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Li R, Yan C, Meng Q, Yue Y, Jiang W, Yang L, Zhu Y, Xue L, Gao S, Liu W, Chen T, Meng J. Key toxic components and sources affecting oxidative potential of atmospheric particulate matter using interpretable machine learning: Insights from fog episodes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133175. [PMID: 38086305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Fog significantly affects the air quality and human health. To investigate the health effects and mechanisms of atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) during fog episodes, PM2.5 samples were collected from the coastal suburb of Qingdao during different seasons from 2021 to 2022, with the major chemical composition in PM2.5 analyzed. The oxidative potential (OP) of PM2.5 was determined using the dithiothreitol (DTT) method. A positive matrix factorization model was adopted for PM2.5. Interpretable machine learning (IML) was used to reveal and quantify the key components and sources affecting OP. PM2.5 exhibited higher oxidative toxicity during fog episodes. Water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), NH4+, K+, and water-soluble Fe positively affected the enhancement of DTTV (volume-based DTT activity) during fog episodes. The IML analysis demonstrated that WSOC and K+ contributed significantly to DTTV, with values of 0.31 ± 0.34 and 0.27 ± 0.22 nmol min-1 m-3, respectively. Regarding the sources, coal combustion and biomass burning contributed significantly to DTTV (0.40 ± 0.38 and 0.39 ± 0.36 nmol min-1 m-3, respectively), indicating the significant influence of combustion-related sources on OP. This study provides new insights into the effects of PM2.5 compositions and sources on OP by applying IML models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyu Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Caiqing Yan
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Qingpeng Meng
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yang Yue
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Lingxiao Yang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yujiao Zhu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Likun Xue
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Shaopeng Gao
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Weijian Liu
- College of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Tianxing Chen
- College of Engineering, University of Washington, 1410 NE Campus Pkwy, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jingjing Meng
- College of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
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Ahmad M, Chen J, Panyametheekul S, Yu Q, Nawab A, Khan MT, Zhang Y, Ali SW, Phairuang W. Fine particulate matter from brick kilns site and roadside in Lahore, Pakistan: Insight into chemical composition, oxidative potential, and health risk assessment. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25884. [PMID: 38390149 PMCID: PMC10881335 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Human health is seriously threatened by particulate matter (PM) pollution, which is a major environmental problem. A better indicator of biological responses to PM exposure than its mass alone is the PM "oxidative potential (OP)," or ability to oxidize target molecules. When reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated in the OP in excess of the antioxidant capacity of body due to PM components such metals and organic species, it causes inflammation, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), proteins, and lipids damage. Method The samples of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) are collected from the brick kiln site and the roadside in Lahore, Pakistan. The organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) were estimated by carbon analyzer (DRI 2001A) using the thermal/optical transmittance (TOT) protocol. The water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) concentration was determined using a total organic carbon analyzer (Shimadzu TOC-L CPN). Ion chromatography (Dionex ICS-900) with a conductivity detector was used to analyze the water-soluble anions (Cl-, NO3-, and SO42-) and cations (NH4+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+). Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (iCAP TQ ICP-MS, Thermo Scientific) was used to determine the concentrations of metals in the solution. The dithiothreitol (DTT) consumption rate was calculated using a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 412 nm. Results The mean concentrations of PM2.5 at the brick kiln site and roadside reported are 509.3 ± 32.3 μg/m3 and 467.5 ± 24.9 μg/m3, and the average OC/EC ratio is 1.9 ± 0.4 and 2.1 ± 0.1. primary organic carbon (POC) contributed more to OC than secondary organic carbon (SOC), which indicated the dominance of primary combustion sources. The anion equivalent (AE) to cation equivalent (CE) ratio indicated that PM2.5 is acidic at both sites due to the dominance of NO3- and SO42-. The DTT consumption rate normalized by PM2.5 mass (DTTm) and DTT consumption rate normalized by air volume (DTTv) of PM2.5 at the roadside samples are higher than at the brick kiln site due to the higher contribution of ionic species to the mass of PM2.5. Carbonaceous species of PM2.5 at both sampling sites are significantly correlated with DTTv of PM2.5, while metallic species behaved differently. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) values (lung cancer) of As and Cr at both sampling sites, while the ILCR value of Cd at the roadside samples is exceeding the permissible limits for adults and children. The lifetime average daily dose (LADD) value for adults is higher than that for children, indicating that children are less vulnerable to metals. Conclusion The concentration of PM2.5 at both sampling sites were exceeding the permissible limits of Pakistan' National Environmental Quality Standard (NEQS) and posing risk to the health of the local population. The POC and SOC contribution to OC at the brick kiln site and roadside in Lahore were 84.6%, 15.4% and 84.4%, 15.6%. POC at both sampling sites were the dominant carbon species indicating the dominance of primary combustion sources. The residence of Lahore poses the lung cancer risk due to Cr, As, and Cd at both sampling sites. The results of this study provide important data and evidence for further evaluation of the potential health risks of PM2.5 from brick kiln site and road side in Pakistan and formulation of efficient air-pollution control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Sirima Panyametheekul
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Thailand network centre on Air Quality Management: TAQM and Research Unit: HAUS IAQ, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Qing Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Asim Nawab
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tariq Khan
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Taipo, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuepeng Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Syed Weqas Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
| | - Worradorn Phairuang
- Faculty of Geosciences and Civil Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Ishikawa, Japan
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Dwivedi S, Zehra F, Masih J, Gupta T, Lawrence A. Investigating the temporal dynamics of sub-micron particles and particle-bound transition metals in indoor air of a metropolitan city. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:49. [PMID: 38227135 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01786-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The present study portrays an association between particle-bound transition metals and children's health. The indoor air quality of the urban metropolitan city households was monitored for four PM sizes, namely PM1.0-2.5, PM0.50-1.0, PM0.25-0.50 and PM<0.25, in major seasons observed in the city; summer and winter. Further transition/heavy metals, viz. Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn, were analysed in PM1-2.5 samples. In order to evaluate the effect, health risk assessment was performed using mathematical and computational model for assessing dermal exposure and dose estimation (multiple path particle dosimetry model version3.0). The study principally targeted the children aged 2-15 years for the health risk assessment. According to the results, for the largest particle size i.e. PM1.0-2.5 the highest deposition was in the head region (49.1%) followed by pulmonary (43.6%) and tracheobronchial region (7.2%), whereas, for the smallest particle size i.e. PM<0.25 the highest deposition was obtained in the pulmonary region (73.0%) followed by the head (13.6%) and TB region (13.2%). Also, the most imperilled group of children with highest dose accumulation was found to be children aged 8-9 years for all particle sizes. Moreover, the dermal exposure dose as evaluated was found to be preeminent for Ni, Zn and Pb. Besides, seasonal variation gesticulated towards elevated concentrations in winter relative to the summer season. Altogether, the study will provide a conception to the researchers in the fields mounting season-specific guidelines and mitigation approaches. Conclusively, the study commends future work focussing on defining the effects of other chemical components on particles and associated transition metal composition along with proper extenuation of the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samridhi Dwivedi
- Department of Chemistry, Isabella Thoburn College, Lucknow, India
| | - Farheen Zehra
- Department of Chemistry, Isabella Thoburn College, Lucknow, India
| | - Jamson Masih
- Department of Chemistry, Wilson College, Mumbai, India
| | - Tarun Gupta
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India
| | - Alfred Lawrence
- Department of Chemistry, Isabella Thoburn College, Lucknow, India.
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Chakraborty A, Gupta T, Mandaria A, Tripathi S. Trace elements in ambient aerosols and size-resolved fog droplets: Trends, enrichment, and risk assessment. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16400. [PMID: 37260893 PMCID: PMC10227332 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ambient particulate matter (PM) is composed of inorganic and organic components. The contribution of each component is impacted by various factors such as emission sources, atmospheric aging process, and size of the PM or droplets. This study mainly focuses on the effect of the PM and droplet size on trace elemental concentrations, for which various size fractions of ambient PM (PM1, PM2.5) were collected on quartz filters along with fog water (FW) samples during winter. Simultaneous, online measurements of the mass concentrations of PM1 and PM2.5 were also carried out. At the time of the collection, the mass concentration of PM2.5 ranged from 19 to 890 μg/m3, and its mean value was 227 μg/m3. During the sampling period, 17 fog events occurred and caused a 27% reduction in the mean pre-fog PM2.5 concentration. All the PM and FW samples were analyzed for 12 trace elements: Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Zn, V. The concentrations of the various trace elements in the PM1, PM2.5, and FW samples encompassed a wide range: 10 (V)-2432 (Na) ng/m3, 34 (Mn)-13810 (Na) ng/m3, and 8 (Cr)-19870 (Ca) μg/l, respectively. The concentrations of the trace elements in the FW samples indicated a droplet-size-dependent trend: the small droplets (diameter <16 μm) had several times (3-10 times) higher concentrations than the coarser droplets (diameter >22 μm). The enrichment factor (EF) analysis revealed that the EF values for almost all the trace elements were an order of magnitude higher in the FW samples than in PM1 and PM2.5. Risk assessment based on toxic elements suggested a very high inhalation carcinogenic risk (231 per million) for the exposed population during foggy periods. This study will facilitate decision-making by policymakers regarding air quality and health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Chakraborty
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (ESED), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Tarun Gupta
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India
- Centre of Environmental Science and Engineering, CESE, IIT, Kanpur, India
| | - Anil Mandaria
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India
- Centre of Environmental Science and Engineering, CESE, IIT, Kanpur, India
| | - Shruti Tripathi
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (ESED), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
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Broomandi P, Rodríguez-Seijo A, Janatian N, Fathian A, Tleuken A, Mohammadpour K, Galán-Madruga D, Jahanbakhshi A, Kim JR, Satyanaga A, Bagheri M, Morawska L. Health risk assessment of the European inhabitants exposed to contaminated ambient particulate matter by potentially toxic elements. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 323:121232. [PMID: 36775135 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
PM10-associated potential toxic elements (PTEs) can enter the respiratory system and cause health problems. In the current study, the health risk indices caused by PM10 inhalation by adults, children, and infants in 158 European cities between 2013 and 2019 were studied to determine if Europeans were adversely affected by carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic factors or not. The Mann-Kendall trend test examined PM10's increasing or decreasing trend. Random Forest analysis was also used to analyse meteorological factors affecting PM10 in Europe. Hazard quotient and cancer risk were estimated using PM10-associated PTEs. Our results showed a decline in continental PM10 concentrations. The correlation between PM10 concentrations and temperature (-0.40), PBLH (-0.39), and precipitation were statistically strong (-0.21). The estimated Pearson correlation coefficients showed a statistically strong positive correlation between As & Pb, As & Cd, and Cd & Pb during 2013-2019, indicating a similar origin. PTEs with hazard quotients below one, regardless of subpopulation type, posed no noncancerous risk to Europeans. The hazard quotient values positively correlated with time, possibly due to elevated PTE levels. In our study on carcinogen pollution in Europe between 2013 and 2019, we found unacceptable levels of As, Cd, Ni, and Pb among adults, children, and infants. Carcinogenic risk rates were highest for children, followed by infants, adult women, and adult men. Therefore, besides monitoring and mitigating PM concentrations, effective control of PM sources is also needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parya Broomandi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Kabanbay Batyr Ave. 53, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan; Department of Chemical Engineering, Masjed-Soleiman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Masjed-Soleiman, Iran
| | - Andrés Rodríguez-Seijo
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros Do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos S/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Bioloxía Vexetal e Ciencia Do Solo, Área de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Ciencias de Ourense, Universidade de Vigo, As Lagoas S/n, Ourense, 32004, Spain
| | - Nasime Janatian
- Department of Marine Systems, Division of Modelling and Remote Sensing, Tallinn University of Technology (Taltech), Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Aram Fathian
- Neotectonics and Natural Hazards Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; UNESCO Chair on Coastal Geo-Hazard Analysis, Research Institute for Earth Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Water, Sediment, Hazards, And Earth-surface Dynamics (waterSHED) Lab, Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Aidana Tleuken
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Kabanbay Batyr Ave. 53, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Kaveh Mohammadpour
- Department of Climatology, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran; Climate Change Technology Transfer to Developing Countries Group (SSPT-PVS), Department of Sustainability, Italian National Agency for New Technologies Energy and Sustainable Development, ENEA, C. R. Casaccia, 00123, Rome, Italy
| | - David Galán-Madruga
- Department of Atmospheric Pollution, National Centre for Environment Health, Health Institute Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda a Pozuelo Km 2.2, 28220, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ali Jahanbakhshi
- School of Architecture, Building and Civil Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Jong Ryeol Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Kabanbay Batyr Ave. 53, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan.
| | - Alfrendo Satyanaga
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Kabanbay Batyr Ave. 53, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Mehdi Bagheri
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Kabanbay Batyr Ave. 53, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Faculty of Science, Queensland University Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland, 4001, Australia; Global Centre for Clean Air Research, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
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Massimi L, Pietrantonio E, Astolfi ML, Canepari S. Innovative experimental approach for spatial mapping of source-specific risk contributions of potentially toxic trace elements in PM 10. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135871. [PMID: 35926744 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to potentially toxic trace elements (PTTEs) in inhalable particulate matter (PM10) is associated with an increased risk of developing cardiorespiratory diseases. Therefore, in multi-source polluted urban contexts, a spatially-resolved evaluation of health risks associated with exposure to PTTEs in PM is essential to identify critical risk areas. In this study, a very-low volume device for high spatial resolution sampling and analysis of PM10 was employed in Terni (Central Italy) in a wide and dense network (23 sampling sites, about 1 km between each other) during a 15-month monitoring campaign. The soluble and insoluble fraction of 33 elements in PM10 was analysed through a chemical fractionation procedure that increased the selectivity of the elements as source tracers. Total carcinogenic risk (CR) and non-carcinogenic risk (NCR) for adults and children due to concentrations of PTTEs in PM10 were calculated and quantitative source-specific risk apportionment was carried out by applying Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) to the spatially-resolved concentrations of the chemically fractionated elements. PMF analysis identified 5 factors: steel plant, biomass burning, brake dust, soil dust and road dust. Steel plant showed the greatest risk contribution. Total CR and NCR, and source-specific risk contributions at the 23 sites were interpolated using the ordinary kriging (OK) method and mapped to geo-reference the health risks of the identified sources in the whole study area. This also allowed risk estimation in areas not directly measured and the assessment of the risk contribution of individual sources at each point of the study area. This innovative experimental approach is an effective tool to localize the health risks of spatially disaggregated sources of PTTEs and it may allow for better planning of control strategies and mitigation measures to reduce airborne pollutant concentrations in urban settings polluted by multiple sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Massimi
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro, 5, Rome, 00185, Italy; C.N.R. Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Via Salaria, Km 29,300, Monterotondo St., Rome, 00015, Italy.
| | - Eva Pietrantonio
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Astolfi
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro, 5, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Silvia Canepari
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro, 5, Rome, 00185, Italy; C.N.R. Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Via Salaria, Km 29,300, Monterotondo St., Rome, 00015, Italy
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Liu M, Wang W, Li J, Wang T, Xu Z, Song Y, Zhang W, Zhou L, Lian C, Yang J, Li Y, Sun Y, Tong S, Guo Y, Ge M. High fraction of soluble trace metals in fine particles under heavy haze in central China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 841:156771. [PMID: 35724777 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric trace metals are a key component of particulate matter and significantly influence the atmospheric process and human health. The dissolved fraction of trace metals represents their bioavailability and exhibits high chemical activity. However, the optimum measurement method for detecting the soluble fraction of trace metals is still undetermined. The impact of variations in pollution on the soluble fraction is largely unrevealed. Therefore, in this work, a one-month field observation was conducted in Central China and different extraction solvents were used to determine the proper measurement method for the soluble fraction of trace metals and investigate the variation pattern under different pollution conditions. The findings show that solvents with acidity near that of aerosol water can better reflect the actual soluble fraction of trace metals in fine particulate matter. The soluble fraction of trace metals tends to increase with pollution level increased, demonstrating unexpectedly high health risks and chemical activity under heavy haze conditions. Our results indicate that remediation and trace metal pollution control are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Chemistry Academy of Sciences Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Department of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring, China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Weigang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Chemistry Academy of Sciences Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Department of Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhenying Xu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Department of Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu Song
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Department of Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wenyu Zhang
- Department of Clinical Research, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250013, China
| | - Li Zhou
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Chaofan Lian
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Chemistry Academy of Sciences Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jinxing Yang
- Sanmenxia Environmental Monitoring Station, Sanmenxia 472400, China
| | - Yanyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shengrui Tong
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Chemistry Academy of Sciences Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yucong Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Chemistry Academy of Sciences Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Maofa Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Chemistry Academy of Sciences Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Verma PK, Sah D, Satish R, Rastogi N, Kumari KM, Lakhani A. Atmospheric chemistry and cancer risk assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Nitro-PAHs over a semi-arid site in the Indo-Gangetic plain. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 317:115456. [PMID: 35751260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Nitro-PAHs were collected over a year at a traffic dominated site in Agra, to determine the dominant partitioning mechanism. During the entire sampling period, total PAHs and Nitro-PAHs were 3465 ± 3802 and 26.1 ± 25.9 ng m-3 respectively. The gas-particle partitioning behavior of PAHs was studied by applying the Pankow model, Absorption model, and Dual model. Amongst all the partitioning models, the Dual model fits well and indicates that the partitioning of PAHs at the traffic site in Agra depends on both the physical adsorption of PAHs on the Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) surface and absorption of PAHs into the organic layer present on the TSP surface. Pankow model indicates that PAHs are emitted from the source close to the sampling point and due to this PAHs do not get enough time to get partitioned in between both the phases. Incremental lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) shows that adults and children are more prone to cancer risk in comparison to infants for both PAHs and Nitro-PAHs. Cancer risk by inhalation was minimum in comparison to both ingestion and dermal exposure. Nitro-PAHs in the particulate phase were high enough to exceed the minimum permissible limit (10-6) of causing cancer by ingestion and dermal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Kumar Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, 282005, India
| | - Dinesh Sah
- Department of Chemistry, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, 282005, India
| | - Rangu Satish
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Neeraj Rastogi
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - K Maharaj Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, 282005, India
| | - Anita Lakhani
- Department of Chemistry, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, 282005, India.
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Rajput JS, Trivedi MK. Determination and assessment of elemental concentration in the atmospheric particulate matter: a comprehensive review. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:243. [PMID: 35243563 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-09833-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The elemental concentrations of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) have a detrimental effect on human health in which some elemental species have carcinogenic nature. In India, significant variations have found in the practices adapted from sampling to analysis for the determination and assessment of the elemental concentration in PM. Therefore, Indian studies (2011-2020) on the related domain are summarized to impart consistency in the field and laboratory practices. Further, a comparative analysis with other countries has also been mentioned in the relevant sections to evaluate its likeness with Indian studies. To prepare this study, literature has been procured from reputed journals. Subsequently, each step from sampling to analysis has thoroughly discussed with quality assurance and control (QA/QC) compliance. In addition, a framework has been proposed that showed field and laboratory analysis in an organized manner. Consequently, this study will provide benefit to novice researcher and improve their understanding about the related subject. Also, it will assist other peoples/bodies in framing the necessary decisions to carry out this study.
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Wang Y, Liu B, Zhang Y, Dai Q, Song C, Duan L, Guo L, Zhao J, Xue Z, Bi X, Feng Y. Potential health risks of inhaled toxic elements and risk sources during different COVID-19 lockdown stages in Linfen, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 284:117454. [PMID: 34062435 PMCID: PMC8164380 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Levels of toxic elements in ambient PM2.5 were measured from 29 October 2019 to 30 March 2020 in Linfen, China, to assess the health risks they posed and to identify critical risk sources during different periods of the COVID-19 lockdown and haze episodes using positive matrix factorization (PMF) and a health-risk assessment model. The mean PM2.5 concentration during the study period was 145 μg/m3, and the 10 investigated toxic elements accounted for 0.31% of the PM2.5 mass. The total non-cancer risk (HI) and total cancer risk (TCR) of the selected toxic elements exceed the US EPA limits for children and adults. The HI for children was 2.3 times that for adults for all periods, which is likely due to the high inhalation rate per unit body weight for children. While the TCR for adults was 1.7 times that of children, which is mainly attributed to potential longer exposure duration for adults. The HI and TCR of the toxic elements during full lockdown were reduced by 66% and 58%, respectively, compared to their pre-lockdown levels. The HI and TCR were primarily attributable to Mn and As, respectively. Health risks during haze episodes were significantly higher than the average levels during COVID-19 lockdowns, though the HI and TCR of the selected toxic elements during full-lockdown haze episodes were 68% and 17% lower, respectively, than were the levels during pre-lockdown haze episodes. During the study period, fugitive dust and steel-related smelting were the highest contributors to HI and TCR, respectively, and decreased in these emission sources contributed the most to the lower health risks observed during the full lockdown. There, the control of these sources is critical to effectively reduce public health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyang Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Baoshuang Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Yufen Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Qili Dai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Congbo Song
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Liqin Duan
- Linfen Municipal Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center of Shanxi Province, Linfen, 041000, China
| | - Lili Guo
- Linfen Municipal Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center of Shanxi Province, Linfen, 041000, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Linfen Municipal Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center of Shanxi Province, Linfen, 041000, China
| | - Zhigang Xue
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Xiaohui Bi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
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11
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Diao L, Zhang H, Liu B, Dai C, Zhang Y, Dai Q, Bi X, Zhang L, Song C, Feng Y. Health risks of inhaled selected toxic elements during the haze episodes in Shijiazhuang, China: Insight into critical risk sources. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 276:116664. [PMID: 33609903 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 in Shijiazhuang was collected from October 15, 2018 to January 31, 2019, and selected toxic elements were measured. Five typical haze episodes were chosen to analyze the health risks and critical risk sources. Toxic elements during the haze episodes accounted for 0.33% of PM2.5 mass. Non-cancer risk of toxic elements for children was 1.8 times higher than that for adults during the haze episodes, while cancer risk for adults was 2.5 times higher than that for children; cancer and non-cancer risks were primarily attributable to As and Mn, respectively. Health risks of toxic elements increased during the growth and stable periods of haze episodes. Non-cancer and cancer risks of toxic elements during the haze stable periods were higher than other haze stages, and higher for children than for adults during the stable period. Mn was the largest contributor to non-cancer risk during different haze stages, while As was the largest contributor to cancer risk. Crustal dust, vehicle emissions, and industrial emissions were critical sources of cancer risk during the clean-air periods; while vehicle emissions, coal combustion, and crustal dust were key sources of cancer risk during the haze episodes. Cancer risks of crustal dust and vehicle emissions during the haze episodes were 2.0 and 1.7 times higher than those in the clean-air periods. Non-cancer risks from emission sources were not found during different periods. Cancer risks of biomass burning and coal combustion increased rapidly during the haze growth period, while that of coal combustion decreased sharply during the dissipation period. Vehicle emissions, crustal dust, and coal combustion were significant cancer risk sources during different haze stages, cancer risk of each source was the highest during the stable period. Southern Hebei, Northern and central Shaanxi were potential risk regions that affected the health of both adults and children in Shijiazhuang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuli Diao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Huitao Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Baoshuang Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Chunling Dai
- Shijiazhuang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050022, China
| | - Yufen Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Qili Dai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xiaohui Bi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Lingzhi Zhang
- Shijiazhuang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050022, China
| | - Congbo Song
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
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12
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Mangal A, Satsangi A, Lakhani A, Kumari KM. Characterization of ambient PM 1 at a suburban site of Agra: chemical composition, sources, health risk and potential cytotoxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:621-642. [PMID: 33094390 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00737-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted at a University campus of Agra to determine concentrations of crustal and trace elements in submicron mode (PM1) particles to reveal sources and detrimental effects of PM1-bound metals (Cr, Cd, Mn, Zn, As, Co, Pb, Cu and Ni) in samples collected in the foggy (1 December 2016-17 January 2017) and non-foggy periods (1 April 2016-30 June 2016). Samples were collected twice a week on preweighed quartz fibre filters (QM-A 47 mm) for 24 h using Envirotech APM 577 (flow rate 10 l min-1). Mass concentration of PM1 was 135.0 ± 28.2 and 54.0 ± 18.5 µg/m3 during foggy and non-foggy period, respectively; crustal and trace elements were 13 and 4% during foggy and 11 and 3% in the non-foggy period. Source identification by PCA (principal component analysis) suggested that biomass burning and coal combustion was the prominent sources in foggy period followed by resuspended soil dust, industrial and vehicular emission, whereas in non-foggy period resuspended soil dust was dominant followed by biomass burning and coal combustion, industrial and vehicular emissions. In both episodes, Mn has the highest Hq (hazard quotient) value and Cr has the highest IlcR (Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk) value for both adults and children. In vitro cytotoxicity impact on macrophage (J774) cells was also tested using MTT assay which revealed decreasing cell viability with increasing particle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Mangal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute Dayalbagh, Agra, UP, 282005, India
| | - Aparna Satsangi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute Dayalbagh, Agra, UP, 282005, India
| | - Anita Lakhani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute Dayalbagh, Agra, UP, 282005, India
| | - K Maharaj Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute Dayalbagh, Agra, UP, 282005, India.
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Wang J, Huang Y, Li T, Shi H, He M, Cheng X, Ni S, Zhang C. Annual Characteristics, Source Analysis of PM 1-Bound Potentially Harmful Elements in the Eastern District of Chengdu, China. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 79:177-183. [PMID: 32671431 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-020-00751-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chengdu, a megacity in southwestern China, experiences severe air pollution; however, knowledge of the seasonal variation in mass concentration, extent of potentially harmful elements (PHEs) contamination, and sources caused by heavy metals remains lacking. This study adopted a weighting method to calculate the daily mass concentration of PM1 and used ICP-MS to determine PHE concentrations. Results indicated that PM1 mass concentration was in the range 5.44-105.91 μg/m3. Seasonal PM1 mass concentration could be arranged in the following order: winter > fall > spring > summer. The concentrations of PHEs in the PM1 sample mostly showed the same seasonal variation characteristics as mass concentration. The average concentration of each PHE decreased as follows: Cu (107.44) > Zn (81.52) > Pb (22.04) > As (8.17) > Sb (1.91) > Ni (1.87) > Cr(VI) (0.84) > Cd (0.40) > Tl (0.33) (ng/m3). Enrichment factor values varied markedly from mild to anomalous enrichment. Principal component analysis revealed mainly derived from the fossil fuel combustion (55.215%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Wang
- College of Earth Science, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Synergetic Control and Joint Remediation for Soil and Water Pollution (Chengdu University of Technology), Chengdu, 610059, China
| | - Yi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, China.
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Synergetic Control and Joint Remediation for Soil and Water Pollution (Chengdu University of Technology), Chengdu, 610059, China.
| | - Ting Li
- College of Earth Science, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Synergetic Control and Joint Remediation for Soil and Water Pollution (Chengdu University of Technology), Chengdu, 610059, China
| | - Huibin Shi
- College of Earth Science, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Synergetic Control and Joint Remediation for Soil and Water Pollution (Chengdu University of Technology), Chengdu, 610059, China
| | - Min He
- College of Earth Science, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Synergetic Control and Joint Remediation for Soil and Water Pollution (Chengdu University of Technology), Chengdu, 610059, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Synergetic Control and Joint Remediation for Soil and Water Pollution (Chengdu University of Technology), Chengdu, 610059, China
| | - Shijun Ni
- College of Earth Science, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Synergetic Control and Joint Remediation for Soil and Water Pollution (Chengdu University of Technology), Chengdu, 610059, China
| | - Chengjiang Zhang
- College of Earth Science, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Synergetic Control and Joint Remediation for Soil and Water Pollution (Chengdu University of Technology), Chengdu, 610059, China
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Han Y, Yang T, Chen T, Li L, Liu J. Characteristics of submicron aerosols produced during aeration in wastewater treatment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 696:134019. [PMID: 31465925 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Submicron aerosols (SAs) emitted during wastewater treatment may harm the human circulation system, respiratory cells, and deep lungs. Despite this threat, SAs remain poorly understood. In this study, a laboratory simulation aerosol generator was manufactured, and the particle number size distributions, aerosol liquid water content (ALWC), and chemical and microbial composition of SAs from aeration were analyzed. Under stable aeration conditions, the unimodal SA size distribution ranged from 68 to 350 nm. The ALWC of peak size (170 nm) was 11-21 μg/m3. Na was the dominant major element in SAs with the concentration of 5.61 μg/m3. Total organic carbon accounted for 97% of the total carbon in the SAs. Arcobacter, Methanobrevibacter, and Fusarium were the dominant SA bacteria, archaea, and fungi, respectively, and a number of viruses were also detected. Thirty-two antibiotic resistant genes, and virulence factors of which 23% were offensive virulence factors, were detected in the SAs. The results predicted that 2% of the genes in SAs were directly related to human health. Thus, SAs may pose disproportionately high risks to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunping Han
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China.
| | - Tang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Tianzeng Chen
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Junxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
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Yang T, Han Y, Liu J, Li L. Aerosols from a wastewater treatment plant using oxidation ditch process: Characteristics, source apportionment, and exposure risks. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 250:627-638. [PMID: 31035145 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The study of aerosol dispersion characteristics in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) has attracted extensive attention. Oxidation ditch (OD) is a commonly implemented process during biological wastewater treatment. This study assessed the component characteristics, source apportionment, and exposure risks of aerosols generated from a WWTP using the OD process (AWO). The results indicated that the aeration part of oxidation ditch (ODA) exhibited the highest concentrations and proportions of the respiratory fractions (RF) of bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Some pathogenic or opportunistic-pathogenic bacteria and carcinogenic metal(loid)s were detected in the AWO. The source apportionment results indicated that the outdoor wastewater treatment processes and ambient air contributed to the constitution of the AWO. The indoor aerosols were mainly constituted by composition of the wastewater treatment process such as the sludge dewatering room (SDR). The pathogenic or opportunistic-pathogenic bacteria with eight genera (Colinsella, Dermatophilus, Enterobactor, Erycherichia-Shigella, Ledionella, Selenomonas, Xanthobacter, and Veillonella) were largely attributed to wastewater or sludge. The risk assessment suggested that inhalation was the main exposure pathway for aerosols (including bacteria and metal(loid)s). Additionally, As indicated the highest non-carcinogenic risks. Furthermore, As, Cd, and Co were associated with high carcinogenic risks. The ODA and sludge dewatering room (SDR) indicated the highest carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of metal(loid)s, respectively. Thus, the AWO should be sufficiently researched and monitored to mitigate their harmful effects on human health, particularly with regard to the health of the site workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, PR China.
| | - Yunping Han
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, PR China.
| | - Junxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China.
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, PR China.
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16
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Characterization of Human Health Risks from Particulate Air Pollution in Selected European Cities. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10020096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to estimate health risk indexes caused by the inhalation of particulate matter (PM) by adult males and children using data sampled in three European cities (Athens, Kuopio, Lisbon). Accordingly, the cancer risk (CR) and the hazard quotient (HQ) were estimated from particle-bound metal concentrations whilst the epidemiology-based excess risk (ER), the attributable fraction (AF), and the mortality cases were obtained due to exposure to PM10 and PM2.5. CR and HQ were estimated using two methodologies: the first methodology incorporated the particle-bound metal concentrations (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb) whereas the second methodology used the deposited dose rate of particle-bound metals in the respiratory tract. The indoor concentration accounts for 70% infiltration from outdoor air for the time activity periods allocated to indoor environments. HQ was lower than 1 and the cumulative CR was lower than the acceptable level (10−4), although individual CR for some metals exceeded the acceptable limit (10−6). In a lifetime the estimated number of attributable cancer cases was 74, 0.107, and 217 in Athens, Kuopio, and Lisbon, respectively. Excess risk-based mortality estimates (due to outdoor pollution) for fine particles were 3930, 44.1, and 2820 attributable deaths in Athens, Kuopio, and Lisbon, respectively.
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17
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Chemical Characteristics and Sources of Submicron Particles in a City with Heavy Pollution in China. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9100388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Submicron particle (PM1) pollution has received increased attention in recent years; however, few studies have focused on such pollution in the city of Shijiazhuang (SJZ), which is one of the most polluted cities in the world. In this study, we conducted an intensive simultaneous sampling of PM1 and PM2.5 in autumn 2016, in order to explore pollution characteristics and sources in SJZ. The results showed that the average mass concentrations of PM1 and PM2.5 were 70.51 μg/m3 and 91.68 μg/m3, respectively, and the average ratio of PM1/PM2.5 was 0.75. Secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) was the dominant component in PM1 (35.9%) and PM2.5 (32.3%). An analysis of haze episodes found that SIA had a significant influence on PM1 pollution, NH4+ promoted the formation of pollution, and SO42− and NO3− presented different chemical mechanisms. Additionally, the results of source apportionment implied that secondary source, biomass burning and coal combustion, traffic, industry, and dust were the major pollution sources for SJZ, accounting for 45.4%, 18.9%, 15.7%, 10.3%, and 9.8% of PM1, respectively, and for 42.4%, 18.8%, 12.2%, 10.2%, and 16.4% of PM2.5, respectively. Southern Hebei, mid-eastern Shanxi, and northern Henan were the major contribution regions during the study period. Three transport pathways of pollutants were put forward, including airflows from Shanxi with secondary source, airflows from the central Beijng–Tianjin–Hebei region with fossil fuel burning source, and airflows from the southern North China Plain with biomass burning source. The systematic analysis of PM1 could provide scientific support for the creation of an air pollution mitigation policy in SJZ and similar regions.
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Prakash J, Lohia T, Mandariya AK, Habib G, Gupta T, Gupta SK. Chemical characterization and quantitativ e assessment of source-specific health risk of trace metals in PM 1.0 at a road site of Delhi, India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:8747-8764. [PMID: 29327190 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-1174-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the concentration of submicron aerosol (PM1.0) collected during November, 2009 to March, 2010 at two road sites near the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi campus. In winter, PM1.0 composed 83% of PM2.5 indicating the dominance of combustion activity-generated particles. Principal component analysis (PCA) proved secondary aerosol formation as a dominant process in enhancing aerosol concentration at a receptor site along with biomass burning, vehicle exhaust, road dust, engine and tire tear wear, and secondary ammonia. The non-carcinogenic and excess cancer risk for adults and children were estimated for trace element data set available for road site and at elevated site from another parallel work. The decrease in average hazard quotient (HQ) for children and adults was estimated in following order: Mn > Cr > Ni > Pb > Zn > Cu both at road and elevated site. For children, the mean HQs were observed in safe level for Cu, Ni, Zn, and Pb; however, values exceeded safe limit for Cr and Mn at road site. The average highest hazard index values for children and adults were estimated as 22 and 10, respectively, for road site and 7 and 3 for elevated site. The road site average excess cancer risk (ECR) risk of Cr and Ni was close to tolerable limit (10-4) for adults and it was 13-16 times higher than the safe limit (10-6) for children. The ECR of Ni for adults and children was 102 and 14 times higher at road site compared to elevated site. Overall, the observed ECR values far exceed the acceptable level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jai Prakash
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Tarachand Lohia
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Anil K Mandariya
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
| | - Gazala Habib
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi, India.
| | - Tarun Gupta
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
| | - Sanjay K Gupta
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi, India
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19
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Singh DK, Kawamura K, Yanase A, Barrie LA. Distributions of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Trace Metals in Arctic Aerosols: Long-Range Atmospheric Transport, Photochemical Degradation/Production at Polar Sunrise. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:8992-9004. [PMID: 28730822 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The distributions, correlations, and source apportionment of aromatic acids, aromatic ketones, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and trace metals were studied in Canadian high Arctic aerosols. Nineteen PAHs including minor sulfur-containing heterocyclic PAH (dibenzothiophene) and major 6 carcinogenic PAHs were detected with a high proportion of fluoranthene followed by benzo[k]fluoranthene, pyrene, and chrysene. However, in the sunlit period of spring, their concentrations significantly declined likely due to photochemical decomposition. During the polar sunrise from mid-March to mid-April, benzo[a]pyrene to benzo[e]pyrene ratios significantly dropped, and the ratios diminished further from late April to May onward. These results suggest that PAHs transported over the Arctic are subjected to strong photochemical degradation at polar sunrise. Although aromatic ketones decreased in spring, concentrations of some aromatic acids such as benzoic and phthalic acids increased during the course of polar sunrise, suggesting that aromatic hydrocarbons are oxidized to result in aromatic acids. However, PAHs do not act as the major source for low molecular weight (LMW) diacids such as oxalic acid that are largely formed at polar sunrise in the arctic atmosphere because PAHs are 1 to 2 orders of magnitude less abundant than LMW diacids. Correlations of trace metals with organics, their sources, and the possible role of trace transition metals are explained.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University , Kasugai 487-8501, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University , Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Ayako Yanase
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University , Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Leonard A Barrie
- Bolin Centre Research, Stockholm University , Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
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Singh DK, Gupta T. Role of ammonium ion and transition metals in the formation of secondary organic aerosol and metallo-organic complex within fog processed ambient deliquescent submicron particles collected in central part of Indo-Gangetic Plain. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 181:725-737. [PMID: 28478233 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study we observed the role of ammonium ion (NH4+) and transition metals (Fe, Mn, Cr, and Cu) present in ambient submicron particles in stabilizing and enhancing the yield of water soluble organic carbon (WSOC). A good correlation of WSOC with transition metals and NH4+ was found (R2 = 0.87 and 0.71), respectively within foggy episode collected ambient PM1 (particles having aerodynamic diameter ≤1.0 μm) suggesting plausibleness of alternate oxidation (primarily various carbonyls into their respective organic acids, esters and other derivatives.) and aging mechanisms. Molar concentration of ammonium ion was observed to be exceeded over and above to require in neutralizing the sulphate and nitrate which further hints its role in the neutralization, stabilization and enhancement of subset of WSOC such as water soluble organic acids. Transition metals were further apportioned using enrichment factor analysis. The source of Fe, Mn, and Cr was found to be crustal and Cu was tagged to anthropogenic origin. This study also described the plausible role of significant predictors (Fe and Cu) in the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation through effect of Fenton chemistry. Mass-to-charge ratio of identified oxalic acid from our published recent field study (carried out from same sampling location) was used for understanding the possible metallo-organic complex with Fe supports the substantial role of Fe in SOA formation in the deliquescent submicron particles facilitated by aqueous-phase chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmendra Kumar Singh
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai-shi, Aichi, 487-8501, Japan.
| | - Tarun Gupta
- Department of Civil Engineering, Center for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, 208016, India.
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Samiksha S, Sunder Raman R, Nirmalkar J, Kumar S, Sirvaiya R. PM 10 and PM 2.5 chemical source profiles with optical attenuation and health risk indicators of paved and unpaved road dust in Bhopal, India. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 222:477-485. [PMID: 28089210 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Size classified (PM10 and PM2.5) paved and unpaved road dust chemical source profiles, optical attenuation and potential health risk from exposure to these sources are reported in this study. A total of 45 samples from 9 paved road and 6 unpaved road sites located in and around Bhopal were re-suspended in the laboratory, collected onto filter substrates and subjected to a variety of chemical analyses. In general, road dust was enriched (compared to upper continental crustal abundance) in anthropogenic pollutants including Sb, Cu, Zn, Co, and Pb. Organic and elemental carbon (OC/EC) in PM10 and PM2.5 size fractions were 50-75% higher in paved road dust compared to their counterparts in unpaved road dust. Further, the results suggest that when it is not possible to include carbon fractions in source profiles, the inclusion of optical attenuation is likely to enhance the source resolution of receptor models. Additionally, profiles obtained in this study were not very similar to the US EPA SPECIATE composite profiles for PM10 and PM2.5, for both sources. Specifically, the mass fractions of Si, Fe, OC, and EC were most different between SPECIATE composite profiles and Bhopal composite profiles. An estimate of health indicators for Bhopal road dust revealed that although Cr was only marginally enriched, its inhalation may pose a health risk. The estimates of potential lifetime incremental cancer risk induced by the inhalation of Cr in paved and unpaved road dust (PM10 and PM2.5) for both adults and children were higher than the baseline values of acceptable risk. These results suggest that road dust Cr induced carcinogenic risk should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Samiksha
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Ramya Sunder Raman
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India; Center for Research on Environmental and Sustainable Technologies, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Jayant Nirmalkar
- Center for Research on Environmental and Sustainable Technologies, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Samresh Kumar
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Rohit Sirvaiya
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Pant P, Guttikunda SK, Peltier RE. Exposure to particulate matter in India: A synthesis of findings and future directions. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 147:480-496. [PMID: 26974362 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution poses a critical threat to human health with ambient and household air pollution identified as key health risks in India. While there are many studies investigating concentration, composition, and health effects of air pollution, investigators are only beginning to focus on estimating or measuring personal exposure. Further, the relevance of exposures studies from the developed countries in developing countries is uncertain. This review summarizes existing research on exposure to particulate matter (PM) in India, identifies gaps and offers recommendations for future research. There are a limited number of studies focused on exposure to PM and/or associated health effects in India, but it is evident that levels of exposure are much higher than those reported in developed countries. Most studies have focused on coarse aerosols, with a few studies on fine aerosols. Additionally, most studies have focused on a handful of cities, and there are many unknowns in terms of ambient levels of PM as well as personal exposure. Given the high mortality burden associated with air pollution exposure in India, a deeper understanding of ambient pollutant levels as well as source strengths is crucial, both in urban and rural areas. Further, the attention needs to expand beyond the handful large cities that have been studied in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Pant
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst MA 01003, USA
| | - Sarath K Guttikunda
- Institute of Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Mumbai, India; Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, 225 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512, USA
| | - Richard E Peltier
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst MA 01003, USA.
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