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Jonsson O, Paulsson E, Kreuger J. TIMFIE Sampler-A New Time-Integrating, Active, Low-Tech Sampling Device for Quantitative Monitoring of Pesticides in Whole Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:279-286. [PMID: 30525493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The need for inexpensive, time-averaged, quantitative determination of pesticides and other organic pollutants in whole water is not matched by the field sampling procedures available. Our new Time-Integrating, MicroFlow, In-line Extraction (TIMFIE) sampler comprises a low-tech syringe pump driven by a rubber band and connected to a flow restrictor enabling low microliter per minute water flow through a solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridge. This allows target compounds to be continuously extracted in the field over 1 week. The extracted water ends up in the syringe, where sample volume is accurately determined. TIMFIE followed by online SPE-LC-MS/MS determination was validated for 72 selected pesticides, and, except for three compounds, detection limit was 0.1-1 ng/L. In a field study, concentrations in TIMFIE samples and in grab samples were compared. Following TIMFIE sampling, on average 19 pesticides per sample were quantified, compared with nine pesticides per sample with grab sampling, as a result of the extra in-field concentration step. Duplicate TIMFIE sampling showed Pearson's correlation coefficient r = 0.998. Comparing concentrations from TIMFIE sampling to grab sampling resulted in ratios between 0.05 and 16.5 (mean 1.7; r = 0.532), demonstrating a discrepancy between the two sampling strategies and possible underestimation of chronic exposure by grab sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ove Jonsson
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment , Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , P.O. Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala , Sweden
- Center for Chemical Pesticides , Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , P.O. Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Elin Paulsson
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment , Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , P.O. Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Jenny Kreuger
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment , Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , P.O. Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala , Sweden
- Center for Chemical Pesticides , Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , P.O. Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala , Sweden
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Schulze T, Ahel M, Ahlheim J, Aït-Aïssa S, Brion F, Di Paolo C, Froment J, Hidasi AO, Hollender J, Hollert H, Hu M, Kloß A, Koprivica S, Krauss M, Muz M, Oswald P, Petre M, Schollée JE, Seiler TB, Shao Y, Slobodnik J, Sonavane M, Suter MJF, Tollefsen KE, Tousova Z, Walz KH, Brack W. Assessment of a novel device for onsite integrative large-volume solid phase extraction of water samples to enable a comprehensive chemical and effect-based analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 581-582:350-358. [PMID: 28062104 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of targeted and nontargeted chemical screening analysis in combination with in vitro and organism-level bioassays is a prerequisite for a more holistic monitoring of water quality in the future. For chemical analysis, little or no sample enrichment is often sufficient, while bioanalysis often requires larger sample volumes at a certain enrichment factor for conducting comprehensive bioassays on different endpoints or further effect-directed analysis (EDA). To avoid logistic and technical issues related to the storage and transport of large volumes of water, sampling would benefit greatly from onsite extraction. This study presents a novel onsite large volume solid phase extraction (LVSPE) device tailored to fulfill the requirements for the successful effect-based and chemical screening of water resources and complies with available international standards for automated sampling devices. Laboratory recovery experiments using 251 organic compounds in the log D range from -3.6 to 9.4 (at pH7.0) spiked into pristine water resulted in acceptable recoveries and from 60 to 123% for 159 out of 251 substances. Within a European-wide demonstration program, the LVSPE was able to enrich compounds in concentration ranges over three orders of magnitude (1ngL-1 to 2400ngL-1). It was possible to discriminate responsive samples from samples with no or only low effects in a set of six different bioassays (i.e. acetylcholinesterase and algal growth inhibition, androgenicity, estrogenicity, fish embryo toxicity, glucocorticoid activity). The LVSPE thus proved applicable for onsite extraction of sufficient amounts of water to investigate water quality thoroughly by means of chemical analysis and effect-based tools without the common limitations due to small sample volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Schulze
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Marijan Ahel
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jörg Ahlheim
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Selim Aït-Aïssa
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques INERIS, Unité d'Ecotoxicologie, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - François Brion
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques INERIS, Unité d'Ecotoxicologie, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Carolina Di Paolo
- RWTH Aachen University, Department of Ecosystem Analyses, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jean Froment
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway; Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo (UiO), PO Box 1033, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anita O Hidasi
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland; ETH Zurich, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Henner Hollert
- RWTH Aachen University, Department of Ecosystem Analyses, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Meng Hu
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Department of Ecosystem Analyses, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Anett Kloß
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sanja Koprivica
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Martin Krauss
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Melis Muz
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Department of Ecosystem Analyses, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Oswald
- Environmental Institute, s.r.o., Okružná 784/42, 972 41 Koš, Slovak Republic
| | - Margit Petre
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jennifer E Schollée
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland; ETH Zurich, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas-Benjamin Seiler
- RWTH Aachen University, Department of Ecosystem Analyses, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ying Shao
- RWTH Aachen University, Department of Ecosystem Analyses, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jaroslav Slobodnik
- Environmental Institute, s.r.o., Okružná 784/42, 972 41 Koš, Slovak Republic
| | - Manoj Sonavane
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques INERIS, Unité d'Ecotoxicologie, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Marc J-F Suter
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland
| | - Knut Erik Tollefsen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), PO Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Zuzana Tousova
- MAXX Mess- u. Probenahmetechnik GmbH, Hechinger Straße 41, 72414 Rangendingen, Germany; Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karl-Heinz Walz
- MAXX Mess- u. Probenahmetechnik GmbH, Hechinger Straße 41, 72414 Rangendingen, Germany
| | - Werner Brack
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Department of Ecosystem Analyses, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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