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Ivankovic K, Krizman-Matasic I, Dragojevic J, Mihaljevic I, Smital T, Ahel M, Terzic S. Uptake/depuration kinetics, bioaccumulation potential and metabolic transformation of a complex pharmaceutical mixture in zebrafish (Danio rerio). J Hazard Mater 2024; 470:134144. [PMID: 38554516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Uptake and elimination kinetics, bioconcentration factors (BCFs), and metabolic transformation of 20 different pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs), covering a wide range of therapeutic categories and physico-chemical properties, were studied using zebrafish (Danio rerio). The fish were exposed to the mixture of the selected PhACs at environmentally relevant concentrations similar to 10 µg L-1. The experiments were performed in semi-static conditions and comprised a 7-day uptake period followed by a 7-day depuration period. Most of the PhACs reached a concentration plateau within the 7-day uptake-phase which was followed by an efficient depuration, with the observed uptake (ku) and depuration rate constants (kd,) ranging between 0.002 and 3.752 L kg-1 h-1, and 0.010 to 0.217 h-1, respectively. The investigated PhACs showed low to moderate BCFs. The highest BCFs of 47.8, 28.6 and 47.6 L kg-1 were determined for sertraline, diazepam and desloratadine, respectively. A high contribution of metabolic products to the total internal concentration was observed for some PhACs such as codeine (69%), sulfamethoxazole (51%) and verapamil (87%), which has to be taken into account when assessing the bioconcentration potential. Moreover, most of the metabolites exhibited significantly longer half-lives in zebrafish than their parent compounds and affected the overall depuration kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudija Ivankovic
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivona Krizman-Matasic
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jelena Dragojevic
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Mihaljevic
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tvrtko Smital
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijan Ahel
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Senka Terzic
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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2
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Senta I, Krizman-Matasic I, Kostanjevecki P, Gonzalez-Mariño I, Rodil R, Quintana JB, Mikac I, Terzic S, Ahel M. Assessing the impact of a major electronic music festival on the consumption patterns of illicit and licit psychoactive substances in a Mediterranean city using wastewater analysis. Sci Total Environ 2023:164547. [PMID: 37270014 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The consumption patterns of five categories of psychoactive substances (PS), including "conventional" illicit drugs, new psychoactive substances (NPS), therapeutic opioids, alcohol and nicotine, were studied in the city of Split, Croatia, using wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE), with an emphasis on the impact of a large electronic music festival. The study involved the analysis of 57 urinary biomarkers of PS in raw municipal wastewater samples collected in three characteristic periods, including the festival week in the peak-tourist season (July) and reference weeks in the peak-tourist season (August) and the off-tourist season (November). Such a large number of biomarkers allowed the recognition of distinct patterns of PS use associated with the festival, but also revealed some subtle differences between summer and autumn seasons. The festival week was characterized by markedly increased use of illicit stimulants (MDMA: 30-fold increase; cocaine and amphetamine: 1.7-fold increase) and alcohol (1.7-fold increase), while consumption of other common illicit drugs (cannabis and heroin), major therapeutic opioids (morphine, codeine and tramadol) and nicotine remained rather constant. Interestingly, NPS and methamphetamine clearly contributed to the festival PS signature in wastewater, but their prevalence was rather low compared to that of common illicit drugs. Estimates of cocaine and cannabis use were largely consistent with prevalence data from national surveys, whereas differences were found for typical amphetamine-type recreational drugs, particularly MDMA, and for heroin. The WBE data suggest that the largest proportion of morphine came from heroin consumption and that the percentage of heroin users seeking treatment in Split is probably rather low. The prevalence of smoking calculated in this study (30.6 %) was consistent with national survey data for 2015 (27.5-31.5 %), while the average alcohol consumption per capita >15 years (5.2 L) was lower than sales statistics suggest (8.9 L).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Senta
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivona Krizman-Matasic
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Petra Kostanjevecki
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Iria Gonzalez-Mariño
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R. Constantino Candeira S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R. Constantino Candeira S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R. Constantino Candeira S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Iva Mikac
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Senka Terzic
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Marijan Ahel
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Ivankovic K, Jambrosic K, Mikac I, Kapetanovic D, Ahel M, Terzic S. Multiclass determination of drug residues in water and fish for bioaccumulation potential assessment. Talanta 2023; 264:124762. [PMID: 37276678 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a wide-scope liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the quantitative determination of environmental levels of multiclass drugs and their metabolites in water and fish samples was developed. The method allowed the reliable determination of 44 drugs, covering a rather wide range of chemistries and physicochemical characteristics. In order to obtain a reliable and robust analytical protocol, different combinations of extraction and cleanup techniques were systematically examined. Aqueous samples were extracted using a simple Oasis HLB SPE enrichment protocol with pH-optimized sample percolation (pH 3). The extraction of cryo-homogenized biota samples was performed using double extraction with MeOH basified with 0.5% NH3, which allowed high extraction recoveries for all target analytes. The problem of the coextracted lipid matrix, which is known to be the key obstacle for reliable biota analysis, was systematically examined in a series of model cleanup experiments. A combination of cryo-precipitation, filtration, and HLB SPE cleanup was proposed as a protocol, which allowed reliable and robust analysis of all target compounds at low ng/g levels. At the final conditions, the method which was validated at three concentration levels showed high extraction recoveries (68-97%), acceptable matrix effects (12 to -32%), accuracies (81-129%), and reproducibilities (3-32%) for all analytes. The developed method was used to determine drug concentrations in river water and in feral freshwater fish, including whole fish and muscle tissue, from the Sava River (Croatia), in order to estimate their corresponding bioaccumulation potential. With respect to bioaccumulation potential in whole fish and fish muscle, the most relevant drugs were lisinopril, sertraline, terbinafine, torsemide, diazepam, desloratadine, and loratadine with estimated bioaccumulation factors ranging from 20 to 838 and from 1 to 431, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudija Ivankovic
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Karlo Jambrosic
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Iva Mikac
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Damir Kapetanovic
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijan Ahel
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Senka Terzic
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Marguš M, Ahel M, Čanković M, Ljubešić Z, Terzić S, Hodak Kobasić V, Ciglenečki I. Phytoplankton pigment dynamics in marine lake fluctuating between stratified and holomictic euxinic conditions. Mar Pollut Bull 2023; 191:114931. [PMID: 37075558 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Biomass dynamics in the marine lake are strongly dependent on seasonal variability in vertical stratification, indicating rapid adaptation of phytoplankton to short-term changes in the water column. A small marine lake (Rogoznica Lake, Croatia), which fluctuates between stably stratified and holomictic euxinic conditions, was used as a model to study the phytoplankton responses to environmental perturbations, in particular the anoxic stress, caused by periodic holomixia. The epilimnion showed significant temporal and vertical variability with a chlorophyll a subsurface maximum with the highest biomass near the chemocline. Fucoxanthin-containing biomass (diatoms) dominated in the epilimnion in colder seasons and was first to recover after holomictic euxinic events. The shift towards the smaller groups prevailed during highly stratified water column conditions in warmer seasons. Results for the hypolimnion were more enigmatic, with high concentrations of alloxanthin, zeaxanthin, and violaxanthin indicating the presence of a viable small-size mixotrophic community under extreme conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Marguš
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Marijan Ahel
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Milan Čanković
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zrinka Ljubešić
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Senka Terzić
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vedranka Hodak Kobasić
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Irena Ciglenečki
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Marić P, Ahel M, Maraković N, Lončar J, Mihaljević I, Smital T. Selective interaction of microcystin congeners with zebrafish (Danio rerio) Oatp1d1 transporter. Chemosphere 2021; 283:131155. [PMID: 34182632 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are the most studied cyanotoxins. The uptake of MCs in cells and tissues of mammals and fish species is mostly mediated by organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs in humans and rodents; Oatps in other species), and the Oatp1d1 appears to be a major transporter for MCs in fish. In this study, six MC congeners of varying physicochemical properties (MC-LR, -RR, -YR, -LW, -LF, -LA) were tested by measuring their effect on the uptake of model Oatp1d1 fluorescent substrate Lucifer yellow (LY) in HEK293T cells transiently or stably overexpressing zebrafish Oatp1d1. MC-LW and -LF showed the strongest interaction resulting in an almost complete inhibition of LY transport with IC50 values of 0.21 and 0.26 μM, while congeners -LR, -YR and -LA showed lower inhibitory effects. To discern between Oatp1d1 substrates and inhibitors, results were complemented by Michaelis-Menten kinetics and chemical analytical determinations of MCs uptake, along with molecular docking studies performed using the developed zebrafish Oatp1d1 homology model. Our study showed that Oatp1d1-mediated transport of MCs could be largely dependent on their basic physicochemical properties, with log POW being the most obvious determinant. Finally, apart from determination of the chemical composition of cynobacterial blooms, a reliable risk assessment should take into account the interaction of identified MC congeners with Oatp1d1 as their primary transporter, and herewith we demonstrated that such a comprehensive approach could be based on the use of highly specific in vitro models, accompanied by chemical assessment and in silico molecular docking studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Marić
- Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijan Ahel
- Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry and Biogeochemistry of Organic Compounds, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikola Maraković
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jovica Lončar
- Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Mihaljević
- Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tvrtko Smital
- Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia.
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6
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Senta I, Terzic S, Ahel M. Analysis and occurrence of macrolide residues in stream sediments and underlying alluvial aquifer downstream from a pharmaceutical plant. Environ Pollut 2021; 273:116433. [PMID: 33486242 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Macrolide antibiotics azithromycin (AZI), erythromycin (ERY) and clarithromycin (CLA) have been recently included in the EU Watch List of contaminants of emerging concern in the aquatic environment. However, their comprehensive assessment in different environmental compartments, by including synthesis intermediates, by-products and transformation products, is still missing. In this work, a novel method, based on pressurized liquid extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, was developed and validated for the determination of such an extended range of macrolide residues in sediment and soil samples at low ng/g levels. The method was applied to determine distribution of 13 macrolides in surface and alluvial aquifer sediments collected in a small stream with a history of chronic exposure to wastewater discharges from AZI production. The total concentrations of the target macrolide compounds in surface sediments were up to 29 μg/g and the most prominent individual macrolides were parent AZI, its synthesis intermediate N-demethyl AZI and transformation products decladinosyl AZI and N'-demethyl AZI. Some ERY-related compounds, originating from AZI synthesis, were also frequently detected, though at lower concentration levels (up to 0.31 ng/g in total). The distribution of macrolide residues in surface sediments indicated their active longitudinal transport by resuspension and redeposition of the contaminated sediment particles. The vertical concentration profiles in stream sediments and the underlying alluvial aquifer revealed that macrolide residues reached deeper alluvial sediments (up to 5 m). Moreover, significant levels of macrolides were found in groundwater samples below the streambed, with the total concentrations reaching up to 1.7 μg/L. This study highlights the importance of comprehensive chemical characterization of the macrolide residues, which were shown to persist in surface and alluvial aquifer sediment more than ten years after their discharge into the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Senta
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Senka Terzic
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Marijan Ahel
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
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Marić P, Ahel M, Babić O, Simeunović J, Smital T. Ecotoxicological profiling of selected cyanobacterial strains using multi-endpoint effect-directed analysis. Ecotoxicology 2020; 29:535-550. [PMID: 32297059 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-020-02201-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The main goal of this study was to perform an ecotoxicological profiling of terrestrial and aquatic cyanobacterial strains found in different soils or in toxic cyanobacterial blooms in Vojvodina region, Serbia, using the effect-directed analysis (EDA) approach. The applied procedure was based on a series of in vitro or small-scale bioassays covering multiple endpoints in combination with advanced chemical analytical protocols. Non-selective and non-target preparation techniques were used for the extraction of a broad range of chemical compounds present in three terrestrial (Anabaena Č2, Anabaena Č5, Nostoc S8) and three aquatic (Nostoc Z1, Phormidium Z2, Oscillatoria K3) strains. Ecotoxicological endpoints addressed included evaluation of the fish cytotoxicity in vitro (acute toxicity), algal growth inhibition (chronic toxicity), and interaction with cellular detoxification mechanisms. All cyanobacterial strains tested in the 1st tier EDA showed significant effects in terms of chronic toxicity and interaction with cellular detoxification. Three major fractions of different polarities were further tested in the 2nd tier, using bioassays which showed the strongest response: induction of CYP1A1 biotransformation enzyme and inhibition of zebrafish organic anion (Oatp1d1) and cation (Oct1) uptake transporters. Oscillatoria K3 strain was selected for a more detailed 3rd tier EDA, and the obtained results revealed that positive sub-fractions possess polar anion and cation compounds that are reactive to both uptake transporters, and compounds responsible for the strongest effects have a pronounced lipophilic character. Apart from lipophilic non-polar compounds that represent typical phase I substrates, sub-fractions that contained polar substances are also shown to significantly induce CYP1A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Marić
- Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - M Ahel
- Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry and Biogeochemistry of Organic Compounds, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - O Babić
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - J Simeunović
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - T Smital
- Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Kostanjevecki P, Petric I, Loncar J, Smital T, Ahel M, Terzic S. Aerobic biodegradation of tramadol by pre-adapted activated sludge culture: Cometabolic transformations and bacterial community changes during enrichment. Sci Total Environ 2019; 687:858-866. [PMID: 31412489 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The biodegradation of biorecalcitrant opioid drug tramadol (TRAM) was studied in a model biodegradation experiment performed with an enriched activated sludge culture pre-adapted to high concentration of TRAM (20 mg/L). TRAM and its transformation products (TPs) were determined by applying ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS), the sludge culture was characterized using a 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, whereas ecotoxicological evaluation was performed based on determination of toxicity to freshwater algae. Tramadol removal was much faster (t1/2 = 1.3 days) and more efficient in glucose-containing mineral medium (cometabolic conditions) than in a medium without glucose. The elimination of the parent compound resulted in the formation of five TPs, two of which (TP 249 and TP 235) were identified as N-desmethyltramadol (N-DM TRAM) and N,N-didesmethyltramadol (N,N-diDM TRAM). The remaining 3 TPs (TP 277a-c) were isomeric compounds with an elemental composition of protonated molecules C16H24NO3 and a putative structure which involved oxidative modification of the dimethylamino group. Pronounced changes in the taxonomic composition of the activated sludge were observed during the enrichment, especially regarding an enhanced percentage of 8 genera (Bacillus, Mycobacterium, Enterobacter, Methylobacillus, Pedobacter, Xanthobacter, Leadbetterella and Kaistia), which might be related to the observed transformations. The removal of TRAM resulted in proportional reduction of algal toxicity, implying a positive result of the accomplished transformation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Kostanjevecki
- Division of Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ines Petric
- Division of Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jovica Loncar
- Division of Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tvrtko Smital
- Division of Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijan Ahel
- Division of Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Senka Terzic
- Division of Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Senta I, Kostanjevecki P, Krizman-Matasic I, Terzic S, Ahel M. Occurrence and Behavior of Macrolide Antibiotics in Municipal Wastewater Treatment: Possible Importance of Metabolites, Synthesis Byproducts, and Transformation Products. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:7463-7472. [PMID: 31244064 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A one-year study on the occurrence and fate of macrolide antibiotics and their metabolites, synthesis byproducts, and transformation products (TPs) was performed in the wastewater treatment plant of the city of Zagreb (Croatia). The target compounds were found in all analyzed influent and effluent samples with the total concentrations of azithromycin-, clarithromycin-, and erythromycin-related compounds reaching up to 25, 12, and 0.25 μg/L, respectively. The most prominent individual constituents were the parent macrolides azithromycin and clarithromycin. However, a substantial contribution of their derivatives, formed by deglycolysation and microbial phosphorylation, was also detected. In addition, widespread presence of several linearized nontarget TPs was confirmed for the first time in real wastewater samples by suspect screening analysis. Complex characterization of macrolide-derived compounds enabled decoupling of industrial and therapeutic sources from the in situ transformations. Due to the high inputs and incomplete removal and/or formation of several TPs during the conventional wastewater treatment, the average mass load of azithromycin-related compounds in secondary effluents exceeded 3.0 g/day/1000 inhabitants. This is the first study to reveal the importance of metabolites, byproducts, and TPs for the overall mass balance of macrolide antibiotics in urban wastewater systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Senta
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research , Rudjer Boskovic Institute , Bijenicka c. 54 , 10000 Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Petra Kostanjevecki
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research , Rudjer Boskovic Institute , Bijenicka c. 54 , 10000 Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Ivona Krizman-Matasic
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research , Rudjer Boskovic Institute , Bijenicka c. 54 , 10000 Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Senka Terzic
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research , Rudjer Boskovic Institute , Bijenicka c. 54 , 10000 Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Marijan Ahel
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research , Rudjer Boskovic Institute , Bijenicka c. 54 , 10000 Zagreb , Croatia
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Česen M, Ahel M, Terzić S, Heath DJ, Heath E. The occurrence of contaminants of emerging concern in Slovenian and Croatian wastewaters and receiving Sava river. Sci Total Environ 2019; 650:2446-2453. [PMID: 30293000 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the occurrence of 48 contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in wastewater effluents from three Slovenian and three Croatian waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) representing the major inputs into the upper and middle course of the Sava River and simultaneously in the Sava River itself. Two sampling campaigns were carried out (May and July 2017). Samples were extracted using solid-phase extraction and analysed by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry. In effluents, 23 CECs were >LOQ with caffeine and the UV-filter 4-hydroxybenzophenone (H-BP) present in the highest concentrations (<49,600 ng L-1 and <28,900 ng L-1, respectively) and most frequently detected (detection frequency; DFr > 83.3%). Bisphenol B and E were detected for the first time in WW from Velika Gorica (May) and Zaprešić (July), respectively. In surface water (SW), 19 CECs were detected >LOQ with CAF again being the most abundant and most frequently detected (DFr = 92.9%). Bisphenols AP, CL2, P and Z were detected >LOQ for the first time in European SW. Active pharmaceutical ingredients naproxen, ketoprofen, carbamazepine and diclofenac; the preservative methyl paraben; CAF and UV-filter HM-BP were the most abundant CECs in SW and WW. An increasing trend in the total CEC load downstream was observed, indicating the cumulative effects of individual sources along the river. The Croatian Zaprešić, Zagreb and Velika Gorica WWTP effluents contributed the most towards the enhanced loads of the CECs studied probably due to their size or insufficient treatment. HM-BP was the only compound found at a levels exhibiting high environmental risk (RQ = 1.13) downstream from Ljubljana and Domžale-Kamnik WWTPs. Other SW samples that contained HM-BP, ibuprofen (API) and/or benzyl paraben (preservative) posed a medium risk to the environment. The results suggest the need for further monitoring of CECs in the Sava River Basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjeta Česen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marijan Ahel
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Senka Terzić
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - David John Heath
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ester Heath
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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11
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Krizman-Matasic I, Senta I, Kostanjevecki P, Ahel M, Terzic S. Long-term monitoring of drug consumption patterns in a large-sized European city using wastewater-based epidemiology: Comparison of two sampling schemes for the assessment of multiannual trends. Sci Total Environ 2019; 647:474-485. [PMID: 30086499 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive study aimed at monitoring of temporal variability of illicit drugs (heroin, cocaine, amphetamine, MDMA, methamphetamine and cannabis) and therapeutic opiate methadone in a large-sized European city using wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) was conducted in the city of Zagreb, Croatia, during an 8-year period (2009-2016). The study addressed the impact of different sampling schemes on the assessment of temporal drug consumption patterns, in particular multiannual consumption trends and documented the possible errors associated with the one-week sampling scheme. The highest drug consumption prevalence was determined for cannabis (from 59 ± 18 to 156 ± 37 doses/day/1000 inhabitants 15-64 years), followed by heroin (from 11 ± 10 to 71 ± 19 doses/day/1000 inhabitants 15-64 years), cocaine (from 8.3 ± 0.9 to 23 ± 4.0 doses/day/1000 inhabitants 15-64 years) and amphetamine (from 1.3 ± 0.9 to 21 ± 6.1 doses/day/1000 inhabitants 15-64 years) whereas the consumption of MDMA was comparatively lower (from 0.18 ± 0.08 to 2.7 doses ±0.7 doses/day/1000 inhabitants 15-64 years). The drug consumption patterns were characterized by clearly enhanced weekend and Christmas season consumption of stimulating drugs (cocaine, MDMA and amphetamine) and somewhat lower summer consumption of almost all drugs. Pronounced multiannual consumption trends were determined for most of the illicit drugs. The investigated 8-year period was characterized by a marked increase of the consumption of pure cocaine (1.6-fold), THC (2.7-fold), amphetamine (16-fold) and MDMA (15-fold) and a concomitant decrease (2.3-fold) of the consumption of pure heroin. The heroin consumption decrease was associated with an increase of methadone consumption (1.4-fold), which can be linked to its use in the heroin substitution therapy. The estimated number of average methadone doses consumed in the city of Zagreb was in a good agreement with the prescription data on treated opioid addicts in Croatia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivona Krizman-Matasic
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Senta
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Petra Kostanjevecki
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijan Ahel
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Senka Terzic
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Kostanjevecki P, Petric I, Loncar J, Smital T, Ahel M, Terzic S. Biodegradation study of methadone by adapted activated sludge: Elimination kinetics, transformation products and ecotoxicological evaluation. Chemosphere 2019; 214:719-728. [PMID: 30293025 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The biotransformation study of difficult-to-degrade opioid analgesic methadone (MTHD) was performed by activated sludge culture adapted to high concentration of methadone (10 mg/L). The study included determination of elimination kinetics of the parent compound, taxonomic characterization of microbial culture, identification of biotransformation products (TPs) and assessment of ecotoxicological effects of biotransformation processes. The chemical analyses were performed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry, whereas the ecotoxicological assessment was made based on determinations of toxicity to freshwater algae. Changes of the adapted sludge culture during the experiment were followed using the 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Depending on the experimental conditions, the elimination efficiency of methadone (10 mg/L) varied from 9% to 93% with the corresponding half-lives from 11.4 days to 1.5 days. A significantly faster elimination (t1/2 from 1.5 days to 5.8 days) was achieved at cometabolic conditions, using glucose-containing media, as compared to the experiments with MTHD as a single organic carbon source (t1/2 = 11.4 days). Moreover, increased biotransformation rate following the additional supplementation of ammonia, revealed a possible importance of nitrogen availability for the transformation at cometabolic conditions. The elimination of parent compound was associated with the formation of 3 different TPs, two of which were identical to main human metabolites of MTHD, 2-Ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP) and 2-ethyl-5-methyl-3,3-diphenyl-1-pyrroline (EMDP). EDDP represented over 90% of the total TP concentration at the end of experiment. The biodegradation of MTHD was associated with a pronounced drop in algal toxicity, confirming a rather positive ecotoxicological outcome of the achieved biotransformation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Kostanjevecki
- Division of Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ines Petric
- Division of Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jovica Loncar
- Division of Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tvrtko Smital
- Division of Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijan Ahel
- Division of Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Senka Terzic
- Division of Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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13
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Tousova Z, Oswald P, Slobodnik J, Blaha L, Muz M, Hu M, Brack W, Krauss M, Di Paolo C, Tarcai Z, Seiler TB, Hollert H, Koprivica S, Ahel M, Schollée JE, Hollender J, Suter MJF, Hidasi AO, Schirmer K, Sonavane M, Ait-Aissa S, Creusot N, Brion F, Froment J, Almeida AC, Thomas K, Tollefsen KE, Tufi S, Ouyang X, Leonards P, Lamoree M, Torrens VO, Kolkman A, Schriks M, Spirhanzlova P, Tindall A, Schulze T. Corrigendum to "European demonstration program on the effect-based and chemical identification and monitoring of organic pollutants in European surface waters" [Sci. Total Environ. 601-602 (2017) 1849-1868]. Sci Total Environ 2018; 635:1620-1621. [PMID: 29739659 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Tousova
- Environmental Institute (EI), Okruzna 784/42, 972 41 Kos, Slovak Republic; Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Oswald
- Environmental Institute (EI), Okruzna 784/42, 972 41 Kos, Slovak Republic
| | - Jaroslav Slobodnik
- Environmental Institute (EI), Okruzna 784/42, 972 41 Kos, Slovak Republic
| | - Ludek Blaha
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Melis Muz
- UFZ Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Inst. for Environmental Research (Biology V), Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Meng Hu
- UFZ Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Inst. for Environmental Research (Biology V), Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Werner Brack
- UFZ Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Inst. for Environmental Research (Biology V), Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Krauss
- UFZ Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carolina Di Paolo
- RWTH Aachen University, Inst. for Environmental Research (Biology V), Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Zsolt Tarcai
- RWTH Aachen University, Inst. for Environmental Research (Biology V), Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas-Benjamin Seiler
- RWTH Aachen University, Inst. for Environmental Research (Biology V), Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- RWTH Aachen University, Inst. for Environmental Research (Biology V), Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sanja Koprivica
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijan Ahel
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jennifer E Schollée
- Eawag, Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Eawag, Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marc J-F Suter
- Eawag, Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anita O Hidasi
- Eawag, Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland; EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag, Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Manoj Sonavane
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité ECOT, Parc ALATA - BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Selim Ait-Aissa
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité ECOT, Parc ALATA - BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Nicolas Creusot
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité ECOT, Parc ALATA - BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Francois Brion
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité ECOT, Parc ALATA - BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Jean Froment
- UFZ Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Gaustadallèen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ana Catarina Almeida
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Gaustadallèen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kevin Thomas
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Gaustadallèen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway; Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 39 Keesels Road, Coopers Plains 4108, Australia
| | - Knut Erik Tollefsen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Gaustadallèen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Environmental Science & Technology, Dept. for Environmental Sciences, Post box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Sara Tufi
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department Environment & Health, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xiyu Ouyang
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department Environment & Health, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pim Leonards
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department Environment & Health, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marja Lamoree
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department Environment & Health, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Victoria Osorio Torrens
- KWR, Watercycle Research Institute, Department of Chemical Water, Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Kolkman
- KWR, Watercycle Research Institute, Department of Chemical Water, Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Merijn Schriks
- KWR, Watercycle Research Institute, Department of Chemical Water, Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands; Vitens drinking water company, P.O Box 1205, 8001 BE Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | | | - Andrew Tindall
- WatchFrog S. A., 1 rue Pierre Fontaine, 91000 Evry, France
| | - Tobias Schulze
- UFZ Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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14
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Terzic S, Udikovic-Kolic N, Jurina T, Krizman-Matasic I, Senta I, Mihaljevic I, Loncar J, Smital T, Ahel M. Biotransformation of macrolide antibiotics using enriched activated sludge culture: Kinetics, transformation routes and ecotoxicological evaluation. J Hazard Mater 2018; 349:143-152. [PMID: 29414746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The biotransformation of three prominent macrolide antibiotics (azithromycin, clarithromycin and erythromycin) by an activated sludge culture, which was adapted to high concentrations of azithromycin (10 mg/L) was investigated. The study included determination of removal kinetics of the parent compounds, identification of their major biotransformation products (TPs) and assessment of ecotoxicological effects of biotransformation. The chemical analyses were performed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry, which enabled a tentative identification of TPs formed during the experiments. The ecotoxicological evaluation included two end-points, residual antibiotic activity and toxicity to freshwater algae. The enriched activated sludge culture was capable of degrading all studied macrolide compounds with high removal efficiencies (>99%) of the parent compounds at elevated concentrations (10 mg/L). The elimination of all three macrolide antibiotics was associated with the formation of different TPs, including several novel compounds previously unreported in the literature. Some of the TPs were rather abundant and contributed significantly to the overall mass balance at the end of the biodegradation experiments. Biodegradation of all investigated macrolides was associated with a pronounced reduction of the residual antibiotic activity and algal toxicity, indicating a rather positive ecotoxicological outcome of the biotransformation processes achieved by the enriched sludge culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senka Terzic
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Bijenicka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Nikolina Udikovic-Kolic
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Bijenicka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tamara Jurina
- Faculty for Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivona Krizman-Matasic
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Bijenicka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Senta
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Bijenicka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Mihaljevic
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Bijenicka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jovica Loncar
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Bijenicka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tvrtko Smital
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Bijenicka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijan Ahel
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Bijenicka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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15
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Bielen A, Šimatović A, Kosić-Vukšić J, Senta I, Ahel M, Babić S, Jurina T, González Plaza JJ, Milaković M, Udiković-Kolić N. Negative environmental impacts of antibiotic-contaminated effluents from pharmaceutical industries. Water Res 2017; 126:79-87. [PMID: 28923406 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Effluents from pharmaceutical industries are recognized as significant contributors to aquatic pollution with antibiotics. Although such pollution has been mostly reported in Asia, knowledge on industrial discharges in other regions of the world, including Europe, and on the effects associated with such exposures is still limited. Thus, we performed chemical, microbiological and ecotoxicological analyses of effluents from two Croatian pharmaceutical industries during four seasons. In treated effluents of the company synthesizing macrolide antibiotic azithromycin (AZI), the total concentration of AZI and two macrolide by-products from its synthesis was 1-3 orders of magnitude higher in winter and springtime (up to 10.5 mg/L) than during the other two seasons (up to 638 μg/L). Accordingly, the highest total concentrations (up to 30 μg/L) in the recipient river were measured in winter and spring. Effluents from second company formulating veterinary antibiotics contained fluoroquinolones, trimethoprim, sulfonamides and tetracyclines ranging from low μg/L to approx. 200 μg/L. Low concentrations of these antibiotics, from below the limit of quantification to approx. few μg/L, have also been measured in the recipient stream. High frequency of culturable bacteria resistant to AZI (up to 83%) or sulfamethazine (up to 90%) and oxytetracycline (up to 50%) were also found in studied effluents. Finally, we demonstrated that toxicity to algae and water fleas often exceeded the permitted values. Most highly contaminated effluents induced multiple abnormalities in zebrafish embryos. In conclusion, using a wide array of analyses we have demonstrated that discharges from pharmaceutical industries can pose a significant ecological and public health concern due to their toxicity to aquatic organisms and risks for promoting development and spread of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Bielen
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Šimatović
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Josipa Kosić-Vukšić
- Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Mirogojska cesta 16, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Senta
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijan Ahel
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanja Babić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tamara Jurina
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, Zagreb, Croatia
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16
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Tousova Z, Oswald P, Slobodnik J, Blaha L, Muz M, Hu M, Brack W, Krauss M, Di Paolo C, Tarcai Z, Seiler TB, Hollert H, Koprivica S, Ahel M, Schollée JE, Hollender J, Suter MJF, Hidasi AO, Schirmer K, Sonavane M, Ait-Aissa S, Creusot N, Brion F, Froment J, Almeida AC, Thomas K, Tollefsen KE, Tufi S, Ouyang X, Leonards P, Lamoree M, Torrens VO, Kolkman A, Schriks M, Spirhanzlova P, Tindall A, Schulze T. European demonstration program on the effect-based and chemical identification and monitoring of organic pollutants in European surface waters. Sci Total Environ 2017. [PMID: 28629112 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Growing concern about the adverse environmental and human health effects of a wide range of micropollutants requires the development of novel tools and approaches to enable holistic monitoring of their occurrence, fate and effects in the aquatic environment. A European-wide demonstration program (EDP) for effect-based monitoring of micropollutants in surface waters was carried out within the Marie Curie Initial Training Network EDA-EMERGE. The main objectives of the EDP were to apply a simplified protocol for effect-directed analysis, to link biological effects to target compounds and to estimate their risk to aquatic biota. Onsite large volume solid phase extraction of 50 L of surface water was performed at 18 sampling sites in four European river basins. Extracts were subjected to effect-based analysis (toxicity to algae, fish embryo toxicity, neurotoxicity, (anti-)estrogenicity, (anti-)androgenicity, glucocorticoid activity and thyroid activity), to target analysis (151 organic micropollutants) and to nontarget screening. The most pronounced effects were estrogenicity, toxicity to algae and fish embryo toxicity. In most bioassays, major portions of the observed effects could not be explained by target compounds, especially in case of androgenicity, glucocorticoid activity and fish embryo toxicity. Estrone and nonylphenoxyacetic acid were identified as the strongest contributors to estrogenicity, while herbicides, with a minor contribution from other micropollutants, were linked to the observed toxicity to algae. Fipronil and nonylphenol were partially responsible for the fish embryo toxicity. Within the EDP, 21 target compounds were prioritized on the basis of their frequency and extent of exceedance of predicted no effect concentrations. The EDP priority list included 6 compounds, which are already addressed by European legislation, and 15 micropollutants that may be important for future monitoring of surface waters. The study presents a novel simplified protocol for effect-based monitoring and draws a comprehensive picture of the surface water status across Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Tousova
- Environmental Institute (EI), Okruzna 784/42, 972 41 Kos, Slovak Republic; Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Oswald
- Environmental Institute (EI), Okruzna 784/42, 972 41 Kos, Slovak Republic
| | - Jaroslav Slobodnik
- Environmental Institute (EI), Okruzna 784/42, 972 41 Kos, Slovak Republic
| | - Ludek Blaha
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Melis Muz
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Meng Hu
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Werner Brack
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Krauss
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carolina Di Paolo
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Zsolt Tarcai
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas-Benjamin Seiler
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sanja Koprivica
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijan Ahel
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jennifer E Schollée
- Eawag, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Eawag, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marc J-F Suter
- Eawag, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anita O Hidasi
- Eawag, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland; EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Manoj Sonavane
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité ECOT, Parc ALATA - BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Selim Ait-Aissa
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité ECOT, Parc ALATA - BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Nicolas Creusot
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité ECOT, Parc ALATA - BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Francois Brion
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité ECOT, Parc ALATA - BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Jean Froment
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Gaustadallèen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ana Catarina Almeida
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Gaustadallèen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kevin Thomas
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Gaustadallèen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway; Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 39 Keesels Road, Coopers Plains 4108, Australia
| | - Knut Erik Tollefsen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Gaustadallèen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Environmental Science & Technology, Dept. for Environmental Sciences, Post Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Sara Tufi
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department Environment & Health, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xiyu Ouyang
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department Environment & Health, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pim Leonards
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department Environment & Health, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marja Lamoree
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department Environment & Health, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Victoria Osorio Torrens
- KWR, Watercycle Research Institute, Department of Chemical Water, Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Kolkman
- KWR, Watercycle Research Institute, Department of Chemical Water, Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Merijn Schriks
- KWR, Watercycle Research Institute, Department of Chemical Water, Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands; Vitens drinking water company, P.O Box 1205, 8001 BE Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | | | - Andrew Tindall
- WatchFrog S. A., 1 rue Pierre Fontaine, 91000 Evry, France
| | - Tobias Schulze
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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17
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Senta I, Krizman-Matasic I, Terzic S, Ahel M. Corrigendum to "Comprehensive determination of macrolide antibiotics, their synthesis intermediates and transformation products in wastewater effluents and ambient waters by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry" [J. Chromatogr. A 1509 (2017) 60-68]. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1521:167. [PMID: 28951051 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Senta
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivona Krizman-Matasic
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Senka Terzic
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Marijan Ahel
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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18
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Senta I, Krizman-Matasic I, Terzic S, Ahel M. Comprehensive determination of macrolide antibiotics, their synthesis intermediates and transformation products in wastewater effluents and ambient waters by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Marić P, Ahel M, Senta I, Terzić S, Mikac I, Žuljević A, Smital T. Effect-directed analysis reveals inhibition of zebrafish uptake transporter Oatp1d1 by caulerpenyne, a major secondary metabolite from the invasive marine alga Caulerpa taxifolia. Chemosphere 2017; 174:643-654. [PMID: 28199941 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Caulerpa taxifolia is a marine alga of tropical and subtropical distribution and a well-known invasive species in several temperate regions. Its invasiveness mainly stems from the production of secondary metabolites, some of which are toxic or repellent substances. In this study we investigated the possible inhibitory effects of C. taxifolia secondary metabolites on the activity of two zebrafish (Danio rerio) uptake transporters that transport organic anions (Oatp1d1) and cations (Oct1). Both transporters were transiently transfected and overexpressed in human embryonic kidney HEK293T cells. Transport activity assays using lucifer yellow (LY) and 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium iodide (ASP+) as model substrates were applied for the determination of Oatp1d1 and Oct1 interactors. A two-step Effect-Directed Analysis (EDA) procedure was applied for the separation and identification of compounds. We identified caulerpenyne (CYN) as the major metabolite in C. taxifolia and reveal its potent inhibitory effect towards zebrafish Oatp1d1 as well as weak effect on zebrafish Oct1 transport. The observed effect was confirmed by testing CYN purified from C. taxifolia, resulting in an IC50 of 17.97 μM, and a weak CYN interaction was also determined for the zebrafish Oct1 transporter. Finally, using Michaelis-Menten kinetics experiments, we identified CYN as a non-competitive inhibitor of the zebrafish Oatp1d1. In conclusion, this study describes a novel mechanism of biological activity in C. taxifolia, shows that CYN was a potent non-competitive inhibitor of zebrafish Oatp1d1, and demonstrates that EDA can be reliably used for characterization of environmentally relevant complex biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Marić
- Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - M Ahel
- Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry and Biogeochemistry of Organic Compounds, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - I Senta
- Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry and Biogeochemistry of Organic Compounds, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - S Terzić
- Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry and Biogeochemistry of Organic Compounds, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - I Mikac
- Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry and Biogeochemistry of Organic Compounds, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - A Žuljević
- Laboratory for Benthos, Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, 21 000 Split, Croatia.
| | - T Smital
- Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Schulze T, Ahel M, Ahlheim J, Aït-Aïssa S, Brion F, Di Paolo C, Froment J, Hidasi AO, Hollender J, Hollert H, Hu M, Kloß A, Koprivica S, Krauss M, Muz M, Oswald P, Petre M, Schollée JE, Seiler TB, Shao Y, Slobodnik J, Sonavane M, Suter MJF, Tollefsen KE, Tousova Z, Walz KH, Brack W. Assessment of a novel device for onsite integrative large-volume solid phase extraction of water samples to enable a comprehensive chemical and effect-based analysis. Sci Total Environ 2017; 581-582:350-358. [PMID: 28062104 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of targeted and nontargeted chemical screening analysis in combination with in vitro and organism-level bioassays is a prerequisite for a more holistic monitoring of water quality in the future. For chemical analysis, little or no sample enrichment is often sufficient, while bioanalysis often requires larger sample volumes at a certain enrichment factor for conducting comprehensive bioassays on different endpoints or further effect-directed analysis (EDA). To avoid logistic and technical issues related to the storage and transport of large volumes of water, sampling would benefit greatly from onsite extraction. This study presents a novel onsite large volume solid phase extraction (LVSPE) device tailored to fulfill the requirements for the successful effect-based and chemical screening of water resources and complies with available international standards for automated sampling devices. Laboratory recovery experiments using 251 organic compounds in the log D range from -3.6 to 9.4 (at pH7.0) spiked into pristine water resulted in acceptable recoveries and from 60 to 123% for 159 out of 251 substances. Within a European-wide demonstration program, the LVSPE was able to enrich compounds in concentration ranges over three orders of magnitude (1ngL-1 to 2400ngL-1). It was possible to discriminate responsive samples from samples with no or only low effects in a set of six different bioassays (i.e. acetylcholinesterase and algal growth inhibition, androgenicity, estrogenicity, fish embryo toxicity, glucocorticoid activity). The LVSPE thus proved applicable for onsite extraction of sufficient amounts of water to investigate water quality thoroughly by means of chemical analysis and effect-based tools without the common limitations due to small sample volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Schulze
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Marijan Ahel
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jörg Ahlheim
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Selim Aït-Aïssa
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques INERIS, Unité d'Ecotoxicologie, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - François Brion
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques INERIS, Unité d'Ecotoxicologie, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Carolina Di Paolo
- RWTH Aachen University, Department of Ecosystem Analyses, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jean Froment
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway; Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo (UiO), PO Box 1033, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anita O Hidasi
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland; ETH Zurich, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Henner Hollert
- RWTH Aachen University, Department of Ecosystem Analyses, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Meng Hu
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Department of Ecosystem Analyses, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Anett Kloß
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sanja Koprivica
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Martin Krauss
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Melis Muz
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Department of Ecosystem Analyses, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Oswald
- Environmental Institute, s.r.o., Okružná 784/42, 972 41 Koš, Slovak Republic
| | - Margit Petre
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jennifer E Schollée
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland; ETH Zurich, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas-Benjamin Seiler
- RWTH Aachen University, Department of Ecosystem Analyses, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ying Shao
- RWTH Aachen University, Department of Ecosystem Analyses, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jaroslav Slobodnik
- Environmental Institute, s.r.o., Okružná 784/42, 972 41 Koš, Slovak Republic
| | - Manoj Sonavane
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques INERIS, Unité d'Ecotoxicologie, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Marc J-F Suter
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland
| | - Knut Erik Tollefsen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), PO Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Zuzana Tousova
- MAXX Mess- u. Probenahmetechnik GmbH, Hechinger Straße 41, 72414 Rangendingen, Germany; Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karl-Heinz Walz
- MAXX Mess- u. Probenahmetechnik GmbH, Hechinger Straße 41, 72414 Rangendingen, Germany
| | - Werner Brack
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Department of Ecosystem Analyses, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Jankevicius G, Ariza A, Ahel M, Ahel I. The Toxin-Antitoxin System DarTG Catalyzes Reversible ADP-Ribosylation of DNA. Mol Cell 2016; 64:1109-1116. [PMID: 27939941 PMCID: PMC5179494 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The discovery and study of toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems helps us advance our understanding of the strategies prokaryotes employ to regulate cellular processes related to the general stress response, such as defense against phages, growth control, biofilm formation, persistence, and programmed cell death. Here we identify and characterize a TA system found in various bacteria, including the global pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The toxin of the system (DarT) is a domain of unknown function (DUF) 4433, and the antitoxin (DarG) a macrodomain protein. We demonstrate that DarT is an enzyme that specifically modifies thymidines on single-stranded DNA in a sequence-specific manner by a nucleotide-type modification called ADP-ribosylation. We also show that this modification can be removed by DarG. Our results provide an example of reversible DNA ADP-ribosylation, and we anticipate potential therapeutic benefits by targeting this enzyme-enzyme TA system in bacterial pathogens such as M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gytis Jankevicius
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RE Oxford, UK
| | - Antonio Ariza
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RE Oxford, UK
| | - Marijan Ahel
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Ahel
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RE Oxford, UK.
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Lalić J, Posavec Marjanović M, Palazzo L, Perina D, Sabljić I, Žaja R, Colby T, Pleše B, Halasz M, Jankevicius G, Bucca G, Ahel M, Matić I, Ćetković H, Luić M, Mikoč A, Ahel I. Disruption of Macrodomain Protein SCO6735 Increases Antibiotic Production in Streptomyces coelicolor. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:23175-23187. [PMID: 27634042 PMCID: PMC5087735 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.721894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation is a post-translational modification that can alter the physical and chemical properties of target proteins and that controls many important cellular processes. Macrodomains are evolutionarily conserved structural domains that bind ADP-ribose derivatives and are found in proteins with diverse cellular functions. Some proteins from the macrodomain family can hydrolyze ADP-ribosylated substrates and therefore reverse this post-translational modification. Bacteria and Streptomyces, in particular, are known to utilize protein ADP-ribosylation, yet very little is known about their enzymes that synthesize and remove this modification. We have determined the crystal structure and characterized, both biochemically and functionally, the macrodomain protein SCO6735 from Streptomyces coelicolor This protein is a member of an uncharacterized subfamily of macrodomain proteins. Its crystal structure revealed a highly conserved macrodomain fold. We showed that SCO6735 possesses the ability to hydrolyze PARP-dependent protein ADP-ribosylation. Furthermore, we showed that expression of this protein is induced upon DNA damage and that deletion of this protein in S. coelicolor increases antibiotic production. Our results provide the first insights into the molecular basis of its action and impact on Streptomyces metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luca Palazzo
- the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Roko Žaja
- the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
- the Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb 10002, Croatia
| | - Thomas Colby
- the Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, D-50931 Cologne, Germany, and
| | | | | | - Gytis Jankevicius
- the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Giselda Bucca
- the School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Huxley Building, Moulsecoomb, Brighton BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom
| | - Marijan Ahel
- the Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb 10002, Croatia
| | - Ivan Matić
- the Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, D-50931 Cologne, Germany, and
| | | | | | | | - Ivan Ahel
- the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom,
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Krizman I, Senta I, Ahel M, Terzic S. Wastewater-based assessment of regional and temporal consumption patterns of illicit drugs and therapeutic opioids in Croatia. Sci Total Environ 2016; 566-567:454-462. [PMID: 27232972 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive study of spatial and temporal consumption patterns of the selected illicit drugs (heroin, cocaine, amphetamine, MDMA, methamphetamine, cannabis) and therapeutic opioids (codeine, methadone) has been performed in six Croatian cities by applying wastewater-based epidemiology. The investigated cities (Bjelovar, Vinkovci, Varazdin, Karlovac, Zadar and Zagreb) varied widely in the population size (27,000-688,000 inhabitants) as well as in the number of registered drug consumers included in compulsory and voluntary medical treatment and rehabilitation programs (30-513 persons/100,000 inhabitants of age 15-64). The most consumed illicit drugs were cannabis (10-70doses/day/1000 inhabitants), heroin (<0.2-10doses/day/1000 inhabitants) and cocaine (0.2-8.7doses/day/1000 inhabitants), while the consumption of amphetamine-type drugs was much lower (<0.01-4.4doses/day/1000 inhabitants). Enhanced consumption of illegal drugs was generally associated with larger urban centers (Zagreb and Zadar) however comparatively high consumption rate of cocaine, MDMA and methadone was determined in some smaller cities as well. The overall average dose number of 3 major illegal stimulants (cocaine, MDMA, amphetamine) was rather similar to the number of corresponding heroin doses, which is in disagreement with a comparatively much higher proportion of heroin users in the total number of registered drug users in Croatia. Furthermore, the illicit drug consumption pattern in the large continental city (Zagreb) was characterized by a significant enhancement of the consumption of all stimulants during the weekend, which could not be confirmed neither for the coastal city of Zadar nor for the remaining small continental cities. On the other hand, the city of Zadar exhibited a significant increase of stimulant drug usage during summer vacation period, as a result of pronounced seasonal changes of the population composition and lifestyle in coastal tourist centers. The obtained results represent a valuable complementary data source for the optimisation and implementation of strategies to combat drug abuse in Croatia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivona Krizman
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka c. 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Senta
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka c. 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijan Ahel
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka c. 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Senka Terzic
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka c. 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Medunić G, Ahel M, Mihalić IB, Srček VG, Kopjar N, Fiket Ž, Bituh T, Mikac I. Toxic airborne S, PAH, and trace element legacy of the superhigh-organic-sulphur Raša coal combustion: Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assessment of soil and ash. Sci Total Environ 2016; 566-567:306-319. [PMID: 27232961 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the levels of sulphur, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and potentially toxic trace elements in soils surrounding the Plomin coal-fired power plant (Croatia). It used domestic superhigh-organic-sulphur Raša coal from 1970 until 2000. Raša coal was characterised by exceptionally high values of S, up to 14%, making the downwind southwest (SW) area surrounding the power plant a significant hotspot. The analytical results show that the SW soil locations are severely polluted with S (up to 4%), and PAHs (up to 13,535ng/g), while moderately with Se (up to 6.8mg/kg), and Cd (up to 4.7mg/kg). The composition and distribution pattern of PAHs in the polluted soils indicate that their main source could be airborne unburnt coal particles. The atmospheric dispersion processes of SO2 and ash particles have influenced the composition and distribution patterns of sulphur and potentially toxic trace elements in studied soils, respectively. A possible adverse impact of analysed soil on the local karstic environment was evaluated by cytotoxic and genotoxic methods. The cytotoxicity effects of soil and ash water extracts on the channel catfish ovary (CCO) cell line were found to be statistically significant in the case of the most polluted soil and ash samples. However, the primary DNA-damaging potential of the most polluted soil samples on the CCO cells was found to be within acceptable boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Medunić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Geology, Horvatovac 95, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Marijan Ahel
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Višnja Gaurina Srček
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nevenka Kopjar
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Željka Fiket
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Bituh
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Iva Mikac
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Zagreb, Croatia
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Senta I, Krizman I, Ahel M, Terzic S. Multiresidual analysis of emerging amphetamine-like psychoactive substances in wastewater and river water. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1425:204-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Senta I, Krizman I, Ahel M, Terzic S. Assessment of stability of drug biomarkers in municipal wastewater as a factor influencing the estimation of drug consumption using sewage epidemiology. Sci Total Environ 2014; 487:659-65. [PMID: 24411995 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Stability of the selected urinary biomarkers of six illicit drugs and two therapeutic opioids in municipal wastewater was studied in order to determine errors associated with their possible transformation in the sewer. The stability was assessed in experiments conducted at 10°C and 20°C in order to simulate typical winter and summer temperature conditions in the sewer system. Among fourteen substances tested, the most unstable compounds were morphine-3-β-D glucuronide (MG), 6-acetyl morphine (6-AM), cocaine (COC) and 6-acetyl codeine (6-AC), while all other investigated compounds appeared to be relatively stable over a period of 72 h. The transformation of all degradable compounds followed pseudo-first order kinetics with significantly longer half-times (t1/2) at winter conditions. At 20°C, t1/2 of MG, 6-AM, COC and 6-AC was 7h, 87 h, 35 h and 58 h, respectively, while the corresponding t1/2 values at 10°C were 18 h, 139 h, 173 h and 87 h. The main transformation mechanism of MG, 6-AM and 6-AC was most probably their enzymatic hydrolysis to morphine (MOR) and codeine (COD), while COC transformation to benzoylecgonine (BE) was primarily governed by chemical hydrolysis. The results indicate that the effect of the observed transformation of urinary biomarkers of COC and 6-AM on the estimates of COC and heroin consumption are relatively small (<10%) if the in-sewer hydraulic retention time is lower than 12h. Acidification of the wastewater samples proved to be the good way to stabilise the wastewater samples for the analysis of all selected compounds, except for 11-nor-9-carboxy-∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH). This finding should be taken into account when selecting the preservation technique for multiresidual analyses of different groups of illicit drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Senta
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivona Krizman
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijan Ahel
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Senka Terzic
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Zaja R, Terzić S, Senta I, Lončar J, Popović M, Ahel M, Smital T. Identification of P-glycoprotein inhibitors in contaminated freshwater sediments. Environ Sci Technol 2013; 47:4813-4821. [PMID: 23570494 DOI: 10.1021/es400334t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp, ABCB1) is an important part of the multixenobiotic resistance (MXR) defense system in aquatic organisms. The main goal of this study was identification of P-gp inhibitors in contaminated sediments using the effect-directed analysis (EDA) approach. The samples were collected from the Gorjak creek (Zagreb, Croatia), a recipient of wastewater effluents from the pharmaceutical industry. Sediment samples were extracted and fractionated using a two-tiered approach. Resulting nonpolar, medium polar, and polar fractions were tested on the inhibition of P-gp activity using P-gp overexpressing PLHC-1/dox cells and calcein-AM as model substrate. The obtained EC50 values (up to 757 μg/g, expressed in toxicity equivalents of model P-gp inhibitor cyclosporine A) revealed high inhibitory potential of polar fractions of investigated sediments and clearly reflected the impact of pharmaceutical wastewater. P-gp specific ATPase assay and the cytotoxicity modulation experiments with colchicine indicated that most of the observed P-gp inhibition was due to the presence of noncompetitive inhibitors. A detailed chemical analysis by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOFMS) revealed nonionic surfactants, including alcohol polyethoxylates (LAEOs) and polypropylene glycols (PPGs), as the major components of the most active subfractions. Testing of several LAEO and PPG commercial mixtures confirmed their potential to inhibit the fish P-glycoprotein and modulate toxicity of other xenobiotics present in complex environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roko Zaja
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
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29
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Smital T, Terzić S, Lončar J, Senta I, Žaja R, Popović M, Mikac I, Tollefsen KE, Thomas KV, Ahel M. Prioritisation of organic contaminants in a river basin using chemical analyses and bioassays. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2013; 20:1384-1395. [PMID: 22798145 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1059-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Region-specific contaminant prioritisation is an important prerequisite for sustainable and cost-effective monitoring due to the high number of different contaminants that may be present. Surface water and sediment samples from the Sava River, Croatia, were collected at four locations covering a 150-km-long river section characterised by well-defined pollution gradients. Analysis of contaminant profiles along the pollution gradients was performed by combining toxicity screening using a battery of small-scale or in vitro bioassays, which covered different modes of action, with detailed chemical characterisation based on gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). A large number of contaminants, belonging to different toxicant classes, were identified in both analysed matrices. Analyses of water samples showed that contaminants having polar character occurred in the highest concentrations, while in sediments, contributions from both non-polar and amphiphilic contaminants should be taken into account. Estimated contributions of individual contaminant classes to the overall toxicity indicated that, besides the classical pollutants, a number of emerging contaminants, including surfactants, pharmaceuticals, personal care products and plasticizers, should be taken into consideration in future monitoring activities. This work demonstrates the importance of the integrated chemical and bioanalytical approach for a systematic region-specific pollutant prioritisation. Finally, the results presented in this study confirm that hazard assessment in complex environmental matrices should be directed towards identification of key pollutants, rather than focusing on a priori selected contaminants alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tvrtko Smital
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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Abstract
Comprehensive study on the occurrence and fate of several classes of antimicrobials, including sulfonamides, trimethoprim, fluoroquinolones and macrolides, in Croatian municipal wastewaters was performed using an integrated approach, which comprised analysis of both dissolved and particulate fractions. A nation-wide screening showed ubiquitous occurrence of human-use antimicrobials in raw wastewater samples with the total concentrations ranging from 2 to 20 μg/L, while veterinary antimicrobials were typically present in much lower concentrations (<100 ng/L). The percentage of the particulate fraction in raw wastewater varied significantly depending on the type of the antimicrobial and the load of suspended solids. A detailed study of the mass flows of dissolved and particulate antimicrobials, performed in the wastewater treatment plant of the city of Zagreb, allowed an improved assessment of the biological and physico-chemical removal mechanisms of investigated compounds during the conventional activated sludge treatment. The overall removal efficiencies of antimicrobials from the water phase were rather variable, ranging from 0% for trimethoprim to 85% for norfloxacin. A significant percentage of fluoroquinolones (norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin) and macrolides (azithromycin and clarithromycin) was associated with the primary and excess secondary sludge, explaining 14-77% of the total removal. The removal, which could be attributed to biological transformation, was relatively poor for all antimicrobials, exceeding 30% only for SMX (32%) and clarithromycin (55%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Senta
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Bijenicka cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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31
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Dunstan MS, Barkauskaite E, Lafite P, Knezevic CE, Brassington A, Ahel M, Hergenrother PJ, Leys D, Ahel I. Structure and mechanism of a canonical poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase. Nat Commun 2012; 3:878. [PMID: 22673905 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is a reversible post-translational protein modification involved in the regulation of a number of cellular processes including DNA repair, chromatin structure, mitosis, transcription, checkpoint activation, apoptosis and asexual development. The reversion of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is catalysed by poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) glycohydrolase (PARG), which specifically targets the unique PAR (1''-2') ribose-ribose bonds. Here we report the structure and mechanism of the first canonical PARG from the protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila. In addition, we reveal the structure of T. thermophila PARG in a complex with a novel rhodanine-containing mammalian PARG inhibitor RBPI-3. Our data demonstrate that the protozoan PARG represents a good model for human PARG and is therefore likely to prove useful in guiding structure-based discovery of new classes of PARG inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Dunstan
- Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, Princess Street 131, M1 7DN, Manchester, UK
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Senta I, Matošić M, Jakopović HK, Terzic S, Curko J, Mijatović I, Ahel M. Removal of antimicrobials using advanced wastewater treatment. J Hazard Mater 2011; 192:319-328. [PMID: 21641718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Removal of numerous classes of pharmaceuticals from the municipal and industrial wastewater, using conventional wastewater treatment, is incomplete and several studies suggested that improvement of this situation would require the application of advanced treatment techniques. This is particularly important for the treatment of industrial effluents, released from pharmaceutical industries, which can contain rather high concentrations of antimicrobials. The aim of this work was to evaluate membrane bioreactors (MBRs), nanofiltration, reverse osmosis and ozonation, as well as their combinations, for the removal of antimicrobials from a synthetic wastewater which simulated highly contaminated industrial effluents. The study was performed using a mixture of four important classes of antimicrobials, including sulfonamides (SA), fluoroquinolones (FQ), macrolides (MAC) and trimethoprim (TMP). Performance of two different types of MBRs, Kubota and Zenon, was evaluated under different regimes regarding hydraulic retention time, total organic load and total nitrogen load. It was shown that elimination of SA in MBR treatment was very efficient, while the elimination of MAC, FQ, and TMP was incomplete. A mass balance of these contaminants in MBR suggested that microbial transformation represented the main mechanism, while only a small percentage was eliminated from the aqueous phase by adsorption onto sludge particles. Nanofiltration and reverse osmosis achieved high elimination rates however produced highly contaminated concentrate. High removal was achieved using ozonation, but further research is needed to characterize formed ozonation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Senta
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia
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Mikac I, Fiket Z, Terzić S, Barešić J, Mikac N, Ahel M. Chemical indicators of anthropogenic impacts in sediments of the pristine karst lakes. Chemosphere 2011; 84:1140-1149. [PMID: 21531436 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 04/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The anthropogenic impact on the pristine karst lakes was investigated using combination of specific parameters, including multielemental analysis of major inorganic constituents (Al, K, Fe) and trace metals (Li, Ag, Cd, Sn, Pb, Bi, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Sb), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and anionic surfactants of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) type. The study was performed in the Plitvice Lakes National Park, situated in a sparsely populated area of the northwestern Dinarides, central Croatia. Dated cores of recent sediments from the two biggest lakes, Lake Prosce and Lake Kozjak, were analysed for the selected contaminants using highly specific methods, involving inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS), gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The concentration of inorganic constituents reflected primarily the geological background of the area as well as geomorphological and geochemical characteristics of the Plitvice Lakes. Due to the higher terrigenous input, the concentration of all elements was significantly higher in the Lake Prosce. The concentration of toxic metals was relatively low in both lakes, except for Cd (>1 mg kg(-1)) and Pb (up to 40 mg kg(-1)). The vertical profiles of these metals suggested that elevated concentrations of Cd were of natural origin, derived from the erosion of the Jurassic dolomite bedrock, while Pb was predominately of recent anthropogenic origin. A similar distribution pattern, suggesting the same prevailing mechanism of input, was observed for pyrolytic PAHs. The characteristic diagnostic PAH ratios revealed that higher PAHs prevailingly originated from the combustion of biomass and fossil fuels. LAS, which represent highly specific indicators of untreated wastewaters, were found in rather high concentrations in the recent sediment layers (up to 4.7 mg kg(-1)), suggesting that contaminated household and hotel wastewaters reach the Lakes, very probably by leaking through the porous karst rocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Mikac
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, Zagreb, Croatia
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34
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Smital T, Terzic S, Zaja R, Senta I, Pivcevic B, Popovic M, Mikac I, Tollefsen KE, Thomas KV, Ahel M. Assessment of toxicological profiles of the municipal wastewater effluents using chemical analyses and bioassays. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2011; 74:844-851. [PMID: 21159381 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The hazardous chemical contamination of untreated wastewater and secondary effluent from the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of the city of Zagreb, Croatia was comprehensively characterized using large-volume solid-phase extraction (SPE) and silica gel fractionation, followed by a detailed analysis of the resulting extracts by a combination of chemical and bioassay methods. Over 100 individual contaminants or closely related-contaminant groups were identified by high-resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF). Ecotoxicity profiling of the investigated samples, including cytotoxicity, chronic toxicity and EROD activity; inhibition of the multixenobiotic resistance (MXR), genotoxicity and estrogenic potential, revealed the most significant contribution of toxic compounds to be present in polar fractions. Wastewater treatment using conventional activated sludge process reduced the initial toxicity of raw wastewater to various extents, ranging from 28% for algal toxicity to 73.2% for an estrogenic activity. The most efficient toxicity removal was observed for the polar compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tvrtko Smital
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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35
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Terzic S, Ahel M. Nontarget analysis of polar contaminants in freshwater sediments influenced by pharmaceutical industry using ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Environ Pollut 2011; 159:557-566. [PMID: 21056522 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive analytical procedure for a reliable identification of nontarget polar contaminants in aquatic sediments was developed, based on the application of ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QTOFMS). The procedure was applied for the analysis of freshwater sediment that was highly impacted by wastewater discharges from the pharmaceutical industry. A number of different contaminants were successfully identified owing to the high mass accuracy of the QTOFMS system, used in combination with high chromatographic resolution of UHPLC. The major compounds, identified in investigated sediment, included a series of polypropylene glycols (n=3-16), alkylbenzene sulfonate and benzalkonium surfactants as well as a number of various pharmaceuticals (chlorthalidone, warfarin, terbinafine, torsemide, zolpidem and macrolide antibiotics). The particular advantage of the applied technique is its capability to detect less known pharmaceutical intermediates and/or transformation products, which have not been previously reported in freshwater sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senka Terzic
- Division of Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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36
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Alajbeg I, Brkić D, Ahel M, Telen S, Džanić E, Fingler S, Alajbeg A. Chemical Composition and Physical Properties of “Pale Yellow” Naphtalan. CROAT CHEM ACTA 2011. [DOI: 10.5562/cca1886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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37
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Terzic S, Senta I, Ahel M. Illicit drugs in wastewater of the city of Zagreb (Croatia)--estimation of drug abuse in a transition country. Environ Pollut 2010; 158:2686-2693. [PMID: 20510491 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Revised: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive study of various psychoactive substances and their metabolites was performed in the wastewater treatment plant of the city of Zagreb (780 000 inhabitants) using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). The estimation of drug abuse for five different illicit drugs, including heroin, cocaine, marijuana, amphetamine and ecstasy, was made on the basis of their representative excretion rates, which were determined over a period of 8 months. Marijuana (1000 kg/year), heroin (75 kg/year) and cocaine (47 kg/year) were found to be the most frequently consumed illicit drugs, while the consumption of amphetamine-type drugs was much lower (1-3 kg/year). A comparison with other reports indicated that drug abuse profiles in transition countries might be different from those reported for Western Europe, in particular with respect to the comparatively increased consumption of heroin. Enhanced consumption of stimulating drugs (cocaine and ectasy) was systematically detected during weekends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senka Terzic
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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38
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Senta I, Terzić S, Ahel M. Simultaneous Determination of Sulfonamides, Fluoroquinolones, Macrolides and Trimethoprim in Wastewater and River Water by LC-Tandem-MS. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0780-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Terzić S, Senta I, Ahel M, Gros M, Petrović M, Barcelo D, Müller J, Knepper T, Martí I, Ventura F, Jovancić P, Jabucar D. Occurrence and fate of emerging wastewater contaminants in Western Balkan Region. Sci Total Environ 2008; 399:66-77. [PMID: 18420255 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2007] [Revised: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on a comprehensive reconnaissance of over seventy individual wastewater contaminants in the region of Western Balkan (WB; Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Serbia), including some prominent classes of emerging contaminants such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products, surfactants and their degradation products, plasticizers, pesticides, insect repellents, and flame retardants. All determinations were carried out using a multiresidue analytical approach, based on the application of gas chromatographic and liquid chromatographic techniques coupled to mass spectrometric detection. The results confirmed a widespread occurrence of the emerging contaminants in municipal wastewaters of the region. The most prominent contaminant classes, determined in municipal wastewaters, were those derived from aromatic surfactants, including linear alkylbenzene sulphonates (LAS) and alkylphenol polyethoxylates (APEO), with the concentrations in raw wastewater reaching into the mg/l range. All other contaminants were present in much lower concentrations, rarely exceeding few microg/l. The most abundant individual compounds belonged to several classes of pharmaceuticals (antimicrobials, analgesics and antiinflammatories, beta-blockers and lipid regulators) and personal care products (fragrances). Due to the rather poor wastewater management practices in WB countries, with less than 5% of all wastewaters being biologically treated, most of the contaminants present in wastewaters reach ambient waters and may represent a significant environmental concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senka Terzić
- Center for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruder Bosković Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia.
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40
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Vilicić D, Terzić S, Ahel M, Burić Z, Jasprica N, Carić M, Caput Mihalić K, Olujić G. Phytoplankton abundance and pigment biomarkers in the oligotrophic, eastern Adriatic estuary. Environ Monit Assess 2008; 142:199-218. [PMID: 17879135 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-007-9920-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 08/27/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplankton distribution and environmental characteristics were determined in a shallow, highly stratified and oligotrophic estuary (Zrmanja, eastern Adriatic). Samples were collected in two contrasting seasons; winter (February 2000), when river discharge was high, and in summer (July 2003), a period of drought. Phytoplankton distribution was closely related to salinity gradients, nutrient levels, and water residence time. Microscopic analysis revealed that phytoplankton was composed mainly of marine diatoms, dinoflagellates, cryptophytes, green flagellates, and coccolithophorids. The dominant biomarker pigments were fucoxanthin, alloxanthin and 19'-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin, while lower, but indicative contributions of peridinin and chlorophyll b were also noted. Maximum abundance and biomass were found in the middle estuary in winter and in the upper estuary in summer. The estuary is mostly P-limited. Development of chain-forming marine diatoms was evident in winter. Due to the reduced nutrient input in summer, the biomass accumulated in the upper estuary (1,000 ng chlorophyll a l(-1)) was composed mostly of nanoplanktonic unicellular diatoms, nanoplanktonic marine dinoflagellates, cryptophytes, and chlorophytes. The concentrations of about 200 ng l(-1) hex-fuco, suggested that the contribution of prymnesiophytes to total biomass was comparable to that of diatoms and dinoflagellates. In the middle estuary and coastal sea, PO(4) and TIN were 3.5 times lower, resulting in a fivefold decrease in biomass (<100 ng chlorophyll a l(-1)). The oligotrophic Zrmanja and other karstic rivers discharging in the eastern Adriatic Sea, provide insufficient source of nutrients and low productivity of the eastern Adriatic Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Vilicić
- Faculty of Science, Division of Biology, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, P.O. Box 333, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Matosić M, Terzić S, Korajlija Jakopović H, Mijatović I, Ahel M. Treatment of a landfill leachate containing compounds of pharmaceutical origin. Water Sci Technol 2008; 58:597-602. [PMID: 18725727 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2008.700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Paper reports the results of landfill leachate treatment with membrane bioreactor, nanofiltration and ozonation. Investigated leachate encompasses a number of specific compounds of pharmaceutical origin, including a suite of by-products deriving from the production of vitamin C and propyphenazone. Low biodegradability was observed in MBR (16%) for propyphenazone, while the removal of intermediates from the vitamin C-synthesis was moderate, reaching 30% for diacetone sorbose (DAS) and 69% for diacetone alpha-keto-gulonic acid (DAG). Ozonation almost completely removed propyphenazone but failed to significantly oxidise intermediates from the vitamin C-synthesis. Nanofiltration of the leachate succeeded to remove 99% of DAG and 79% of propyphenazone which made it the most efficient among techniques used.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Matosić
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Pierottijeva 6, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Krca S, Zaja R, Calić V, Terzić S, Grubesić MS, Ahel M, Smital T. Hepatic biomarker responses to organic contaminants in feral chub (Leuciscus cephalus)--laboratory characterization and field study in the Sava River, Croatia. Environ Toxicol Chem 2007; 26:2620-2633. [PMID: 18020692 DOI: 10.1897/07-227.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
As a widely spread cyprinid fish species, the European chub (Leuciscus cephalus) has been used extensively in biomonitoring programs. However, no laboratory dose-response and/or time course studies related to applied biomarkers have been reported on chub yet. In order to address this issue, specimens of juvenile chub caught in September 2005 in the Sava River, Croatia, were laboratory exposed to various (0.25-50 mg/kg) doses of either model polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) premutagen benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), or beta-naphthoflavone (beta-NF), a well-known model cytochrome 1A (CYP1A) inducer, for 3 (BaP) or 5 d (beta-NF). The responses of several hepatic biomarkers were determined in the exposed fish: The hepatic 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity, CYP1A content, glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity, liver bioactivation potential, and the amount of hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon bile metabolites determined by the fixed wavelength fluorescence and the high-performance liquid chromatography technique. The relevance of determined biomarker responses has been analyzed further and crosscorrelated with the same set of biomarkers, as well as with tissue concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls, determined in chub specimens collected in September 2005 at five different polluted locations along the Sava River. The species-specific upper and lower limits in responses of studied biomarkers were determined and the obtained ranges successfully evaluated in real field situation. With the exception of the GST activity, all other biomarkers determined in chub proved to be valuable indicators of environmental pollution. Finally, the results of the present study demonstrated that the same strategy of laboratory characterization in combination with field evaluation should be used regularly in the selection of optimal biomarkers and indicator species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Krca
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Bosković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
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Grung M, Lichtenthaler R, Ahel M, Tollefsen KE, Langford K, Thomas KV. Effects-directed analysis of organic toxicants in wastewater effluent from Zagreb, Croatia. Chemosphere 2007; 67:108-20. [PMID: 17166550 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2006] [Revised: 08/04/2006] [Accepted: 09/03/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The organic toxicants present in the effluent of the main sewer of the city of Zagreb, Croatia were isolated and identified through the use of effects-directed characterisation techniques. At the time of investigation, the wastewater effluent received no treatment and was comprised of a mixture of effluent from domestic and industrial sources. The organic load of the wastewater was isolated by solid phase extraction and toxicity profiles obtained using reverse-phase HPLC. All procedures were evaluated through the analysis of a series of reference compounds of widely differing polarity. Toxicity profiles for EROD activity (CYP1A induction), vitellogenin induction (estrogenic activity), cytotoxicity (membrane stability and metabolic inhibition) were obtained using a rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) primary hepatocyte bioassay. The suite of bioassays showed biological responses after exposure to the raw extracts for all the endpoints tested. However, a combination of mixture toxicity and cytotoxicity in the complex raw extract had some masking effect on the sub-lethal responses of vitellogenin and EROD induction. Bioassay testing of the fine fractions obtained by HPLC produced a range of endpoint-specific toxicity profiles for each sample. A number of compounds were identified by the use of GC-MS and LC-MS/MS as responsible for the observed effects. The steroid estrogens 17 beta-estradiol and estriol were identified by LC-MS/MS as estrogen receptor agonists in two of the estrogenic fractions. In addition, GC-MS analysis identified different alkylphenols, benzophenone and methylparaben which also contributed to the estrogenic activity of the sample. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), alkyl substituted PAHs, nitro-polycyclic aromatic compounds (nitro-PACs), carbazoles and alkyl substituted carbazoles and other known CYP1A inducers were identified by GC-MS analysis as responsible for some of the observed EROD activity. Some active compounds remain unidentified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merete Grung
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway.
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Ahel M, Terzić S, Tepić N. [Organic contaminants in the Jakusevec landfill and their impact on groundwater quality]. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2006; 57:307-15. [PMID: 17121003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Landfilling is probably, the most popular disposal method for the management of domestic and industrial waste. Unfortunately, many landfills around the world do not include leachate collection systems and present a considerable risk to the underlying aquifers. There have been numerous reports on groundwater contamination in the vicinity of unprotected landfills, paying particular attention to specific organic contaminants. This problem is especially pronounced in landfills which, in addition to ordinary domestic refuse, contain waste of industrial origin. Jakusevec, the main landfill of the city of Zagreb, belongs to this category. The recently completed remediation programme for Jakusevec included comprehensive investigations with the aim to quantify various organic contaminants in solid waste and establish their possible infiltration into the underlying soils and groundwater. A detailed analyses using chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques made it possible to identify a number of contaminants. According to their origin, the identified compound classes can be divided into the two main categories: markers of biological waste and its microbial transformation and markers of anthropogenic waste. Our investigations have shown that the composition of organic contaminants changes dramatically during the vertical transport from the solid waste through the unsaturated zone of soil to aquifer sediments, which involves both physicochemical and biotransformation processes. The vertical transport of polar organic contaminants was very efficient and led to a significant contamination of the aquifer in the vicinity of the landfill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijan Ahel
- Zavod za istrazivanje mora i okolisa, Institut Ruder Bogkovi, Zagreb, Hratska.
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Terzić S, Ahel M. Organic contaminants in Croatian municipal wastewaters. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2006; 57:297-306. [PMID: 17121002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Municipal wastewaters are among the most important sources of waste materials released into the environment. In Croatia, this problem is especially pronounced since only 4.4% of the total wastewaters are subject to complete mechanical and biological treatment. Beside a limited number of regulated organic contaminants, wastewaters contain an extremely high number of different potentially harmful organic compounds. Comprehensive analyses of Croatian wastewaters using mass spectrometric techniques (GC/ MS, LC/MS) indicated the presence of a large number of different organic compounds with a predominance of two main groups of contaminants: petroleum hydrocarbons and detergent-derived surfactants. Recent investigations of specific organic contaminants in wastewater focused on the determination of so-called emerging contaminants, whose ecotoxicological relevance is based on new types of biological effects and for which water quality criteria have not yet been defined. The main goal of this paper is to make an overview of the present knowledge on the occurrence of different types of organic contaminants in Croatian municipal wastewaters, paying special attention to the emerging contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senka Terzić
- Center for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruder Bogković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Ahel M, Tepic N, Terzic S. Spatial and temporal variability of carbohydrates in the northern Adriatic--a possible link to mucilage events. Sci Total Environ 2005; 353:139-50. [PMID: 16236349 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale mucilage events in the northern Adriatic have become more frequent during the last few decades. Since carbohydrates (CHO) comprise one of the major constituents of the Adriatic mucilage, studying their seasonal and spatial patterns is one of the key prerequisites for the understanding of this phenomenon. This paper reports on the distribution of particulate (PTCHO) and dissolved carbohydrates (DTCHO) in the period from June 1999 to July 2002, with a special emphasis on the summer mucilage events. A particular attention was paid to the relationship between the phytoplankton crop as reflected by photosynthetic pigments and carbohydrate levels in different seasons. The concentration of PTCHO varied in a very wide range (1-72 micromol C/l). Their seasonal distribution revealed that enhanced levels of PTCHO occurred only in the surface layer (0-5 m) and were associated with major phytoplankton blooms. However, the main pool of CHO was in the dissolved fraction, comprising on average 84+/-10% of the total CHO. In contrast to PTCHO, there was no seasonal coincidence between the enhanced phytoplankton biomass and concentrations of DTCHO. In fact, the concentration of DTCHO showed regularly a marked increase during summer, when the phytoplankton biomass remained relatively low. Nevertheless, the concentration of DTCHO in the productive surface layer, influenced by the Po River discharges, was significantly higher than that in the deeper layers. The detailed vertical distribution of carbohydrates indicated that phytoplankton populations in the bottom layer possessed a rather modest potential as a source of CHO. The spatial distribution in the surface layer along the transect Rovinj-Po River mouth revealed only a moderate increase of the total CHO concentration in the more eutrophic western part of the basin. Analysis of pluriannual variability of the total CHO levels showed that probability of a mucilage event in a given year depended on the accumulation of CHO during spring, but, even more, on the prevailing circulation pattern in the basin during the stratification period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijan Ahel
- Center for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, P.O. Box 180, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Terzic S, Matosic M, Ahel M, Mijatovic I. Elimination of aromatic surfactants from municipal wastewaters: comparison of conventional activated sludge treatment and membrane biological reactor. Water Sci Technol 2005; 51:447-53. [PMID: 16004007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Behaviour of anionic surfactants of linear alkylbenzene sulphonates (LAS) type and non-ionic surfactants of nonylphenol polyethoxylate (NPnEO) type was studied in the conventional mechanical/biological sewage treatment plant (STP) as well as using a membrane biological reactor (MBR). LAS and NPnEO were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipped with spectrofluorimetric detection. Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) was used for identification and quantification of stable metabolites, including nonylphenol (NP), nonylphenol monoethoxylate (NP1EO), nonylphenol diethoxylate (NP2EO) and nonylphenoxy carboxylic acids (NPnEC). The study showed that aromatic surfactants belong to the most prominent constituents in the examined municipal wastewaters with typical LAS and NPnEO concentrations of 2-10 mg/L and 0.1-0.5 mg/L, respectively. The removal of aromatic surfactants in conventional STP showed well-known features reported in the literature, including an efficient microbial transformation of the parent molecules and formation of stable metabolic products. The elimination efficiency of aromatic surfactants using the MBR unit was higher than that in the conventional STP, while the composition of recalcitrant nonylphenolic residues in the effluent seems to be ecotoxicologically more favourable due to the lower contributions of the lipophilic metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Terzic
- Center for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka c. 54, HR-10002 Zagreb, Croatia
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijan Ahel
- Center for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruder Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Jeličić
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Ahel M, Tepic N. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a municipal solid waste landfill and underlying soil. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2000; 65:236-243. [PMID: 10886002 DOI: 10.1007/s001280000120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Ahel
- Center for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Post Office Box 1016, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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