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Xie W, Li W, Wang P, Hao Y, Chen B, Hu L, Wang T, Zhang Q, Liang Y, Jiang G. Unexpected Dioxin Formation During Digestion of Soil with Oxidizing Acids. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:14717-14725. [PMID: 37682840 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Dioxins, such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), are among the most toxic unintentionally produced persistent organic pollutants, and their emission is of great concern. Herein, we discovered abundant dioxin formation in soil and various organic carbon-containing matrices after digestion with aqua regia. Σ17PCDD/Fs concentrations were in the range of 66.6-142,834 pg/g dw (5.6-17,021 pg WHO2005-TEQ/g dw) in 19 soil samples after digestion with aqua regia for 6 h. Σ17PCDD/Fs concentration was significantly and positively correlated with soil organic carbon content (R2 = 0.89; p < 0.01). Compared with cellulose and lignin, humic acid served as an important organic matter component that was converted to PCDD/Fs during soil digestion. Strong oxidation and production of reactive chlorine by aqua regia may be the key factors in the formation of PCDD/Fs. The yearly emission of PCDD/Fs due to digestion with strong acids by the inspection and testing industry was estimated to be 83.8 g TEQ in China in 2021 based on the highest level, which was ∼0.9% of the total dioxin inventory in China. Great attention should be paid to unexpected dioxin formation during digestion processes considering the potential risk of release from laboratories and enterprises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Xie
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Wenjuan Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Pu Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Yanfen Hao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Bolei Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Ligang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Thanh Wang
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden
- Department of Thematic Studies─Environmental Change (TemaM), Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Jin R, Liu G, Zhou X, Zhang Z, Lin B, Liu Y, Qi Z, Zheng M. Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives in environment. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.116942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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3
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Du R, Luo X, Huang Y, Chen L, Huang Z, Mao X, Liang Y, Zhang Q, Wang P. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in lotus from a lake historically polluted by the chlor-alkali industry: Occurrence, organ distribution and health risk from dietary intake. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 292:118395. [PMID: 34687778 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the organ distribution and exposure risk from dietary intake of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were investigated for lotus collected from Ya-er Lake, a lake in Hubei Province, Central China that was historically polluted by the chlor-alkali industry. The highest concentrations of PCDD/Fs were found in the main and fibrous lotus roots, with mean values of 48.9 ± 90.1 pg/g and 94.6 ± 143 pg/g, respectively. In all the investigated samples, Octa-CDD (OCDD) and Octa-CDF (OCDF) were the predominant congeners, at 26% and 17% of Σ17 PCDD/Fs, respectively, followed by 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF (9%). The distribution ratios of PCDD/Fs in adjacent lotus organs indicated that PCDD/Fs accumulated easily in edible organs, such as lotus seeds, membrane and leaves. The WHO-TEQ in the edible lotus organs and the probable daily intake (PDI) of lotus products by residents were calculated: the toxic equivalents in the lotus fruit parts reached a mean of 2 pg WHO-TEQ2005/g dw, and the mean weekly intake of lotus products for adolescents living around Ya-er Lake was 2.3 pg WHO-TEQ/kg bw/week. These results suggested that long-term consumption of lotus products from Ya-er Lake presents a health hazard to residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Du
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Fume and Dust Pollution Control, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China
| | - Xi Luo
- Changjiang Institute of Survey, Planning, Design and Research, Wuhan, 430010, China
| | - Yani Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Fume and Dust Pollution Control, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China
| | - Lufeng Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Fume and Dust Pollution Control, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China
| | - Zichun Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Fume and Dust Pollution Control, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China
| | - Xiaowei Mao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Fume and Dust Pollution Control, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Fume and Dust Pollution Control, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Pu Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Fume and Dust Pollution Control, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China.
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Kannan VM, Gopikrishna VG, Saritha VK, Krishnan KP, Mohan M. PCDD/Fs, dioxin-like, and non-dioxin like PCBs in the sediments of high Arctic fjords, Svalbard. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 174:113277. [PMID: 34995883 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) are highly toxic organic compounds, and very few studies on their presence in polar environments have been conducted. This study assessed the concentration and distribution of PCDD/Fs, dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs), and non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in selected fjords of the Svalbard archipelago in Norway. The ∑PCDD/Fs observed for Raudfjorden, Smeerenburgfjorden, Magdalenefjorden, and Kongsfjorden were 22.80 pg/g, 25.65 pg/g, 18.27 pg/g, 33.50 pg/g, and 21.69 pg/g, respectively. The WHO's toxic equivalents values of both ∑PCDD/Fs and ∑DL-PCBs were comparatively higher than those reported in other polar regions. Of the four fjords studied, the sediments from Kongsfjorden exhibited the presence of the most toxic materials, including PCB-126 and PCB-169, of DL-PCBs. More than 80% of the total analysed PCDD/Fs were comprised of highly chlorinated congeners (hexa-to-octa forms). More studies are required to understand the destination and transport of these hazardous pollutants in high Arctic sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Kannan
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala 686560, India
| | - V G Gopikrishna
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala 686560, India
| | - V K Saritha
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala 686560, India
| | - K P Krishnan
- National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Goa 403802, India
| | - Mahesh Mohan
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala 686560, India; International Centre for Polar Studies, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala 686560, India.
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5
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Pouch A, Zaborska A, Pazdro K. Levels of dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in seawater from the Hornsund fjord (SW Svalbard). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 162:111917. [PMID: 33321304 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of contaminant distribution is important, particularly in the vulnerable first results about the occurrence of seventeen polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans and twelve dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in arctic fjord seawater are reported. The contaminants were measured in 10 samples of suspended particulate matter collected in Hornsund (Svalbard). The ∑PCDD/F and ∑dl-PCB concentrations ranged from 0.066 to 231.47 pg/L and from 2.43 to 46.43 pg/L respectively. In terms of total PCDD/Fs, in general highly chlorinated PCDFs constituted the most significant fraction. Among dl-PCB compounds, PCB118 was the dominant congener. The toxicity equivalent for the samples ranged from 0.0008 to 1.90 pg I-TEQ/L for ∑PCDD/Fs, while for ∑dl-PCB it ranged from 0.0002 to 0.024 pg WHO05-TEQ/L. High concentrations of dioxins and dl-PCBs in some samples indicated that those contaminants could pose a threat to marine biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pouch
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland.
| | - Agata Zaborska
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Ksenia Pazdro
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
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Kobusińska ME, Lewandowski KK, Panasiuk A, Łęczyński L, Urbaniak M, Ossowski T, Niemirycz E. Precursors of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in Arctic and Antarctic marine sediments: Environmental concern in the face of climate change. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 260:127605. [PMID: 32688319 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) and their precursors - pentachlorophenol (PCP) and triclosan (TCS), constitute a group of persistent, highly toxic multimedia pollutants, being easily transported via atmosphere over long distances, thus particularly threatening to the polar areas. The global fate of PCDD/Fs is temperature-dependent, and their transfer and immobilization at the Poles are described by the grasshopper effect and the cold trap phenomenon. The aim of this interdisciplinary study was to perform a preliminary assessment of the present state of pollution of Arctic and Antarctic marine sediments by PCP and TCS along with determination of PCDD/Fs contamination by immunoassay. Sediments from 20 stations were collected during two polar expeditions (2013-2016). The study area covered Hornsund Fjord and the southwest coast of Wedel-Jarlsberg Land (Arctic) - Skodde Bay, Nottingham Bay, Isbjørnhamna Bay and Admiralty Bay (Antarctica) - Suszczewski Cove, Halfmoon Cove and Herve Cove. The studied contaminants were quantified in 60% of the collected sediments, with almost half exceeding the environmentally safe levels according European regulations and worldwide literature. The determined levels of PCP, TCS and PCDD/F in Arctic and Antarctic sediments were to be comparable to those reported in the southern Baltic Sea located in the intense industrialized mid-latitudes. Maximum concentrations were observed in the vicinity of retreating, marine terminating glaciers. This observation confirms reemission of POPs into the global cycle with respect to the worldwide ocean warming. The results of this study should gain attention of the international and regional environmental agencies as well as the main chlorine production decision makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ewelina Kobusińska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Konrad Lewandowski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Panasiuk
- Department of Marine Plankton Research, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdansk, Al. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Leszek Łęczyński
- Department of Marine Geology, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdansk, Al. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Magdalena Urbaniak
- European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Tylna 3, 90 364, Lodz, Poland; UNESCO Chair on Ecohydrology and Applied Ecology, University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Ossowski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Niemirycz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
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7
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Terzaghi E, Vergani L, Mapelli F, Borin S, Raspa G, Zanardini E, Morosini C, Anelli S, Nastasio P, Sale VM, Armiraglio S, Di Guardo A. New Data Set of Polychlorinated Dibenzo- p-dioxin and Dibenzofuran Half-Lives: Natural Attenuation and Rhizoremediation Using Several Common Plant Species in a Weathered Contaminated Soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:10000-10011. [PMID: 32687327 PMCID: PMC8009521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a new data set of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran (PCDD/Fs) half-lives (HLs) in soil is presented. Data are derived from a greenhouse experiment performed with an aged contaminated soil under semi-field conditions, obtained from a National Relevance Site (SIN) located in Northern Italy (SIN Brescia-Caffaro). Ten different treatments (combination of seven plant species with different soil conditions) were considered together with the respective controls (soil without plants). The ability of the plants to stimulate the biodegradation of these compounds was evaluated by measuring the PCDD/F concentration reduction in soil over a period of 18 months. The formation of new bound residues was excluded by using roots as a passive sampler of bioaccessible concentrations. The best treatment which significantly reduced PCDD/F concentrations in soil was the one with Festuca arundinacea (about 11-24% reduction, depending on the congener). These decreases reflected in HLs ranging from 2.5 to 5.8 years. Simulations performed with a dynamic air-vegetation-soil model (SoilPlusVeg) confirmed that these HLs were substantially due to biodegradation rather than other loss processes. Because no coherent PCDD/F degradation HL data sets are currently available for soil, they could substantially improve the predictions of soil remediation time, long-range transport, and food chain transfer of these chemicals using multimedia fate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Terzaghi
- DiSAT, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, Como 22100, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Vergani
- DeFENS, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, Milan 20133, Italy
| | | | - Sara Borin
- DeFENS, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Raspa
- DICMA, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, Rome 00184, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Stefano Armiraglio
- Municipality
of Brescia—Museum of Natural Sciences, Via Ozanam 4, Brescia 25128, Italy
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Lei R, Liu W, Wu X, Ni T, Jia T. A review of levels and profiles of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in different environmental media from China. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 239:124685. [PMID: 31521928 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This review provides a summary of the levels and profiles of PCDD/Fs throughout China, as reported in peer reviewed literatures since 1997. The literature shows that PCDD/Fs are widespread in various environmental media including air, water, sediment, and soil. PCDD/Fs concentrations in air were relatively low in most regions, with only a few areas considered polluted. Many studies reported seasonal trends, with higher and lower concentrations in winter and summer, respectively. We analyzed the factors affecting the concentrations of dioxins in air and summarized the causes of seasonal changes. As hydrophobic organic compounds, PCDD/Fs readily accumulate in sediments. The distribution of dioxins in sediment in Bohai Sea area was mainly introduced and the factors affecting concentrations of dioxins were studied. The levels of dioxins in soil in different regions varied greatly, with higher levels in areas close to pollution sources. We examined the dioxins concentrations in soil in places where the levels were very low (including the Tibet Plateau and other remote areas), contaminated areas, and other areas. Apart from the contaminated areas, the dioxins concentrations in soil were low. The results of the relatively low number of studies that have investigated PCDD/Fs in water have reported no obvious pollution in some waters, apart from Dongting Lake. PCDD/Fs levels across China are similar to those worldwide. Point sources, mainly related to local geographic, economic, and historical factors, were the most common source of contamination. E-waste dismantling and chemical production has the greatest impact on PCDD/Fs in different media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Taotao Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Tianqi Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
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Hsu YC, Que DE, Gou YY, Tsou TC, Liu CK, Wang YL, Hou WC, Lin YH, Liu WY, Chao HR, Lee WJ. National surveillance of 2,3,7,8-substituted polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans in soil in Taiwan. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 203:239-252. [PMID: 29621680 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/furan (PCDD/F) levels in 381 soil samples coming from different background areas (n = 238) and contaminated areas (n = 143) in Taiwan were investigated from 2011 to 2015 using high resolution gas chromatograph/high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). The contaminated areas showed higher PCDD/F contamination as compared to the background areas (1230 vs 749 pg/g dry weight (dw)); 14.0 vs 6.25 pg WHO2005-TEQ/g dw). The lowest levels were recorded in the outlying islands (1.28 pg WHO2005-TEQ/g dw). PCDD/F congener distribution profiles in the background and contaminated areas as well as on the islands varied. OCDD was the dominant congener in almost all locations, including the northern background (87.7%) and central contaminated (74.2%) areas. Other dominant species included OCDF and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD. Levels of PCDD/F-TEQs in Taiwanese soils, including the background areas, were higher than in some developing countries and regions with global background levels due to high industrialization except for the contaminated areas. Geographic differences in dioxin-contaminated soils were also shown in this study. Higher soil dioxin-TEQs were observed in locations with high populations and population densities. Despite the limitations, the economic status of Taiwan represented by the annual averaged family income (AAFI) was positively correlated to soil dioxin-TEQs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chyun Hsu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kun Shan University, Yung-Kang Dist., Tainan City 710, Taiwan
| | - Danielle E Que
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 710, Taiwan
| | - Yan-You Gou
- Emerging Compounds Research Center, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung County 912, Taiwan
| | - Tsui-Chun Tsou
- National Institute of Environmental Health Science, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Kun Liu
- Emerging Compounds Research Center, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung County 912, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ling Wang
- Emerging Compounds Research Center, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung County 912, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Che Hou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 710, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsien Lin
- Department of Plant Medicine, College of Agriculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung County 912, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yao Liu
- MWH Americas Inc., Taiwan Branch, Taipei City 100, Taiwan
| | - How-Ran Chao
- Emerging Compounds Research Center, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung County 912, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Jhy Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 710, Taiwan
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Kim K, Jeon HJ, Choi SD, Tsang DCW, Oleszczuk P, Ok YS, Lee HS, Lee SE. Combined toxicity of endosulfan and phenanthrene mixtures and induced molecular changes in adult Zebrafish (Danio rerio). CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 194:30-41. [PMID: 29197246 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Individual and combined toxicities of endosulfan (ENDO) with phenanthrene (PHE) were evaluated using zebrafish (Danio rerio) adults. The 96-h LC50 values for ENDO and PHE were 4.6 μg L-1 and 920 μg L-1, respectively. To evaluate the mixture toxicity, LC10 and LC50 concentrations were grouped into four combinations as ENDO-LC10 + PHE-LC10, ENDO-LC10 + PHE-LC50, ENDO-LC50 + PHE-LC10, and ENDO-LC50 + PHE-LC50, and their acute toxicities were determined. The combination of LC50-ENDO and LC10-PHE exhibited a synergistic effect. In addition, acetylcholinesterase activity decreased in zebrafish bodies exposed to ENDO with or without PHE. Combined treatments induced higher glutathione S-transferase activity compared to individual treatments. Carboxylesterase activity increased in both heads and bodies of ENDO-treated fishes compared with PHE-treated fishes. Using RT-qPCR technique, CYP1A gene expression significantly up-regulated in all combinations, whereas CYP3A was unchanged, suggesting that enzymes involved in defense may play different roles in the detoxification. CYP7A1 gene responsible for bile acid biosynthesis is dramatically down-regulated after exposure to the synergistic combination exposure, referring that the synergistic effect may be resulted from the reduction of bile production in zebrafishes. Among gender-related genes, CYP11A1 and CYP17A1 genes in female zebrafish decreased after treatment with ENDO alone and combination of LC50-ENDO and LC10-PHE. This might be related to a reduction in cortisol production. The overall results indicated that ENDO and PHE were toxic to zebrafish adults both individually and in combination, and that their co-presence induced changes in the expression of genes responsible for metabolic processes and defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeongnam Kim
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwang-Ju Jeon
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Patryk Oleszczuk
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Sklodowska-Curie University, Maria Curie-Sklodowska Square 3, 20-031, Lublin, Poland
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- O-Jeong Eco-Resilience Institute (OJERI), Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoi-Seon Lee
- Department of Bioenvironmental Chemistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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Zhao Y, Zhan J, Liu G, Zheng M, Jin R, Yang L, Hao L, Wu X, Zhang X, Wang P. Evaluation of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds from a cement plant using carbide slag from chlor-alkali industry as the major raw material. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 330:135-141. [PMID: 28214649 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbide slag produced from chlor-alkali industry contains high amounts of calcium compounds and can potentially be used as raw material for cement production; however, it contains large amounts of chlorine so it is essential to evaluate the emissions of chlorinated organic pollutants, including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs). A field study of the emission profiles of these pollutants in a cement plant using such slag was performed. The average concentrations of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, and PCNs in stack gases collected at the kiln back end were 6.31, 1.07, and 31.89pg TEQ m-3, respectively. PCDFs dominated over PCDDs in particulate samples. Di- to pentachlorinated biphenyls were dominant homologs in the particulate samples. MonoCBs were the dominant homolog in stack gases from the kiln back end, and homolog concentrations decreased with increasing chlorine numbers. Mono- and diCNs accounted for 48-98% of PCNs. The estimated toxic equivalents of stack gas emissions of PCNs, classified as new persistent organic pollutants under Stockholm Convention, were unexpectedly higher than those of PCDD/Fs and PCBs. A mass balance indicated that all of the toxic equivalents were reduced by this cement kiln system. The highest 2,3,7,8-PCDD/F output is with clinker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiayu Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Reuse for Building Materials, Beijing Building Materials Academy of Sciences Research, Beijing 100041, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liwei Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Reuse for Building Materials, Beijing Building Materials Academy of Sciences Research, Beijing 100041, China
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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12
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Luo S, Wei Z, Spinney R, Yang Z, Chai L, Xiao R. A novel model to predict gas-phase hydroxyl radical oxidation kinetics of polychlorinated compounds. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 172:333-340. [PMID: 28088023 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel model based on aromatic meta-substituent grouping was presented to predict the second-order rate constants (k) for OH oxidation of PCBs in gas-phase. Since the oxidation kinetics are dependent on the chlorination degree and position, we hypothesized that it may be more accurate for k value prediction if we group PCB congeners based on substitution positions (i.e., ortho (o), meta (m), and para (p)). To test this hypothesis, we examined the correlation of polarizability (α), a quantum chemical based descriptor for k values, with an empirical Hammett constant (σ+) on each substitution position. Our result shows that α is highly linearly correlated to ∑σo,m,p+ based on aromatic meta-substituents leading to the grouping based predictive model. With the new model, the calculated k values exhibited an excellent agreement with experimental measurements, and greater predictive power than the quantum chemical based quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) model. Further, the relationship of α and ∑σo,m,p+ for PCDDs congeners, together with highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) distribution, were used to validate the aromatic meta-substituent grouping method. This newly developed model features a combination of good predictability of quantum chemical based QSAR model and simplicity of Hammett relationship, showing a great potential for fast and computational tractable prediction of k values for gas-phase OH oxidation of polychlorinated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Luo
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Zongsu Wei
- Grand Water Research Institute-Rabin Desalination Laboratory, Wolfson Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Richard Spinney
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States
| | - Zhihui Yang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Liyuan Chai
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Ruiyang Xiao
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, China.
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13
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Korucu MK. PCDD/F contamination on surface soil in the vicinity of a hazardous waste incinerator: is it possible a different trend? ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:45. [PMID: 28039661 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5718-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study is the first to investigate the contamination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) on surface soils in the vicinity of the first hazardous waste incinerator of Turkey. In the study, 24 soil samples were taken from a 1625-m-radius circle whose center is the stack of the incinerator. This process was repeated 1 year later. Since the acquired average PCDD/F concentrations of the two sampling campaigns (0.05 and 0.02 ng WHO-toxic equivalent (TEQ)/kg) were meaningfully low compared to the related literatures, a new sampling campaign was carried out to control this inconsistency, but this time in a foreign laboratory (0.56 ng WHO-TEQ/kg). In the same period, eight gas samples were taken from the stack under different operational conditions of the facility. According to the evaluations of the findings, the geographical-meteorological data of the study area and the specific operational conditions of the facility corroborate the concentrations of the first and the second soil samplings rather than the third one. The major underlying reason for the inconsistency of the soil concentrations may be the fact that the data analysis procedures used by the laboratories are different. The author suggests a hypothesis which argues that the soils in the vicinity of a hazardous waste incinerator may have significantly lower concentration levels than in related literatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmut Kemal Korucu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kocaeli University, 41380, Kocaeli, Turkey.
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14
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Wu J, Lu J, Luo Y, Duan D, Zhang Z, Wen X, Min X, Guo X, Boman BJ. An overview on the organic pollution around the Qinghai-Tibet plateau: The thought-provoking situation. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 97:264-272. [PMID: 27692924 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau plays an important role in the ecological safety and human health of the surroundings due to its unique geographical position and function. Therefore, it is necessary to study the pollution status and potential risk in this area. This study summarizes the distribution of different organic pollutants in biota and environmental media of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Moreover, it also pays attention to the potential health risks of these organic pollutants. Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were the most frequently detected in different matrices. In general, the carcinogenic risks of organic pollutants were ranked in the very-low to moderate range for both children and adults. The carcinogenic risks of organic pollutants in fish, food, and water for children were 1-2 times higher than those for adults, while risks of organic pollutants in soil/sediment and in air for children were generally 10.6-16.5 and 2.6-2.8 times higher than those for adults, respectively. The maximal hazard quotient for non-carcinogenic risk was 0.95 (potential risk for children posed by organic pollutants in yak milk of Ruoergai), almost reaching an unacceptable level. Therefore, the potential health risks could not be neglected, especially for children who were more likely to be affected by the pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810008, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Lu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yongming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264003, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongping Duan
- Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810008, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong 264025, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohu Wen
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuyun Min
- Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810008, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoying Guo
- Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810008, People's Republic of China
| | - Brian J Boman
- Indian River Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL 34945-3138, USA
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15
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Mwangi JK, Lee WJ, Wang LC, Sung PJ, Fang LS, Lee YY, Chang-Chien GP. Persistent organic pollutants in the Antarctic coastal environment and their bioaccumulation in penguins. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 216:924-934. [PMID: 27400905 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), have been identified in penguins, lichens, soils, and ornithogenic soils in the Antarctic coastal environment in this study. To the best of our knowledge, no previous study has reported PBDD/F and PBB data from Antarctica. The POP mass contents in penguins were in the following order: PCBs >> PBDEs >> PCDD/Fs; PCBs were the dominant pollutants (6310-144,000 pg/g-lipid), with World Health Organization toxic equivalency values being 2-14 times higher than those of PCDD/Fs. Long-range atmospheric transport is the most primary route by which POPs travel to Antarctica; however, local sources, such as research activities and penguin colonies, also influence POP distribution in the local Antarctic environment. In penguins, the biomagnification factor (BMF) of PCBs was 61.3-3760, considerably higher than that for other POPs. According to BMF data in Adélie penguins, hydrophobic PBDE congeners were more biomagnified at log Kow > 6, and levels decreased at log Kow > 7.5 because larger molecular sizes inhibited transfer across cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Kennedy Mwangi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jhy Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Lin-Chi Wang
- Department of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Cheng Shiu University, No. 840, Chengching Road, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan.
| | - Ping-Jyun Sung
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Shing Fang
- Department of Leisure and Sport Management, Cheng Shiu University, No. 840, Chengching Road, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Yi Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Guo-Ping Chang-Chien
- Department of Cosmetic and Fashion Styling, Cheng Shiu University, No. 840, Chengching Road, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
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16
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Han Y, Liu W, Hansen HCB, Chen X, Liao X, Li H, Wang M, Yan N. Influence of long-range atmospheric transportation (LRAT) on mono-to octa-chlorinated PCDD/Fs levels and distributions in soil around Qinghai Lake, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 156:143-149. [PMID: 27174827 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.04.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Long-range atmospheric transportation (LRAT) of persistent organic pollutants followed by their deposition in cold, arid regions is of wide concern. This problem occurs at Qinghai Lake in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, a sparsely populated area with extreme weather conditions and little current or historical anthropogenic pollution. The concentrations and distribution patterns of the mono-to octa-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) congeners in surface soil samples collected from around Qinghai Lake were quantified. Concentration differences between low-(mono-to tri-) chlorinated PCDD/Fs and high-(tetra-to octa-) chlorinated PCDD/Fs were measured. High PCDD/F levels were detected, with total concentrations of 15,108 ± 6323 pg/g for the 27 PCDD/F congeners and 15,104 ± 6324 pg/g for the low-chlorinated PCDD/Fs. The concentrations of 17 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/Fs were only 3.1 ± 4.4 pg/g and the corresponding international toxicity equivalency (I-TEQ) was 0.11 ± 0.22 pg I-TEQ/g. Given their higher vapor pressures and lower boiling points, low-chlorinated PCDD/Fs, were predominantly gaseous, whereas high-chlorinated PCDD/Fs were predominantly solid, indicating that there is a higher potential for long-range transport of low-chlorinated PCDD/Fs. Overall, because of their high LRAT potential, low-chlorinated PCDD/Fs may pose a greater risk to local ecosystems in cold, remote areas than high-chlorinated PCDD/Fs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Han
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Hans Chr Bruun Hansen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Environmental Chemistry and Physics DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Xuebin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haifeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mengjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Nan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
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17
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Kosek K, Polkowska Ż, Żyszka B, Lipok J. Phytoplankton communities of polar regions--Diversity depending on environmental conditions and chemical anthropopressure. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2016; 171:243-259. [PMID: 26846983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The polar regions (Arctic and Antarctic) constitute up to 14% of the biosphere and offer some of the coldest and most arid Earth's environments. Nevertheless several oxygenic phototrophs including some higher plants, mosses, lichens, various algal groups and cyanobacteria, survive that harsh climate and create the base of the trophic relationships in fragile ecosystems of polar environments. Ecosystems in polar regions are characterized by low primary productivity and slow growth rates, therefore they are more vulnerable to disturbance, than those in temperate regions. From this reason, chemical contaminants influencing the growth of photoautotrophic producers might induce serious disorders in the integrity of polar ecosystems. However, for a long time these areas were believed to be free of chemical contamination, and relatively protected from widespread anthropogenic pressure, due their remoteness and extreme climate conditions. Nowadays, there is a growing amount of data that prove that xenobiotics are transported thousands of kilometers by the air and ocean currents and then they are deposed in colder regions and accumulate in many environments, including the habitats of marine and freshwater cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria (blue green algae), as a natural part of phytoplankton assemblages, are globally distributed, but in high polar ecosystems they represent the dominant primary producers. These microorganisms are continuously exposed to various concentration levels of the compounds that are present in their habitats and act as nourishment or the factors influencing the growth and development of cyanobacteria in other way. The most common group of contaminants in Arctic and Antarctic are persistent organic pollutants (POPs), characterized by durability and resistance to degradation. It is important to determine their concentrations in all phytoplankton species cells and in their environment to get to know the possibility of contaminants to transfer to higher trophic levels, considering however that some strains of microalgae are capable of metabolizing xenobiotics, make them less toxic or even remove them from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Kosek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., Gdansk 80-233, Poland.
| | - Żaneta Polkowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., Gdansk 80-233, Poland.
| | - Beata Żyszka
- Department of Analytical and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Opole University, Oleska 48 St., Opole 45-052, Poland.
| | - Jacek Lipok
- Department of Analytical and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Opole University, Oleska 48 St., Opole 45-052, Poland.
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18
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Wang C, Wang X, Gong P, Yao T. Residues, spatial distribution and risk assessment of DDTs and HCHs in agricultural soil and crops from the Tibetan Plateau. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 149:358-365. [PMID: 26874624 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.01.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Due to its high elevation and cold temperature, the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is regarded as the "Third Pole". Different from other polar regions, which are truly remote, the TP has a small population and a few agricultural activities. In this study, agricultural soil and crop samples (including highland barley and rape) were collected in the main farmland of the TP to obtain the contamination levels of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) in the Tibetan agricultural system as well as the relevant human exposure risks. The average concentrations of DDTs and HCHs in the agricultural soil, highland barley and rape were 1.36, 0.661, 1.03 ng/g dw and 0.349, 0.0364, 0.0225 ng/g dw, respectively. In the agricultural soil, DDTs and HCHs metabolism (DDE, DDD and β-HCH) were abundant, which indicated a "historical" source, whereas crops contained a similar composition ((DDE + DDD)/DDT, α/β-HCH and α/γ-HCH) to that of wild plants, suggesting that the DDTs and HCHs in crops are likely from long range atmospheric transport. The human health risks via non-dietary and dietary to DDTs and HCHs in the farmland were assessed. All of the hazard index (HI) values of DDTs and HCHs for non-carcinogenic risks were <1, and most of the cancer risk values were <10(-6), suggesting that DDTs and HCHs in the farmland will not pose non-carcinogenic risks and will pose only very low cancer risks to the Tibetan residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, China.
| | - Ping Gong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, China
| | - Tandong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, China
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19
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Shy CG, Chao HR, Lin DY, Gou YY, Chuang CY, Chuang KP, Chen CC, Hsiao YC, Chen FA. An AhR-Luciferase Adenovirus Infection System for Rapid Screening of Dioxins in Soils. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 96:192-196. [PMID: 26564202 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-015-1684-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Our goal was to develop a fast-screening method for measuring dioxin levels in soils. The adenovirus (Ad)-dioxin-responsive (DR) bioassay system (AdEasy-6XDRE-TATA-Luc) combined with a fast-cleanup system was examined under conventional conditions (i.e., with incubation at 37°C) and three alternative conditions [incubation at 37°C with addition of phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), incubation at 33°C, and incubation at 33°C with addition of PMA]. The best conditions for carrying out the Ad-DR bioassay was 33°C and no addition of PMA. The background level of soil dioxins determined by the chemical assay [6.49 ng I-TEQ/kg dry weight (dw)] was well correlated (Pearson's r = 0.873, p < 0.001) with that by the Ad-DR bioassay [expressed in ng bioanalytical equivalents (BEQ) 81.1 ng BEQ/kg dw] (n = 17). When surveyed in contaminated soil samples (n = 114) from industrial areas by the Ad-DR bioassay, dioxin levels were 117, 102, 98.5, and 112 ng BEQ/kg dw, respectively, in northern, central, southern, and eastern Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherng-Gueih Shy
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Emerging Compounds Research Center, National Pingtung University and Science and Technology, 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung County, 912, Taiwan
- Department of Radiology, Pingtung Christian Hospital, Pingtung City, Pingtung, 900, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Tajen University, 20 Weixin Road, Yanpu, Pingtung County, 907, Taiwan
| | - How-Ran Chao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Emerging Compounds Research Center, National Pingtung University and Science and Technology, 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung County, 912, Taiwan.
| | - Ding-Yan Lin
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Emerging Compounds Research Center, National Pingtung University and Science and Technology, 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung County, 912, Taiwan
| | - Yan-You Gou
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Emerging Compounds Research Center, National Pingtung University and Science and Technology, 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung County, 912, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yu Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City, 300, Taiwan
| | - Kuo Pin Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung County, 912, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Cheng Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chun Hsiao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Emerging Compounds Research Center, National Pingtung University and Science and Technology, 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung County, 912, Taiwan
| | - Fu-An Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Tajen University, 20 Weixin Road, Yanpu, Pingtung County, 907, Taiwan.
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20
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Wenning RJ, Martello LB. Levels and Trends of Dioxins, PCBs, and Other POPs in Abiotic Compartments. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2015_451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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