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Cui L, Wang S, Yang X, Gao L, Zheng M, Wang R, Qiao L, Xu C. Fatty acids, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in paired muscle and skin from fish from the Bohai coast, China: Benefits and risks associated with fish consumption. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 639:952-960. [PMID: 29929334 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fish consumption benefits early cognitive development and cardiovascular health because of the n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the fish, but toxic pollutants in fish, like dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), may decrease or counteract these benefits. In this study, the fatty acids, dl-PCBs, and PCDD/Fs were analyzed in paired muscle and skin from 13 fish and one squid species from the Bohai coast, which have been influenced by serious dioxin pollution from the Bohai Rim Region. The total fatty acid concentrations in the muscle and skin were 2.6-87 and 3.6-156 mg/g wet weight (ww), respectively. The total polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations were higher in skin than muscle for almost half of the species. The total PCDD/F and dl-PCB toxic equivalents in the muscle and skin were 0.055-0.68 and 0.0099-0.43 pg/g ww, respectively, and were up to five times higher in the muscle than in the skin for eight species. Few benefit-risk studies for fish consumption with and without skin have been performed, so benefit-risk quotients (BRQs) for eating only muscle, only skin, and eating both were calculated. To achieve the recommended 250 mg of EPA + DHA intake, eating only muscle, only skin, and eating both from seven species with BRQs < 1 would cause no significant risk. Removing skin before eating is not necessary for these species. Three fish species had BRQs < 1 for muscle only but BRQs > 1 for skin only. Removing skin before eating would be better for these species. The other four fish species had BRQs > 1 for eating only muscle, only skin, and eating both, indicating the potential risk caused by PCDD/F and dl-PCB. Amounts of the four fish species consumed should be decreased, and other sources of EPA and DHA should be selected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Shasha Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Xianpeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Runhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Lin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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3
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Jeong Y, Lee S, Kim S, Park J, Kim HJ, Choi G, Choi S, Kim S, Kim SY, Kim S, Choi K, Moon HB. Placental transfer of persistent organic pollutants and feasibility using the placenta as a non-invasive biomonitoring matrix. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 612:1498-1505. [PMID: 28910963 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The placenta is a crucial organ for the supply of oxygen and nutritional elements from mother to fetus. Several studies have reported evidence of the placental transfer of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Despite the importance of prenatal exposure to POPs, the transport process of POPs via the human placenta is not well understood. To investigate the transport processes of these contaminants and to assess the feasibility of the placenta as a non-invasive biological matrix, we measured 19 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 18 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), and 24 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in placenta tissues. The total concentrations of PCBs, OCPs, and PBDEs in placental tissues ranged from 0.36 to 75.2 (median: 5.85) ng/g lipid wt, 1.37 to 250 (63.5) ng/g lipid wt, and 1.21 to 427 (11.7) ng/g lipid wt, respectively. The BDE 209 concentrations were higher than those reported in previous studies presumably because of the high consumption of deca-BDE technical mixtures in Korea. The concentrations of all of the POPs in placental tissues correlated significantly with each other, but BDE 209 concentration did not correlate with that of any other contaminants possibly because of different exposure sources and kinetics. Maternal age, body mass index, and parity were contributors to the accumulation of several POPs in the placenta. Partitioning ratios between maternal blood-placenta-cord blood showed that lower molecular-weight and hydrophobic POPs were preferentially transported from maternal blood to the placenta and that higher molecular-weight and hydrophobic contaminants tended to remain in placental tissues. Regression analysis showed significant relationships between the POP concentrations in multiple biological matrices such as maternal blood, placenta, cord blood, and meconium. These relationships suggest that the placenta can be used as a non-invasive matrix for biomonitoring prenatal exposure to several POPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsun Jeong
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunggyu Lee
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunmi Kim
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongim Park
- College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Hai-Joong Kim
- College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyuyeon Choi
- College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooran Choi
- College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjoo Kim
- College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Young Kim
- College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungkyoon Kim
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Ding J, Xu Z, Huang W, Feng L, Yang F. Organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers in human placenta in Eastern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 554-555:211-7. [PMID: 26950635 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) have been widely used in various products as alternatives to brominated flame retardants. Although widespread OPE exposure is expected in humans, the accumulation of OPEs has seldom been studied in the human body. In this study, 12 OPE analogs were analyzed in 50 human placentas collected in Eastern China. The concentrations of the 9 most frequently detected OPEs (Σ9OPEs) ranged from 34.4 to 862ng/g lipid weight (lw), with a median of 301ng/g lw. Tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) was identified as the most abundant analog, with a median concentration of 142ng/g lw, followed by tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPhP). Statistical analysis showed no analog of OPEs or Σ9OPEs was positively correlated with the lipid content of the placentas. There were no correlations observed between the OPE concentrations and maternal characteristics. Food consumption habits exhibited weak effects on OPE levels in the placentas. Further investigation is required to determine the effects of OPEs on fetuses due to the expected increase in maternal exposure to these esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjian Ding
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zemin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Limin Feng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Fangxing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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7
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Arrebola JP, Molina-Molina JM, Fernández MF, Sáenz JM, Amaya E, Indiveri P, Hill EM, Scholze M, Orton F, Kortenkamp A, Olea N. A novel biomarker for anti-androgenic activity in placenta reveals risks of urogenital malformations. Reproduction 2015; 149:605-13. [PMID: 25784770 DOI: 10.1530/rep-14-0525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that the rise in male reproductive disorders over recent decades may at least be partially attributable to environmental factors, including chemical exposures, but observed associations with single chemicals were rather weak. The aim of this case-control study was to explore the relationship between exposure to mixtures of (anti-)androgenic chemicals during pregnancy and the risk of cryptorchidism and/or hypospadias in offspring, using the total effective xenobiotic burden of anti-androgens (TEXB-AA) as a biomarker. A subsample of 29 cases (16 of cryptorchidism, 12 of hypospadias, and one of both disorders) and 60 healthy controls was nested in a cohort of male newborns recruited between October 2000 and July 2002. The (anti-)androgenic activity of placenta samples collected at delivery was assessed using TEXB-AA biomarker, combined with a bioassay-directed fractionation protocol that separated endogenous hormones from most (anti-)androgenic chemicals by normal-phase HPLC. The bioassay measures the androgen-induced luciferase activity and the inhibition of this pathway by (anti-)androgens. First, we collected 27 HPLC fractions in each placenta extract, which were all tested in the bioassay. The multivariable statistical analyses indicated a statistically significant positive dose-response association between the potent anti-androgenic activity of the HPLC fraction collected during minutes 1-2 (F2) and the risk of malformations (odds ratio: 2.33, 95% CI: 1.04-5.23). This study represents a novel approach for the estimation of combined effects of the total anti-androgenic load and the associations suggest an effect of environmental pollutants on the development of fetal reproductive tract.Free Spanish abstract: A Spanish translation of this abstract is freely available at http://www.reproduction-online.org/content/149/6/605/suppl/DC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Arrebola
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADASan Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, SpainCIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)Madrid, SpainSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UKInstitute of the EnvironmentHealth and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UKBiosciencesCollege of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADASan Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, SpainCIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)Madrid, SpainSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UKInstitute of the EnvironmentHealth and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UKBiosciencesCollege of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - José M Molina-Molina
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADASan Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, SpainCIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)Madrid, SpainSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UKInstitute of the EnvironmentHealth and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UKBiosciencesCollege of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADASan Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, SpainCIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)Madrid, SpainSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UKInstitute of the EnvironmentHealth and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UKBiosciencesCollege of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Mariana F Fernández
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADASan Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, SpainCIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)Madrid, SpainSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UKInstitute of the EnvironmentHealth and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UKBiosciencesCollege of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADASan Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, SpainCIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)Madrid, SpainSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UKInstitute of the EnvironmentHealth and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UKBiosciencesCollege of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Jose M Sáenz
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADASan Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, SpainCIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)Madrid, SpainSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UKInstitute of the EnvironmentHealth and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UKBiosciencesCollege of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Esperanza Amaya
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADASan Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, SpainCIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)Madrid, SpainSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UKInstitute of the EnvironmentHealth and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UKBiosciencesCollege of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADASan Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, SpainCIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)Madrid, SpainSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UKInstitute of the EnvironmentHealth and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UKBiosciencesCollege of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Paolo Indiveri
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADASan Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, SpainCIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)Madrid, SpainSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UKInstitute of the EnvironmentHealth and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UKBiosciencesCollege of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Elizabeth M Hill
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADASan Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, SpainCIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)Madrid, SpainSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UKInstitute of the EnvironmentHealth and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UKBiosciencesCollege of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Martin Scholze
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADASan Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, SpainCIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)Madrid, SpainSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UKInstitute of the EnvironmentHealth and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UKBiosciencesCollege of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Frances Orton
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADASan Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, SpainCIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)Madrid, SpainSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UKInstitute of the EnvironmentHealth and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UKBiosciencesCollege of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Andreas Kortenkamp
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADASan Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, SpainCIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)Madrid, SpainSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UKInstitute of the EnvironmentHealth and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UKBiosciencesCollege of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Nicolás Olea
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADASan Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, SpainCIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)Madrid, SpainSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UKInstitute of the EnvironmentHealth and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UKBiosciencesCollege of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADASan Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, SpainCIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)Madrid, SpainSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UKInstitute of the EnvironmentHealth and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UKBiosciencesCollege of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
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9
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Vizcaino E, Grimalt JO, Fernández-Somoano A, Tardon A. Transport of persistent organic pollutants across the human placenta. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 65:107-15. [PMID: 24486968 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal life is the most sensitive stage of human development to environmental pollutants. Early exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) may increase the risk of adverse health effects during childhood. The mechanisms of transference of POPs during pregnancy are still not well understood. The present study is aimed to investigate the transfer of POPs between mother and fetus. The concentrations of 14 organochlorine pesticides, 7 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 14 polybromodiphenyl ether (PBDEs) congeners have been measured in 308 maternal serum samples, their respective umbilical cords and 50 placental tissues from a mother-infant cohort representative of Spanish general population. In general, the adjusted lipid-basis concentrations were higher in maternal serum than in cord serum and placenta. The concentrations of most pollutants between maternal serum and cord serum and between maternal serum and placenta were significantly correlated. These distributions were consistent with a predominant maternal source that transfers the pollutants into the placenta and the fetus. However, this distribution did not correspond to passive diffusion of these compounds between these tissues according to lipid content. The compounds more readily metabolized were higher in newborns, which suggest that differences in metabolic capabilities may be responsible of the observed variations in POP distributions between mother and newborns. Prenatal exposure to 4,4'-DDT and some PBDEs such as BDE 99 and BDE 209 is much higher than it could be anticipated from the composition of maternal serum. POP exposure assessment studies of newborns may overlook the effects of some of these pollutants if they only consider maternal determinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Vizcaino
- Unit of Molecular Cancer Epidemiology, Universitary Institute of Oncology of the Principality of Asturias (IUOPA), Spain; Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería, s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain; Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ana Fernández-Somoano
- Unit of Molecular Cancer Epidemiology, Universitary Institute of Oncology of the Principality of Asturias (IUOPA), Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adonina Tardon
- Unit of Molecular Cancer Epidemiology, Universitary Institute of Oncology of the Principality of Asturias (IUOPA), Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
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