1
|
Souza MCO, Rocha BA, Adeyemi JA, Nadal M, Domingo JL, Barbosa F. Legacy and emerging pollutants in Latin America: A critical review of occurrence and levels in environmental and food samples. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 848:157774. [PMID: 35932867 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The increase and indiscriminate use of personal care products, food products, fertilizers, pesticides, and health products, among others, have resulted/are resulting in extensive environmental contamination. Most of these products contain traces of widespread chemicals, usually known as emerging pollutants (EPs) or pollutants of emerging concern (PEC). The Latin American (LA) region comprises 20 countries with different social and cultural aspects, with 81 % of the population living in urban areas. The LA region has some countries on the top list of users/consumers of EPs, from pesticides and fertilizers to personal care products. However, there is a gap in information related to the distribution of EPs in the environment of this region, with very few existing review texts exploring this issue. Therefore, this present paper advances this approach. An exhaustive literature review, with the selection of 176 documents, provided unique up-to-date information on the presence/distribution of 17 classes of legacy or emerging pollutants in different food and environmental matrices (soil, sediment, water, and air). The study shows that the wide distribution and recorded levels of these pollutants in the continental environment are potential risks to human health, mainly through food and drinking water ingestion. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are pollutants of deep public concern since they show carcinogenic properties. Several classes of pollutants, like endocrine disruptors, have caused harmful effects on humans and the environment. Besides that, pharmaceutical products and pesticides are compounds of high consumption worldwide, being environmental contamination a real and ongoing possibility. Finally, gaps and future research needs are deeply pointed out.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marília Cristina Oliveira Souza
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida do Cafe s/n°, 14040-903 Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, Reus, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Bruno Alves Rocha
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida do Cafe s/n°, 14040-903 Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joseph A Adeyemi
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Martí Nadal
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - José Luis Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Fernando Barbosa
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida do Cafe s/n°, 14040-903 Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Avila BS, Mendoza DP, Ramírez A, Peñuela GA. Occurrence and distribution of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the atmosphere of the Andean city of Medellin, Colombia. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135648. [PMID: 35839990 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Passive air sampling (PAS) was used to evaluate organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polybrominated biphenyl, hexabromocyclododecane, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and perfluoroalkane substances in the atmosphere of Medellin, Colombia. PAS was carried out for three months (four quarters per year) over two consecutive years (2017 and 2018). This study allowed establishing the baseline of some pollutants in the city against which future temporal trends can be assessed. Furthermore, monitoring results suggested releases of DDT in the city or surrounding areas despite this pollutant was banned many years ago in the country. Moreover, this study evidenced the limited scope of the national laboratories to analyze persistent organic pollutants, specially brominated and fluorinated contaminants. However, there is an installed capacity to analyze organochlorine pesticide and indicator PCB in future national monitoring plans. Therefore, it is essential to realize efforts to improve the analytical capacity and increase the scope of the national laboratories. Furthermore, the PAS strategy was valuable for monitoring these pollutants in air. Finally, the results provide an overall view of persistent organic pollutants levels and represent an initial attempt to monitor and surveillance the releases of these pollutants in the city.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boris Santiago Avila
- Universidad de Antioquia, Facultad de Ingeniería, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Grupo Diagnóstico y Control de la Contaminación - GDCON, Calle 70 No 52 -21, Postal Code: 050010, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Diana Pemberthy Mendoza
- Universidad de Antioquia, Facultad de Ingeniería, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Grupo Diagnóstico y Control de la Contaminación - GDCON, Calle 70 No 52 -21, Postal Code: 050010, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Andrés Ramírez
- Programa de las Naciones Unidas para El Desarrollo, Proyecto PNUD-COL 98842/94749, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Gustavo A Peñuela
- Universidad de Antioquia, Facultad de Ingeniería, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Grupo Diagnóstico y Control de la Contaminación - GDCON, Calle 70 No 52 -21, Postal Code: 050010, Medellín, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Martínez Valenzuela C, Gavilán García A, Conde Avila V, Barrientos Alemán D, Apodaca Avalos M, Luna Valdez JG, Castro Carranza G, Masías Ambríz LO. Applying the Global Monitoring Plan and analysis of POPs results in atmospheric air in Mexico (2017-2018). CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135154. [PMID: 35640689 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Air is one of the target matrices of the Global Monitoring Plan (GMP) of the Stockholm Convention to determine concentrations and transport of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). Mexico participates in the GMP for POPs in ambient air through the AIR-Global Environment Facility (GEF) program. The objective of this study was to analyze the results of POPs monitoring of air samples collected in Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Mexico, between 2017 and 2018. Passive samplers were used for the determination of chlorinated basic POPs, indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (Ind. PCBs), polybrominated biphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs). A principal component analysis was applied to determine relationships between pollutants and groups present in the ambient air of the rural study area. Of the total POPs analyzed, 85.56% were detected in ambient air samples from Mexico. Organochlorine compounds, as DDT derivatives, were identified mainly, as well as PBDEs, PCDDs, and PCDFs. The prevalence of compounds differed according to the seasonality of sampling, with no change in average concentration between monitoring years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Martínez Valenzuela
- Unidad de Investigación en Ambiente y Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, Blvd. Macario Gaxiola y Carretera Internacional C.P., 81223, Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Mexico.
| | | | - Victoria Conde Avila
- Facultad de Biotecnología, Universidad Popular Autónoma Del Estado de Puebla, Puebla, Pue., Mexico
| | - Dolores Barrientos Alemán
- Representante Del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente en México (Oficina Regional para América Latina y el Caribe), Mexico
| | - Marisa Apodaca Avalos
- Unidad de Investigación en Ambiente y Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, Blvd. Macario Gaxiola y Carretera Internacional C.P., 81223, Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - José Guadalupe Luna Valdez
- Unidad de Investigación en Ambiente y Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, Blvd. Macario Gaxiola y Carretera Internacional C.P., 81223, Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Castro Carranza
- Unidad de Investigación en Ambiente y Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, Blvd. Macario Gaxiola y Carretera Internacional C.P., 81223, Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Luis Omar Masías Ambríz
- Unidad de Investigación en Ambiente y Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, Blvd. Macario Gaxiola y Carretera Internacional C.P., 81223, Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kim HJ, Jeon JW, Hwang SM, Chu KI, Cha YH, Kwak YD, Kim YH, Choi SD, Aslam M, Kim CG. Long-term nationwide assessment of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls ambient air concentrations for ten years in South Korea. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:127903. [PMID: 32841873 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, seasonal/regional variations of Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/DFs) and dioxin like-polychlorinated biphenyls in the ambient air were monitored for ten years (2008-2017) using a high volume air sampler. As a result of strict regulation enforced by Korea Ministry of Environment in 2008, PCDD/DFs concentrations in the ambient air decreased from 0.051 pg I-TEQ Sm-3 in 2009 to 0.014 pg I-TEQ Sm-3 in 2017 which was comparably associated with cut-down of their emission sources from 880.2 g I-TEQ Sm-3 in 2001 to 24.2 g I-TEQ Sm-3 in 2015; revealing that it was only 2.7% against that of 2001. In 2017, mean TEQ concentration level of PCDD/DFs in the air of South Korea was quite low in comparison to its ambient environmental standards of 0.6 pg I-TEQ Sm-3 for PCDD/DFs. Particularly, the sum of PCDD/DFs in the background revealed the lowest level, however, the fraction of octachlorodibenzodioxin among other isomers exposed at the highest level in this study, suggesting that the ambient air quality in the background being studied was severely and persistently impaired by inflowing unknown sources of any possible anthropogenic transboundary migratory air pollutants. Moreover, this study conducted the scientific analysis of the long-term variations in the ambient air and emission sources using principal component analysis. From this of 10 years long-term nationwide assessments for the PCDD/DFs and dl-PCBs in the ambient air, it is possible to prove that South Korean environmental policy to manage POPs has been successfully conducted for the last ten years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Joong Kim
- Department of Chemicals Management, Korea Environment Corporation (K-eco), Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea; Department of Environment Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Jeon
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Man Hwang
- Department of Chemicals Management, Korea Environment Corporation (K-eco), Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Il Chu
- Department of Chemicals Management, Korea Environment Corporation (K-eco), Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Ho Cha
- Department of Chemicals Management, Korea Environment Corporation (K-eco), Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Don Kwak
- Department of Chemicals Management, Korea Environment Corporation (K-eco), Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hee Kim
- Chemicals Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Aslam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Chang-Gyun Kim
- Department of Environment Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wania F, Shunthirasingham C. Passive air sampling for semi-volatile organic chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:1925-2002. [PMID: 32822447 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00194e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
During passive air sampling, the amount of a chemical taken up in a sorbent from the air without the help of a pump is quantified and converted into an air concentration. In an equilibrium sampler, this conversion requires a thermodynamic parameter, the equilibrium sorption coefficient between gas-phase and sorbent. In a kinetic sampler, a time-averaged air concentration is obtained using a sampling rate, which is a kinetic parameter. Design requirements for kinetic and equilibrium sampling conflict with each other. The volatility of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) varies over five orders of magnitude, which implies that passive air samplers are inevitably kinetic samplers for less volatile SVOCs and equilibrium samplers for more volatile SVOCs. Therefore, most currently used passive sampler designs for SVOCs are a compromise that requires the consideration of both a thermodynamic and a kinetic parameter. Their quantitative interpretation depends on assumptions that are rarely fulfilled, and on input parameters, that are often only known with high uncertainty. Kinetic passive air sampling for SVOCs is also challenging because their typically very low atmospheric concentrations necessitate relatively high sampling rates that can only be achieved without the use of diffusive barriers. This in turn renders sampling rates dependent on wind conditions and therefore highly variable. Despite the overall high uncertainty arising from these challenges, passive air samplers for SVOCs have valuable roles to play in recording (i) spatial concentration variability at scales ranging from a few centimeters to tens of thousands of kilometers, (ii) long-term trends, (iii) air contamination in remote and inaccessible locations and (iv) indoor inhalation exposure. Going forward, thermal desorption of sorbents may lower the detection limits for some SVOCs to an extent that the use of diffusive barriers in the kinetic sampling of SVOCs becomes feasible, which is a prerequisite to decreasing the uncertainty of sampling rates. If the thermally stable sorbent additionally has a high sorptive capacity, it may be possible to design true kinetic samplers for most SVOCs. In the meantime, the passive air sampling community would benefit from being more transparent by rigorously quantifying and explicitly reporting uncertainty.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hu J, Wu J, Xu C, Zha X, Hua Y, Yang L, Jin J. Preliminary investigation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran, polychlorinated naphthalene, and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations in ambient air in an industrial park at the northeastern edge of the Tibet-Qinghai Plateau, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 648:935-942. [PMID: 30144761 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ambient air samples collected in an industrial park at the northeastern edge of the Tibet-Qinghai Plateau (China) were analyzed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), and dioxin-like (dl) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The PCDD/F, PCN, and dl-PCB concentrations were 1.18-2.18, 21.9-75.1, and 0.49-0.90 pg/m3, respectively. The concentrations of these compounds were clearly higher than that observed at a remote site and were comparable with those found in ambient air in industrial areas in other locations. A principal component analysis indicated that emissions from local industrial sites (a secondary aluminum smelter, a cement kiln, and a lead-zinc smelter) at which thermal processes are performed were the sources of PCDD/Fs to the air. The combustion-related PCN congener profiles suggested that industrial thermal processes strongly affect PCN concentrations in ambient air at the industrial park. The results clearly indicated that the industrial park is a source of environmental PCDD/Fs and PCNs at the northeastern edge of the Tibet-Qinghai Plateau.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jicheng Hu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, MinZu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, MinZu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Jing Wu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, MinZu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chenyang Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, MinZu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoshuo Zha
- College of Life and Environmental Science, MinZu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ying Hua
- College of Life and Environmental Science, MinZu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Liwen Yang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, MinZu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jun Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Science, MinZu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, MinZu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hao Y, Li Y, Wang T, Hu Y, Sun H, Matsiko J, Zheng S, Wang P, Zhang Q. Distribution, seasonal variation and inhalation risks of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the atmosphere of Beijing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2018; 40:1907-1918. [PMID: 28447232 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-017-9961-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Spatial distribution, seasonal variation and potential inhalation risks of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were investigated in the atmosphere of Beijing, using passive air samplers equipped with polyurethane foam disks. Concentrations of ΣPCDD/Fs, ΣPCBs and ΣPBDEs ranged from 8.4 to 179 fg WHO2005-TEQ/m3, 38.6-139 and 1.5-176 pg/m3, respectively. PCDFs showed higher air concentrations than those of PCDDs, indicating the influence of industrial activities and other combustion processes. The non-Aroclor congener, PCB-11, was detected in air (12.3-99.4 pg/m3) and dominated the PCB congener profiles (61.7-71.5% to ∑PCBs). The congener patterns of PBDEs showed signatures from both penta-BDE and octa-BDE products. Levels of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs at the industrial and residential sites were higher than those at rural site, indicating human activities in urban area as potential sources. Higher air concentrations of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs were observed in summer, which could be associated with atmospheric deposition process, re-volatilization from soil surface and volatilization from use of technical products, respectively. Results of inhalation exposure and cancer risk showed that atmospheric PCDD/Fs, dioxin-like PCBs and PBDEs did not cause high risks to the local residents of Beijing. This study provides further aid in evaluating emission sources, influencing factors and potential inhalation risks of the persistent organic pollutants to human health in mega-cities of China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanfen Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Thanh Wang
- MTM Research Center, Örebro University, 701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Yongbiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Huizhong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Julius Matsiko
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shucheng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Pu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Muñoz-Arnanz J, Roscales JL, Vicente A, Ros M, Barrios L, Morales L, Abad E, Jiménez B. Assessment of POPs in air from Spain using passive sampling from 2008 to 2015. Part II: Spatial and temporal observations of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 634:1669-1679. [PMID: 29685685 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Time series (2008-2015) of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) in ambient air from the Spanish Monitoring Program were analyzed. A total of 321 samples were collected seasonally each year in 5 urban and 7 background sites by means of passive air sampling. Air concentrations were higher at urban than background sites (urban vs. background concentration ranges): PCDD/Fs (26.9-1010 vs. 20.0-357 fg/m3), non-ortho PCBs (0.113-3.14 vs. 0.042-2.00 pg/m3) and mono-ortho PCBs (0.644-41.3 vs. 0.500-32.8 pg/m3). Results showed significant decreases from 2009 for non-ortho PCBs and PCDD/Fs as well as for WHO2006-TEQs. These declines were sharper, and sometimes only significant, in urban places resulting in converging levels at urban and background sites for these pollutants at the end of the study period. In contrast, mono-ortho PCBs did not show any significant variation but a steady flat temporal behavior in their concentrations, suggesting the existence of different sources between mono-ortho and non-ortho PCBs. Seasonality was observed for air burdens of all these POPs. PCDD/Fs were mostly measured at higher concentrations in colder than in hot seasons, and the opposite was true for dl-PCBs. Seasonal variations for PCDD/Fs appeared to be related to changes in their sources (e.g. domestic heating, open burning) rather than to temperature per se. In contrast, environmental temperature dependent factors (e.g. increased partitioning into the gas phase) drove seasonal variations in dl-PCBs instead of seasonal changes in their sources. Regarding spatial patterns, significant greater levels of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs were generally found in cities compared to background areas, pointing out the role of densely populated areas as sources for these pollutants in Spain. As proven by our results, long-term monitoring activities are essential to assess and understand temporal behaviors for these POPs, as well as to evaluate the achievement of Stockholm Convention objectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Muñoz-Arnanz
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, (IQOG-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jose L Roscales
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, (IQOG-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Vicente
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, (IQOG-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ros
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, (IQOG-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Barrios
- Statistics Department, Computing Center (SGAI-CSIC), Pinar 19, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Morales
- Laboratory of Dioxins, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esteban Abad
- Laboratory of Dioxins, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Begoña Jiménez
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, (IQOG-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Loyola-Sepúlveda R, Salamanca MO, Gutiérrez-Baeza F, Figueroa Sn M CM, Chandia CV, Bravo-Linares C, Mudge SM. Contributions of dioxins and furans to the urban sediment signature: The role of atmospheric particles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 615:751-760. [PMID: 28992499 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-furans (PCDF) are widely distributed in the environment. The diverse production processes that form these compounds lead to a range of chemical signatures although weathering may cause changes to these signature over time and with increasing distance from their origin. Chemical signatures in sediments based on 17 PCDD/Fs were developed in Concepcion, a Chilean city in the middle of a complex hydrological system which contains several small urban freshwater bodies and the River Bio-Bio. The region has numerous industrial and domestic activities that may contribute PCDD/Fs to the environment. Sediments from urban lakes had higher concentrations of dioxins and furans (mean=941ng·kg-1) than either a remote lake (335ng·kg-1) located 32km from the city or marine samples (mean=124ng·kg-1). Up to 85% of the compounds present in all sediment samples could be explained by the chemical signature associated with airborne particulates leaving only 15-30% of the chemical signature potentially arising from other sources. The remote lake had higher proportions of the less-chlorinated compounds compared to the urban samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Loyola-Sepúlveda
- Laboratorio de Oceanografía Química, Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, cabina 5, barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Marcos O Salamanca
- Laboratorio de Oceanografía Química, Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, cabina 5, barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción, Chile
| | - Felipe Gutiérrez-Baeza
- Laboratorio de Oceanografía Química, Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, cabina 5, barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción, Chile
| | - Claudia M Figueroa Sn M
- Laboratorio de Oceanografía Química, Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, cabina 5, barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción, Chile
| | - Cristian V Chandia
- Instituto de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Claudio Bravo-Linares
- Instituto de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Stephen M Mudge
- Environmental Investigations, Llandegfan, Menai Bridge LL59 5YB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sun J, Hu J, Zhu G, Zhang D, Zhu Y, Chen Z, Li J, Zhang H, Tang J, Nie J, Zhang S. PCDD/Fs distribution characteristics and health risk assessment in fly ash discharged from MSWIs in China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 139:83-88. [PMID: 28113115 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study provided distribution and health risk information of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in fly ash from 4 municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs) in four seasons from four sites, including Zhengzhou City in Henan Province, Chuzhou City in Anhui Province, Jilin City in Jilin Province and Zibo City in Shandong Province. The toxic equivalent concentration (I-TEQ) values of PCDD/Fs ranged from 0.0707 to 0.7742ng I-TEQ/g, and no identical sequence occurred during four seasons in different sampling sites. The stabilization process might efficiently reduce the content and toxicology of PCDD/Fs in fly ash. The value of PCDD/PCDF in fly ash ranged from 0.145 to 0.787 after solidification. The characteristic index (DCI) of 2,3,4,7,8-P5CDF was 0.803 with 6.6% under 95% probability for fly ash samples discharged from MSWIs. The 95th percentile carcinogenic risks (CRs) for onsite workers were lower than the threshold value (10-5), suggesting that the cancer risk levels of PCDD/Fs in fly ash for onsite workers were acceptable. The 95th percentile non-carcinogenic risks (non-CRs) for onsite workers were lower than 1, suggesting no obvious non-carcinogenic effect was developed for onsite workers. This paper provide an overview information on the distribution of PCDD/Fs in fly ash during four seasons, and it could be used as an important fingerprint to distinguish the fly ash sources. Thus, the research could provide basic information for fly ash management in environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sun
- Jiangsu Levei Testing Company Limited, Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Juan Hu
- Jiangsu Levei Testing Company Limited, Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Gengzheng Zhu
- Jiangsu Levei Testing Company Limited, Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Dadang Zhang
- Jiangsu Levei Testing Company Limited, Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Yuyi Zhu
- Jiangsu Levei Testing Company Limited, Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Zhihai Chen
- Jiangsu Levei Testing Company Limited, Wuxi 214000, China.
| | - Jiafu Li
- Jiangsu Levei Testing Company Limited, Wuxi 214000, China.
| | - Hongjian Zhang
- Jiangsu Levei Testing Company Limited, Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Jinshun Tang
- Jiangsu Levei Testing Company Limited, Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Jihua Nie
- School of Public Health Medical College of Soochow university, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Shuyu Zhang
- School of Public Health Medical College of Soochow university, Suzhou 215000, China
| |
Collapse
|