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Wang N, Cui Z, Wang Y, Zhang J. Characteristics and Residual Health Risk of Organochlorine Pesticides in Fresh Vegetables in the Suburb of Changchun, Northeast China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12547. [PMID: 36231851 PMCID: PMC9566688 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, eleven organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in fresh vegetables in the Changchun suburb were investigated, and their potential health risks were evaluated. The average concentrations of OCPs in edible parts of vegetables were found in the following descending order: Σhexachlorocyclohexanes (ΣHCHs) (6.60 µg·kg-1) > Σdichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (ΣDDTs) (5.82 µg·kg-1) > ΣChlordanes (2.37 µg·kg-1) > heptachlor (0.29 µg·kg-1). Moreover, OCPs in different types of vegetables exceeded the maximum residue limits (MRLs), and the exceeding rates in various vegetables decreased in the following order: leafy vegetables (19.12%) > root vegetables (18.75%) > fruit vegetables (3.85%). The proportions of OCPs exceeding MRL in different vegetables were found in the following descending order: Welsh onion (22.50%) > radish (18.75%) > Chinese cabbage (14.29%) > pepper (6.90%) > cucumber (3.23%) > eggplant (2.94%) > tomato (2.78%). The sources' identification results showed that DDTs in vegetables came mainly from newly imported technical DDTs and dicofol, while HCHs originated mainly from lindane. For both adults and children, the average target hazard quotients (avg. THQ) were all less than 1, and the average hazard index (avg. HI) values were 0.043 and 0.036, respectively. There were no significant health risks associated with OCP exposure for the inhabitants of the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Zhengwu Cui
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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Xu L, Ren M, Cui Y, Miao X, Yang Z, Li H. Concentrations and Human Health Risk of Organochlorines in Farmed Freshwater Products: Fish Ponds around Changsha, China. J Food Prot 2022; 85:465-477. [PMID: 34469541 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The present study was conducted to reveal the concentrations and patterns of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in seven species of freshwater food products (Procambarus clarkii, Ctenopharyngodon idellus, Parabramis pekinensis, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Cyprinus carpio, Aristichthys nobilis, and Carassius auratus) collected from aquaculture farms around Changsha, People's Republic of China. The OCPs and PCBs in the muscle tissue of these species were analyzed to assess the health risk associated with dietary intake. The mean concentrations of OCPs and PCBs were 6.38 to 15.90 and 3.18 to 5.12 ng g-1 wet weight, respectively. Heptachlor and δ-HCH were the main OCP contaminants in the tested samples, accounting for >74% of the total OCPs. PCB52 was the main PCB, accounting for >88% of the total PCBs. The bioaccumulation of OCPs and PCBs in these aquatic products depends upon the species. C. idellus had the highest concentrations of OCPs, and H. molitrix had the highest concentrations of PCBs. The mean lipid concentration in these freshwater species was 6.08 to 19.8% (dry weight) and was significantly correlated with the concentrations of OCPs and PCBs. The health risk from consumption of these freshwater species was assessed based on the hazard ratios and hazard quotient, and consumption of these products was determined to pose a carcinogenic risk. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Xu
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha 410083, People's Republic of China.,Changsha Agricultural Product Quality Monitoring Center, Changsha 410081, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiqing Ren
- Hunan Hydrology and Water Resources Survey Center, Changsha 410081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Cui
- Hunan Hydrology and Water Resources Survey Center, Changsha 410081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohuan Miao
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoguang Yang
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Haipu Li
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha 410083, People's Republic of China
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Fan X, Wang Z, Li Y, Wang H, Fan W, Dong Z. Estimating the dietary exposure and risk of persistent organic pollutants in China: A national analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 288:117764. [PMID: 34280741 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Substantial heterogeneities have been found in previous estimations of the risk from dietary exposures to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in China, mainly due to spatiotemporal variations. To comprehensively evaluate the dietary risks of POPs listed in the Stockholm Convention, more than 27,580 data records from 753 reports published over the last three decades were examined. Respectively, for various food categories, the results obtained for the range of mean concentrations of POPs are as follows: total dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs: 1.4-27.1 μg/kg), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs: 1.8-29.3 μg/kg), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs: 0.046-2.82 μg/kg), polychorinated biphenyls (PCBs: 0.05-7.57 μg/kg), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD&Fs: 2.9-210 pg toxic equivalent (TEQ)/kg), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA: 0.02-0.97 μg/kg), perfluoroctane sulfonate (PFOS: 0.00082-2.76 μg/kg) and short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs: 64-348.92 μg/kg). Temporal decreasing trends were observed for DDTs, HCHs, PBDEs, PCDD&Fs, and PFOA, with no significant change for other POPs. Meanwhile, the estimated daily intake for adults were 75.2 ± 43.6 ng/kg/day for DDTs, 123 ± 87 ng/kg/day for HCHs, 0.37 ± 0.17 pg TEQ/kg/day for PCDD&Fs, 17.8 ± 9.5 ng/kg/day for PCBs, 3.3 ± 1.8 ng/kg/day for PBDEs, 3.6 ± 1.9 ng/kg/day for PFOA, 3.3 ± 2.0 ng/kg/day for PFOS, and 2.5 ± 1.6 μg/kg/day for SCCPs. Furthermore, non-carcinogenic risks were the highest for PCBs (0.89) and PCDD&Fs (0.53), followed by PFOA (0.18), PFOS (0.17), HCHs (0.062), SCCPs (0.025), DDTs (0.0075), and PBDEs (0.00047). These findings illustrated that exposure to POPs declined due to the control policies implemented in China, while the cumulative risk of POPs was still higher than 1, indicating continuous efforts are required to mitigate associated contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiarui Fan
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ziwei Wang
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yao Li
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Wenhong Fan
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zhaomin Dong
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Brehm E, Flaws JA. Transgenerational Effects of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals on Male and Female Reproduction. Endocrinology 2019; 160:1421-1435. [PMID: 30998239 PMCID: PMC6525581 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals are known to interfere with normal reproductive function and hormone signaling. Phthalates, bisphenol A, pesticides, and environmental contaminants such as polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins are known endocrine-disrupting chemicals that have been shown to negatively affect both male and female reproduction. Exposure to these chemicals occurs on a daily basis owing to these compounds being found in plastics, personal care products, and pesticides. Recently, studies have shown that these chemicals may cause transgenerational effects on reproduction in both males and females. This is of concern because exposure to these chemicals prenatally or during adult life can negatively impact the reproductive health of future generations. This mini-review summarizes the endocrine-disrupting chemicals that humans are exposed to on a daily basis and what is known about the transgenerational effects that these chemicals may have on male and female reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Brehm
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61802
| | - Jodi A Flaws
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61802
- Correspondence: Jodi A. Flaws, PhD, Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 South Lincoln Avenue, Room 3223, Urbana, Illinois 61802. E-mail: .
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Yu Y, Hu S, Yang Y, Zhao X, Xue J, Zhang J, Gao S, Yang A. Successive monitoring surveys of selected banned and restricted pesticide residues in vegetables from the northwest region of China from 2011 to 2013. BMC Public Health 2017; 18:91. [PMID: 28768508 PMCID: PMC5541726 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4632-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A wide range of pesticides is applied for crop protection in vegetable cultivation in China. Regulation of pesticide maximum residue limits (MRLs) in vegetables is established but not fully enforced. And pesticide residues in vegetables were not well monitored. This study conducted the monitoring surveys from 2011 to 2013 to investigate the pesticides in vegetables in the northwest region of China. Methods A multi-residue gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method (GC/MS) was used in determination of pesticides in vegetable samples. The χ2 test was used to compare the concentration of pesticide residues. Results A total of 32 pesticide residues were detected in 518 samples from 20 types of vegetables in this study. 7.7% of the detected pesticide residues exceeded the MRLs. The percentages of residues that exceeded the MRLs for leafy, melon and fruit, and root vegetables were 11.2%, 5.1%, and 1.6%, respectively. There was no seasonal difference in the proportion of samples that exceeded the MRLs in different vegetables. A total of 84.3% (27/32) pesticides were detected at concentrations that exceeded MRLs. And of the 27 pesticides that exceeded the MRLs, 11 (40.7%) were banned for use in agriculture. The most frequently detected pesticides were Malathion (9.4%), Dichlorvos (8.7%), and Dimethoate (8.1%). Conclusion The observed high rate of pesticides detected and high incidence of pesticide detection exceeding their MRLs in the commonly consumed vegetables indicated that the Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) may not be well followed. The management of pesticide use and control should be improved. Well-developed training programs should be initiated to improve pesticide application knowledge for farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yu
- Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No.76#, West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710061, China
| | - Senke Hu
- Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No.76#, West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710061, China
| | - Yuxuan Yang
- Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No.76#, West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710061, China
| | - Xiaodan Zhao
- Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No.76#, West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710061, China
| | - Jianjun Xue
- The first affiliated hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.277#, Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Jinghua Zhang
- Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No.76#, West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710061, China
| | - Song Gao
- Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No.76#, West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710061, China
| | - Aimin Yang
- The first affiliated hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.277#, Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
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Mekonen S, Ambelu A, Negassa B, Spanoghe P. Exposure to DDT and its metabolites from khat (Catha edulis) chewing: Consumers risk assessment from southwestern Ethiopia. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 87:64-70. [PMID: 28483709 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Khat (Catha edulis) is one of the most consumed plant in the horn of African countries. However, it is a stimulant plant that has several side effects on the health of consumers. On top of that, the khat leaves used for human consumption are often contain contaminants such as pesticide residues. The present study aims to investigate the level of DDT residue and its metabolites (p'p-DDE, p'p-DDD, o'p-DDT and p'p-DDT) in khat samples and to undertake exposure assessment to consumers. The khat samples were collected from local markets in southwestern Ethiopia. Consumption survey was undertaken using 24 h recall method for both male and female khat consumers. The finding showed that 80% of the khat samples contained DDT and its metabolites. Some of the residues were above the maximum residue limit (MRL) set by Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). The concentration of p'p-DDE and p'p-DDT in khat were in the range of 0.033-0.113 and 0.010-0.026 mg/kg, respectively. High concentration of the metabolite (p'p-DDE) compared to the parent compound (p'p-DDT) revealed the historical use of DDT in the study area. Probabilistic exposure analysis indicated that the mean and 97.5 percentile (P97.5), of the estimated daily intake of total DDT were 0.002 and 0.006 mg/kg bw/day, respectively. The study concluded that khat consumers are exposed to the stimulant effect of the plant as well as DDT and its metabolites in Jimma zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seblework Mekonen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences & Technology, College of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Argaw Ambelu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences & Technology, College of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | - Belay Negassa
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences & Technology, College of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Pieter Spanoghe
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Labunska I, Abdallah MAE, Eulaers I, Covaci A, Tao F, Wang M, Santillo D, Johnston P, Harrad S. Human dietary intake of organohalogen contaminants at e-waste recycling sites in Eastern China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 74:209-20. [PMID: 25454238 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This study reports concentrations and human dietary intake of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as well as selected "novel" brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) and organochlorine pesticides, in ten staple food categories. Samples were sourced from areas in Taizhou City, eastern China, where rudimentary recycling and disposal of e-waste is commonplace, as well as from nearby non-e-waste impacted control areas. In most instances, concentrations in foods from e-waste recycling areas exceeded those from control locations. Concentrations of 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB) and bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TBP) in samples from e-waste sites were 3.09-62.2ng/g and 0.81-16.3ng/g lipid weight (lw), respectively; exceeding consistently those in foods acquired from control sites by an order of magnitude in many cases. In contrast, while concentrations of HBCD in some foods from e-waste impacted areas exceed those from control locations; concentrations in pork, shrimp, and duck liver are higher in control samples. This highlights the potential significance of non-e-waste sources of HBCD (e.g. building insulation foam) in our study areas. While concentrations of DDT in all foods examined except pork were higher in e-waste impacted samples than controls; our exposure estimates were well below the provisional tolerable daily intake of 0.01mg/kgbw/day derived by the Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues. Concentrations of ΣPCBs resulted in exposures (650 and 2340ng/kgbw/day for adults and children respectively) that exceed substantially the Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs) for ΣPCBs of 20ng/kgbw/day derived by the Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry. Moreover, when expressed in terms of dioxin-like toxicity equivalency based on the four dioxin-like PCBs monitored in this study (DL-PCBs) (PCB-105, 118, 156, and 167); concentrations in e-waste impacted foods exceed limits set by the European Union in 6 of the 8 food groups studied and result in dietary exposures for children (10.2pgTEQ/kgbw/day) that exceed the WHO tolerable daily intake of 1-4pgTEQ/kgbw/day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Labunska
- Greenpeace Research Laboratories, Innovation Centre Phase 2, Rennes Drive, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RN, United Kingdom; School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
| | - Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, 71526 Assiut, Egypt
| | - Igor Eulaers
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; Ethology group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Fang Tao
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Mengjiao Wang
- Greenpeace Research Laboratories, Innovation Centre Phase 2, Rennes Drive, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RN, United Kingdom
| | - David Santillo
- Greenpeace Research Laboratories, Innovation Centre Phase 2, Rennes Drive, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RN, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Johnston
- Greenpeace Research Laboratories, Innovation Centre Phase 2, Rennes Drive, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RN, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Harrad
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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