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He Y, Liu WJ, Jia N, Richardson S, Huang C. Viral respiratory infections in a rapidly changing climate: the need to prepare for the next pandemic. EBioMedicine 2023:104593. [PMID: 37169688 PMCID: PMC10363434 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral respiratory infections (VRIs) cause seasonal epidemics and pandemics, with their transmission influenced by climate conditions. Despite the risks posed by novel VRIs, the relationships between climate change and VRIs remain poorly understood. In this review, we synthesized existing literature to explore the connections between changes in meteorological conditions, extreme weather events, long-term climate warming, and seasonal outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics of VRIs from an interdisciplinary perspective. We proposed a comprehensive conceptual framework highlighting the potential biological, socioeconomic, and ecological mechanisms underlying the impact of climate change on VRIs. Our findings suggested that climate change increases the risk of VRI emergence and transmission by affecting the biology of viruses, host susceptibility, human behavior, and environmental conditions of both society and ecosystems. Further interdisciplinary research is needed to address the dual challenge of climate change and pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucong He
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute of Healthy China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - William J Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Na Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Sol Richardson
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Cunrui Huang
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute of Healthy China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Kravchenko LB, Rogovin KA. Seasonal variation of immune response to heterologous erythrocytes in natural populations of red-backed ( Clethrionomys rutilus) and gray-sided ( C. rufocanus) voles in Western Siberia. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9178. [PMID: 35949522 PMCID: PMC9353018 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the seasonal variation of adaptive humoral immunity (AHI) in northern red-backed vole (Clethrionomys rutilus Pallas, 1779, RBV) and gray-sided vole (C. rufocanus Sundevall, 1846, GSV) in Tomsk region of Western Siberia. Immunoresponsiveness (IR) to sheep red blood cells was assessed by the number of antibody-producing cells in the spleen. The use of a generalized linear model to analyze the effects of species, sex, year of research, and season of withdrawal of individuals from nature on IR showed a significant effect of species identity, season of animal capture, and the interaction of species with season. The RBV demonstrated higher immune responses during a year, and both species had higher IR in winter. Suppression of IR in spring was greater, started earlier, and lasted longer (March-May) in GSV. In RBV, immunosuppression was restricted to April. The significant negative within year correlations of IR with body mass and masses of reproductive organs in GSV indicated a trade-off between AHI and growth and reproduction processes. A probable explanation for the difference between species in the seasonal variation of AHI may be related to the difference in tropho-energetic requirements of each vole species. GSV is a predominantly herbivorous rodent and its thermoregulation seems less efficient than of RBV. The deeper spring immunosuppression in GSV may explain in part its higher mortality during the season of colds.
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Respiratory Syncytial Virus: New Challenges for Molecular Epidemiology Surveillance and Vaccination Strategy in Patients with ILI/SARI. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9111334. [PMID: 34835265 PMCID: PMC8622394 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several respiratory pathogens are responsible for influenza-like illness (ILI) and severe respiratory infections (SARI), among which human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) represents one of the most common aetiologies. We analysed the hRSV prevalence among subjects with ILI or SARI during the five influenza seasons before the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Sicily (Italy). Respiratory specimens from ILI outpatients and SARI inpatients were collected in the framework of the Italian Network for the Influenza Surveillance and molecularly tested for hRSV-A and hRSV-B. Overall, 8.1% of patients resulted positive for hRSV. Prevalence peaked in the age-groups <5 years old (range: 17.6–19.1%) and ≥50 years old (range: 4.8–5.1%). While the two subgroups co-circulated throughout the study period, hRSV-B was slightly predominant over hRSV-A, except for the season 2019–2020 when hRSV-A strongly prevailed (82.9%). In the community setting, the distribution of hRSV subgroups was balanced (47.8% vs. 49.7% for hRSV-A and hRSV-B, respectively), while most infections identified in the hospital setting were caused by hRSV-B (69.5%); also, this latter one was more represented among hRSV cases with underlying diseases, as well as among those who developed a respiratory complication. The molecular surveillance of hRSV infections may provide a valuable insight into the epidemiological features of ILI/SARI. Our findings add new evidence to the existing knowledge on viral aetiology of ILI and SARI in support of public health strategies and may help to define high-risk categories that could benefit from currently available and future vaccines.
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Sly PD, Vilcins D. Climate impacts on air quality and child health and wellbeing: Implications for Oceania. J Paediatr Child Health 2021; 57:1805-1810. [PMID: 34792251 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.15650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite the enormous gains in reducing child mortality resulting from the United Nations Millennium Development Goals, in some ways children's future wellbeing has never been under greater threat. Climate and environmental change, primarily driven by poor air quality, represents a major threat to child health and wellbeing, through both direct and indirect effects. Climate change has multiple environmental consequences impacting negatively on child health and wellbeing, including increases in ambient temperature, rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) , altered distribution of rainfall, ocean warming, rising sea level and more frequent and severe adverse weather events. Multiple pathways link these exposures to a wide variety of adverse health outcomes. Countries in Oceania are especially likely to be subjected to the effects of increases in ambient temperature, altered distribution of rainfall, ocean warming and sea level rise. These changes pose a significant risk to children and provide a moral imperative for us to act to protect child health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Sly
- Child Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dwan Vilcins
- Child Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Darniot M, Pitoiset C, Millière L, Aho-Glélé LS, Florentin E, Bour JB, Manoha C. Different meteorological parameters influence metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus activity. J Clin Virol 2018; 104:77-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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The epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus: A retrospective review from Steve Biko Academic Hospital 2013 - 2016. Afr J Thorac Crit Care Med 2018; 24:10.7196/AJTCCM.2017.v24i1.163. [PMID: 34541489 PMCID: PMC8432915 DOI: 10.7196/ajtccm.2017.v24i1.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis is a seasonal disease that has an enormous burden on health systems across the world. RSV disease manifestations in children range from mild upper respiratory tract infections to severe lower respiratory tract infections, including pneumonia and bronchiolitis. In South Africa, the seasonality of RSV disease causing both upper and lower respiratory tract illness is well documented. OBJECTIVES To describe the incidence of RSV bronchiolitis among patients ≤24 months of age who presented to a tertiary institution with a diagnosed viral bronchiolitis over a 4-year period. Secondary aims included determining: (i) the risk factors for the development of RSV bronchiolitis; (ii) the fatality rates and risk factors associated with mortality; (iii) the correlation with c-reactive protein values and risk of comorbid bacterial infection; and (iv) the impact of seasonality on RSV incidence. METHODS A retrospective chart-based analysis of laboratory-confirmed RSV cases in children ≤24 months, presenting to Steve Biko Academic Hospital from January 2013 to December 2016, was undertaken. Epidemiology, risk factors and local weather data were collected as part of the analysis. RESULTS During the 4-year period, a total of 1 127 nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) was collected. RSV was isolated from 162 NPAs by either immunofluorescence (84%) or polymerase chain reaction (16%). Of the 162 patients with RSV bronchiolitis, 131 (80.9%) had a known HIV status. Only 2 (1.5%) of the patients whose status was known were HIV-infected; 26 (19.8%) were HIV-exposed and confirmed negative; and 103 (78.6%) HIV-unexposed. Forty-nine patients (30.2%) with RSV required intensive care unit (ICU, either paediatric or neonatal) admission. Thirty-four (69.4%) of these were <6 months old. Prematurity (27.8%) and cardiac lesions (13%) were the most common risk factors for acquiring the disease identified in patients with RSV bronchiolitis. CONCLUSION RSV is still a commonly detected virus among infants who are admitted for bronchiolitis. Significant risk factors associated with admission due to RSV bronchiolitis were prematurity, being <6 months of age and congenital cardiac disease. Male gender and HIV status did not appear to increase the risk of RSV bronchiolitis. In fact, HIV seems to have a protective effect against specifically RSV bronchiolitis in children <2 years of age. Young babies, especially premature infants with RSV bronchiolitis, are at considerable risk of requiring ICU admission, which leads to a significant increase in admission costs.
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Meteorological factors and respiratory syncytial virus seasonality in subtropical Australia. Epidemiol Infect 2018; 146:757-762. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268818000614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractEvidence is emerging regarding the influence of meteorological factors on seasonal respiratory syncytial virus outbreaks. Data however, are limited for subtropical regions, especially in the southern hemisphere. We examined whether meteorological data (daily minimum and maximum temperatures, rainfall, relative humidity, dew point, daily global solar exposure) and tourist numbers were associated with the incidence of RSV in children aged <5 years for the Gold Coast region of South-East Queensland, Australia (latitude 28.0°S). RSV cases between 1 July 2007 and 30 June 2016 were identified from the Pathology Queensland Gold Coast Laboratory database. Time-series methods were used to identify seasonal patterns. RSV activity peaked in mid-to-late autumn (April–May), tapering in winter (June–August). While most meteorological variables measured were associated with RSV incidence, rainfall (ρ = 0.40, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.32–0.48) and humidity (ρ = 0.38, 95% CI 0.29–0.46) 8 weeks earlier had the nearest temporal relationship. Tourist numbers were not correlated with RSV activity. Identifying meteorological conditions associated with seasonal RSV epidemics can improve understanding of virus transmission and assist planning for their impact upon the health sector, including timing of passive RSV immunoprophylaxis for high-risk infants and future public health interventions, such as maternal immunisation with RSV vaccines.
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Pangesti KNA, Abd El Ghany M, Walsh MG, Kesson AM, Hill-Cawthorne GA. Molecular epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus. Rev Med Virol 2018; 28. [PMID: 29377415 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of viral acute respiratory tract infections in young children. The virus is characterised by distinct seasonality that is dependent upon the latitude and its ability to cause reinfection. Respiratory syncytial virus demonstrates a complex molecular epidemiology pattern as multiple strains and/or genotypes cocirculate during a single epidemic. Previous studies have investigated the relationship between RSV genetic diversity, reinfection, and clinical features. Here, we review the evidence behind this relationship together with the impact that the advancement of whole genome sequencing will have upon our understanding and the need for reconsidering the classification of RSV genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moataz Abd El Ghany
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael G Walsh
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alison M Kesson
- Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Grant A Hill-Cawthorne
- School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Fagan P, McLeod C, Baird RW. Seasonal variability of respiratory syncytial virus infection in the Top End of the Northern Territory (2012-2014). J Paediatr Child Health 2017; 53:43-46. [PMID: 27671992 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.13303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine the prevalence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in the Top End of the Northern Territory and investigate potential drivers of seasonality including rainfall and humidex (humidity and heat index). METHODS We performed a retrospective audit of laboratory confirmed cases of RSV from January 2012 to August 2014. Demographic details including age, sex and ethnicity were examined. RSV cases were correlated with monthly rainfall and humidex. RESULTS There were 272 positive isolates detected from 4305 clinical samples (positivity rate 6.3%). The majority of cases occurred in children <12 months (n = 151, 55.5%), with a higher burden of disease seen in Indigenous compared to non-Indigenous infants in this age category (P < 0.005). The prevalence of RSV in the 0-5 years age category was 58/10 000 children per annum. Indigenous patients had higher prevalence rates (88.8/10 000 population per annum) and younger onset of infection (7.5 months; Interquartile range (IQR) 3-19 months compared to 13 months for non-Indigenous children; IQR 5 months to 2.4 years). RSV cases correlated most strongly with rainfall in the preceding month (r = 0.72). CONCLUSIONS The Top End of the Northern Territory has a distinct RSV season that correlates with rainfall and humidex, which differs from Southern Australian disease patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Fagan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Charlie McLeod
- Microbiology Department, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Robert W Baird
- Department of Molecular Biology, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
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Ye Q, Fu JF, Mao JH, Shang SQ. Haze is a risk factor contributing to the rapid spread of respiratory syncytial virus in children. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:20178-20185. [PMID: 27439752 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7228-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated whether respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in children was associated with ambient temperature and air pollutants in Hangzhou, China. A distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) was used to estimate the effects of daily meteorological data and air pollutants on the incidence of RSV infection among children. A total of 3650 childhood RSV infection cases were included in the study. The highest air pollutant concentrations were in January to May and October to December during the year. The yearly RSV-positive rate was 10.0 % among children with an average age of 4.3 months. The highest RSV-positive rate occurred among patients 0 to 3 months old. Children under 6.5 months old accounted for 80 % of the total patients infected by RSV. A negative correlation was found between ambient temperature and RSV infection, and it was strongest with minimum ambient temperature (r = -0.804, P < 0.001). There was a positive correlation between the infection rate and the particulate matter (PM) 2.5 (r = 0.446, P < 0.001), PM10 (r = 0.397, P < 0.001), SO2 (r = 0.389, P < 0.001), NO2 (r = 0.365, P < 0.001) and CO (r = 0.532, P < 0.001). The current study suggested that temperature was an important factor associated with RSV infection among children in Hangzhou. Air pollutants significantly increased the risk of RSV infection with dosage, lag and cumulative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ye
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Neonatal Diseases, The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Fen Fu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Neonatal Diseases, The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Hua Mao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Neonatal Diseases, The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Qiang Shang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Neonatal Diseases, The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
- Clinical Laboratory, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Serologic cross-reactions between nucleocapsid proteins of human respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53:1609-15. [PMID: 25740767 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.03649-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) share virologic and epidemiologic features and cause clinically similar respiratory illness predominantly in young children. In a previous study of acute febrile respiratory illness in Bangladesh, we tested paired serum specimens from 852 children presenting fever and cough for diagnostic increases in titers of antibody to hRSV and hMPV by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Unexpectedly, of 93 serum pairs that showed a ≥ 4-fold increase in titers of antibody to hRSV, 24 (25.8%) showed a concurrent increase in titers of antibody to hMPV; of 91 pairs showing an increase to hMPV, 13 (14.3%) showed a concurrent increase to hRSV. We speculated that common antigens shared by these viruses explain this finding. Since the nucleocapsid (N) proteins of these viruses show the greatest sequence homology, we tested hyperimmune antisera prepared for each virus against baculovirus-expressed recombinant N (recN) proteins for potential cross-reactivity. The antisera were reciprocally reactive with both proteins. To localize common antigenic regions, we first expressed the carboxy domain of the hMPV N protein that was the most highly conserved region within the hRSV N protein. Although reciprocally reactive with antisera by Western blotting, this truncated protein did not react with hMPV IgG-positive human sera by EIA. Using 5 synthetic peptides that spanned the amino-terminal portion of the hMPV N protein, we identified a single peptide that was cross-reactive with human sera positive for either virus. Antiserum prepared for this peptide was reactive with recN proteins of both viruses, indicating that a common immunoreactive site exists in this region.
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Abstract
Influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are similarly structured viruses with similar environmental survival, but different routes of transmission. While RSV is transmitted predominantly by direct and indirect contact, influenza is also transmitted by aerosol. The cold, dry conditions of temperate winters appear to encourage the transmission of both viruses, by increasing influenza virus survival in aerosols, and increasing influenza and RSV survival on surfaces. In contrast, the hot, wet conditions of tropical rainy seasons appear to discourage aerosol transmission of influenza, by reducing the amount of influenza virus that is aerosolized, and probably also by reducing influenza survival in aerosol. The wet conditions of tropical rainy seasons may, however, encourage contact transmission of both viruses, by increasing the amount of virus that is deposited on surfaces, and by increasing virus survival in droplets on surfaces. This evidence suggests that the increased incidence of influenza and RSV in tropical rainy seasons may be due to increased contact transmission. This hypothesis is consistent with the observation that tropical rainy seasons appear to encourage the transmission of RSV more than influenza. More research is required to examine the environmental survival of respiratory viruses in the high humidity and temperature of the tropics.
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