.
| | - Elise Billoir
- Rovaltain Research Company, Valence, France
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC), Université de Lorraine, CNRS UMR, 7360, Metz, France
| | - John R Nuckols
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Principal, JRN Environmental Health Sciences, Ltd, Bethesda, North, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey Blain
- Department of Cancer and Environment, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Maurice Millet
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES, UMR 7515 CNRS), University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | - Thierry Philip
- Department of Cancer and Environment, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Joachim Schüz
- Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Beatrice Fervers
- Department of Cancer and Environment, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- INSERM U1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Cedex 08, F-69008, Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Willison SA, Daniel Stout II, Mysz A, Starr J, Tabor D, Wyrzykowska-Ceradini B, Nardin J, Morris E, Snyder EG. The impact of wipe sampling variables on method performance associated with indoor pesticide misuse and highly contaminated areas. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 655:539-546. [PMID: 30476833 PMCID: PMC7045174 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide misuse incidents in residential indoor areas are typically associated with misapplications that are inconsistent with the label directions of the product. Surface wipe sampling and analysis procedures are relied upon to evaluate the extent of indoor contamination and the remediation efforts successfully. In general, surface wipe sampling procedures are widely varied, which can complicate the comparison of the results and data interpretation. Wipe sampling parameters were studied for the insecticides malathion and carbaryl. The parameters evaluated include wipe media, wetting solvents, composite sampling, surface concentration, and the influence of differing product formulations. Porous and nonporous surfaces tested include vinyl tile, plywood and painted drywall (porous/permeable) and stainless steel and glass (nonporous/impermeable). Specific wipe materials included pre-packaged sterile-cotton gauze, pre-cleaned cotton twill, cotton balls, and a pre-packaged, pre-wetted wipe. Commercially available insecticide formulations were tested, and the results were compared to surfaces fortified with neat analytes to determine surface recovery results (efficiency). A sampling procedure to measure pesticide residues was developed, and variables associated with the sampling methods were evaluated to clarify how estimations of surface residues are impacted. Malathion recoveries were 73-86% for twill and pre-wetted, pre-packaged isopropanol wipes on nonporous materials. Malathion formulations ranged from 78 to 124% for pre-wetted, pre-packaged isopropanol wipes and cotton gauze wipes on nonporous materials. Carbaryl and carbaryl formulation recoveries were 82-115% and 77-110%, respectively, on nonporous surfaces for all tested wipe materials. While not every wipe sampling variable could be tested, the collected information from this study may be useful and applied to sampling plans for classes of chemicals with similar physicochemical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A Willison
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Homeland Security Research Center, 26 Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States of America.
| | - I I Daniel Stout
- U.S. EPA, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Durham, NC 27709, United States of America
| | - Amy Mysz
- U.S. EPA, Region 5, 77 W. Jackson Blvd., Chicago, IL 60604, United States of America
| | - James Starr
- U.S. EPA, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Durham, NC 27709, United States of America
| | - Dennis Tabor
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Durham, NC 27709, United States of America
| | | | - Josh Nardin
- Jacobs Technology, Inc., 600 William Northern Blvd., Tullahoma, TN 37388, United States of America
| | - Eric Morris
- Jacobs Technology, Inc., 600 William Northern Blvd., Tullahoma, TN 37388, United States of America
| | - Emily Gibb Snyder
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Homeland Security Research Center, 26 Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zha C, Wang C, Buckley B, Yang I, Wang D, Eiden AL, Cooper R. Pest Prevalence and Evaluation of Community-Wide Integrated Pest Management for Reducing Cockroach Infestations and Indoor Insecticide Residues. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 111:795-802. [PMID: 29361010 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tox356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pest infestations in residential buildings are common, but community-wide pest survey data are lacking. Frequent insecticide applications for controlling indoor pests leave insecticide residues and pose potential health risks to residents. In this study, a community-wide pest survey was carried out in a housing complex consisting of 258 units in 40 buildings in New Brunswick, New Jersey. It was immediately followed by implementation of an integrated pest management (IPM) program in all the cockroach-infested apartments and two bed bug apartments with the goal of eliminating pest infestations, reducing pyrethroid residues, and increasing resident satisfaction with pest control services. The IPM-treated apartments were revisited and treated biweekly or monthly for 7 mo. Initial inspection found the top three pests and their infestation rates to be as follows: German cockroaches (Blattella germanica L. [Blattodea: Blattellidae]), 28%; rodents, 11%; and bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L. [Hemiptera: Cimicidae]), 8%. Floor wipe samples were collected in the kitchens and bedrooms of 20 apartments for pyrethroid residue analysis before the IPM implementation; 17 of the 20 apartments were resampled again at 7 mo. The IPM program reduced cockroach counts per apartment by 88% at 7 wk after initial treatment. At 7 mo, 85% of the cockroach infestations found in the initial survey were eliminated. The average number of pyrethroids detected decreased significantly from 6 ± 1 (mean ± SEM) and 5 ± 1 to 2 ± 1 and 3 ± 1 in the kitchens and bedrooms, respectively. The average concentrations of targeted pyrethroids residue also decreased significantly in the kitchens and bedrooms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zha
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Changlu Wang
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Brian Buckley
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), Piscataway, NJ
| | - Ill Yang
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), Piscataway, NJ
| | - Desen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Amanda L Eiden
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Richard Cooper
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Comparison of latex body paint with wetted gauze wipes for sampling the chemical warfare agents VX and sulfur mustard from common indoor surfaces. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 262:143-9. [PMID: 26990562 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Comparison of solvent-wetted gauze with body paint, a peelable surface sampling media, for the sampling of the chemical warfare agents VX and sulfur mustard from nine surfaces was performed. The nine surfaces sampled are those typical of interior public venues and include smooth, rough, porous, and non-porous surfaces. Overall, solvent-wetted gauze (wipes) performed better for the recovery of VX from non-porous surfaces while body paint (BP) performed better for the porous surfaces. The average percent VX recoveries using wipes and BP, respectively, are: finished wood flooring, 86.2%, 71.4%; escalator handrail, 47.3%, 26.7%; stainless steel, 80.5%, 56.1%; glazed ceramic tile, 81.8%, 44.9%; ceiling tile, 1.77%, 13.1%; painted drywall 7.83%, 21.1%; smooth cement, 0.64%, 10.3%; upholstery fabric, 24.6%, 23.1%; unfinished wood flooring, 9.37%, 13.1%. Solvent-wetted gauze performed better for the recovery of sulfur mustard from three of the relatively non-porous surfaces while body paint performed better for the more porous surfaces. The average percent sulfur mustard recoveries using wipes and BP, respectively, are: finished wood flooring, 30.2%, 2.97%; escalator handrail, 4.40%, 4.09%; stainless steel, 21.2%, 3.30%; glazed ceramic tile, 49.7%, 16.7%; ceiling tile, 0.33%, 11.1%; painted drywall 2.05%, 10.6%; smooth cement, 1.20%, 35.2%; upholstery fabric, 7.63%, 6.03%; unfinished wood flooring, 0.90%, 1.74%.
Collapse
|
10
|
Klees M, Hiester E, Schmidt TC. Analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in particulate and oily films on impervious surfaces. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 538:363-374. [PMID: 26318221 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
During this study wipe sampling was applied to various impervious surfaces for the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDFs) area concentrations. To that end, a wipe sampling method based on solvent wetted cotton wipes was evaluated and transfer efficiencies of PCBs and PCDD/PCDFs in particulate films (PFs) and oily liquid films (OFs) during sampling were investigated. For PFs sufficient transfer efficiencies of low concentrated PCB and PCDD/PCDF congeners in 1g/m(2) spiking surrogate were achieved after the first wipe using n-hexane as wetting solvent. Transfer efficiencies for OFs were the highest in the first wipe if n-hexane or n-heptane were used rather than toluene. The spiking experiments of OFs showed a log-linear correlation between the number of wiping procedures and transfer efficiency which indicates that transfer efficiencies were constant in subsequent wipes. Furthermore, it was successfully demonstrated that pressurized liquid extraction is a suitable tool for the extraction of wipe samples. Finally, the feasibility of this wipe sampling method was demonstrated on various impervious surfaces of different origin, and concentration levels of PCBs and PCDD/PCDFs in wipe samples are discussed. Hereby, remarkably high ∑CB6 concentrations of up to 1400μg/m(2) (taken at a transformer recycling site) were detected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Klees
- North Rhine-Westphalian State Agency for Nature, Environment, and Consumer Protection (LANUV NRW), Wallneyer Str. 6, 45133 Essen, Germany; University Duisburg-Essen, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Ernst Hiester
- North Rhine-Westphalian State Agency for Nature, Environment, and Consumer Protection (LANUV NRW), Wallneyer Str. 6, 45133 Essen, Germany
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- University Duisburg-Essen, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Staymates JL, Staymates ME, Lawrence J. The effect of reusing wipes for particle collection. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR ION MOBILITY SPECTROMETRY : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR ION MOBILITY SPECTROMETRY 2015; 19:41-49. [PMID: 27429581 PMCID: PMC4922414 DOI: 10.1007/s12127-015-0185-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Sample collection for Ion Mobility Spectrometry (IMS) analysis is typically completed by swiping a collection wipe over a suspect surface to collect trace residues. The work presented here addresses the need for a method to measure the collection efficiency performance of surface wipe materials as a function of the number of times a wipe is used to interrogate a surface. The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of wipe reuse, i.e., the number of times a wipe is swiped across a surface, on the overall particle collection and IMS response. Two types of collection wipes (Teflon coated fiberglass and Nomex) were examined by swiping multiple times, ranging from 0 to 1000, over representative surfaces that are common to security screening environments. Particle collection efficiencies were determined by fluorescence microscopy and particle counting techniques, and were shown to improve dramatically with increased number of swiping cycles. Ion mobility spectrometry was used to evaluate the chemical response of known masses of explosives (deposited after reusing wipes) as a function of the wipe reuse number. Results show that chemical response can be negatively affected, and greatly depends upon the conditions of the surface in which the wipe is interrogating. For most parameters tested, the PCE increased after the wipe was reused several times. Swiping a dusty cardboard surface multiple times also caused an increase in particle collection efficiency but a decrease in IMS response. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed significant surface degradation of the wipes on dusty cardboard at the micrometer spatial scale level for Teflon coated wipes. Additionally, several samples were evaluated by including a seven second thermal desorption cycle at 235°C into each swipe sampling interval in order to represent the IMS heating cycle. Results were similar to studies conducted without this heating cycle, suggesting that the primary mechanism for wipe deterioration is mechanical rather than thermal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Staymates
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Mailstop 8371, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA
| | - Matthew E. Staymates
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Mailstop 8371, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA
| | - Jeffrey Lawrence
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Mailstop 8371, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Boyle EB, Deziel NC, Specker BL, Collingwood S, Weisel CP, Wright DJ, Dellarco M. Feasibility and informative value of environmental sample collection in the National Children's Vanguard Study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 140:345-353. [PMID: 25913153 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Birth cohort studies provide the opportunity to advance understanding of the impact of environmental factors on childhood health and development through prospective collection of environmental samples. METHODS We evaluated the feasibility and informative value of the environmental sample collection methodology in the initial pilot phase of the National Children's Study, a planned U.S. environmental birth cohort study. Environmental samples were collected from January 2009-September 2010 at up to three home visits: pre-pregnancy (n=306), pregnancy (n=807), and 6-months postnatal (n=117). Collections included air for particulate matter ≤2.5 µm (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide, ozone, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and carbonyls; vacuum dust for allergens/endotoxin; water for VOCs, trihalomethanes (THMs), and haloacetic acids (HAAs); and wipe samples for pesticides, semi-volatile organics, and metals. We characterized feasibility using sample collection rates and times and informative value using analyte detection frequencies (DF). RESULTS Among the 1230 home visits, environmental sample collection rates were high across all sample types (mean=89%); all samples except the air PM2.5 samples had collection times <30 min. Informative value was low for water VOCs (median DF=0%) and pesticide floor wipes (median DF=5%). Informative value was moderate for air samples (median DF=35%) and high for water THMs and HAAs (median DF=91% and 75%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Though collection of environmental samples was feasible, some samples (e.g., wipe pesticides and water VOCs) yielded limited information. These results can be used in conjunction with other study design considerations, such as target population size and hypotheses of interest, to inform the method selection of future environmental health birth cohort studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole C Deziel
- Yale University School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Bonny L Specker
- South Dakota State University, Ethel Austin Martin Program in Human Nutrition, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Scott Collingwood
- University of Utah, Department of Pediatrics, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Clifford P Weisel
- Rutgers University, Environmental & Occupational Health Science Institute (EOHSI), Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - David J Wright
- Westat, 1600 Research Blvd, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Michael Dellarco
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cettier J, Bayle ML, Béranger R, Billoir E, Nuckols JR, Combourieu B, Fervers B. Efficiency of wipe sampling on hard surfaces for pesticides and PCB residues in dust. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 505:11-21. [PMID: 25306091 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.09.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are commonly found in house dust and have been described as a valuable matrix to assess indoor pesticide and PCB contamination. The aim of this study was to assess the efficiency and precision of cellulose wipe for collecting 48 pesticides, eight PCBs, and one synergist at environmental concentrations. First, the efficiency and repeatability of wipe collection were determined for pesticide and PCB residues that were directly spiked onto three types of household floors (tile, laminate, and hardwood). Second, synthetic dust was used to assess the capacity of the wipe to collect dust. Third, we assessed the efficiency and repeatability of wipe collection of pesticides and PCB residues that was spiked onto synthetic dust and then applied to tile. In the first experiment, the overall collection efficiency was highest on tile (38%) and laminate (40%) compared to hardwood (34%), p<0.001. The second experiment confirmed that cellulose wipes can efficiently collect dust (82% collection efficiency). The third experiment showed that the overall collection efficiency was higher in the presence of dust (72% vs. 38% without dust, p<0.001). Furthermore, the mean repeatability also improved when compounds were spiked onto dust (<30% for the majority of compounds). To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the efficiency of wipes as a sampling method using a large number of compounds at environmental concentrations and synthetic dust. Cellulose wipes appear to be efficient to sample the pesticides and PCBs that adsorb onto dust on smooth and hard surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joane Cettier
- Unit of Cancer and Environment, Centre Léon Bérard, 28 rue Laënnec, Lyon, France
| | - Marie-Laure Bayle
- Rovaltain Research Company, 1 rue de la gare, Alixan, Valence, France
| | - Rémi Béranger
- Unit of Cancer and Environment, Centre Léon Bérard, 28 rue Laënnec, Lyon, France; Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert Thomas, Lyon, France; EAM 4128 « Santé Individu Société », University Claude Bernard, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Elise Billoir
- Rovaltain Research Company, 1 rue de la gare, Alixan, Valence, France
| | - John R Nuckols
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Bruno Combourieu
- Rovaltain Research Company, 1 rue de la gare, Alixan, Valence, France
| | - Béatrice Fervers
- Unit of Cancer and Environment, Centre Léon Bérard, 28 rue Laënnec, Lyon, France.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Willison SA. Investigation of the Persistence of Nerve Agent Degradation Analytes on Surfaces through Wipe Sampling and Detection with Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2014; 87:1034-41. [DOI: 10.1021/ac503777z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A. Willison
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National
Homeland Security Research Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Starr JM, Gemma AA, Graham SE, Stout DM. A test house study of pesticides and pesticide degradation products following an indoor application. INDOOR AIR 2014; 24:390-402. [PMID: 24387593 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Preexisting pesticide degradates are a concern for pesticide biomonitoring studies as exposure to them may result in overestimation of pesticide exposure. The purpose of this research was to determine whether there was significant formation and movement, of pesticide degradates over a 5-week period in a controlled indoor setting after insecticide application. Movement of the pesticides during the study was also evaluated. In a simulated crack and crevice application, commercially available formulations of fipronil, propoxur, cis/trans-permethrin, and cypermethrin were applied to a series of wooden slats affixed to the wall in one room of an unoccupied test house. Floor surface samples were collected through 35 days post-application. Concentrations of the pesticides and the following degradates were determined: 2-iso-propoxyphenol, cis/trans 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-3-3-dimethyl-(1-cyclopropane) carboxylic acid, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid, fipronil sulfone, fipronil sulfide, and fipronil desulfinyl. Deltamethrin, which had never been applied, and chlorpyrifos, which had been applied several years earlier, and their degradation products, cis-3-(2,2-dibromovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, and, 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol, respectively, were also measured. Propoxur was the only insecticide with mass movement away from the application site. There was no measurable formation or movement of the degradates. However, all degradates were present at low levels in the formulated product. These results indicate longitudinal repetitive sampling of indoor degradate levels during short-term studies, is unnecessary. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Exposure to preexisting pesticide degradates may inflate estimates of exposure in biomonitoring studies where these compounds are used as biomarkers. To date, there is no published information on formation of pesticide degradates following an indoor application. We found that the study pesticides have low rates of degradation and are unlikely to be a significant factor affecting results of short-term (weeks) biomonitoring studies. Therefore, relatively few indoor samples are needed to estimate background levels of degradation products resulting from a recent pesticide application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Starr
- Human Exposure and Atmospheric Sciences Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Arcury TA, Lu C, Chen H, Quandt SA. Pesticides present in migrant farmworker housing in North Carolina. Am J Ind Med 2014; 57:312-22. [PMID: 24038176 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migrant farmworkers are exposed to pesticides at work. Housing provided to migrant farmworkers may also expose them to pesticides, increasing their health risks. This analysis (1) describes the presence of organophosphorous (OP) and pyrethroid pesticides in North Carolina migrant farmworker houses, and (2) delineates associations of farmworker camp characteristics with pesticide detection and concentration. METHODS In 2010, 186 migrant farmworkers camps in NC were recruited (participation rate of 82.3%); pesticide wipe samples for 176 houses were analyzed. Tobacco is the predominant hand-harvested crop in this region. Two farmworkers per camp completed interviews; a third assisted with a housing inspection. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to detect OP and pyrethroid pesticides. Covariates of pesticide detection and concentration were determined with ANOVA and Tobit regression. RESULTS OPs were found in 166 of 176 houses (average of 2.4/house); pyrethroids were found in 171 houses (average of 4.3/house). The number of different OPs detected in each camp and concentrations of these OPs were not associated with camp and housing characteristics. The number of different pyrethroids detected in each camp and concentrations of these pyrethroids were associated with camps having residents with H2-A visas, a posted North Carolina Department of Labor Certificate of Inspection, no barracks, fewer residents, no bedroom weather protection or floor violations, and no roaches. CONCLUSIONS Farmworkers are exposed to pesticides where they live. Policy on removing pesticides from farmworker houses is needed. Reducing pesticides in farmworker houses will reduce one health risk confronted by this vulnerable population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Arcury
- Department of Family and Community Medicine; Center for Worker Health, Wake Forest School of Medicine; Winston-Salem North Carolina
| | - Chensheng Lu
- Department of Environmental Health; Harvard School of Public Health; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Haiying Chen
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistical Sciences; Center for Worker Health, Wake Forest School of Medicine; Winston-Salem North Carolina
| | - Sara A. Quandt
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Epidemiology and Prevention; Center for Worker Health Wake, Forest School of Medicine; Winston-Salem North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|