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Cheng S, Zhang B, Peng P, Lu F. Health and economic benefits of heavy-duty diesel truck emission control policies in Beijing. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 179:108152. [PMID: 37598595 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 emissions from heavy-duty diesel trucks (HDDTs) have a significant impact on air quality, human health, and climate change, and seriously threaten the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Globally, a series of emission control measures have been implemented to reduce pollution emissions from HDDTs. Current studies assessing the impact of these measures on air quality and human health have mainly used coarse-grained emission data as input to dispersion model, resulting in the inability to capture the spatiotemporal variability of pollutant concentrations and tending to increase the uncertainty of health impact assessment results. In this study, we quantified the impact of pollution control policies for HDDTs in Beijing on PM2.5 concentrations, human health, and economic losses by integrating policy scenario analysis, pollution dispersion simulation, public health impact and economic benefit assessment models, supported by high spatiotemporal resolution emission data from HDDTs. The results show that PM2.5 concentrations from HDDTs exhibit significant spatial aggregation characteristics, with the intensity of aggregation at night being about twice as high as that during the day. The emission hotspots are mainly concentrated in the sixth, fifth and fourth rings and major highways. Compared to the "business as usual" scenario in 2018, the current policy of updating the fuel standard to China VI and the emission standard to China 6 can reduce PM2.5 concentrations by 96.72%, thereby avoiding 612 premature deaths, which is equivalent to obtaining economic benefits of 1.65 billion CNY. This study further emphasizes the importance of high spatiotemporal resolution emission data during traffic dispersion modeling. The results can help improve the understanding of the effectiveness of emission reduction measures for HDDTs from a health benefit perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information Systems, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information Systems, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information Systems, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Feng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information Systems, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; The Academy of Digital China, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China; Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China.
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2
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The Potential Health Costs of PM10 Impacts on a Gold Mine Village, during Company Liquidation: An Analysis of 2013–2017. MINERALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/min12020169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Windblown dust from tailings storage facilities (TSFs), particularly in towns with liquidated mining companies, exacerbate air pollution. Companies of suddenly closed mine operations evade the responsibility of environmental and socio-economic care required by law. It is common for suddenly closed mines to have poorly rehabilitated TSFs which become a significant source of pollution by dust for the surrounding communities. There is strong evidence that acute exposure to high levels of air pollutants causes significant mortality and morbidity. However, very few studies have estimated the externalities of PM10 emanating from gold TSFs especially when a mine closes suddenly owing to company liquidation. By exploring the externalities of PM10 arising from wind erosion of suspended particulate matter from TSFs, this study fills an existing gap in the literature. A ‘bottom-up’ approach was implemented in this study following the External Energy (ExternE) project, and a gold mine operation that was liquidated between 2013 and 2017, was used as the case study. In this study, the externality of PM10 estimated was the cost of illness focusing specifically on respiratory-related illnesses. The results showed that the estimated cost of illness associated with PM10 inhalation was a total of R 5,560,022 including assessments of both neighboring Wedela and the Gold mine village based on the threshold concentration set by the South African National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) guideline and R 66,092,760 when considering the Fund for Research into Industrial Development Growth Equity (FRIDGE), Airshed and Infotox. Thus, it was concluded that air pollution by windblown dust from partially rehabilitated TSFs has the potential to significantly affect surrounding mining communities’ socio-economic status through poor health and the costs thereof.
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Hu X, Sun H, Luo X, Ni S, Yan Y. Health and economic impacts from PM 2.5 pollution transfer attributed to domestic trade in China: a provincial-level analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:49559-49573. [PMID: 33934261 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13954-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, severe air pollution has had a serious impact on the health and economy of residents and has attracted great attention. Due to the spatial separation between consumption and production, the transfer of PM2.5 pollution and its health and economic effects caused by interprovincial trade have not been taken seriously. In this study, economic, atmospheric, and epidemiological models were combined to assess air pollution transfer and its health and economic impacts that are attributed to provincial trade in China. The analyses were performed under the PM2.5 transfer scenario in which economically developed areas in eastern China transferred many health and economic impacts to inland areas through interprovincial trade in 2012. As a result of interprovincial trade, 1980 (95% CI 0, 4114) extra deaths and 208,000 (95% CI 74.5, 395.6) additional illnesses accrued, but 0.184 (95% CI 0.017, 0.372) billion USD of residents' economic loss was avoided in China. The results illustrate the serious impact of domestic trade on regional health and economics. It is necessary to comprehensively consider supply chains in designing policies to mitigate the negative health and economic impacts of air pollution across China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyuan Hu
- School of Economics and Management, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.
| | - Han Sun
- School of Economics and Management, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
- Research Center of Resource and Environmental Economics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Luo
- School of Economics and Management, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Ni
- School of Economics and Management, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Yan
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
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Xin K, Zhao J, Ma X, Han L, Liu Y, Zhang J, Gao Y. Effect of urban underlying surface on PM2.5 vertical distribution based on UAV in Xi'an, China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:312. [PMID: 33914183 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09044-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has become a significant issue of ecological environment. However, few studies have explored the vertical distribution of PM2.5 in cities. The objectives of this paper are to reveal the vertical distribution regular pattern of PM2.5 over urban underlying surfaces near the ground with a hexacopter-type unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in winter. Results showed that the maximum vertical gradient of PM2.5 near the ground was typically the greatest in the morning as the stable atmospheric conditions. Moreover, regression model illustrated that relative humidity had the greatest impact on the vertical profile of PM2.5 compared to air temperature and altitude as hygroscopic of PM2.5 aerosols. Curve model shown that vertical profile of PM2.5 over the surfaces of water and green space first increased slowly and then declined, besides, the highest concentration inflection of PM2.5 above the water body (23.7 m) is higher than the green space (14.3 m). Thus, suggesting residents living vertical of 10-30 m from the ground around large water bodies and green spaces should not open windows for ventilation in the morning. Therefore, this study provides insights into the vertical distributions of PM2.5 over different underlying surfaces and should be of reference value to urban planners for designing urban spaces to optimize atmosphere environment to provide a healthy living environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xin
- School of Architecture, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingyuan Zhao
- School of Architecture, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Xuan Ma
- School of Architecture, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
| | - Li Han
- School of Architecture, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanyu Liu
- School of Architecture, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianxin Zhang
- School of Architecture, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuejing Gao
- School of Architecture, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
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Hassan Bhat T, Jiawen G, Farzaneh H. Air Pollution Health Risk Assessment (AP-HRA), Principles and Applications. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:1935. [PMID: 33671274 PMCID: PMC7922529 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution is a major public health problem. A significant number of epidemiological studies have found a correlation between air quality and a wide variety of adverse health impacts emphasizing a considerable role of air pollution in the disease burden in the general population ranging from subclinical effects to premature death. Health risk assessment of air quality can play a key role at individual and global health promotion and disease prevention levels. The Air Pollution Health Risk Assessment (AP-HRA) forecasts the expected health effect of policies impacting air quality under the various policy, environmental and socio-economic circumstances, making it a key tool for guiding public policy decisions. This paper presents the concept of AP-HRA and offers an outline for the proper conducting of AP-HRA for different scenarios, explaining in broad terms how the health hazards of air emissions and their origins are measured and how air pollution-related impacts are quantified. In this paper, seven widely used AP-HRA tools will be deeply explored, taking into account their spatial resolution, technological factors, pollutants addressed, geographical scale, quantified health effects, method of classification, and operational characteristics. Finally, a comparative analysis of the proposed tools will be conducted, using the SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tavoos Hassan Bhat
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan; (T.H.B.); (G.J.)
| | - Guo Jiawen
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan; (T.H.B.); (G.J.)
- China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hooman Farzaneh
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan; (T.H.B.); (G.J.)
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Liao Q, Jin W, Tao Y, Qu J, Li Y, Niu Y. Health and Economic Loss Assessment of PM 2.5 Pollution during 2015-2017 in Gansu Province, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E3253. [PMID: 32392731 PMCID: PMC7246598 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17093253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have reported that air pollution, especially fine particulate matter (PM2.5), has a significant impact on health and causes economic loss. Gansu Province is in the northwest of China, which is a typical economically underdeveloped area. However, few studies have evaluated the economic loss of PM2.5 related to health effects in this province. In this study, a log-linear exposure-response function was used to estimate the health impact of PM2.5 in 14 cities in Gansu Province from 2015 to 2017, and the amended human capital (AHC) and cost of illness (COI) method were used to evaluate the related economic loss caused by the health impact from PM2.5. The results show that the estimated total number of health endpoints attributed to PM2.5 pollution were 1,644,870 (95%CI: 978,484-2,215,921), 1,551,447 (95%CI: 917,025-2,099,182) and 1,531,372 (95%CI: 899,769-2,077,772) in Gansu Province from 2015 to 2017, respectively. Correspondingly, the economic losses related to health damage caused by PM2.5 pollution were 42,699 (95%CI: 32,380-50,768) million Chinese Yuan (CNY), 43,982 (95%CI: 33,305-52,386) million CNY and 44,261 (95%CI: 33,306-52,954) million CNY, which were equivalent to 6.45% (95%CI: 4.89%-7.67%), 6.28% (95%CI: 4.75%-7.48%), and 5.93% (95%CI: 4.64%-7.10%) of the region Gross Domestic Product (GDP) from 2015 to 2017, respectively. It could be seen that the proportions of health economic loss to GDP were generally high, although the proportion had a slight downward trend. The economic loss from chronic bronchitis and all-cause mortality accounted for more than 94% of the total economic loss. The health impact, economic loss and per capita economic loss in Lanzhou, the provincial capital city of Gansu, were obviously higher than other cities from the same province. The economic loss in Linxia accounted for the highest proportion of GDP. The health impacts in the Hexi region, including the cities of Jiuquan, Jiayuguan, Zhangye, Jinchang and Wuwei, were generally lower, but the economic loss and per capita economic loss were still higher. We also found that urbanization and industrialization were highly correlated with health economic loss caused by PM2.5 pollution. In conclusion, the PM2.5-related health economic burden in Gansu Province was serious. As an economically underdeveloped region, it was very important to further adopt rigid and effective pollution control policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Liao
- Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Q.L.); (Y.L.)
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.Q.); (Y.N.)
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wangqiang Jin
- Institute for Environmental Strategy, Gansu Academy of Eco-environmental Sciences, Lanzhou 730020, China;
| | - Yan Tao
- Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Q.L.); (Y.L.)
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jiansheng Qu
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.Q.); (Y.N.)
| | - Yong Li
- Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Q.L.); (Y.L.)
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yibo Niu
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.Q.); (Y.N.)
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Spatial Assessment of Health Economic Losses from Exposure to Ambient Pollutants in China. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12050790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Increasing emissions of ambient pollutants have caused considerable air pollution and negative health impact for human in various regions of China over the past decade. The resulting premature mortality and excessive morbidity caused huge human economic losses to the entire society. To identify the differences of health economic losses in various regions of China and help decision-making on targeting pollutants control, spatial assessment of health economic losses due to ambient pollutants in China is indispensable. In this study, to better represent the spatial variability, the satellite-based retrievals of the concentrations of various pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, O3, NO2, SO2 and CO) for the time period from 2007 to 2017 in China are used instead of using in-situ data. Population raster data were applied together with exposure-response function to calculate the spatial distribution of health impact and then the health impact is further quantified by using amended human capital (AHC) approach. The results which presented in a spatial resolution of 0.25° × 0.25°, show the signification contribution from the spatial assessment to revealing the spatial distribution and variance of health economic losses in various regions of China. Spatial assessment of overall health economic losses is different from conventional result due to more detail spatial information. This spatial assessment approach also provides an alternative method for losses measurement in other fields.
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Wu Y, Li R, Cui L, Meng Y, Cheng H, Fu H. The high-resolution estimation of sulfur dioxide (SO 2) concentration, health effect and monetary costs in Beijing. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 241:125031. [PMID: 31610459 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Severe air pollution episodes with high SO2 loading have been frequently observed during the last decades in Beijing and have caused a noticeable damage to human health. To advance the spatiotemporal prediction of SO2 exposure in Beijing, we developed the monthly land use regression (LUR) models using daily SO2 concentration data collected from 34 monitoring stations during 2016 and 7 categories of potential independent variables (socio-economic factors, traffic and transport, emission source, land use, meteorological data, building morphology and Geographic location) in Beijing. The average adjusted R2 of 12 final LUR models was 0.62, and the root-mean-squared error (RMSE) was 4.12 μg/m3. The LOOCV R2 and RMSE of LUR models reached 0.56 and 5.43 μg/m3, respectively, suggesting that the LUR models achieved the satisfactory performance. The prediction results suggested that the average SO2 level in Beijing was 11.06 μg/m3 with the highest one up to 22.49 μg/m3 but the lowest one down to 3.86 μg/m3. The SO2 exposure showed strong spatial heterogeneity, which was much higher in the southern area than that in the northern in Beijing. The mortality and morbidity due to the excessive SO2 concentration were estimated to be 73 (95% CI:(38-125)) and 27854 (95% CI:(13852-41659)) cases per year in Beijing, leading to economic cost of 35.76 (95% CI:(16.45-54.06)) and 441.47 (95% CI:(318.31-562.04)) million RMB Yuan in 2016, respectively. This study clarified the intra- and inter-regional transport modeling of the SO2 pollution in Beijing and supplied an important support for the future air-quality and public health management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Rui Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Lulu Cui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Ya Meng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Hanyun Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Hongbo Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, PR China.
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9
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Response of Global Air Pollutant Emissions to Climate Change and Its Potential Effects on Human Life Expectancy Loss. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11133670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Geographical environment and climate change are basic factors for spatial fluctuations in the global distribution of air pollutants. Against the background of global climate change, further investigation is needed on how meteorological characteristics and complex geographical environment variations can drive spatial air pollution variations. This study analyzed the response of air pollutant emissions to climate change and the potential effects of air pollutant emissions on human health by integrating the air pollutant emission simulation model (GAINS) with 3 versions and CMIP5. The mechanism by which meteorological characteristics and geographical matrices can drive air pollution based on monitoring data at the site-scale was also examined. We found the total global emission of major air pollutants increased 1.32 times during 1970–2010. Air pollutant emissions will increase 2.89% and 4.11% in China and developed countries when the scenario of only maximum technically feasible reductions is performed (V4a) during 2020–2050. However, it will decrease 19.33% and 6.78% respectively by taking the V5a climate scenario into consideration, and precipitation variation will contribute more to such change, especially in China. Locally, the air circulation mode that is dominated by local geographical matrices and meteorological characteristics jointly affect the dilution and diffusion of air pollutants. Therefore, natural conditions, such as climate changes, meteorological characteristics and topography, play an important role in spatial air pollutant emissions and fluctuations, and must be given more attention in the processes of air pollution control policy making.
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Kim D, Kim J, Jeong J, Choi M. Estimation of health benefits from air quality improvement using the MODIS AOD dataset in Seoul, Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 173:452-461. [PMID: 30978520 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to fine particles in the atmosphere can adversely affect health and even lead to premature death. Recently, South Korea has attracted attention because of its rapid increase in the concentration of Particulate Matter (PM). OBJECTIVES We estimated the economic benefits of reducing PM10 in Seoul, South Korea, based on MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD). Based on the retrieved PM10 data, we estimated its effects on overall health in each district of Seoul, Korea between 2014 and 2015. METHODS The relationships between MODIS AOD and ground-based PM10 data were identified in different seasons in South Korea between 2012 and 2013 using the linear regression model. The health benefits were estimated by the Benefits Mapping and Analysis Program (Benmap) using the scenarios from the World Health Organization (WHO). RESULTS The correlation between MODIS AOD and PM10 concentration differed with the season. There was a higher correlation between MODIS AOD and PM10 concentration in winter (R = 0.57) than there was in other seasons. Based on the MODIS AOD, the average annual PM10 concentration in Seoul was higher in 2014 than it was in 2015, at values of 45.7 μg/m3, and 41.6 μg/m3, respectively. The greatest economic benefit of reducing PM10 concentration (WHO annual standard of 20 μg/m3) was in 2014. This benefit was estimated to be 7022 (95% CI: 599, 20496), 2617 (95% CI: 216, 7750), and 1328 (95% CI: -159, 4679) billion KRW for all-cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortalities in 2014 and 2015, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that, despite considerable improvements in air quality in recent decades, there is still a need for countermeasures to prevent economic loss due to air pollution in Seoul.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daeun Kim
- Center for Built Environment, The Built Environment Department, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeongyeong Kim
- Department of Water Resources, Graduate School of Water Resources, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jaehwan Jeong
- Department of Water Resources, Graduate School of Water Resources, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Minha Choi
- Department of Water Resources, Graduate School of Water Resources, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Jaafar H, Razi NA, Azzeri A, Isahak M, Dahlui M. A systematic review of financial implications of air pollution on health in Asia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:30009-30020. [PMID: 30187406 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3049-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Economic losses due to health-related implications of air pollution were huge and incurred significant burdens towards healthcare providers. The objective of this study is to systematically review published literature on the financial implications of air pollution on health in Asia. Four databases: PubMed, Scopus, NHS Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED), and Web of Science (WoS) were used to identify all the relevant articles. It was limited to all articles that had been published in the respected databases from January 2007 until March 2017. Twenty-four articles were included in this review. Five of the 24 studies (20.8%) reported financial implications of air pollution-related disease through value of statistical life (VOSL) which ranged from USD180 million to USD2.2 billion, six (25%) studies used cost of illness (COI) to evaluate air pollution-related morbidity and found that the cost ranged from USD5.4 million to USD9.1 billion. Another six studies (25%) used a combination of VOSL and COI for both mortality and morbidity valuation and found that the financial implications ranging from USD253 million to USD2.9 billion. Thirteen (54.2%) studies reported healthcare cost associated with both hospital admission and outpatient visit, five (20.1%) on hospital admission only, and one (4.2%) on outpatient visit only. Economic impacts of air pollution can be huge with significant deterioration of health among the Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Jaafar
- Department of Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nurain Amirah Razi
- Department of Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Amirah Azzeri
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Marzuki Isahak
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Maznah Dahlui
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Faculty of Public Health, University Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.
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12
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Chen L, Mao J, Shi M, Zhang H, Sun Y, Gao S, Li S, Li M, Ma Z, Bai Z. Estimating short-term mortality and economic benefit attributable to PM 10 exposure in China based on BenMAP. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:28367-28377. [PMID: 30083901 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2805-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
With the rapidly booming economy, China has been suffering from serious particulate matter (PM) pollution in recent years. In order to improve the air quality, Chinese government issued a new China National Ambient Air Quality Standard (No. GB3095-2012) in 2012. In this study, PM10 exposure level was simulated based on the data of 912 newly constructed monitoring sites and Voronoi Neighborhood Averaging (VNA) interpolation method. It is widely accepted that PM10 can cause short-term health effects. We calculated the short-term health benefit due to decreasing PM10 concentration to the levels of China National Ambient Air Quality Standard based on Environmental Benefits Mapping and Analysis Program (BenMAP). Our results indicated that if the daily average concentration of PM10 reduced to the daily Grade II standard (150 μg/m3), the avoided deaths for all cause, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory disease would be 82,000 (95%CI: 49,000-120,000), 56,000 (95%CI: 34,000-78,000), and 16,000 (95%CI: 10,000-22,000) in 2014, respectively. The economic benefits of avoiding deaths due to all cause for rolling back the concentration of PM10 to the level of 50 μg/m3 were estimated to be 240 billion CNY and 16 billion CNY using willingness to pay (WTP) and human capital (HC) methods, respectively, which accounted for 0.38% (95%CI: 0.11-0.64%) and 0.03% (95%CI: 0.02-0.03%) of the total annual gross domestic product (GDP) of China in 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- School of Geographic and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Jian Mao
- School of Geographic and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Mengshuang Shi
- School of Geographic and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Geographic and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Yanling Sun
- School of Geographic and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Shuang Gao
- School of Geographic and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China.
| | - Suhuan Li
- School of Geographic and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Miyuan Li
- School of Geographic and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Zhenxing Ma
- School of Geographic and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China.
| | - Zhipeng Bai
- School of Geographic and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
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Yang Y, Luo L, Song C, Yin H, Yang J. Spatiotemporal Assessment of PM 2.5-Related Economic Losses from Health Impacts during 2014⁻2016 in China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15061278. [PMID: 29914184 PMCID: PMC6024949 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15061278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background: Particulate air pollution, especially PM2.5, is highly correlated with various adverse health impacts and, ultimately, economic losses for society, however, few studies have undertaken a spatiotemporal assessment of PM2.5-related economic losses from health impacts covering all of the main cities in China. Methods: PM2.5 concentration data were retrieved for 190 Chinese cities for the period 2014–2016. We used a log-linear exposure–response model and monetary valuation methods, such as value of a statistical life (VSL), amended human capital (AHC), and cost of illness to evaluate PM2.5-related economic losses from health impacts at the city level. In addition, Monte Carlo simulation was used to analyze uncertainty. Results: The average economic loss was 0.3% (AHC) to 1% (VSL) of the total gross domestic product (GDP) of 190 Chinese cities from 2014 to 2016. Overall, China experienced a downward trend in total economic losses over the three-year period, but the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei, Shandong Peninsula, Yangtze River Delta, and Chengdu-Chongqing regions experienced greater annual economic losses. Conclusions: Exploration of spatiotemporal variations in PM2.5-related economic losses from long-term health impacts could provide new information for policymakers regarding priority areas for PM2.5 pollution prevention and control in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- School of Geoscience and Technology, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China.
| | - Liwen Luo
- School of Geoscience and Technology, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China.
| | - Chao Song
- School of Geoscience and Technology, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
- Department of Geography, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
| | - Hao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
- Department of Planning, Danish Centre for Environmental Assessment, Aalborg University, Rendsburggade 14, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - Jintao Yang
- School of Geoscience and Technology, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China.
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Correlation Analysis of PM 10 and the Incidence of Lung Cancer in Nanchang, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14101253. [PMID: 29048397 PMCID: PMC5664754 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14101253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution and lung cancer are closely related. In 2013, the World Health Organization listed outdoor air pollution as carcinogenic and regarded it as the most widespread carcinogen that humans are currently exposed to. Here, grey correlation and data envelopment analysis methods are used to determine the pollution factors causing lung cancer among residents in Nanchang, China, and identify population segments which are more susceptible to air pollution. This study shows that particulate matter with particle sizes below 10 micron (PM10) is most closely related to the incidence of lung cancer among air pollution factors including annual mean concentrations of SO₂, NO₂, PM10, annual haze days, and annual mean Air Pollution Index/Air Quality Index (API/AQI). Air pollution has a greater impact on urban inhabitants as compared to rural inhabitants. When gender differences are considered, women are more likely to develop lung cancer due to air pollution. Smokers are more likely to suffer from lung cancer. These results provide a reference for the government to formulate policies to reduce air pollutant emissions and strengthen anti-smoking measures.
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15
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Ferreira AB, Ribeiro AP, Ferreira ML, Kniess CT, Quaresma CC, Lafortezza R, Santos JO, Saiki M, Saldiva PH. A Streamlined Approach by a Combination of Bioindication and Geostatistical Methods for Assessing Air Contaminants and Their Effects on Human Health in Industrialized Areas: A Case Study in Southern Brazil. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1575. [PMID: 28979271 PMCID: PMC5611596 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Industrialization in developing countries associated with urban growth results in a number of economic benefits, especially in small or medium-sized cities, but leads to a number of environmental and public health consequences. This problem is further aggravated when adequate infrastructure is lacking to monitor the environmental impacts left by industries and refineries. In this study, a new protocol was designed combining biomonitoring and geostatistics to evaluate the possible effects of shale industry emissions on human health and wellbeing. Futhermore, the traditional and expensive air quality method based on PM2.5 measuring was also used to validate the low-cost geostatistical approach. Chemical analysis was performed using Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (EDXRF) to measure inorganic elements in tree bark and shale retorted samples in São Mateus do Sul city, Southern Brazil. Fe, S, and Si were considered potential pollutants in the study area. Distribution maps of element concentrations were generated from the dataset and used to estimate the spatial behavior of Fe, S, and Si and the range from their hot spot(s), highlighting the regions sorrounding the shale refinery. This evidence was also demonstrated in the measurements of PM2.5 concentrations, which are in agreement with the information obtained from the biomonitoring and geostatistical model. Factor and descriptive analyses performed on the concentrations of tree bark contaminants suggest that Fe, S, and Si might be used as indicators of industrial emissions. The number of cases of respiratory diseases obtained from local basic health unit were used to assess a possible correlation between shale refinery emissions and cases of repiratory disease. These data are public and may be accessed on the website of the the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Significant associations were found between the health data and refinery activities. The combination of the spatial characterization of air pollution and clinical health data revealed that adverse effects were significant for individuals over 38 years of age. These results also suggest that a protocol designed to monitor urban air quality may be an effective and low-cost strategy in environmentally contaminated cities, especially in low- and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreza P. Ribeiro
- Smart and Sustainable Cities, Nove de Julho UniversitySão Paulo, Brazil
- Professional Masters in Environmental Management and Sustainability, Nove de Julho UniversitySão Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Cláudia T. Kniess
- Smart and Sustainable Cities, Nove de Julho UniversitySão Paulo, Brazil
- Professional Masters in Environmental Management and Sustainability, Nove de Julho UniversitySão Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Raffaele Lafortezza
- Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of BariBari, Italy
- Center for Global Change and Earth Observations, Michigan State University, East LansingMI, United States
| | | | - Mitiko Saiki
- Center of the Nuclear Research Reactor, Nuclear and Energy Research Institute (IPEN)São Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Maji KJ, Arora M, Dikshit AK. Burden of disease attributed to ambient PM 2.5 and PM 10 exposure in 190 cities in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:11559-11572. [PMID: 28321701 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8575-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Particulate air pollution is becoming a serious public health concern in urban cities of China. Association of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and economic loss with air pollution-related health effects demand quantitative analysis for correctional measures in air quality. This study applies an epidemiology-based exposure-response function to obtain the quantitative estimate of health impact of particulate matter PM2.5 and PM10 across 190 cities of China during years 2014-2015. The annual average concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 is 57 ± 18 μg/m3 (ranging from 18 to 119 μg/m3) and 97.7 ± 34.2 μg/m3 (ranging from 33.5 to 252.8 μg/m3), respectively. Based on the present study, the total estimated annual premature mortality due to PM2.5 is 722,370 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 322,716-987,519], 79% of which accounts for adult cerebrovascular disease (stroke) and ischemic heart disease (IHD). The premature mortality in megacities is very high, such as Chongqing (25,162/year), Beijing (19,702/year), Shanghai (19,617/year), Tianjin (13,726/year), and Chengdu (12,356/year). PM10 pollution has caused 1,491,774 (95% CI = 972,770-1,960,303) premature deaths (age >30) in China. Further, 3,614,064 cases of chronic bronchitis (CB); 13,759,894 cases of asthma attack among all ages; 191,709 COPD-related hospital admission (HA) cases; 499,048 respiratory-related HA; 357,816 cerebrovascular HA; and 308,129 cardiovascular-related HA due to PM10 pollution have been estimated during 2014-2015. Chongqing, Beijing, Baoding, Tianjin, and Shijiazhuang are the top five contributors to pollution-related mortality, accounting for 3.10, 2.71, 2.49, 2.20, and 2.02%, respectively, of the total deaths caused by PM10 pollution. The total DALYs associated with PM2.5 and PM10 pollution in China is 7.2 and 20.66 million in 2014-2015, and mortality and chronic bronchitis shared about 93.3% of the total DALYs for PM10. During this period, the economic cost of health impact due to PM10 is approximately US$304,122 million, which accounts for about 2.94% of China's gross domestic product (GDP). Megacities are expected to contribute relatively more to the total costs. The present methodology could be used as a tool to help policy makers and pollution control board authorities, to further analyze costs and benefits of air pollution management programs in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Jyoti Maji
- Center for Environmental Science and Engineering (CESE), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400076, India.
| | - Mohit Arora
- Engineering Product Development Pillar, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anil Kumar Dikshit
- Center for Environmental Science and Engineering (CESE), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400076, India
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17
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Chen L, Shi M, Gao S, Li S, Mao J, Zhang H, Sun Y, Bai Z, Wang Z. Assessment of population exposure to PM 2.5 for mortality in China and its public health benefit based on BenMAP. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 221:311-317. [PMID: 27919584 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.11.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Along with the rapid socioeconomic development, air pollution in China has become a severe problem. One component of air pollution, in particular, PM2.5 has aroused wide public concern because of its high concentration. In this study, data were collected from over 900 monitoring sites of the newly constructed PM2.5 monitoring network in China. The interpolation methods were used to simulate the PM2.5 exposure level of China especially in rural areas, thus reflecting the spatial variation of PM2.5 pollution. We calculated the health benefit caused by PM2.5 in China in 2014 based on Environmental Benefits Mapping and Analysis Program (BenMAP), assuming achievement of China National Ambient Air Quality Standard (No. GB3095-2012). By reducing the annual average concentration of PM2.5 to the annual Grade II standard (35 μg/m3), the avoided deaths for cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease and lung cancer could reach 89,000 (95% CI, 8000-170,000), 47,000 (95% CI, 3000-91,000) and 32,000 (95% CI, 6000-58,000) per year using long term health function, respectively. The attributable fractions of cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease and lung cancer to all cause were 42%, 22% and 15%, respectively. The total economic benefits for rolling back the concentration of PM2.5 to the level of 35 μg/m3 were estimated to be 260 (95%CI: (73, 440) billion RMB and 72 (95%CI: (45, 99) billion RMB using willingness to pay (WTP) and human capital (HC) methods, respectively, which account for 0.40% (95%CI: (0.11%, 0.69%) and 0.11% (95%CI: (0.07%, 0.15%) of the total annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of China in 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Mengshuang Shi
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Shuang Gao
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Suhuan Li
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Jian Mao
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Yanling Sun
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Zhipeng Bai
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China; Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Zhongliang Wang
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China.
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18
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Liu M, Huang Y, Ma Z, Jin Z, Liu X, Wang H, Liu Y, Wang J, Jantunen M, Bi J, Kinney PL. Spatial and temporal trends in the mortality burden of air pollution in China: 2004-2012. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 98:75-81. [PMID: 27745948 PMCID: PMC5479577 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
While recent assessments have quantified the burden of air pollution at the national scale in China, air quality managers would benefit from assessments that disaggregate health impacts over regions and over time. We took advantage of a new 10×10km satellite-based PM2.5 dataset to analyze spatial and temporal trends of air pollution health impacts in China, from 2004 to 2012. Results showed that national PM2.5 related deaths from stroke, ischemic heart disease and lung cancer increased from approximately 800,000 cases in 2004 to over 1.2 million cases in 2012. The health burden exhibited strong spatial variations, with high attributable deaths concentrated in regions including the Beijing-Tianjin Metropolitan Region, Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Sichuan Basin, Shandong, Wuhan Metropolitan Region, Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan, Henan, and Anhui, which have heavy air pollution, high population density, or both. Increasing trends were found in most provinces, but with varied growth rates. While there was some evidence for improving air quality in recent years, this was offset somewhat by the countervailing influences of in-migration together with population growth. We recommend that priority areas for future national air pollution control policies be adjusted to better reflect the spatial hotspots of health burdens. Satellite-based exposure and health impact assessments can be a useful tool for tracking progress on both air quality and population health burden reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yining Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zongwei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhou Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xingyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haikun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jinnan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, Beijing, China
| | - Matti Jantunen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Environment and Health Unit, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jun Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Patrick L Kinney
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA.
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19
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Fang D, Wang Q, Li H, Yu Y, Lu Y, Qian X. Mortality effects assessment of ambient PM2.5 pollution in the 74 leading cities of China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 569-570:1545-1552. [PMID: 27395080 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution is currently a most severe and worrisome environmental problem in China. However, current knowledge of the health effects of this pollution is insufficient. OBJECTIVES This study aims to provide an overall understanding regarding the long-term mortality effects of current PM2.5 pollution in China and the potential health benefits of realizing the goals stipulated in the ongoing action plan of Air Pollution Prevention and Control (APPC) and the targets suggested by the WHO. METHODS Three typical causes and all-cause of PM2.5-related mortality were considered. The log-linear exposure-response function was adopted, and a meta-analysis was used to determine the exposure-response coefficients, based on newly available data in China and abroad. RESULTS In the 74 leading cities of China, approximately 32% of the reported deaths, with a mortality rate of 1.9‰, were associated with PM2.5 in 2013, in which deaths from cardiovascular, respiratory and lung-cancer causes accounted for 20% of the reported deaths, with a mortality rate of 1.2‰. The regional difference is remarkable for the mortalities and proportions of the different causes. If the PM2.5 concentration goals of the APPC plan, the first interim and the guideline targets of the WHO could be achieved, the PM2.5-related all-cause mortality would be reduced by 25%, 64% and 95%, respectively, compared with that of 2013. CONCLUSIONS PM2.5 pollution in China has incurred great health risks that are even worse than those of tobacco smoking. The health benefits of the APPC plan could be outstanding, although there is still great potential to improve future air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Die Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qin'geng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Huiming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yiyong Yu
- Nanjing Municipal Environmental Monitoring Center, Nanjing 210013, China
| | - Yan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xin Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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20
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Monetary Valuation of PM10-Related Health Risks in Beijing China: The Necessity for PM10 Pollution Indemnity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:9967-87. [PMID: 26308020 PMCID: PMC4555323 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120809967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Severe health risks caused by PM10 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤10 μm) pollution have induced inevitable economic losses and have rendered pressure on the sustainable development of society as a whole. In China, with the “Polluters Pay Principle”, polluters should pay for the pollution they have caused, but how much they should pay remains an intractable problem for policy makers. This paper integrated an epidemiological exposure-response model with economics methods, including the Amended Human Capital (AHC) approach and the Cost of Illness (COI) method, to value the economic loss of PM10-related health risks in 16 districts and also 4 functional zones in Beijing from 2008 to 2012. The results show that from 2008 to 2012 the estimated annual deaths caused by PM10 in Beijing are around 56,000, 58,000, 63,000, 61,000 and 59,000, respectively, while the economic losses related to health damage increased from around 23 to 31 billion dollars that PM10 polluters should pay for pollution victims between 2008 and 2012. It is illustrated that not only PM10 concentration but also many other social economic factors influence PM10-related health economic losses, which makes health economic losses show a time lag discrepancy compared with the decline of PM10 concentration. In conclusion, health economic loss evaluation is imperative in the pollution indemnity system establishment and should be considered for the urban planning and policy making to control the burgeoning PM10 health economic loss.
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21
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Gao M, Guttikunda SK, Carmichael GR, Wang Y, Liu Z, Stanier CO, Saide PE, Yu M. Health impacts and economic losses assessment of the 2013 severe haze event in Beijing area. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 511:553-61. [PMID: 25585158 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Haze is a serious air pollution problem in China, especially in Beijing and surrounding areas, affecting visibility, public health and regional climate. In this study, the Weather Research and Forecasting-Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model was used to simulate PM2.5 (particulate matters with aerodynamic diameter≤2.5 μm) concentrations during the 2013 severe haze event in Beijing, and health impacts and health-related economic losses were calculated based on model results. Compared with surface monitoring data, the model results reflected pollution concentrations accurately (correlation coefficients between simulated and measured PM2.5 were 0.7, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 in Beijing, Tianjin, Xianghe and Xinglong stations, respectively). Health impacts assessments show that the PM2.5 concentrations in January might cause 690 (95% confidence interval (CI): (490, 890)) premature deaths, 45,350 (95% CI: (21,640, 57,860)) acute bronchitis and 23,720 (95% CI: (17,090, 29,710)) asthma cases in Beijing area. Results of the economic losses assessments suggest that the haze in January 2013 might lead to 253.8 (95% CI: (170.2, 331.2)) million US$ losses, accounting for 0.08% (95% CI: (0.05%, 0.1%)) of the total 2013 annual gross domestic product (GDP) of Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Gao
- Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Sarath K Guttikunda
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USA
| | - Gregory R Carmichael
- Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Yuesi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zirui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Charles O Stanier
- Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Pablo E Saide
- Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Man Yu
- Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
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Kholdebarin A, Biati A, Moattar F, Shariat SM. Outdoor PM₁₀ source apportionment in metropolitan cities--a case study. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:49. [PMID: 25638060 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4294-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study was carried out to specify contribution of different sources in PM10 emission in Tehran City using chemical mass balance method. This is the first time that this method is used in Iran. To this end, the metallic elements including V, Ni, As, Pb, Cd, Hg, Mn, Al, Ca, K, Na, Fe, Zn, Sc, and S were sampled on the filters of high-volume sampler installed at four stations in Tehran. Afterward, highly sensitive inductively coupled plasma (ICP-M90; model aurora-Elit) was used to determine concentration of the elements precipitated on the filters. The obtained results were then compared with standard values. According to the results, the concentration of Cd (16.8 ng/m(3)) was higher than the standard level of 5 ng/m(3) at District 16 on November 14th 2012 which is almost three times the permissible limit. None of the elements Pb, Mn, V, and Hg exceeded the permissible limits except for Ni at District 16. Subsequently, the enrichment factor of the elements was calculated to indicate that elements of anthropogenic origins (Zn, S, Ni, and Hg) are highly enriched with respect to crustal composition (Na, Fe, and Ca). Exceedance factor were calculated for elements of each site to show that all study sites were in low-pollution category. Afterward, the contribution of different pollution sources of road dust, vehicles, and industries in emission of outdoor PM10 was investigated through chemical mass balance (CMB) method. According to which, the highest contribution comes from road dust with a share of 95.4 % of the total outdoor PM10 emission in Tehran mainly originated from the wear and friction of car tires with asphalt pavement. High calcium concentration in all districts of the city confirms the claim. Furthermore, transportation, with a significant difference, has a contribution of 4.05 % of total outdoor PM10 released while industries share very little about 0.4 %. In overall, the quality of road pavement could be a determining factor in releasing considerable amount of outdoor PM10 in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Kholdebarin
- Department of Natural Resources Engineering-Environment, Graduate Faculty of Environment and Energy, Tehran Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Kim KH, Kabir E, Kabir S. A review on the human health impact of airborne particulate matter. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 74:136-43. [PMID: 25454230 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1124] [Impact Index Per Article: 124.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is a key indicator of air pollution brought into the air by a variety of natural and human activities. As it can be suspended over long time and travel over long distances in the atmosphere, it can cause a wide range of diseases that lead to a significant reduction of human life. The size of particles has been directly linked to their potential for causing health problems. Small particles of concern include "inhalable coarse particles" with a diameter of 2.5 to 10μm and "fine particles" smaller than 2.5μm in diameter. As the source-effect relationship of PM remains unclear, it is not easy to define such effects from individual sources such as long-range transport of pollution. Because of the potent role of PM and its associated pollutants, detailed knowledge of their human health impacts is of primary importance. This paper summarizes the basic evidence on the health effects of particulate matter. An in-depth analysis is provided to address the implications for policy-makers so that more stringent strategies can be implemented to reduce air pollution and its health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ehsanul Kabir
- Department of Farm, Power & Machinery, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
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