1
|
López-Martín E, Sueiro-Benavides R, Leiro-Vidal JM, Rodríguez-González JA, Ares-Pena FJ. Redox cell signalling triggered by black carbon and/or radiofrequency electromagnetic fields: Influence on cell death. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 953:176023. [PMID: 39244061 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
The capacity of environmental pollutants to generate oxidative stress is known to affect the development and progression of chronic diseases. This scientific review identifies previously published experimental studies using preclinical models of exposure to environmental stress agents, such as black carbon and/or RF-EMF, which produce cellular oxidative damage and can lead to different types of cell death. We summarize in vivo and in vitro studies, which are grouped according to the mechanisms and pathways of redox activation triggered by exposure to BC and/or EMF and leading to apoptosis, necrosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis and cuproptosis. The possible mechanisms are considered in relation to the organ, cell type and cellular-subcellular interaction with the oxidative toxicity caused by BC and/or EMF at the molecular level. The actions of these environmental pollutants, which affect everyday life, are considered separately and together in experimental preclinical models. However, for overall interpretation of the data, toxicological studies must first be conducted in humans, to enable possible risks to human health to be established in relation to the progression of chronic diseases. Further actions should take pollution levels into account, focusing on the most vulnerable populations and future generations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena López-Martín
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Santiago de Compostela, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Rosana Sueiro-Benavides
- Institute of Research in Biological and Chemical Analysis, IAQBUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José M Leiro-Vidal
- Institute of Research in Biological and Chemical Analysis, IAQBUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Juan A Rodríguez-González
- Department of Applied Physics, Santiago de Compostela School of Physics, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Francisco J Ares-Pena
- Department of Applied Physics, Santiago de Compostela School of Physics, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li C, Zhou B, Zhang J, Jiao L, Cheng K, Chen L, Li Y, Li Y, Ho SSH, Wen Z. Optical properties and radiative forcing of carbonaceous aerosols in a valley city under persistent high temperature. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 928:172462. [PMID: 38615761 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Carbonaceous aerosols were collected in the valley city of Baoji city in Northern China in August 2022. The light absorption characteristics and influencing factors of black carbon (BC) and brown carbon (BrC) were analyzed, and their radiative forcing was estimated. The results showed that the light absorption of secondary brown carbon [AbsBrC,sec (370)] was 7.5 ± 2.4 Mm-1, which was 2.5 times that of primary brown carbon [AbsBrC,pri (370), 3.0 ± 1.2 Mm-1]. During the study period, the absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) of aerosol was 1.6, indicating that there was obvious secondary aerosol formation or carbonaceous aerosol aging in the valley city of Baoji. Except for secondary BrC (BrCsec), the light absorption coefficient (Abs) and mass absorption efficiency (MAE) of BC and primary BrC (BrCpri) during the persistent high temperature period (PHT) were higher than those during the normal temperature period (NT) and the precipitation period (PP), which indicated that the light absorption capacity of black carbon and primary brown carbon increased, while the light absorption capacity of secondary brown carbon decreased under persistent high temperature period. Secondary aerosols sulfide (SO42-), nitrate (NO3-) and secondary organic carbon (SOC) are important factors for promoting the light absorption enhancemen of BC and BrCpri and photobleaching of BrCsec during persistent high temperature period. The Principal Component Analysis-Multiple Linear Regression (PCA-MLR) model showed that traffic emissions was the most important source of pollution in Baoji City. Based on this, the secondary source accelerates the aging of BC and BrC, causing changes in light absorption. During PHT, the radiative forcing of BC and BrCpri were enhanced, while the radiative forcing of BrCsec was weakened, but the positive radiative forcing generated by them may aggravate the high-temperature disaster.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Li
- College of Geography and Environment, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Monitoring and Mechanism Simulation, Baoji 721013, China
| | - Bianhong Zhou
- College of Geography and Environment, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Monitoring and Mechanism Simulation, Baoji 721013, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Junhui Zhang
- College of Geography and Environment, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Monitoring and Mechanism Simulation, Baoji 721013, China
| | - Lihua Jiao
- College of Geography and Environment, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Monitoring and Mechanism Simulation, Baoji 721013, China
| | - Kaijing Cheng
- College of Geography and Environment, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Monitoring and Mechanism Simulation, Baoji 721013, China
| | - Long Chen
- College of Geography and Environment, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Monitoring and Mechanism Simulation, Baoji 721013, China
| | - Yu Li
- College of Geography and Environment, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Monitoring and Mechanism Simulation, Baoji 721013, China
| | - Yongqiang Li
- College of Geography and Environment, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Monitoring and Mechanism Simulation, Baoji 721013, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, United States
| | - Zhongtao Wen
- Baoji Ecological Environment Science and Technology Service Center, Baoji 721000, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Benavides RAS, Leiro-Vidal JM, Rodriguez-Gonzalez JA, Ares-Pena FJ, López-Martín E. The HL-60 human promyelocytic cell line constitutes an effective in vitro model for evaluating toxicity, oxidative stress and necrosis/apoptosis after exposure to black carbon particles and 2.45 GHz radio frequency. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 867:161475. [PMID: 36632900 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The cellular and molecular mechanisms by which atmospheric pollution from particulate matter and/or electromagnetic fields (EMFs) may prove harmful to human health have not been extensively researched. We analyzed whether the combined action of EMFs and black carbon (BC) particles induced cell damage and a pro-apoptotic response in the HL-60 promyelocytic cell line when exposed to 2.45 GHz radio frequency (RF) radiation in a gigahertz transverse electromagnetic (GTEM) chamber at sub-thermal specific absorption rate (SAR) levels. RF and BC induced moderately significant levels of cell damage in the first 8 or 24 h for all exposure times/doses and much greater damage after 48 h irradiation and the higher dose of BC. We observed a clear antiproliferative effect that increased with RF exposure time and BC dose. Oxidative stress or ROS production increased with time (24 or 48 h of radiation), BC dose and the combination of both. Significant differences between the proportion of damaged and healthy cells were observed in all groups. Both radiation and BC participated separately and jointly in triggering necrosis and apoptosis in a programmed way. Oxidative-antioxidant action activated mitochondrial anti-apoptotic BCL2a gene expression after 24 h irradiation and exposure to BC. After irradiation of the cells for 48 h, expression of FASR cell death receptors was activated, precipitating the onset of pro-apoptotic phenomena and expression and intracellular activity of caspase-3 in the mitochondrial pathways, all of which can lead to cell death. Our results indicate that the interaction between BC and RF modifies the immune response in the human promyelocytic cell line and that these cells had two fates mediated by different pathways: necrosis and mitochondria-caspase dependent apoptosis. The findings may be important in regard to antimicrobial, inflammatory and autoimmune responses in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Ana Sueiro Benavides
- Institute of Research in Biological and Chemical Analysis, IAQBUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - José Manuel Leiro-Vidal
- Institute of Research in Biological and Chemical Analysis, IAQBUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - J Antonio Rodriguez-Gonzalez
- Department of Applied Physics, Santiago de Compostela School of Physics, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Ares-Pena
- Department of Applied Physics, Santiago de Compostela School of Physics, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Elena López-Martín
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Santiago de Compostela School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lim S, Lee M, Yoo HJ. Size distributions, mixing state, and morphology of refractory black carbon in an urban atmosphere of northeast Asia during summer. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:158436. [PMID: 36108842 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) exerts profound impacts on air quality, human health, and climate. Here, we investigated concentrations and size distributions of refractory BC (rBC) and mixing state and morphology of rBC-containing particles in urban Seoul for 2019 summer. Mass concentrations of rBC ranged from 0.02 μgm-3 to 2.89 μgm-3, and daily maximums of rBC mass, daily minimums of rBC mass median diameter (MMD) (110-130 nm), and shell-to-core ratio (Rshell/core) occurred with NO2 maximums during morning rush hour. As the first report of ground observations on rBC mixing state, these results indicate that vehicle emission is a major local source of rBC in Seoul. MMDs of 127-146 nm and the greatest mass loadings of ≥1 μg m-3 were accompanied by high O3 and PM2.5 concentrations, in contrast to the largest MMDs (135-165 nm) associated with transport from upstream regions. The average Rshell/core was 1.25 for the rBC mass-equivalent diameter (DrBC) of 140-220 nm. Rshell/core increased gradually through the day and was positively correlated with Ox concentration, indicating photochemical aging of rBC particles. Co-emissions of rBC and volatile organic compounds from vehicles facilitated internal mixing during the daytime. However, Rshell/core tended to be low at temperature >∼30 °C, while 58 % of rBC particles with Rshell/core exceeding 1.25 were found at nighttime under relative humidity >75 %. These results demonstrate that the mixing state of freshly-emitted rBC particles was altered through coating by photochemically oxidized vapors during the day and hygroscopic growth at night. Additionally, the delay-time approach revealed rBC morphological characteristics, the most common being the bare type (74 %), and the attached type (6 %) was relatively large in numbers during morning rush hour. Therefore, it is suggested that during summer, rBC particles from traffic emissions should be considered in parallel to winter pollution mitigation strategies in urban atmosphere of northeast Asia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saehee Lim
- Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Dept. of Environmental Engineering, Chungnam National University, Deajeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Meehye Lee
- Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hee-Jung Yoo
- Climate Research Department, National Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Jeju 63568, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Taketani F, Miyakawa T, Takigawa M, Yamaguchi M, Komazaki Y, Mordovskoi P, Takashima H, Zhu C, Nishino S, Tohjima Y, Kanaya Y. Characteristics of atmospheric black carbon and other aerosol particles over the Arctic Ocean in early autumn 2016: Influence from biomass burning as assessed with observed microphysical properties and model simulations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 848:157671. [PMID: 35907533 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We conducted ship-based measurements of marine aerosol particles (number concentration, size distribution, black carbon (BC), autofluorescence property, and PM2.5 composition) and trace gases (ozone (O3) and carbon monoxide (CO)) during a cruise of the R/V Mirai (23 August to 4 October 2016) over the Arctic Ocean, Northwest Pacific Ocean, and Bering Sea. Over the Arctic Ocean at latitudes >70°N, the averaged BC mass concentration was 0.7 ± 1.8 ng/m3, confirming the validity of our previously-reported observations (~1 ng/m3) over the same region during September 2014 and September 2015. The observed levels over the Arctic Ocean need to be used as a benchmark when testing the atmospheric transport models over the ocean, while they are substantially lower than those reported at Barrow (Utqiaġvik), a nearby ground-based station. We identified events with elevated BC mass concentrations and CO mixing ratios over the Arctic Ocean and Bering Sea as influenced by biomass burnings, with evidences from elevated levoglucosan levels, mixing states of BC particles, and particle size distributions. With WRF-Chem model simulations, we confirmed Siberian Forest fire plumes traveled over thousands of kilometers and produced substantially high BC and CO levels over the Bering Sea. The ΔBC/ΔCO ratios during these periods were estimated as ~1 ng/m3/ppbv, which are lower than those values reported, indicating that the results might have been affected by the wet removal process during transportation and/or by emission in smoldering conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fumikazu Taketani
- Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Kanagawa 236-0001, Japan.
| | - Takuma Miyakawa
- Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Kanagawa 236-0001, Japan
| | - Masayuki Takigawa
- Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Kanagawa 236-0001, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamaguchi
- Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Kanagawa 236-0001, Japan
| | - Yuichi Komazaki
- Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Kanagawa 236-0001, Japan
| | - Petr Mordovskoi
- Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Kanagawa 236-0001, Japan
| | - Hisahiro Takashima
- Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Kanagawa 236-0001, Japan; Department of Earth System Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Chunmao Zhu
- Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Kanagawa 236-0001, Japan
| | - Shigeto Nishino
- Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Kanagawa 236-0001, Japan
| | - Yasunori Tohjima
- Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Yugo Kanaya
- Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Kanagawa 236-0001, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jiang F, Liu J, Cheng Z, Ding P, Xu Y, Zong Z, Zhu S, Zhou S, Yan C, Zhang Z, Zheng J, Tian C, Li J, Zhang G. Dual-carbon isotope constraints on source apportionment of black carbon in the megacity Guangzhou of the Pearl River Delta region, China for 2018 autumn season. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 294:118638. [PMID: 34890747 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) aerosol negatively affects air quality and contributes to climate warming globally. However, little is known about the relative contributions of different source control measures to BC reduction owing to the lack of powerful source-diagnostic tools. We combine the fingerprints of dual-carbon isotope using an optimized Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) scheme and for the first time to study the key sources of BC in megacity Guangzhou of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, China in 2018 autumn season. The MCMC model-derived source apportionment of BC shows that the dominant contributor is petroleum combustion (39%), followed by coal combustion (34%) and biomass burning (27%). It should be noted that the BC source pattern is highly sensitive to the variations of air masses transported with an enhanced contribution of fossil source from the eastern area, suggesting the important impact of regional atmospheric transportation on the BC source profile in the PRD region. Also, we further found that fossil fuel combustion BC contributed 84% to the total BC reduction during 2013-2018. The response of PM2.5 concentration to the 14C-derived BC source apportionment is successfully fitted (r = 0.90) and the results predicted that it would take ∼6 years to reach the WHO PM2.5 guideline value (10 μg m-3) for the PRD region if the emission control measures keep same as they are at present. Taken together, our findings suggest that dual-carbon isotope is a powerful tool in constraining the source apportionment of BC for the evaluations of air pollution control and carbon emission measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Jiang
- Institute of Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junwen Liu
- Institute of Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhineng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanqian Xu
- Institute of Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Zong
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Sanyuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengzhen Zhou
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Caiqing Yan
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhisheng Zhang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junyu Zheng
- Institute of Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chongguo Tian
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sueiro-Benavides RA, Leiro-Vidal JM, Salas-Sánchez AÁ, Rodríguez-González JA, Ares-Pena FJ, López-Martín ME. Radiofrequency at 2.45 GHz increases toxicity, pro-inflammatory and pre-apoptotic activity caused by black carbon in the RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 765:142681. [PMID: 33071139 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Environmental factors such as air pollution by particles and/or electromagnetic fields (EMFs) are studied as harmful agents for human health. We analyzed whether the combined action of EMF with fine and coarse black carbon (BC) particles induced cell damage and inflammatory response in RAW 264.7 cell line macrophages exposed to 2.45 GHz in a gigahertz transverse electromagnetic (GTEM) chamber at sub-thermal specific absorption rate (SAR) levels. Radiofrequency (RF) dramatically increased BC-induced toxicity at high doses in the first 24 h and toxicity levels remained high 72 h later for all doses. The increase in macrophage phagocytosis induced after 24 h of RF and the high nitrite levels obtained by stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin 24 and 72 h after radiation exposure suggests a prolongation of the innate and inflammatory immune response. The increase of proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α, after 24 h, and of interleukin-1β and caspase-3, after 72 h, indicated activation of the pro-inflammatory response and the apoptosis pathways through the combined effect of radiation and BC. Our results indicate that the interaction of BC and RF modifies macrophage immune response, activates apoptosis, and accelerates cell toxicity, by which it can activate the induction of hypersensitivity reactions and autoimmune disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Ana Sueiro-Benavides
- Research Institute on Chemical and Biological Analysis, Dept. of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Jose Manuel Leiro-Vidal
- Research Institute on Chemical and Biological Analysis, Dept. of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Aarón Ángel Salas-Sánchez
- CRETUS Institute, Dept. Applied Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; ELEDIA@UniTN - DISI - University of Trento, 38123, Trentino-Alto Adige, Italy.
| | - J Antonio Rodríguez-González
- CRETUS Institute, Dept. Applied Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Ares-Pena
- CRETUS Institute, Dept. Applied Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - M Elena López-Martín
- CRETUS Institute, Dept. Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wu Y, Xia Y, Zhou C, Tian P, Tao J, Huang RJ, Liu D, Wang X, Xia X, Han Z, Zhang R. Effect of source variation on the size and mixing state of black carbon aerosol in urban Beijing from 2013 to 2019: Implication on light absorption. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 270:116089. [PMID: 33246761 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) is the most important aerosol light-absorbing component, and its effect on radiation forcing is determined by its microphysical properties. In this study, two microphysical parameters of refractory BC (rBC), namely, size distribution and mixing state, in urban Beijing from 2013 to 2019 were investigated to understand the effects of source changes over the past years. The mass equivalent diameter of rBC (Dc) exhibited bimodal lognormal distributions in all seasons, with the major modes accounting for most (>85%) of the rBC masses. The mass median diameter (MMD) was obviously larger in winter (209 nm) than in summer (167 nm) likely due to the contribution of more rBC with larger Dc from solid fuel combustion and enhanced coagulation of rBC in polluted winter. More rBC particles were thickly coated in winter, with the number fraction of thickly coated rBC (fcoatBC) ranging within 29%-48% compared with that of 12%-14% in summer. However, no evidential increase in BC light-absorption capability was observed in winter. This finding was likely related to the lower absorption efficiency of larger rBC in winter, which partly offset the coating-induced light enhancement. Two stage of decreases in MMD and fcoatBC were observed, accompanied with a persistent decrease in rBC loading, thereby reflecting the discrepant effects of source control measures on rBC loading and physical properties. The control measures in the earlier stage before 2016 was more efficient to reduce the rBC loading but slightly influenced the microphysical properties of rBC. As of 2016, the reduction in rBC concentration slowed down because of its low atmospheric loading. However, rBC showed a more obvious decrease in its core size and became less coated. The decrease in fcoatBC may have weakened the BC absorption and accelerated the decrease in light absorption resulting from the reduction in rBC loading.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yunjie Xia
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ping Tian
- Beijing Weather Modification Office, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Jun Tao
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Dantong Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiangao Xia
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Xianghe Observatory of Whole Atmosphere, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xianghe 065400, China
| | - Zhiwei Han
- Key Laboratory of Regional Climate-Environment for Temperate East Asia (RCE-TEA), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Renjian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Xianghe Observatory of Whole Atmosphere, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xianghe 065400, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Min X, Wu J, Lu J, Wen X, Gao C, Li L. Distribution of Black Carbon in Topsoils of the Northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Under Natural and Anthropogenic Influences. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 76:528-539. [PMID: 30610253 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-018-00595-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC), ubiquitous in soils, plays an important role in global carbon cycles, the radiative heat balance of the Earth, pollutant fate, emissions of greenhouse gas, soil fertility, soil microbial community, and ecosystem stability. However, information on BC in topsoils of the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is limited. Therefore, this study performed field sampling and analyzed contents of total BC and soot BC in topsoils. The results indicated that the contents of total BC in all soil samples ranged from 0.504 to 74.381 g kg-1 with an average value of 5.152 g kg-1, whereas those of soot BC were in the range of 0.400-15.200 g kg-1 with a mean value of 1.719 g kg-1. Contents of BC were significantly correlated with those of total carbon and total organic carbon. Soil types affected the distribution of soil BC. The contents of total BC in the loam soils were larger than those in the clay soils, whereas soot BC was more easily enriched in the clay soils. Total BC was negatively correlated with Ca, and soot BC was negatively correlated with Ti. The contents of soil BC in functional areas, such as agricultural and pastoral areas, industrial areas, and mining areas, were significantly higher than those in other areas, illustrating that anthropogenic activities drastically affected the distribution of soil BC. This study exhibits the fundamental information on soil BC in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to provide important knowledge on global soil carbon sink.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyun Min
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, Qinghai, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Geology and Environment of Salt Lakes, Xining, 810008, Qinghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, Qinghai, China.
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Geology and Environment of Salt Lakes, Xining, 810008, Qinghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Jian Lu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaohu Wen
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Chunliang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, Qinghai, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Geology and Environment of Salt Lakes, Xining, 810008, Qinghai, China
| | - Leiming Li
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, Qinghai, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Geology and Environment of Salt Lakes, Xining, 810008, Qinghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yang Y, Xu X, Zhang Y, Zheng S, Wang L, Liu D, Gustave W, Jiang L, Hua Y, Du S, Tang L. Seasonal size distribution and mixing state of black carbon aerosols in a polluted urban environment of the Yangtze River Delta region, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 654:300-310. [PMID: 30445330 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The optical properties of black carbon aerosols (BC) are determined by the particles size and the associated non-BC materials, which may be source-related or modified during secondary processing. The one-year long monitoring of BC was first conducted using a Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2) from December 2013 to November 2014 in Nanjing, a megacity in the Yangtze River Delta region of China. The seasonal variation in the BC size distribution and mixing state were investigated. There was no apparent systematic variation in the mean BC core mass median diameter between seasons, as these values were 226 ± 12 nm, 217 ± 13 nm, 211 ± 15 nm and 221 ± 12 nm for winter, spring, summer and autumn respectively. The mixing state of BC was quantified as the bulk relative coating thickness (defined as particle size Dp over core size Dc, Dp/Dc), which ranged from 1.05 to 2.65. The BC was found to be significantly more coated in the winter (Dp/Dc = 1.50 ± 0.30) than in other seasons (Dp/Dc = 1.27 ± 0.09, 1.28 ± 0.10, 1.27 ± 0.11 in spring, summer and autumn respectively). Higher levels of coating during the winter may due to the contributions of the primary source (with the highest BC mass loadings between seasons) or secondary processes such as low temperature that facilitated the condensation. It was found that the photochemical process may enhance the coatings on BC in summer. At nighttime, the reduced and stabilized planetary boundary layer and the nighttime secondary formation may also lead to BC becoming well mixed with other components. Moreover, BC was shown to be less coated when the NOx concentration was high. However, during all seasons, the BC coating was strongly correlated with other non-BC particulate mass, which suggests that at higher pollution levels BC was more significantly coated with other existing materials through coagulation or condensation by other secondary species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Yang
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaofeng Xu
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Yunjiang Zhang
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques, Verneuil-en-Halatte 60550, France; Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette 91191, France
| | - Shanshan Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lingrui Wang
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dantong Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Centre for Atmospheric Science, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M139PL, UK
| | - Williamson Gustave
- Department of Environment Science, Xi'an Jiangtong Liverpoor University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yan Hua
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Songshan Du
- Jiangsu Environmental Monitoring Center, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Lili Tang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Jiangsu Environmental Monitoring Center, Nanjing 210036, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Presser C, Radney JG, Jordan ML, Nazarian A. Simultaneous transmission and absorption photometry of carbon-black absorption from drop-cast particle-laden filters. AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR AEROSOL RESEARCH 2019; 53:10.1080/02786826.2019.1577950. [PMID: 31579347 PMCID: PMC6774385 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2019.1577950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous transmissivity and absorptivity measurements were carried out in the visible at a laser wavelength of 532 nm on drop-cast, carbon-black-laden filters under ambient (laboratory) conditions. The focus of this investigation was to establish the feasibility of this approach to estimate the mass absorption coefficient of the isolated particles and compare results to earlier work with the same carbon-black source. Transmissivity measurements were carried out with a laser probe beam positioned normal to the particle-laden filter surface. Absorptivity measurements were carried out using a laser-heating approach to record in time the sample temperature rise to steady-state and decay back to the ambient temperature. The sample temperature was recorded using a fine-wire thermocouple that was integrated into the transmission arrangement by placing the thermocouple flush with the filter back surface. The advantage of this approach is that the sample absorptivity can be determined directly (using laser heating) instead of resolving the difference between reflectivity (filter surface scattering) and transmissivity. The current approach also provides the filter optical characteristics, as well as an estimate of filter effects on the absorption coefficient due to particle absorption enhancement or shadowing. The approach may also be incorporated into other filter-based techniques, like the particle/soot absorption photometer, with the simple addition of a thermocouple to the commercial instrument. For this investigation, measurements were carried out with several blank uncoated quartz filters. A range of solution concentrations was prepared with a well-characterized carbon black in deionized water (i.e., a water-soluble carbonaceous material referred to as a surrogate black carbon or 'carbon black'). The solution was then drop cast using a calibrated syringe onto blank filters to vary particle loading. After evaporation of the water, the measurements were repeated with the coated filters. The measurement repeatability (95% confidence level) was better than 0.3 K for temperature and 3 × 10-5 mW for laser power. From the measurements with both the blank and coated filters, the absorption coefficient was determined for the isolated particles. The results were then compared with an earlier investigation by You et al. and Zangmeister and Radney, who used the same carbon-black material. The measurements were also compared with Lorenz-Mie computations for a polydispersion of spherical particles dispersed throughout a volume representative of the actual particles. The mass absorption coefficient for the polydispersion of carbon-black particles was estimated to be about 7.7 ± 1.4m2 g-1, which was consistent with the results expected for these carbon black particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cary Presser
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - James G Radney
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew L Jordan
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Ashot Nazarian
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang Y, Kang S, Li C, Gao T, Cong Z, Sprenger M, Liu Y, Li X, Guo J, Sillanpää M, Wang K, Chen J, Li Y, Sun S. Characteristics of black carbon in snow from Laohugou No. 12 glacier on the northern Tibetan Plateau. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 607-608:1237-1249. [PMID: 28732402 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) emitted from the incomplete combustion of biomass and fossil fuel impacts the climate system, cryospheric change, and human health. This study documents black carbon deposition in snow from a benchmark glacier on the northern Tibetan Plateau. Significant seasonality of BC concentrations indicates different input or post-depositional processes. BC particles deposited in snow had a mass volume median diameter slightly larger than that of black carbon particles typically found in the atmosphere. Also, unlike black carbon particles in the atmosphere, the particles deposited in snow did not exhibit highly fractal morphology by Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope. Footprint analysis indicated BC deposited on the glacier in summer originated mainly from Central Asia; in winter, the depositing air masses generally originated from Central Asia and Pakistan. Anthropogenic emissions play an important role on black carbon deposition in glacial snow, especially in winter. The mass absorption efficiency of BC in snow at 632nm exhibited significantly seasonality, with higher values in summer and lower values in winter. The information on black carbon deposition in glacial snow provided in this study could be used to help mitigate the impacts of BC on glacier melting on the northern Tibetan Plateau.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Science, Lanzhou 73000, China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Science, Lanzhou 73000, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Unviersity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Chaoliu Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tanguang Gao
- Key laboratory of Western China's Environmental System (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhiyuan Cong
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Michael Sprenger
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yajun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Science, Lanzhou 73000, China
| | - Xiaofei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Science, Lanzhou 73000, China; Unviersity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Science, Lanzhou 73000, China
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Mikkeli 50130, Finland
| | - Kun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Science, Lanzhou 73000, China; Unviersity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jizu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Science, Lanzhou 73000, China; Unviersity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Li
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Mikkeli 50130, Finland
| | - Shiwei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Science, Lanzhou 73000, China; Unviersity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang J, Zhang Q, Chen M, Collier S, Zhou S, Ge X, Xu J, Shi J, Xie C, Hu J, Ge S, Sun Y, Coe H. First Chemical Characterization of Refractory Black Carbon Aerosols and Associated Coatings over the Tibetan Plateau (4730 m a.s.l). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:14072-14082. [PMID: 29131606 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Refractory black carbon (rBC) aerosol is an important climate forcer, and its impacts are greatly influenced by the species associated with rBC cores. However, relevant knowledge is particularly lacking at the Tibetan Plateau (TP). Here we report, for the first time, highly time-resolved measurement results of rBC and its coating species in central TP (4730 m a.s.l), using an Aerodyne soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS), which selectively measured rBC-containing particles. We found that the rBC was overall thickly coated with an average mass ratio of coating to rBC (RBC) of ∼7.7, and the coating species were predominantly secondarily formed by photochemical reactions. Interestingly, the thickly coated rBC was less oxygenated than the thinly coated rBC, mainly due to influence of the transported biomass burning organic aerosol (BBOA). This BBOA was relatively fresh but formed very thick coating on rBC. We further estimated the "lensing effect" of coating semiquantitatively by comparing the measurement data from a multiangle absorption photometer and SP-AMS, and found it could lead to up to 40% light absorption enhancement at RBC > 10. Our findings highlight that BBOA can significantly affect the "lensing effect", in addition to its relatively well-known role as light-absorbing "brown carbon."
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology , Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology , Nanjing 210044, China
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Davis , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Mindong Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology , Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Sonya Collier
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Davis , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Shan Zhou
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Davis , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Xinlei Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology , Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jianzhong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jinsen Shi
- College of Atmospheric Science, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Conghui Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology , Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Shun Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology , Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hugh Coe
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester , M13 9PL, Manchester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Niranjan R, Thakur AK. The Toxicological Mechanisms of Environmental Soot (Black Carbon) and Carbon Black: Focus on Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Pathways. Front Immunol 2017; 8:763. [PMID: 28713383 PMCID: PMC5492873 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The environmental soot and carbon blacks (CBs) cause many diseases in humans, but their underlying mechanisms of toxicity are still poorly understood. Both are formed after the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons but differ in their constituents and percent carbon contents. For the first time, “Sir Percival Pott” described soot as a carcinogen, which was subsequently confirmed by many others. The existing data suggest three main types of diseases due to soot and CB exposures: cancer, respiratory diseases, and cardiovascular dysfunctions. Experimental models revealed the involvement of oxidative stress, DNA methylation, formation of DNA adducts, and Aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation as the key mechanisms of soot- and CB-induced cancers. Metals including Si, Fe, Mn, Ti, and Co in soot also contribute in the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated DNA damage. Mechanistically, ROS-induced DNA damage is further enhanced by eosinophils and neutrophils via halide (Cl− and Br−) dependent DNA adducts formation. The activation of pulmonary dendritic cells, T helper type 2 cells, and mast cells is crucial mediators in the pathology of soot- or CB-induced respiratory disease. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were also found to modulate T cells functions in respiratory diseases. Particularly, telomerase reverse transcriptase was found to play the critical role in soot- and CB-induced cardiovascular dysfunctions. In this review, we propose integrated mechanisms of soot- and CB-induced toxicity emphasizing the role of inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress. We also suggest use of antioxidants and PUFAs as protective strategies against soot- and CB-induced disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rituraj Niranjan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar Thakur
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cui X, Wang X, Yang L, Chen B, Chen J, Andersson A, Gustafsson Ö. Radiative absorption enhancement from coatings on black carbon aerosols. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 551-552:51-56. [PMID: 26874760 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The radiative absorption enhancement of ambient black carbon (BC), by light-refractive coatings of atmospheric aerosols, constitutes a large uncertainty in estimates of climate forcing. The direct measurements of radiative absorption enhancement require the experimentally-removing the coating materials in ambient BC-containing aerosols, which remains a challenge. Here, the absorption enhancement of the BC core by non-absorbing aerosol coatings was quantified using a two-step removal of both inorganic and organic matter coatings of ambient aerosols. The mass absorption cross-section (MAC) of decoated/pure atmospheric BC aerosols of 4.4±0.8m(2)g(-1) was enhanced to 9.6±1.8m(2)g(-1) at 678-nm wavelength for ambiently-coated BC aerosols at a rural Northern China site. The enhancement of MAC (EMAC) rises from 1.4±0.3 in fresh combustion emissions to ~3 for aged ambient China aerosols. The three-week high-intensity campaign observed an average EMAC of 2.25±0.55, and sulfates were primary drivers of the enhanced BC absorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinjuan Cui
- Environmental Research Institute, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xinfeng Wang
- Environmental Research Institute, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Lingxiao Yang
- Environmental Research Institute, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Environmental Research Institute, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Environmental Research Institute, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - August Andersson
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES) and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Örjan Gustafsson
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES) and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Characteristics of Black Carbon Aerosol during the Chinese Lunar Year and Weekdays in Xi’an, China. ATMOSPHERE 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos6020195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|