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Pathakoti M, D V M, G S, Suryavanshi AS, Taori A, Kant Y, P R, Bothale RV, Chauhan P, K S R, Sinha PR, Chandra N, Dadhwal VK. Spatiotemporal atmospheric in-situ carbon dioxide data over the Indian sites-data perspective. Sci Data 2024; 11:385. [PMID: 38627446 PMCID: PMC11021437 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-03243-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
In the current study, atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) data covering multiple locations in the Indian subcontinent are reported. This data was collected using a dedicated ground-based in-situ network established as part of the Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (CAP-IGBP) of the Climate and Atmospheric Processes of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). Data are collected over Ponmudi, Ooty, Sriharikota, Gadanki, Shadnagar, Nagpur, and Dehradun during 2014-2015, 2017-2020, 2012, 2011-2015, 2014-2017, 2017 and 2008-2011, respectively. The atmospheric CO2 generated as part of the CAP-IGBP network would enhance the understanding of CO2 variability in different time scales ranging from diurnal, seasonal, and annual over the Indian region. Data available under this network may be interesting to other research communities for modeling studies and spatiotemporal variability of atmospheric CO2 across the study locations. The work also evaluated the CO2 observations against the Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate version 4 atmospheric chemistry-transport model (MIROC4-ACTM) concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Pathakoti
- National Remote Sensing Centre, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Department of Space, Hyderabad, 500037, India.
- Lab for Spatial Informatics (LSI), International Institute of Information Technology (IIIT), Hyderabad, 500032, India.
| | - Mahalakshmi D V
- National Remote Sensing Centre, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Department of Space, Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Sreenivas G
- Department of Physics, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad (JNTU-H), Hyderabad, 500085, India
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, 411008, India
| | | | - Alok Taori
- National Remote Sensing Centre, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Department of Space, Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Yogesh Kant
- Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS), ISRO, Department of Space, Dehradun, 248001, India
| | - Raja P
- Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation (IISWC), Research Centre (RC), Ooty, The Nilgiris, 643001, India
- ICAR-IISWC, RC, Odisha, Koraput, 763002, India
| | - Rajashree Vinod Bothale
- National Remote Sensing Centre, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Department of Space, Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Prakash Chauhan
- National Remote Sensing Centre, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Department of Space, Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Rajan K S
- Lab for Spatial Informatics (LSI), International Institute of Information Technology (IIIT), Hyderabad, 500032, India
| | - P R Sinha
- Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST), Valiamala, 695547, India
| | - Naveen Chandra
- Research Institute for Global Change (RIGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama, 2360001, Japan
| | - Vinay Kumar Dadhwal
- National Institute of Advanced Studies (NIAS), Indian Institute of Science (IISc) campus, Bengaluru, 560012, India
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Pathakoti M, K S R, A L K, T S, D V M, P S, Taori A, Bothale RV, Chauhan P, Shaik I, Kumar R, Chandra N, Patra PK. Neighbouring effect of land use changes and fire emissions on atmospheric CO 2 and CH 4 over suburban region of India (Shadnagar). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 921:171226. [PMID: 38402969 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of land use/land cover (LU/LC) changes on atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) concentrations over the sub-urban region of India (Shadnagar) using continuous decadal CO2 and CH4in-situ data measured by the greenhouse gas analyser (GGA). Data was collected from 2013 to 2022 at a 1 Hz frequency. Analysis of the current study indicates that during pre-monsoon, the seasonal maximum of CO2 was 409.91 ± 9.26 ppm (μ ± 1σ), while the minimum during monsoon was about 401.64 ± 7.13 ppm. Post-monsoon has a high seasonal mean CH4 concentration of 2.08 ± 0.06 ppm, while monsoon has a low seasonal mean CH4 concentration of 1.88 ± 0.03 ppm. The primary classes, such as forest, crop, and built-up, were considered to estimate the effect of LU/LC changes on atmospheric CO2 and CH4 concentrations. Between 2005 and 2021, the study's results show that the built-up area at radii of 10 km, 20 km, and 50 km increased by 0.17 %, 0.10 %, and 0.4 %, respectively. While other LU/LC categories declined by 30 %, agriculture areas increased by 30 % on average. As a result, the CO2 and CH4 concentrations at the study site are increased by 6 % (26 ppm) and 6.5 % (140 ppb), respectively. The present study utilised the fire-based carbon emissions data from the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED) to understand the impact on atmospheric CO2 and CH4. Analysis of the present work investigated the influence of transported airmass on CO2 and CH4 during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons using the HYSPLIT trajectories and found emissions were from the northwest, southeast, and northeast of the study site. Further, in-situ CO2 and CH4 records are compared against the MIROC4-ACTM simulation, and strong agreement was found with bias of 1.80 ppm and 0.98 ppb for CO2 and CH4, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Pathakoti
- National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Department of Space, Hyderabad 500037, India; Lab for Spatial Informatics, International Institute of Information Technology (IIIT), Hyderabad 500084, India.
| | - Rajan K S
- Lab for Spatial Informatics, International Institute of Information Technology (IIIT), Hyderabad 500084, India
| | - Kanchana A L
- National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Department of Space, Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Santhoshi T
- National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Department of Space, Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Mahalakshmi D V
- National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Department of Space, Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Sujatha P
- International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, Maadi, Egypt
| | - Alok Taori
- National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Department of Space, Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Rajashree Vinod Bothale
- National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Department of Space, Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Prakash Chauhan
- National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Department of Space, Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Ibrahim Shaik
- National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Department of Space, Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Department of Space, Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Naveen Chandra
- Research Institute for Global Change (RIGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama 2360001, Japan
| | - Prabir K Patra
- Research Institute for Global Change (RIGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama 2360001, Japan
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3
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Das C, Kunchala RK, Chandra N, Chhabra A, Pandya MR. Characterizing the regional XCO 2 variability and its association with ENSO over India inferred from GOSAT and OCO-2 satellite observations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 902:166176. [PMID: 37562615 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
India is primarily concerned with comprehending regional carbon source-sink response in the context of changes in atmospheric CO2 concentrations or anthropogenic emissions. Recent advancements in high-resolution satellite's fine-scale XCO2 measurements provide an opportunity to understand unprecedented details of source-sink activity on a regional scale. In this study, we investigated the long-term variations of XCO2 concentration and growth rates as well as its covarying relationship with ENSO and regional climate parameters (temperature, precipitation, soil moisture, and NDVI) over India from 2010 to 2021 using GOSAT and OCO-2 retrievals. The results show since the launch of OCO-2 in 2014, the number of monthly high-quality XCO2 soundings over India has grown nearly 100-fold compared to GOSAT, launched in 2009. Also, the discrepancy in XCO2 increase of 2.54(2.43) ppm/yr was observed in GOSAT (OCO-2) retrieval during an overlapping measurement period (2015-2021). Additionally, wavelet analysis indicated that the OCO-2 retrieval is able to capture a better frequency of local-scale XCO2 variability compared to GOSAT, owing to its high-resolution cloud-free XCO2 soundings, providing more well-defined regional-scale source-sink features. Furthermore, dominant spatial pattern of XCO2 variability observed over south and southeast of India in both satellites, with XCO2 semi-annual and annual variability more distinctly present in OCO-2 compared to GOSAT. A cross-correlation analysis suggested GOSAT XCO2 growth rate positively correlates with ENSO in different homogeneous monsoon regions of India, with ENSO leading the GOSAT XCO2 growth rate in all homogeneous regions by 3-9 months. The South Peninsular region sensitive to ENSO changes, especially during 2015-2016 ENSO event, where a decrease in CO2 uptake was observed is closely linked with precipitation, soil moisture, and temperature anomalies. However, regional climate parameters show a low correlation with XCO2 growth since CO2 is a long-lived well-mixed gas primarily having an imprint of large-scale transport in column CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiranjit Das
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravi Kumar Kunchala
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India.
| | - Naveen Chandra
- Research Institute for Global Change, JAMSTEC, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Abha Chhabra
- Space Applications Centre, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Ahmedabad, India
| | - Mehul R Pandya
- Space Applications Centre, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Ahmedabad, India
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Sharma R, Kunchala RK, Ojha S, Kumar P, Gargari S, Chopra S. Spatial distribution of fossil fuel derived CO 2 over India using radiocarbon measurements in crop plants. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 124:19-30. [PMID: 36182130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Examining the contribution of fossil fuel CO2 to the total CO2 changes in the atmosphere is of primary concern due to its alarming levels of fossil fuel emissions over the globe, specifically developing countries. Atmospheric radiocarbon represents an important observational constraint and utilized to trace fossil fuel derived CO2 (CO2ff) in the atmosphere. For the first time, we have presented a detailed analysis on the spatial distribution of fossil fuel derived CO2 (CO2ff) over India using radiocarbon (Δ14C) measurements during three-year period. Analysis shows that the Δ14C values are varying between 29.33‰ to -34.06‰ across India in the year 2017, where highest value belongs to a location from Gujarat while lowest value belongs to a location from Chhattisgarh. Based on the Δ14C patterns, spatial distributions of CO2ff mole fractions have been determined over India and the calculated values of CO2ff mole fractions are varying between 4.85 ppm to 26.59 ppm across India. It is also noticed that the highest CO2ff mole fraction is observed as 26.59 ppm from a site in Chhattisgarh. CO2ff mole fraction values from four high altitude sites are found to be varied between 4.85 ppm to 14.87 ppm. Effect of sampling different crop plants from the same growing season and different crop plant organs (grains, leaves, stems) on the Δ14C and CO2ff have been studied. Annual and intra seasonal variations in the Δ14C and CO2ff mole fractions have also been analyzed from a rural location (Dholpur, Rajasthan).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajveer Sharma
- Inter University Accelerator Centre, New Delhi 110067, India; Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India.
| | - Ravi Kumar Kunchala
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India.
| | - Sunil Ojha
- Inter University Accelerator Centre, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Inter University Accelerator Centre, New Delhi 110067, India
| | | | - Sundeep Chopra
- Inter University Accelerator Centre, New Delhi 110067, India
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Sreenivas G, P M, Mahalakshmi DV, Kanchana AL, Chandra N, Patra PK, Raja P, Sesha Sai MVR, Sripada S, Rao PVN, Dadhwal VK. Seasonal and annual variations of CO 2 and CH 4 at Shadnagar, a semi-urban site. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 819:153114. [PMID: 35041945 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) are the most important greenhouse gases (GHGs) due to their significant role in anthropogenic global climate change. The spatio-temporal variations of their concentration are characterized by the terrestrial biosphere, seasonal weather patterns and anthropogenic emissions. Hence, to understand the variability in regional surface GHG fluxes, high precision GHGs measurements were initiated by the National Remote Sensing Center (NRSC) of India. We report continuous CO2 and CH4measurements during 2014 to 2017 for the first time from Shadnagar, a suburban site in India. Annual mean CO2 and CH4 concentrations are 399.56 ± 5.46 ppm and 1.929 ± 0.09 ppm, respectively, for 2017. After the strong El Niño of 2015-2016, an abnormal rise in CO2 growth rate of 5.5 ppm year-1 was observed in 2017 at the study site, compared to 3.03 ppm year-1 at Mauna Loa. Thus, the repercussion of the El Niño effect diminishes the net uptake by the terrestrial biosphere accompanied by increased soil respiration. Seasonal tracer to tracer correlation between CO2 and CH4 was also analyzed to characterize the possible source-sink relationship between the species. We compared CO2 and CH4 concentrations to simulations from an atmospheric chemistry transport model (ACTM). The seasonal phases of CH4 were well captured by the ACTM, whereas the seasonal cycle amplitude of CO2 was underestimated by about 30%.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sreenivas
- Earth and Climate Sciences Area (ECSA), National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), Hyderabad 500037, India; Department of Physics, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad (JNTU-H), Hyderabad 500085, India
| | - Mahesh P
- Earth and Climate Sciences Area (ECSA), National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), Hyderabad 500037, India.
| | - D V Mahalakshmi
- Earth and Climate Sciences Area (ECSA), National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - A L Kanchana
- Earth and Climate Sciences Area (ECSA), National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Naveen Chandra
- Research Institute for Global Change (RIGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama 2360001, Japan
| | - Prabir K Patra
- Research Institute for Global Change (RIGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama 2360001, Japan
| | - P Raja
- Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation (IISWC), Research Centre, Ooty, The Nilgiris, India
| | - M V R Sesha Sai
- Earth and Climate Sciences Area (ECSA), National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Suresh Sripada
- Department of Physics, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad (JNTU-H) College of Engineering, Jagityal 505501, India
| | - P V N Rao
- Earth and Climate Sciences Area (ECSA), National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - V K Dadhwal
- National Institute of Advanced Studies (NIAS), Bengaluru 560012, India
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Halder S, Tiwari YK, Valsala V, Sijikumar S, Janardanan R, Maksyutov S. Benefits of satellite XCO 2 and newly proposed atmospheric CO 2 observation network over India in constraining regional CO 2 fluxes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 812:151508. [PMID: 34762957 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Top-down modeling estimates are among the most reliable information available on the CO2 fluxes of the earth system. The inadequate coverage of CO2 observing stations over the tropical regions adds a limitation to this estimate, especially when the satellite XCO2 is strictly screened for cloud contamination, aerosol, dust, etc. In this study, we investigated the potential benefit of a global ground-based observing station network, 17 newly proposed stations over India, and global satellite XCO2 in reducing the uncertainty of terrestrial biospheric fluxes of Tropical Asia-Eurasia in TransCom cyclo-stationary inversion. The data from selected 80 global ground-based CO2 observation stations, together with two additional stations from India (i.e., Cape Rama and Sinhagad) and satellite XCO2, helps to reduce the temperate Eurasian terrestrial flux uncertainty by 23.8%, 26.4%, and 36.2%, respectively. This further improved to 54.7% by adding the newly proposed stations over India into the inversion. By separating the Indian sub-continent from temperate Eurasia (as inspired by the heterogeneity in the terrestrial ecosystems, prevailing meteorological conditions, and the orography of this vast region), the inversion evinces the capacity of existing CO2 observations to reduce the Indian terrestrial flux uncertainty by 20.5%. The largest benefit (70% reduction of annual mean uncertainty) for estimating Indian terrestrial fluxes could be achieved by combining these global observations with data from the newly proposed stations over India. The existing two stations from India suggest Temperate Eurasia as a mild source of CO2 (0.33 ± 0.57 Pg C yr-1), albeit with prominent anthropogenic influences visible in these two stations during the dry seasons. This implies that the proposed new stations should be cautiously placed to avoid such effects. The study also finds that the newly proposed stations over India also have an impact in constraining nearby oceanic CO2 fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Halder
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India; Department of Atmospheric and Space Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Yogesh K Tiwari
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India; Department of Atmospheric and Space Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India.
| | - Vinu Valsala
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India; Department of Atmospheric and Space Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - S Sijikumar
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Rajesh Janardanan
- Satellite Observation Center, Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shamil Maksyutov
- Satellite Observation Center, Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
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Metya A, Datye A, Chakraborty S, Tiwari YK, Sarma D, Bora A, Gogoi N. Diurnal and seasonal variability of CO 2 and CH 4 concentration in a semi-urban environment of western India. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2931. [PMID: 33536470 PMCID: PMC7859198 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82321-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Amongst all the anthropogenically produced greenhouse gases (GHGs), carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) are the most important, owing to their maximum contribution to the net radiative forcing of the Earth. India is undergoing rapid economic development, where fossil fuel emissions have increased drastically in the last three decades. Apart from the anthropogenic activities, the GHGs dynamics in India are governed by the biospheric process and monsoon circulation; however, these aspects are not well addressed yet. Towards this, we have measured CO2 and CH4 concentration at Sinhagad, located on the Western Ghats in peninsular India. The average concentrations of CO2 and CH4 observed during the study period are 406.05 ± 6.36 and 1.97 ± 0.07 ppm (µ ± 1σ), respectively. They also exhibit significant seasonal variabilities at this site. CH4 (CO2) attains its minimum concentration during monsoon (post-monsoon), whereas CO2 (CH4) reaches its maximum concentration during pre-monsoon (post-monsoon). CO2 poses significant diurnal variations in monsoon and post-monsoon. However, CH4 exhibits a dual-peak like pattern in pre-monsoon. The study suggests that the GHG dynamics in the western region of India are significantly influenced by monsoon circulation, especially during the summer season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abirlal Metya
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, MoES, Pune, 411008, India
- Department of Atmospheric and Space Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Amey Datye
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, MoES, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Supriyo Chakraborty
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, MoES, Pune, 411008, India.
- Department of Atmospheric and Space Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India.
| | - Yogesh K Tiwari
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, MoES, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Dipankar Sarma
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, MoES, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Abhijit Bora
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur Central University, Tezpur, India
| | - Nirmali Gogoi
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur Central University, Tezpur, India
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Chhabra A, Gohel A. Dynamics of atmospheric carbon dioxide over different land cover types in India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 191:799. [PMID: 31989313 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7681-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study presents an analysis of high-resolution space borne retrievals of the column-averaged dry-air mole fraction of carbon dioxide [Formula: see text] and the role of vegetation in controlling atmospheric CO2 dynamics over the Indian region. Nadir and glint mode [Formula: see text] retrievals from the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) spectrometer for the period September 2014-July 2017 are studied with satellite-derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and rainfall over different land cover types. The atmospheric [Formula: see text] variability shows a strong negative correlation with satellite-derived NDVI. Higher rainfall favours the vegetative growth and photosynthetic activity, thus lowers atmospheric [Formula: see text] concentration. The mean monthly [Formula: see text] over terrestrial region of India is observed as 400.18 ± 3.85 ppm with seasonal variations over different land cover types. The correlation of [Formula: see text] with NDVI over mixed forest and deciduous broadleaf forest types was estimated as - 0.86, - 0.76 (p < 0.01), respectively. The study could also highlight strong seasonal [Formula: see text] variability at higher latitudinal zones of India. It is significant to note that space-based observations indicate that atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have surpassed a significant milestone of 400 ppm in recent times. The study provides significant inputs towards improving our understanding of terrestrial biogeochemical carbon cycle over India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abha Chhabra
- Space Applications Centre, Indian Space Research Organisation, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380 015, India.
| | - Ankit Gohel
- Government Arts and Science College, Patdi, Surendranagar, Patdi, Gujarat, India
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9
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Country-Scale Analysis of Methane Emissions with a High-Resolution Inverse Model Using GOSAT and Surface Observations. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12030375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We employed a global high-resolution inverse model to optimize the CH4 emission using Greenhouse gas Observing Satellite (GOSAT) and surface observation data for a period from 2011–2017 for the two main source categories of anthropogenic and natural emissions. We used the Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR v4.3.2) for anthropogenic methane emission and scaled them by country to match the national inventories reported to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Wetland and soil sink prior fluxes were simulated using the Vegetation Integrative Simulator of Trace gases (VISIT) model. Biomass burning prior fluxes were provided by the Global Fire Assimilation System (GFAS). We estimated a global total anthropogenic and natural methane emissions of 340.9 Tg CH4 yr−1 and 232.5 Tg CH4 yr−1, respectively. Country-scale analysis of the estimated anthropogenic emissions showed that all the top-emitting countries showed differences with their respective inventories to be within the uncertainty range of the inventories, confirming that the posterior anthropogenic emissions did not deviate from nationally reported values. Large countries, such as China, Russia, and the United States, had the mean estimated emission of 45.7 ± 8.6, 31.9 ± 7.8, and 29.8 ± 7.8 Tg CH4 yr−1, respectively. For natural wetland emissions, we estimated large emissions for Brazil (39.8 ± 12.4 Tg CH4 yr−1), the United States (25.9 ± 8.3 Tg CH4 yr−1), Russia (13.2 ± 9.3 Tg CH4 yr−1), India (12.3 ± 6.4 Tg CH4 yr−1), and Canada (12.2 ± 5.1 Tg CH4 yr−1). In both emission categories, the major emitting countries all had the model corrections to emissions within the uncertainty range of inventories. The advantages of the approach used in this study were: (1) use of high-resolution transport, useful for simulations near emission hotspots, (2) prior anthropogenic emissions adjusted to the UNFCCC reports, (3) combining surface and satellite observations, which improves the estimation of both natural and anthropogenic methane emissions over spatial scale of countries.
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Atmospheric observations show accurate reporting and little growth in India's methane emissions. Nat Commun 2017; 8:836. [PMID: 29018226 PMCID: PMC5635116 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00994-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in tropical wetland, ruminant or rice emissions are thought to have played a role in recent variations in atmospheric methane (CH4) concentrations. India has the world’s largest ruminant population and produces ~ 20% of the world’s rice. Therefore, changes in these sources could have significant implications for global warming. Here, we infer India’s CH4 emissions for the period 2010–2015 using a combination of satellite, surface and aircraft data. We apply a high-resolution atmospheric transport model to simulate data from these platforms to infer fluxes at sub-national scales and to quantify changes in rice emissions. We find that average emissions over this period are 22.0 (19.6–24.3) Tg yr−1, which is consistent with the emissions reported by India to the United Framework Convention on Climate Change. Annual emissions have not changed significantly (0.2 ± 0.7 Tg yr−1) between 2010 and 2015, suggesting that major CH4 sources did not change appreciably. These findings are in contrast to another major economy, China, which has shown significant growth in recent years due to increasing fossil fuel emissions. However, the trend in a global emission inventory has been overestimated for China due to incorrect rate of fossil fuel growth. Here, we find growth has been overestimated in India but likely due to ruminant and waste sectors. India’s methane emissions have been quantified using atmospheric measurements to provide an independent comparison with reported emissions. Here Ganesan et al. find that derived methane emissions are consistent with India’s reports and no significant trend has been observed between 2010–2015.
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Revadekar JV, Ravi Kumar K, Tiwari YK, Valsala V. Variability in AIRS CO2 during active and break phases of Indian summer monsoon. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 541:1200-1207. [PMID: 26476061 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Due to human activities, the atmospheric concentration of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) has been rising extensively since the Industrial Revolution. Indian summer monsoon (ISM) has a dominant westerly component from ocean to land with a strong tendency to ascend and hence may have role in CO2 distribution in lower and middle troposphere over Indian sub-continent. A substantial component of ISM variability arises from the fluctuations on the intra-seasonal scale between active and break phases which correspond to strong and weak monsoon circulation. In view of the above, an attempt is made in this study to examine the AIRS/AQUA satellite retrieved CO2 distribution in response to atmospheric circulation with focus on active and break phase. Correlation analysis indicates the increase in AIRS CO2 linked with strong monsoon circulation. Study also reveals that anomalous circulation pattern during active and break phase show resemblance with high and low values of AIRS CO2. Homogeneous monsoon regions of India show substantial increase in CO2 levels during active phase. Hilly regions of India show strong contrast in CO2 and vertical velocity during active and break phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Revadekar
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India
| | - K Ravi Kumar
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India; National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
| | | | - Vinu Valsala
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India
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