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López-Vázquez J, Rodil R, Álvarez E, Alomar C, Cela R, Miró M, Deudero S, Quintana JB. Screening of organic chemicals associated to virgin low-density polyethylene microplastic pellets exposed to the Mediterranean Sea environment by combining gas chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Sci Total Environ 2024; 922:171250. [PMID: 38423314 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
In this work, organic chemicals associated with microplastics (MPs) exposed to a coastal anthropogenized environment for up to eight weeks have been screened for, in order to discern the (de)sorption dynamics of chemicals in the marine ecosystem. Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) pellets were studied since they represent primary MPs used by the plastic industry and a relevant input of MPs into the oceans. To maximize the coverage of chemicals that could be detected, both liquid and gas chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight (GC-QTOF and LC-QTOF, respectively) were used. In the case of LC-QTOF, an electrospray ionization source was employed, and the compounds were investigated by combining suspect and non-target screening workflows. The GC-QTOF was equipped with an electron ionization source and compounds were screened in raw and derivatized (silylated) extracts by deconvolution and contrast to high- and low-resolution libraries. A total of 50 compounds of multifarious classes were tentatively identified. Among them, melamine and 2-ethylhexyl salicylate (EHS) were detected in the original MPs but were rapidly desorbed. Melamine was completely released into the marine environment, while EHS was partly released but a portion remained bound to the MPs. On the other hand, many other chemicals of both anthropogenic (e.g. phenanthrene or benzophenone) and natural origin (e.g. betaine and several fatty acids) accumulated onto MPs over time. Quantification of 12 unequivocally identified chemicals resulted into a total concentration of 810 μg/kg after MPs exposure for 8 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier López-Vázquez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R. Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R. Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Elvira Álvarez
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares, Moll de Ponent s/n, E-07015 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Carme Alomar
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares, Moll de Ponent s/n, E-07015 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Rafael Cela
- Mestrelab Research Center (CIM), Av. Barcelona 7, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel Miró
- FI-TRACE Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa km 7.5, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Salud Deudero
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares, Moll de Ponent s/n, E-07015 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R. Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Arp HPH, Wolf R, Hale SE, Baskaran S, Glüge J, Scheringer M, Trier X, Cousins IT, Timmer H, Hofman-Caris R, Lennquist A, Bannink AD, Stroomberg GJ, Sjerps RMA, Montes R, Rodil R, Quintana JB, Zahn D, Gallard H, Mohr T, Schliebner I, Neumann M. Letter to the editor regarding Collard et al. (2023): "Persistence and mobility (defined as organic-carbon partitioning) do not correlate to the detection of substances found in surface and groundwater: Criticism of the regulatory concept of persistent and mobile substances". Sci Total Environ 2024; 906:165927. [PMID: 37532049 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Peter H Arp
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, 0806 Oslo, Norway; Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Raoul Wolf
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, 0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sarah E Hale
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, 0806 Oslo, Norway; DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser, Karlsruher Str. 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sivani Baskaran
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, 0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Juliane Glüge
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Scheringer
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Xenia Trier
- University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ian T Cousins
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Harrie Timmer
- Vewin, Association of Dutch water companies, Bezuidenhoutseweg 12, NL 2594 AV The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Roberta Hofman-Caris
- KWR Water Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands; University of Applied Sciences, Life Sciences and Chemistry, Heidelberglaan 7, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Wageningen University and Research, Environmental Technology, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Lennquist
- The International Chemical Secretariat, ChemSec, Första Långgatan 18, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - André D Bannink
- RIWA Association of River Waterworks, Groenendael 6, 3439 LV Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard J Stroomberg
- RIWA Association of River Waterworks, Groenendael 6, 3439 LV Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | | | - Rosa Montes
- Institute for Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R. Constantino Candeira S.N., 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Institute for Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R. Constantino Candeira S.N., 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Institute for Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R. Constantino Candeira S.N., 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Daniel Zahn
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hervé Gallard
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers UMR CNRS 7285, 1 rue Marcel Doré, TSA 41105, 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Tobias Mohr
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Section IV 2.3 Chemicals, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Ivo Schliebner
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Section IV 2.3 Chemicals, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Michael Neumann
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Section IV 2.3 Chemicals, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany.
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Hernández F, Fabregat-Safont D, Campos-Mañas M, Quintana JB. Efficient Validation Strategies in Environmental Analytical Chemistry: A Focus on Organic Micropollutants in Water Samples. Annu Rev Anal Chem (Palo Alto Calif) 2023; 16:401-428. [PMID: 37068748 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-091222-112115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This article critically reviews analytical method validation and quality control applied to the environmental chemistry field. The review focuses on the determination of organic micropollutants (OMPs), specifically emerging contaminants and pesticides, in the aquatic environment. The analytical technique considered is (gas and liquid) chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (MS), including high-resolution MS for wide-scope screening purposes. An analysis of current research practices outlined in the literature has been performed, and key issues and analytical challenges are identified and critically discussed. It is worth emphasizing the lack of specific guidelines applied to environmental analytical chemistry and the minimal regulation of OMPs in waters, which greatly affect method development and performance, requirements for method validation, and the subsequent application to samples. Finally, a proposal is made for method validation and data reporting, which can be understood as starting points for further discussion with specialists in environmental analytical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Hernández
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain;
| | - David Fabregat-Safont
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain;
- Applied Metabolomics Research Laboratory, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Campos-Mañas
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain;
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Senta I, Krizman-Matasic I, Kostanjevecki P, Gonzalez-Mariño I, Rodil R, Quintana JB, Mikac I, Terzic S, Ahel M. Assessing the impact of a major electronic music festival on the consumption patterns of illicit and licit psychoactive substances in a Mediterranean city using wastewater analysis. Sci Total Environ 2023:164547. [PMID: 37270014 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The consumption patterns of five categories of psychoactive substances (PS), including "conventional" illicit drugs, new psychoactive substances (NPS), therapeutic opioids, alcohol and nicotine, were studied in the city of Split, Croatia, using wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE), with an emphasis on the impact of a large electronic music festival. The study involved the analysis of 57 urinary biomarkers of PS in raw municipal wastewater samples collected in three characteristic periods, including the festival week in the peak-tourist season (July) and reference weeks in the peak-tourist season (August) and the off-tourist season (November). Such a large number of biomarkers allowed the recognition of distinct patterns of PS use associated with the festival, but also revealed some subtle differences between summer and autumn seasons. The festival week was characterized by markedly increased use of illicit stimulants (MDMA: 30-fold increase; cocaine and amphetamine: 1.7-fold increase) and alcohol (1.7-fold increase), while consumption of other common illicit drugs (cannabis and heroin), major therapeutic opioids (morphine, codeine and tramadol) and nicotine remained rather constant. Interestingly, NPS and methamphetamine clearly contributed to the festival PS signature in wastewater, but their prevalence was rather low compared to that of common illicit drugs. Estimates of cocaine and cannabis use were largely consistent with prevalence data from national surveys, whereas differences were found for typical amphetamine-type recreational drugs, particularly MDMA, and for heroin. The WBE data suggest that the largest proportion of morphine came from heroin consumption and that the percentage of heroin users seeking treatment in Split is probably rather low. The prevalence of smoking calculated in this study (30.6 %) was consistent with national survey data for 2015 (27.5-31.5 %), while the average alcohol consumption per capita >15 years (5.2 L) was lower than sales statistics suggest (8.9 L).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Senta
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivona Krizman-Matasic
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Petra Kostanjevecki
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Iria Gonzalez-Mariño
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R. Constantino Candeira S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R. Constantino Candeira S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R. Constantino Candeira S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Iva Mikac
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Senka Terzic
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Marijan Ahel
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Presumido PH, Ribeirinho-Soares S, Montes R, Quintana JB, Rodil R, Ribeiro M, Neuparth T, Santos MM, Feliciano M, Nunes OC, Gomes AI, Vilar VJP. Ozone membrane contactor for tertiary treatment of urban wastewater: Chemical, microbial and toxicological assessment. Sci Total Environ 2023:164492. [PMID: 37263431 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A membrane ozone contactor, operated under continuous mode, was applied to promote the tertiary treatment of urban wastewater (UWW), targeting the removal of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), bacterial disinfection, and toxicity reduction. This system relies on the homogeneous radial distribution of ozone (O3) in the reaction zone by "titration" through a microfiltration borosilicate tubular membrane, while the UWW swirls around the membrane and drags the O3 microbubbles generated in the membrane shell-side. The membrane is coated with titanium dioxide (TiO2-P25) and radiation can be externally supplied via four UV lamps. The ozonation tests were carried out with secondary-treated UWW collected in different seasons (winter and summer) and spiked with a mix of 19 CECs (10 μg L-1 each). For an O3 dose of 18 g m-3, the best performance was obtained by increasing the O3 concentration (maximum [O3]G,inlet of 200 g Nm-3) and decreasing the gas flow rate (minimum QG of 0.15 Ndm3 min-1), providing the highest ozone transfer yield (88 %) and, thus higher specific ozone dose (g O3 per g dissolved organic carbon). Under these conditions, removals >80 % or concentrations below the limit of quantification were obtained for up to 13 of the 19 CECs and reductions up to 5 log units for total heterotrophs and below the limit of detection for enterobacteria and enterococci. Tests including a UVC dose of 0.10 kJ L-1 enhanced disinfection ability but had no impact on CECs oxidation. After ozonation, the abundance of antibiotic resistant bacteria was reduced but not eliminated, and microbial regrowth after 3-day storage was observed. No toxic effect was detected on zebrafish embryos using a dilution factor of 4 for the ozonized UWW and when granular activated carbon adsorption was subsequently applied the dilution factor decreased to 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro H Presumido
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering, Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering (ALiCE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Sara Ribeirinho-Soares
- Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering (ALiCE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy (LEPABE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rosa Montes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Marta Ribeiro
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Group of Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Teresa Neuparth
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Group of Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Miguel M Santos
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Group of Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; FCUP - Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Feliciano
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Olga C Nunes
- Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering (ALiCE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy (LEPABE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana I Gomes
- Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering (ALiCE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy (LEPABE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Vítor J P Vilar
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering, Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering (ALiCE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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Montes R, Méndez S, Cobas J, Carro N, Neuparth T, Alves N, Santos MM, Quintana JB, Rodil R. Occurrence of persistent and mobile chemicals and other contaminants of emerging concern in Spanish and Portuguese wastewater treatment plants, transnational river basins and coastal water. Sci Total Environ 2023; 885:163737. [PMID: 37146829 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This work investigated, during one year, the occurrence and fate of 52 contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in transnational river basins and coastal areas of the North of Portugal and Galicia (NW Spain) and the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) discharging on these environments. The different CECs investigated included pharmaceuticals, personal care products, industrial chemicals, among others, of which ca. 90 % would fulfill the persistence, mobility and toxicity criteria proposed by the German Environmental Agency. The results showed the ubiquitous presence of these CECs and an incomplete removal of over 60 % of them with current conventional WWTPs. These findings highlight the requirement of a prominent and coordinated upgrade of WWTP treatments in order to meet the future European Union regulations on urban wastewater treatment and surface water quality. In fact, even some compounds exhibiting high removals, such as caffeine or xylene sulfonate, they were frequently detected in river and estuarine waters at the high ng L-1 level. Thus, our preliminary risk assessment study concluded that 18 of the CECs presented a potential risk for the environment, being caffeine, sulpiride, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), diclofenac, fipronil and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) the most concerning ones. Yet, additional toxicity data as well as a more robust information on persistence and mobility of CECs are necessary for better estimating the magnitude of the problem and improve risk assessment. As an example, in the case of the antidiabetic metformin, recent research has revealed toxicity for model fish species at concentration levels below those found in the 40 % of the river water samples analyzed in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Montes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Institute for research on chemical and biological analysis IAQBUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, c/Constantino Candeira, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Sandra Méndez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Institute for research on chemical and biological analysis IAQBUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, c/Constantino Candeira, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Julio Cobas
- INTECMAR (Technological Institute for the Monitoring of the Marine Environment in Galicia), Peirao de Vilaxoán S/N, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain
| | - Nieves Carro
- INTECMAR (Technological Institute for the Monitoring of the Marine Environment in Galicia), Peirao de Vilaxoán S/N, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain
| | - Teresa Neuparth
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - LA, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Group of Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging contaminants, Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Nelson Alves
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - LA, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Group of Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging contaminants, Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Miguel M Santos
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - LA, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Group of Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging contaminants, Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; FCUP, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Institute for research on chemical and biological analysis IAQBUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, c/Constantino Candeira, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Institute for research on chemical and biological analysis IAQBUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, c/Constantino Candeira, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Barros S, Alves N, Pinheiro M, Ribeiro M, Morais H, Montes R, Rodil R, Quintana JB, Coimbra AM, Santos MM, Neuparth T. Are Fish Populations at Risk? Metformin Disrupts Zebrafish Development and Reproductive Processes at Chronic Environmentally Relevant Concentrations. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:1049-1059. [PMID: 36580485 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The antidiabetic drug Metformin (MET), one of the most prevalent pharmaceuticals in the environment, is currently detected in surface waters in the range of ng/L to low μg/L. As current knowledge regarding the long-term effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of MET in nontarget organisms is limited, the present study aimed at investigating the generational effects of MET, in concentrations ranging from 390 to 14 423 ng/L in the model organism Danio rerio (up to 9 mpf), including the effects on its nonexposed offspring (until 60 dpf). We integrate several apical end points, i.e., embryonic development, survival, growth, and reproduction, with qRT-PCR and RNA-seq analyses to provide additional insights into the mode of action of MET. Reproductive-related parameters in the first generation were particularly sensitive to MET. MET parental exposure impacted critical molecular processes involved in the metabolism of zebrafish males, which in turn affected steroid hormone biosynthesis and upregulated male vtg1 expression by 99.78- to 155.47-fold at 390 and 14 432 MET treatment, respectively, pointing to an estrogenic effect. These findings can potentially explain the significant decrease in the fertilization rate and the increase of unactivated eggs. Nonexposed offspring was also affected by parental MET exposure, impacting its survival and growth. Altogether, these results suggest that MET, at environmentally relevant concentrations, severely affects several biological processes in zebrafish, supporting the urgent need to revise the proposed Predicted No-Effect Concentration (PNEC) and the Environmental Quality Standard (EQS) for MET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Barros
- CIIMAR─Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants Group, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- CITAB - Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, Pavilhão 2, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Nélson Alves
- CIIMAR─Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants Group, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- FCUP - Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto (U. Porto), Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marlene Pinheiro
- CIIMAR─Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants Group, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- FCUP - Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto (U. Porto), Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Ribeiro
- CIIMAR─Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants Group, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- FCUP - Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto (U. Porto), Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo Morais
- CIIMAR─Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants Group, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- FCUP - Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto (U. Porto), Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rosa Montes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IAQBUS - Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IAQBUS - Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IAQBUS - Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana M Coimbra
- CITAB - Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, Pavilhão 2, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Inov4Agro - Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-food Production, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, Pavilhão 2, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Miguel M Santos
- CIIMAR─Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants Group, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- FCUP - Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto (U. Porto), Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Teresa Neuparth
- CIIMAR─Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants Group, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
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8
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Barros S, Ribeiro M, Coimbra AM, Pinheiro M, Morais H, Alves N, Montes R, Rodil R, Quintana JB, Santos MM, Neuparth T. Metformin disrupts Danio rerio metabolism at environmentally relevant concentrations: A full life-cycle study. Sci Total Environ 2022; 846:157361. [PMID: 35843324 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Metformin (MET), an anti-diabetic pharmaceutical of large-scale consumption, is increasingly detected in surface waters. However, current knowledge on the long-term effects of MET on non-target organisms is limited. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of MET in the model freshwater teleost Danio rerio, following a full life-cycle exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations (390 to 14 423 ng/L). Considering that the mode of action (MoA) of MET on non-target organisms remains underexplored and that MET may act through similar human pathways, i.e., lipid and energy metabolisms, biochemical markers were used to determine cholesterol and triglycerides levels, as well as mitochondrial complex I activity in zebrafish liver. Also, the hepatosomatic index as an indication of metabolic disruption, and the expression levels of genes involved in MET's putative MoA, i.e. acaca, acadm, cox5aa, idh3a, hmgcra, prkaa1, were determined, the last by qRT-PCR. A screening of mRNA transcripts, associated with lipid and energy metabolisms, and other signaling pathways potentially involved in MET-induced toxicity were also assessed using an exploratory RNA-seq analysis. The findings here reported indicate that MET significantly disrupted critical biochemical and molecular processes involved in zebrafish metabolism, such as cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthesis, mitochondrial electron transport chain and tricarboxylic acid cycle, concomitantly to changes on the hepatosomatic index. Likewise, MET impacted other relevant pathways mainly associated with cell cycle, DNA repair and steroid hormone biosynthesis, here reported for the first time in a non-target aquatic organism. Non-monotonic dose response curves were frequently detected in biochemical and qRT-PCR data, with higher effects observed at 390 and 2 929 ng/L MET treatments. Collectively, the results suggest that environmentally relevant concentrations of MET severely disrupt D. rerio metabolism and other important biological processes, supporting the need to revise the proposed environmental quality standard (EQS) and predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) for MET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Barros
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants Group, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; CITAB - Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, Pavilhão 2, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Marta Ribeiro
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants Group, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Ana M Coimbra
- CITAB - Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, Pavilhão 2, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; Inov4Agro -Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-food Production, Portugal
| | - Marlene Pinheiro
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants Group, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; FCUP - Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto (U. Porto), Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo Morais
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants Group, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; FCUP - Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto (U. Porto), Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nélson Alves
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants Group, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; FCUP - Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto (U. Porto), Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rosa Montes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IAQBUS - Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IAQBUS - Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IAQBUS - Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel M Santos
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants Group, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; FCUP - Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto (U. Porto), Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Teresa Neuparth
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants Group, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
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9
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Estévez-Danta A, Bijlsma L, Capela R, Cela R, Celma A, Hernández F, Lertxundi U, Matias J, Montes R, Orive G, Prieto A, Santos MM, Rodil R, Quintana JB. Use of illicit drugs, alcohol and tobacco in Spain and Portugal during the COVID-19 crisis in 2020 as measured by wastewater-based epidemiology. Sci Total Environ 2022; 836:155697. [PMID: 35523346 PMCID: PMC9065690 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic spread rapidly worldwide in the year 2020, which was initially restrained by drastic mobility restrictions. In this work, we investigated the use of illicit drugs (amphetamine, methamphetamine, ecstasy, cocaine and cannabis), and licit substances of abuse (alcohol and tobacco) during the earlier months (March-July 2020) of the pandemic restrictions in four Spanish (Bilbao and its metropolitan area, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Castellón and Santiago de Compostela) and two Portuguese (Porto and Vila do Conde) locations by wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE). The results show that no methamphetamine was detected in any of the locations monitored, while amphetamine use was only detectable in the two locations from the Basque Country (Bilbao and its metropolitan area and Vitoria-Gasteiz), with high estimated average usage rates (700-930 mg day-1 1000 inhabitant-1). The remaining substances were detected in all the investigated catchment areas. In general, no remarkable changes were found in population normalized loads compared to former years, except for cocaine (i.e. its main metabolite, benzoylecgonine). For this drug, a notable decrease in use was discernible in Castellón, while its usage in Porto and Santiago de Compostela seemed to continue in a rising trend, already initiated in former years. Furthermore, two events of ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, MDMA) dumping in the sewage network were confirmed by enantiomeric analysis, one in Santiago de Compostela just prior the lockdown and the second one in the Bilbao and its metropolitan area in July after relieving the more stringent measures. The latter could also be associated with a police intervention. The comparison of WBE with (web) survey data, which do not provide information at a local level, points towards contradictory conclusions for some of the substances, thereby highlighting the need for stable WBE networks capable of near real-time monitoring drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Estévez-Danta
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Ricardo Capela
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Group of Endocrine Disrupter and Emerging Contaminants, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; FCUP-Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rafael Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Alberto Celma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Félix Hernández
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Unax Lertxundi
- Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Araba Mental Health Network, Araba Psychiatric Hospital, Pharmacy Service, c/Alava 43, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Alava, Spain
| | - João Matias
- European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, 1249-289 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rosa Montes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Gorka Orive
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology - UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, Singapore; Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Ailette Prieto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Miguel M Santos
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Group of Endocrine Disrupter and Emerging Contaminants, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; FCUP-Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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10
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López-Vázquez J, Rodil R, Trujillo-Rodríguez MJ, Quintana JB, Cela R, Miró M. Mimicking human ingestion of microplastics: Oral bioaccessibility tests of bisphenol A and phthalate esters under fed and fasted states. Sci Total Environ 2022; 826:154027. [PMID: 35217040 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Notwithstanding the fact that microplastic fragments were encountered in the human stool, little effort has been geared towards elucidating the impact of chemical additives upon the human health. In this work, standardized bioaccessibility tests under both fasting and fed conditions are herein applied to the investigation of human oral bioaccessibility of plastic additives and monomers (i.e. eight phthalate esters (PAEs) and bisphenol A (BPA)) in low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) microplastics. The generation of phthalate monoesters is evaluated in the time course of the bioaccessibility tests. Maximum gastric and gastrointestinal bioaccessibility fractions are obtained for dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate and BPA, within the range of 55-83%, 40-68% and 37-67%, respectively, increasing to 56-92% and 41-70% for dimethyl phthalate and diethyl phthalate, respectively, whenever their hydrolysis products are considered. Bioaccessibility fractions of polar PAEs are dependent upon the physicochemical characteristics of the microplastics, with greater bioaccessibility for the rubbery polymer (LDPE). With the method herein proposed, oral bioaccessible pools of moderately to non-polar PAEs can be also accurately assessed for risk-assessment explorations, with values ranging from 1.8% to 32.2%, with again significantly larger desorption percentages for LDPE. Our results suggested that the highest gastric/gastrointestinal bioaccessibility of the eight PAEs and BPA is reached under fed-state gastrointestinal extraction conditions because of the larger amounts of surface-active biomolecules. Even including the bioaccessibility factor within human risk assessment/exposure studies to microplastics, concentrations of dimethyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate and BPA exceeding 0.3% (w/w) may pose severe risks after oral uptake in contrast to the more hydrophobic congeners for which concentrations above 3% (w/w), except for diethylhexyl phthalate, would be tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier López-Vázquez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain.
| | - María J Trujillo-Rodríguez
- FI-TRACE Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa km 7.5, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Rafael Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Manuel Miró
- FI-TRACE Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa km 7.5, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain.
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11
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Sá MFT, Castro V, Gomes AI, Morais DFS, Silva Braga RVPS, Saraiva I, Souza-Chaves BM, Park M, Fernández-Fernández V, Rodil R, Montes R, Quintana JB, Vilar VJP. Tracking pollutants in a municipal sewage network impairing the operation of a wastewater treatment plant. Sci Total Environ 2022; 817:152518. [PMID: 34995583 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This work provides a screening of organic contaminants and characterization of the dissolved organic matter in the sewer network until the municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), identifying the network areas with a higher degree of contamination and their impact on the WWTP performance, particularly in the activated sludge reactor. Three monitoring campaigns were carried out at six selected locations of the sewage system (PVZ-1, PVZ-2, PS-F, PS-VC, CP-VC, and PS-T), influent (WWTPINF) and effluent (WWTPEFF) of the WWTP. Advanced analytical techniques were employed, namely excitation/emission matrix fluorescence-parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC), size exclusion chromatography with organic carbon detector (SEC-OCD), and liquid chromatography with high-resolution-mass spectrometric detection (LC-HRMS). EEM-PARAFAC showed higher fluorescence intensity for the protein-like component (C2), particularly at CP-VC (near seafood industries) associated with the presence of surfactants (~50 mg/L). SEC-OCD highlighted the WWTP efficiency in removing low molecular weight acids and neutrals. LC-HRMS tentatively identified 108 compounds of emerging concern (CEC) and similar detection patterns were obtained for all wastewater samples, except for PVZ-2 (lower detection), many of which occurred in the effluent. Eight CECs included on relevant Watch-Lists were detected in all WWTPEFF samples. Furthermore, 111 surfactants were detected, the classes more frequently found being alcohol ethoxylates (AEOs), nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPEOs) and linear alkylbenzene sulphonates (LAS). The continuous presence of LAS and NPEOs allied to surfactants concentrations in the WWTPINF of 15-20 mg/L, with CP-VC location (linked with food industries) as an important contributor, explain the morphological changes in the activated sludge and high LAS content in the dewatered sludge, which may have impacted WWTP performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana F T Sá
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Verónica Castro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana I Gomes
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Daniela F S Morais
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui V P S Silva Braga
- Efacec Engenharia e Sistemas S.A. (Unidade de Negócios Ambiente), Rua Eng. Frederico Ulrich - Guardeiras, Apartado 3003, 4474-907 Moreira da Maia, Portugal
| | - Isabel Saraiva
- Efacec Engenharia e Sistemas S.A. (Unidade de Negócios Ambiente), Rua Eng. Frederico Ulrich - Guardeiras, Apartado 3003, 4474-907 Moreira da Maia, Portugal
| | - Bianca M Souza-Chaves
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 E James E Rogers Way, Harshbarger 108, Tucson, AZ 85721-0011, USA; CNPq - National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, Brazil
| | - Minkyu Park
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 E James E Rogers Way, Harshbarger 108, Tucson, AZ 85721-0011, USA
| | - Victoria Fernández-Fernández
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosa Montes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Vítor J P Vilar
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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12
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Neuparth T, Alves N, Machado AM, Pinheiro M, Montes R, Rodil R, Barros S, Ruivo R, Castro LFC, Quintana JB, Santos MM. Neuroendocrine pathways at risk? Simvastatin induces inter and transgenerational disruption in the keystone amphipod Gammarus locusta. Aquat Toxicol 2022; 244:106095. [PMID: 35121565 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The primary focus of environmental toxicological studies is to address the direct effects of chemicals on exposed organisms (parental generation - F0), mostly overlooking effects on subsequent non-exposed generations (F1 and F2 - intergenerational and F3 transgenerational, respectively). Here, we addressed the effects of simvastatin (SIM), one of the most widely prescribed human pharmaceuticals for the primary treatment of hypercholesterolemia, using the keystone crustacean Gammarus locusta. We demonstrate that SIM, at environmentally relevant concentrations, has significant inter and transgenerational (F1 and F3) effects in key signaling pathways involved in crustaceans' neuroendocrine regulation (Ecdysteroids, Catecholamines, NO/cGMP/PKG, GABAergic and Cholinergic signaling pathways), concomitantly with changes in apical endpoints, such as depressed reproduction and growth. These findings are an essential step to improve hazard and risk assessment of biological active compounds, such as SIM, and highlight the importance of studying the transgenerational effects of environmental chemicals in animals' neuroendocrine regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Neuparth
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - N Alves
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; FCUP - Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - A M Machado
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; FCUP - Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Pinheiro
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; FCUP - Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - R Montes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IAQBUS - Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R. Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - R Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IAQBUS - Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R. Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - S Barros
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; CITAB - Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, Quinta de Prados - Ed. Blocos Laboratoriais C1.10, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - R Ruivo
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - L Filipe C Castro
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; FCUP - Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - J B Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IAQBUS - Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R. Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M M Santos
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; FCUP - Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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13
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Mata MC, Castro V, Quintana JB, Rodil R, Beiras R, Vidal-Liñán L. Bioaccumulation of organophosphorus flame retardants in the marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Sci Total Environ 2022; 805:150384. [PMID: 34818755 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The bioaccumulation and depuration of seven organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) in marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis were studied. OPFRs showed to be bioavailable in aquatic environments. When mussels are exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of OPFRs, uptake kinetics fit well to a first-order model with a single compartment; in contrast depuration rates were generally underestimated by that model, most likely because it does not take into account the biotransformation of OPFRs by the organisms. The highest bioaccumulation rates were observed for tricresyl phosphate (TCrP), triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) and 2-ethylhexyldiphenylphosphate (EHDPP). This could be due to the presence of aryl groups in these compounds, their low solubility in water, and their affinity for fat tissues. According to these findings TCrP, with a BCF value of 4042 L kg-1 wet weight, should be classified in environmental regulations as an accumulative chemical.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Mata
- ECIMAT-CIM, University of Vigo, Illa de Toralla s/n, Vigo E-36390, Galicia, Spain
| | - V Castro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IAQBUS - Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira 5, Santiago de Compostela E-15782, Galicia, Spain
| | - J B Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IAQBUS - Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira 5, Santiago de Compostela E-15782, Galicia, Spain
| | - R Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IAQBUS - Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira 5, Santiago de Compostela E-15782, Galicia, Spain
| | - R Beiras
- ECIMAT-CIM, University of Vigo, Illa de Toralla s/n, Vigo E-36390, Galicia, Spain
| | - L Vidal-Liñán
- ECIMAT-CIM, University of Vigo, Illa de Toralla s/n, Vigo E-36390, Galicia, Spain.
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14
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Castanheira B, Otubo L, Oliveira CLP, Montes R, Quintana JB, Rodil R, Brochsztain S, Vilar VJP, Teixeira ACSC. Functionalized mesoporous silicas SBA-15 for heterogeneous photocatalysis towards CECs removal from secondary urban wastewater. Chemosphere 2022; 287:132023. [PMID: 34461335 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The photocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) supported on mesoporous silica SBA-15 (TiO2/SBA-15) was evaluated for the photodegradation of sulfadiazine (SDZ), as target contaminant of emerging concern (CEC), using either pure water solutions (PW) or a real secondary urban wastewater (UWW) spiked with SDZ. For this purpose, TiO2/SBA-15 samples with 10, 20 and 30% TiO2 (w/w) were prepared by the sol-gel post synthetic method on pre-formed SBA-15, using titanium (IV) isopropoxide as a precursor. The TiO2/SBA-15 materials were characterized by HRTEM, SAXS and XRD, nitrogen adsorption isotherms and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. TiO2 NPs were shown to be attached onto the external surface, decorating the SBA-15 particles. The TiO2/SBA-15 catalysts were active in SDZ photodegradation using the annular FluHelik photoreactor, when irradiated with UVA light. The 30% TiO2/SBA-15 sample presented the best performance in optimization tests performed using PW, and it was further used for the tests with UWW. The photocatalytic activity of 30% TiO2/SBA-15 was higher (56% SDZ degradation) than that of standard TiO2-P25 (32% SDZ degradation) in the removal of SDZ spiked in the UWW ([SDZ] = 2 mg L-1). The photodegradation of SDZ with 30% TiO2/SBA-15 eached 90% for UWW spiked with a lower SDZ concentration ([SDZ] = 40 μg L-1). Aside of SDZ, a suit of 65 other CECs were also identified in the UWW sample using LC-MS spectrometry. A fast-screening test showed the heterogeneous photocatalytic system was able to remove most of the detected CECs from UWW, by either adsorption and/or photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Castanheira
- Research Group in Advanced Oxidation Processes (AdOx), Chemical Systems Engineering Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, Escola Politécnica, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, tr. 3, 380, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Larissa Otubo
- Nuclear and Energy Research Institute (IPEN), Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cristiano L P Oliveira
- Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1371, 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rosa Montes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Sergio Brochsztain
- Federal University of ABC, Av. dos Estados, 5001, 09210-580, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Vítor J P Vilar
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Antonio Carlos S C Teixeira
- Research Group in Advanced Oxidation Processes (AdOx), Chemical Systems Engineering Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, Escola Politécnica, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, tr. 3, 380, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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15
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Sieira BJ, Rodil R, Cela R, Quintana JB, Montes R. Transformation products of the high-volume production chemicals 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone and 2-piperazin-1-ylethanamine formed by UV photolysis. Chemosphere 2022; 287:132394. [PMID: 34592213 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This work investigates the reaction of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone (VP) and 2-piperazin-1-yletanamine (PPE) under UV radiation. Both substances are high-volume production chemicals (production >1000 tons/year) widely used in polymers, coatings and a wide array of applications, which have been classified as mobile chemicals and which can then lead to the formation of persistent and mobile transformation products (TPs). Thus, their reaction with UV light was studied by means of liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). Both compounds presented a high reactivity, the VP quantum yield was 0.28 mol/E; whereas, PPE had a quantum yield notably higher than 1 (16 mol/E). Five and 7 TPs were identified for VP and PPE, respectively. Some of them had been already reported in literature due to sunlight photodegradation or other oxidation processes, but most of them are reported here for the first time. Finally, the acute and chronical toxicity of precursors and TPs were estimated using two quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) software tools which led to some discrepancies in the estimations, pointing to the need for experimental toxicity assays for these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benigno José Sieira
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain.
| | - Rafael Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain.
| | - Rosa Montes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain.
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16
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Castro V, Quintana JB, López-Vázquez J, Carro N, Cobas J, Bilbao D, Cela R, Rodil R. Development and application of an in-house library and workflow for gas chromatography-electron ionization-accurate-mass/high-resolution mass spectrometry screening of environmental samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 414:6327-6340. [PMID: 34865195 PMCID: PMC9372009 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03810-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This work presents an optimized gas chromatography–electron ionization–high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-EI-HRMS) screening method. Different method parameters affecting data processing with the Agilent Unknowns Analysis SureMass deconvolution software were optimized in order to achieve the best compromise between false positives and false negatives. To this end, an accurate-mass library of 26 model compounds was created. Then, five replicates of mussel extracts were spiked with a mixture of these 26 compounds at two concentration levels (10 and 100 ng/g dry weight in mussel, 50 and 500 ng/mL in extract) and injected in the GC-EI-HRMS system. The results of these experiments showed that accurate mass tolerance and pure weight factor (combination of reverse-forward library search) are the most critical factors. The validation of the developed method afforded screening detection limits in the 2.5–5 ng range for passive sampler extracts and 1–2 ng/g for mussel sample extracts, and limits of quantification in the 0.6–3.2 ng and 0.1–1.8 ng/g range, for the same type of samples, respectively, for 17 model analytes. Once the method was optimized, an accurate-mass HRMS library, containing retention indexes, with ca. 355 spectra of derivatized and non-derivatized compounds was generated. This library (freely available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5647960), together with a modified Agilent Pesticides Library of over 800 compounds, was applied to the screening of passive samplers, both of polydimethylsiloxane and polar chemical integrative samplers (POCIS), and mussel samples collected in Galicia (NW Spain), where a total of 75 chemicals could be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Castro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research On Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research On Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Javier López-Vázquez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research On Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Nieves Carro
- INTECMAR - Technological Institute for the Monitoring of the Marine Environment of Galicia, Peirao de Vilaxoán S/N, 36611, Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain
| | - Julio Cobas
- INTECMAR - Technological Institute for the Monitoring of the Marine Environment of Galicia, Peirao de Vilaxoán S/N, 36611, Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain
| | - Denis Bilbao
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Spain.,Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (PiE-UPV/EHU), 48620, Plentzia, Spain
| | - Rafael Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research On Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research On Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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17
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Estévez-Danta A, Montes R, Bijlsma L, Cela R, Celma A, González-Mariño I, Miró M, Gutmann V, de San Román-Landa UP, Prieto A, Ventura M, Rodil R, Quintana JB. Source identification of amphetamine-like stimulants in Spanish wastewater through enantiomeric profiling. Water Res 2021; 206:117719. [PMID: 34624656 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Amphetamine (AMP), methamphetamine (MAMP) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) occur in wastewater not only as a result of illicit consumption, but also, in some cases, from prescription drug use or by direct drug disposal into the sewage system. Enantiomeric profiling of these chiral drugs could give more insight into the origin of their occurrence. In this manuscript, a new analytical methodology for the enantiomeric analysis of amphetamine-like substances in wastewater has been developed. The method consists of a solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), which showed low quantification limits in the 2.4-5.5 ng L-1 range. The LC-MS/MS method was first applied to characterize a total of 38 solid street drug samples anonymously provided by consumers. The results of these analysis showed that AMP and MDMA trafficked into Spain are synthesized as racemate, while MAMP is exclusively produced as the S(+)-enantiomer. Then, the analytical method was employed to analyse urban wastewater samples collected from the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) of five different cities in 2018 and 2019. Consumption estimated through normalized population loads in wastewater showed an increased pattern of AMP use in the Basque Country. Furthermore, the enantiomeric profiling of wastewater samples was contrasted to lisdexamfetamine (LIS) and selegiline (SEL) prescription figures, two pharmaceuticals which metabolize to S(+)-AMP, and to R(-)-AMP and R(-)-MAMP, respectively. From this analysis, and considering uncertainties derived from metabolism and adherence to treatment, it was concluded that LIS is a relevant source of AMP in those cases with low wastewater loads, i.e. up to a maximum of 60% of AMP detected in wastewater in some samples could originate from LIS prescription, while SEL does not represent a significant source of AMP nor MAMP. Finally, removal efficiencies could be evaluated for the WWTP (serving ca. 860,000 inhabitants) with higher AMP influent concentrations. The removal of AMP was satisfactory with rates higher than 99%, whereas MDMA showed an average removal of approximately 60%, accompanied by an enrichment of R(-)-MDMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Estévez-Danta
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Rosa Montes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Rafael Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Alberto Celma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Iria González-Mariño
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Manuel Miró
- FI-TRACE group, Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Vanessa Gutmann
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | | | - Ailette Prieto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (PiE-UPV/EHU), Plentzia, Basque Country 48620, Spain
| | - Mireia Ventura
- Energy Control, Asociación Bienestar y Desarrollo, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
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18
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Bijlsma L, Picó Y, Andreu V, Celma A, Estévez-Danta A, González-Mariño I, Hernández F, López de Alda M, López-García E, Marcé RM, Miró M, Montes R, Pérez de San Román-Landa U, Pitarch E, Pocurull E, Postigo C, Prieto A, Rico A, Rodil R, Valcárcel Y, Ventura M, Quintana JB. The embodiment of wastewater data for the estimation of illicit drug consumption in Spain. Sci Total Environ 2021; 772:144794. [PMID: 33770873 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Data obtained from wastewater analysis can provide rapid and complementary insights in illicit drug consumption at community level. Within Europe, Spain is an important country of transit of both cocaine and cannabis. The quantity of seized drugs and prevalence of their use rank Spain at the top of Europe. Hence, the implementation of a wastewater monitoring program at national level would help to get better understanding of spatial differences and trends in use of illicit drugs. In this study, a national wastewater campaign was performed for the first time to get more insight on the consumption of illicit drugs within Spain. The 13 Spanish cities monitored cover approximately 6 million inhabitants (12.8% of the Spanish population). Untreated wastewater samples were analyzed for urinary biomarkers of amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA, cocaine, and cannabis. In addition, weekend samples were monitored for 17 new psychoactive substances. Cannabis and cocaine are the most consumed drugs in Spain, but geographical variations showed, for instance, comparatively higher levels of methamphetamine in Barcelona and amphetamine in Bilbao, with about 1-fold higher consumption of these two substances in such metropolitan areas. For amphetamine, an enantiomeric profiling was performed in order to assure the results were due to consumption and not to illegal dumping of production residues. Furthermore, different correction factors for the excretion of cannabis were used to compare consumption estimations. All wastewater results were compared with previously reported data, national seizure data and general population survey data, were a reasonable agreement was found. Daily and yearly drug consumption were extrapolated to the entire Spanish population with due precautions because of the uncertainty associated. These data was further used to estimate the retail drug market, where for instance cocaine illicit consumption alone was calculated to contribute to 0.2-0.5% of the Spanish gross domestic product (ca. 3000-6000 million Euro/year).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubertus Bijlsma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Yolanda Picó
- Food and Environmental Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre (CIDE) joint Research Centre Universitat de Valencia-CSIC-Generalitat Valenciana, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente Andreu
- Food and Environmental Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre (CIDE) joint Research Centre Universitat de Valencia-CSIC-Generalitat Valenciana, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alberto Celma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Andrea Estévez-Danta
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research in Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Iria González-Mariño
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research in Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Félix Hernández
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Miren López de Alda
- Water, Environmental and Food Chemistry Unit (ENFOCHEM), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ester López-García
- Water, Environmental and Food Chemistry Unit (ENFOCHEM), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa María Marcé
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Manuel Miró
- FI-TRACE Group, Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Rosa Montes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research in Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Elena Pitarch
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Eva Pocurull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Cristina Postigo
- Water, Environmental and Food Chemistry Unit (ENFOCHEM), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ailette Prieto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Andreu Rico
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research in Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Yolanda Valcárcel
- Grupo de Evaluación de Riesgos en Salud y Medio Ambiente (RiSaMA), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mireia Ventura
- Energy Control, Asociación Bienestar y Desarollo, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research in Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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19
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Wilson EW, Castro V, Chaves R, Espinosa M, Rodil R, Quintana JB, Vieira MN, Santos MM. Using zebrafish embryo bioassays combined with high-resolution mass spectrometry screening to assess ecotoxicological water bodies quality status: A case study in Panama rivers. Chemosphere 2021; 272:129823. [PMID: 33592508 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Several studies show that many water bodies in developing countries are increasingly affected by anthropogenic pressure, such as agricultural activities, domestic and industrial wastewater. However, data is scarce in several of such countries, including Panama. Thus, in this work, the ecotoxicological status of selected rivers in Panama with distinct input sources were evaluated using the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo bioassays combined with a liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry screening of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), using a library of over 3200 chemicals. A total of 68 CECs, including pharmaceuticals and metabolites, pesticides and several industrial chemicals, could be tentatively identified. Additionally, the zebrafish embryo bioassays showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in embryo mortality/abnormalities when incubated with water samples from two rivers, Matasnillo and Curundú (47.5% and 32%, respectively). Importantly, a positive correlation between ecotoxicological endpoints and some of the detected CECs was observed. The findings demonstrate that both rivers are under strong anthropogenic pressure, and therefore, management actions are urgently needed to decrease their level of contamination. Overall, this study further supports the use of the zebrafish embryo bioassay as a fast, high throughput approach for screening the toxicity of water samples, and highlights the advantages of combining ecotoxicological assays with high-resolution mass spectrometry to an expedite assessment of the ecotoxicological status of water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estibali Wilkie Wilson
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - LA, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Verónica Castro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IAQBUS - Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Raquel Chaves
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - LA, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; ISAMB/ FMUL - Institute of Environmental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz MB, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel Espinosa
- University of Panama, Promega Institute, Via Simon Bolivar, Transístmica, Panama
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IAQBUS - Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IAQBUS - Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Maria Natividade Vieira
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - LA, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; FCUP, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel M Santos
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - LA, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; FCUP, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
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20
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Capó X, Company JJ, Alomar C, Compa M, Sureda A, Grau A, Hansjosten B, López-Vázquez J, Quintana JB, Rodil R, Deudero S. Long-term exposure to virgin and seawater exposed microplastic enriched-diet causes liver oxidative stress and inflammation in gilthead seabream Sparus aurata, Linnaeus 1758. Sci Total Environ 2021; 767:144976. [PMID: 33636779 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.144976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plastics accumulation in marine ecosystems has notable ecological implications due to their long persistence, potential ecotoxicity, and ability to adsorb other pollutants or act as vectors of pathogens. The present work aimed to evaluate the physiological response of the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) fed for 90 days with a diet enriched with virgin and seawater exposed low-density polyethylene microplastics (LDPE-MPs) (size between 100 and 500 μM), followed by 30 days of depuration, applying oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in liver homogenates. No effects of LDPE-MPs treatments on fish growth were observed throughout this study. A progressive increase in antioxidant enzyme activities was observed throughout the study in both treatments, although this increase was higher in the group treated with seawater exposed MPs. This increase was significantly higher in catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GRd), and glutathione-s-transferase (GST) in the seawater exposed MPs group, with respect to the virgin group. In contrast, no significant differences were recorded in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) between both groups. Exposure to MPs also caused an increase in the oxidative damage markers (malondialdehyde and carbonyls groups). Myeloperoxidase activity significantly increased because of MPs treatments. After 30 days of depuration, antioxidant, inflammatory enzyme activities and oxidative damage markers returned to values similar to those observed in the control group. In conclusion, MPs exposure induced an increase of antioxidant defences in the liver of S. aurata. However, these elevated antioxidant capabilities were not enough to prevent oxidative damage in the liver since, an increased oxidative damage marker was associated with MPs ingestion. The treatment with seawater exposed MPs caused a more significant antioxidant response (CAT, GRs, and GST). Although after a depuration period of 30 days a tendency to recover the initial values of the biomarkers was observed this does not seem to be time enough for a complete normalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Capó
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanografico de Baleares, Muelle de Poniente s/n, 07015 Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain.
| | - J J Company
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanografico de Baleares, Muelle de Poniente s/n, 07015 Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - C Alomar
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanografico de Baleares, Muelle de Poniente s/n, 07015 Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - M Compa
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanografico de Baleares, Muelle de Poniente s/n, 07015 Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - A Sureda
- Research Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, and Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), University of Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain; CIBER (Fisiopatologia de la obesidad y nutrición) CIBEROBN. Instituto de Salud Carlos III, (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - A Grau
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Marinas y Acuicultura, LIMIA-Govern de les Illes Balears, Port d'Andratx, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - B Hansjosten
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Marinas y Acuicultura, LIMIA-Govern de les Illes Balears, Port d'Andratx, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - J López-Vázquez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J B Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - R Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - S Deudero
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanografico de Baleares, Muelle de Poniente s/n, 07015 Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
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21
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Sieira BJ, Quintana JB, Cela R, Rodil R. Reaction of phenazone-type drugs and metabolites with chlorine and monochloramine. Sci Total Environ 2021; 757:143770. [PMID: 33243508 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This work studies the chlorination and monochloramination reaction kinetics of two phenazone-type drugs (phenazone - Phe and propyphenazone - PrPhe) and three metabolites of phenazone-type drugs (4-formylaminoantipyrine - FAA, 4-aminoantipyrine - AA and 4-acetoamidoantipyrine - AAA). Kinetics were faster with chlorine (apparent second-order constants between 100 and 66,500 times higher) than with monochloramine. For FAA and AAA, no significant reaction was observed during monochloramination. Further, apparent rate constants decreased as the pH increased from pH 5.7 to 8.3, except during chlorination of AA. The transformation products (TPs) formed were also elucidated by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. The main transformation pathway for Phe and PrPhe consisted of halogenations, hydroxylations and dealkylations, while AAA and FAA were firstly transformed to AA, then followed by pyrazole ring opening and hydroxylations. The extend of the reaction was also tested in real water samples, where, in general, slower reaction kinetics were obtained during monochloramination, while the chlorination reaction showed similar half-lives to ultrapure water. Finally, acute and chronic toxicity of the TPs were estimated using two quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) software (ECOSAR and TEST), showing that some TPs could be more toxic than their precursor compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benigno J Sieira
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IAQBUS - Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R/ Constantino Candeira 5, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IAQBUS - Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R/ Constantino Candeira 5, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rafael Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IAQBUS - Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R/ Constantino Candeira 5, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IAQBUS - Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R/ Constantino Candeira 5, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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22
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Castro V, Quintana JB, Carpinteiro I, Cobas J, Carro N, Cela R, Rodil R. Combination of different chromatographic and sampling modes for high-resolution mass spectrometric screening of organic microcontaminants in water. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:5607-5618. [PMID: 33625537 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03226-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study explores the combination of two sampling strategies (polar organic compounds integrative sampler (POCIS) vs. spot sampling) and four chromatographic retention modes (reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC), hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC), mixed-mode liquid chromatography (MMLC) and supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC)) for high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) screening of organic pollutants in water samples. To this end, a suspect screening approach, using iterative data-dependent tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) driven by a library of 3227 chemicals (including pharmaceuticals, pesticides, drugs of abuse, human metabolites, industrial chemicals and other pollutants), was employed. Results show that POCIS can afford a larger number of positive identifications as compared to spot sampling. On the other hand, the best suited retention mechanisms, in terms of identified analytes, are SFC, and followed by RPLC, MMLC and HILIC. However, the best combination (POCIS + SFC) would only allow the identification of 67% of the detected analytes. Thus, the combination of the two sampling strategies, spot and passive sampling, with two orthogonal retention mechanisms, RPLC and SFC, is proposed in order to maximize the number of analytes detected (89%). This strategy was applied to different surface water (river and estuary) samples from Galicia (NW Spain). A total of 155 compounds were detected at a confidence level 2a, from which the major class was pharmaceuticals (61%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Castro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada Carpinteiro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Julio Cobas
- INTECMAR - Technological Institute for the Monitoring of the Marine Environment of Galicia, Peirao de Vilaxoán S/N, 36611, Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain
| | - Nieves Carro
- INTECMAR - Technological Institute for the Monitoring of the Marine Environment of Galicia, Peirao de Vilaxoán S/N, 36611, Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain
| | - Rafael Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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23
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González-Mariño I, Ares L, Montes R, Rodil R, Cela R, López-García E, Postigo C, López de Alda M, Pocurull E, Marcé RM, Bijlsma L, Hernández F, Picó Y, Andreu V, Rico A, Valcárcel Y, Miró M, Etxebarria N, Quintana JB. Assessing population exposure to phthalate plasticizers in thirteen Spanish cities through the analysis of wastewater. J Hazard Mater 2021; 401:123272. [PMID: 32645544 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are widely used plasticizers that produce endocrine-disrupting disorders. Quantifying exposure is crucial to perform risk assessments and to develop proper health measures. Herein, a wastewater-based epidemiology approach has been applied to estimate human exposure to six of the mostly used phthalates within the Spanish population. Wastewater samples were collected over four weekdays from seventeen wastewater treatment plants serving thirteen cities and ca. 6 million people (12.8 % of the Spanish population). Phthalate metabolite loads in wastewater were transformed into metabolite concentrations in urine and into daily exposure levels to the parent phthalates. Considering all the sampled sites, population-weighted overall means of the estimated concentrations in urine varied between 0.7 ng/mL and 520 ng/mL. Very high levels, compared to human biomonitoring data, were estimated for monomethyl phthalate, metabolite of dimethyl phthalate. This, together with literature data pointing to other sources of this metabolite in sewage led to its exclusion for exposure assessments. For the remaining metabolites, estimated concentrations were closer to those found in urine. Their 4-days average exposure levels ranged from 2 to 1347 μg/(day∙inh), exceeding in some sites the daily exposure thresholds set for di-i-butyl phthalate and di-n-buthyl phthalate by the European Food Safety Authority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iria González-Mariño
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Leticia Ares
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosa Montes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rafael Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ester López-García
- Water, Environmental and Food Chemistry Unit (ENFOCHEM), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Postigo
- Water, Environmental and Food Chemistry Unit (ENFOCHEM), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miren López de Alda
- Water, Environmental and Food Chemistry Unit (ENFOCHEM), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Pocurull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Rosa María Marcé
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Félix Hernández
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Yolanda Picó
- Food and Environmental Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV) - CIDE (CSIC-University of Valencia-GV), University of Valencia, 46113 Moncada, Spain
| | - Vicente Andreu
- Food and Environmental Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV) - CIDE (CSIC-University of Valencia-GV), University of Valencia, 46113 Moncada, Spain
| | - Andreu Rico
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Punto Com 2, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Yolanda Valcárcel
- Group of Risks for the Environmental and Public Health (RiSAMA), Medical Specialities and Public Health, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28933 Móstoles (Madrid), Spain
| | - Manuel Miró
- FI-TRACE Group, Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Néstor Etxebarria
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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24
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Sánchez-Marín P, Vidal-Liñán L, Fernández-González LE, Montes R, Rodil R, Quintana JB, Carrera M, Mateos J, Diz AP, Beiras R. Proteomic analysis and biochemical alterations in marine mussel gills after exposure to the organophosphate flame retardant TDCPP. Aquat Toxicol 2021; 230:105688. [PMID: 33316748 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are (re-)emergent environmental pollutants increasingly being used because of the restriction of other flame retardants. The chlorinated OPFR, tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) is among those of highest environmental concern, but its potential effects in the marine environment have rarely been investigated. We exposed a widely used sentinel marine mussel species, Mytilus galloprovincialis, to 10 μg L-1 of TDCPP during 28 days and studied: (i) the kinetics of bioaccumulation and elimination of the compound, (ii) the effect on two molecular biomarkers, glutathione S-transferase (GST) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities, and (iii) proteomic alterations in the gills, following an isobaric labeling quantitative shotgun proteomic approach, at two exposure times (7 and 28 days). Uptake and elimination of TDCPP by mussels were very fast, and the bioconcentration factor of this compound in mussels was 147 L kgww-1, confirming that this compound is not very bioaccumulative, as predicted by its chemical properties. GST activity was not affected by TDCPP exposure, but AChE activity was inhibited by TDCPP at both 7 and 28 days of exposure. Proteomic analysis revealed subtle effects of TDCPP in mussel gills, since few proteins (less than 2 % of the analysed proteome) were significantly affected by TDCPP, and effect sizes were low. The most relevant effects detected were the up-regulation of epimerase family protein SDR39U1, an enzyme that could be involved in detoxification processes, at both exposure times, and the down-regulation of receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase N2-like (PTPRN2) after 7 days of exposure, which is involved in neurotransmitter secretion and might be related to the neurotoxicity described for this compound. Exposure time rather than TDCPP exposure was the most important driver of protein abundance changes, with 33 % of the proteome being affected by this factor, suggesting that stress caused by laboratory conditions could be an important confounding factor that needs to be controlled in similar ecotoxicology studies. Proteomic data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD019720.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Sánchez-Marín
- Department of Ecology and Animal Biology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Galicia, Spain; Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, 36390 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Leticia Vidal-Liñán
- Department of Ecology and Animal Biology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Galicia, Spain; Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, 36390 Vigo, Spain
| | - Laura Emilia Fernández-González
- Department of Ecology and Animal Biology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Galicia, Spain; Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; Marine Research Centre, University of Vigo (CIM-UVIGO), Isla de Toralla, Vigo, Spain
| | - Rosa Montes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research in Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research in Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research in Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mónica Carrera
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Jesús Mateos
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Angel P Diz
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; Marine Research Centre, University of Vigo (CIM-UVIGO), Isla de Toralla, Vigo, Spain
| | - Ricardo Beiras
- Department of Ecology and Animal Biology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Galicia, Spain; Marine Research Centre, University of Vigo (CIM-UVIGO), Isla de Toralla, Vigo, Spain
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25
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Estévez-Danta A, Rodil R, Pérez-Castaño B, Cela R, Quintana JB, González-Mariño I. Comprehensive determination of phthalate, terephthalate and di-iso-nonyl cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate metabolites in wastewater by solid-phase extraction and ultra(high)-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2020; 224:121912. [PMID: 33379114 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Plasticizers are chemical compounds used in the production of flexible plastics for a large variety of applications. They are present in most of the environments and, hence, we are highly exposed to them via several routes (ingestion, inhalation, etc). Due to the endocrine disruption potential of some of these chemicals and the unknown toxicological effects of their alternatives, assessing human exposure to these contaminants is an issue of emerging concern. Herein we propose an analytical methodology for the determination of several plasticizer metabolites in wastewater as a non-invasive, cheap, and fast exposure monitoring tool complementary to the analysis of urine. A solid-phase extraction procedure followed by an ultra(high)-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was optimized and validated for 21 analytes among phthalate, terephthalate, and di-iso-nonyl cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate metabolites. Method quantification limits ranged from 0.079 to 4.4 ng L-1. The method was applied to the analysis of seven daily composite wastewater samples collected in the NW of Spain. Metabolites of low molecular weight phthalates and of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate were quantified in all samples, despite the existing regulations limiting the use of phthalates. Metabolites of terephthalates, introduced at the end of the 20th century as phthalate substituents, were also quantified in all samples, being the first time that they were detected in this matrix. Exposure back-calculation highlighted di-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate as the second most common plastic additive after diethyl phthalate in the population considered, reflecting the increasing substitution of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate by its analogous terephthalate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Estévez-Danta
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Chemistry. Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Chemistry. Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Brenda Pérez-Castaño
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Chemistry. Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rafael Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Chemistry. Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Chemistry. Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Iria González-Mariño
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Chemistry. Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Salamanca, 37008, Salamanca, Spain.
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Rey-García F, Sieira BJ, Bao-Varela C, Leis JR, Angurel LA, Quintana JB, Rodil R, de la Fuente GF. Can UV-C laser pulsed irradiation be used for the removal of organic micropollutants from water? Case study with ibuprofen. Sci Total Environ 2020; 742:140507. [PMID: 32629255 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach based on the direct pulsed irradiation of UV-C light onto ibuprofen (IBP) solutions was evaluated in this work, as proof of concept for the direct removal of micropollutants. The experiments confirmed that laser irradiation is able to completely degrade IBP in 15 min in distilled water, with a DOC depletion of ca. 25% and with transformation products (TPs) remaining in solution and estimated to represent ca. 10% of the initial IBP concentration. In wastewater spiked samples, removal efficiency is slightly lower but still significant (ca. 5% IBP remaining after 15 min). Hence, this work suggests that low power solid state pulsed lasers, emitting at 266 nm wavelength, show promise for the removal of these type of micropollutants from water. These results open new opportunities towards the development of chemical-free water treatment methods based on direct, selective irradiation using state of the art, miniaturized laser devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Rey-García
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza), c/María de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; Unidad Asociada de Microóptica & Óptica GRIN, "Photonics4life" group, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, c/Campus Sur s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Benigno José Sieira
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IAQBUS - Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carmen Bao-Varela
- Unidad Asociada de Microóptica & Óptica GRIN, "Photonics4life" group, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, c/Campus Sur s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Ramón Leis
- Unidad Asociada de Microóptica & Óptica GRIN, "Photonics4life" group, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, c/Campus Sur s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Luis Alberto Angurel
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza), c/María de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IAQBUS - Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IAQBUS - Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Germán Francisco de la Fuente
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza), c/María de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
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Neuparth T, Machado AM, Montes R, Rodil R, Barros S, Alves N, Ruivo R, Castro LFC, Quintana JB, Santos MM. Transgenerational inheritance of chemical-induced signature: A case study with simvastatin. Environ Int 2020; 144:106020. [PMID: 32861161 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The hypothesis that exposure to certain environmental chemicals during early life stages may disrupt reproduction across multiple non-exposed generations has significant implications for understanding disease etiology and adverse outcomes. We demonstrate here reproductive multi and transgenerational effects, at environmentally relevant levels, of one of the most prescribed human pharmaceuticals, simvastatin, in a keystone species, the amphipod Gammarus locusta. The transgenerational findings has major implications for hazard and risk assessment of pharmaceuticals and other contaminants of emerging concern given that transgenerational effects of environmental chemicals are not addressed in current hazard and risk assessment schemes. Considering that the mevalonate synthesis, one of the key metabolic pathways targeted by simvastatin, is highly conserved among metazoans, these results may also shed light on the potential transgenerational effects of simvastatin on other animals, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Neuparth
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - A M Machado
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; FCUP - Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - R Montes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IAQBUS - Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R. Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - R Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IAQBUS - Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R. Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - S Barros
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - N Alves
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - R Ruivo
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - L Filipe C Castro
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; FCUP - Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - J B Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IAQBUS - Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R. Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M M Santos
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; FCUP - Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Montes R, Rodil R, Rico A, Cela R, González-Mariño I, Hernández F, Bijlsma L, Celma A, Picó Y, Andreu V, de Alda ML, López-García E, Postigo C, Pocurull E, Marcé RM, Rosende M, Olivares M, Valcárcel Y, Quintana JB. First nation-wide estimation of tobacco consumption in Spain using wastewater-based epidemiology. Sci Total Environ 2020; 741:140384. [PMID: 32603944 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has become a very useful tool to monitor a population's drug consumption or exposure to environmental and food contaminants. In this work, WBE has been applied to estimate tobacco consumption in seven Spanish regions. To this end, 24 h composite wastewater samples were taken daily for one week in 17 wastewater treatment plants, covering altogether a population of ca. 6 million inhabitants. The samples were treated by enzymatic deconjugation and the wastewater content of two human-specific nicotine metabolites (namely, cotinine and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine) was measured to estimate the daily consumption of nicotine. The population-weighted average nicotine consumption in the seven analyzed regions was 2.2 g/(day∙1000 inh.), without any daily pattern. This average estimated nicotine consumption value agreed with the value derived from official tobacco sales data. Differences in consumption among the seven studied regions were found, being Galicia, the region with the lowest rate, and the Basque Country and Catalonia those with the highest rates. However, no conclusive correlation was found between those values and the prevalence data taken from two different national surveys, nor sociodemographic and health data. This study demonstrates that this tool can complement other indicators in order to accurately assess tobacco consumption rates at regional and national levels and provides the most extensive application of the approach in the Spanish territory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Montes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Andreu Rico
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Avenida Punto Com, 2, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Iria González-Mariño
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Félix Hernández
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Alberto Celma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Yolanda Picó
- Food and Environmental Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV) - CIDE (CSIC-UV-GV), University of Valencia, 46113 Moncada, Spain
| | - Vicente Andreu
- Food and Environmental Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV) - CIDE (CSIC-UV-GV), University of Valencia, 46113 Moncada, Spain
| | - Miren López de Alda
- Water, Environmental and Food Chemistry Unit (ENFOCHEM), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ester López-García
- Water, Environmental and Food Chemistry Unit (ENFOCHEM), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Postigo
- Water, Environmental and Food Chemistry Unit (ENFOCHEM), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Pocurull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Rosa María Marcé
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - María Rosende
- FI-TRACE Group, Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa km 7.5, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Maitane Olivares
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Yolanda Valcárcel
- Risk Assessment for the Environment and Health, Group (RiSAMA), Rey Juan Carlos University, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Sieira BJ, Montes R, Touffet A, Rodil R, Cela R, Gallard H, Quintana JB. Chlorination and bromination of 1,3-diphenylguanidine and 1,3-di-o-tolylguanidine: Kinetics, transformation products and toxicity assessment. J Hazard Mater 2020; 385:121590. [PMID: 31784125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This works investigates the chlorination and bromination of two rubber and polymer related chemicals, which have emerged as relevant water contaminants, i.e. 1,3-di-o-tolylguanidine (DTG) and 1,3-diphenylguanidine (DPG). Kinetic constants at different pH values were obtained and modelled, taking into account the pKa values of DTG/DPG and HClO, showing that the maximum reaction rate (kapp > 104 M-1 s-1) is obtained at pH values 8.8 for DPG and 9.1 for DTG. Bromination is also very fast, although unlike chlorination, deviation from the model was observed at neutral pH, which was attributed to formation of metastable transformation product (TP). A total of 35 TPs, corresponding to halogenation, hydroxylation, formation of monophenylguanidine derivatives and cyclization reactions, were tentatively identified. Furthermore it was found that chloroform can be formed up to a 25% molar yield, while dichloroacetonitrile was formed into less than a 3% yield. Several ecotoxicological endpoints were predicted by quantitative structure-activity relationship models (QSAR) for the TPs, some of which were predicted to be more toxic than DPG/DTG. Also a chlorinated solution investigated by a Vibrio Fisheri acute toxicity test, confirmed that toxicity increases with chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benigno J Sieira
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Food Analysis and Research (IIAA), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R/ Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosa Montes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Food Analysis and Research (IIAA), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R/ Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Arnaud Touffet
- Institute de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Poitiers (ENSIP), Université de Poitiers, 1, rue Marcel Doré, TSA 41105, 86073 Poitiers, France
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Food Analysis and Research (IIAA), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R/ Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rafael Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Food Analysis and Research (IIAA), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R/ Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Hervé Gallard
- Institute de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Poitiers (ENSIP), Université de Poitiers, 1, rue Marcel Doré, TSA 41105, 86073 Poitiers, France.
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Food Analysis and Research (IIAA), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R/ Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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30
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Barros S, Coimbra AM, Alves N, Pinheiro M, Quintana JB, Santos MM, Neuparth T. Chronic exposure to environmentally relevant levels of simvastatin disrupts zebrafish brain gene signaling involved in energy metabolism. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2020; 83:113-125. [PMID: 32116137 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2020.1733722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Simvastatin (SIM), a hypocholesterolaemic drug belonging to the statins group, is a widely prescribed pharmaceutical for prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Several studies showed that lipophilic statins, as SIM, cross the blood-brain barrier and interfere with the energy metabolism of the central nervous system in humans and mammalian models. In fish and other aquatic organisms, the effects of SIM on the brain energy metabolism are unknown, particularly following exposure to low environmentally relevant concentrations. Therefore, the present study aimed at investigating the influence of SIM on gene signaling pathways involved in brain energy metabolism of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) following chronic exposure (90 days) to environmentally relevant SIM concentrations ranging from 8 ng/L to 1000 ng/L. Real-time PCR was used to determine the transcript levels of several genes involved in different pathways of the brain energy metabolism (glut1b, gapdh, acadm, accα, fasn, idh3a, cox4i1, and cox5aa). The findings here reported integrated well with ecological and biochemical responses obtained in a parallel study. Data demonstrated that SIM modulates transcription of key genes involved in the mitochondrial electron transport chain, in glucose transport and metabolism, in fatty acid synthesis and β-oxidation. Further, SIM exposure led to a sex-dependent transcription profile for some of the studied genes. Overall, the present study demonstrated, for the first time, that SIM modulates gene regulation of key pathways involved in the energy metabolism in fish brain at environmentally relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Barros
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants Group, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana M Coimbra
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Nélson Alves
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants Group, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Marlene Pinheiro
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants Group, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IAQBUS - Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis, Universidade De Santiago De Compostela, Santiago De Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel M Santos
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants Group, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
- FCUP, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto (U. Porto), Porto, Portugal
| | - Teresa Neuparth
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants Group, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
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31
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González‐Mariño I, Baz‐Lomba JA, Alygizakis NA, Andrés‐Costa MJ, Bade R, Barron LP, Been F, Berset J, Bijlsma L, Bodík I, Brenner A, Brock AL, Burgard DA, Castrignanò E, Christophoridis CE, Covaci A, de Voogt P, Devault DA, Dias MJ, Emke E, Fatta‐Kassinos D, Fedorova G, Fytianos K, Gerber C, Grabic R, Grüner S, Gunnar T, Hapeshi E, Heath E, Helm B, Hernández F, Kankaanpaa A, Karolak S, Kasprzyk‐Hordern B, Krizman‐Matasic I, Lai FY, Lechowicz W, Lopes A, López de Alda M, López‐García E, Löve ASC, Mastroianni N, McEneff GL, Montes R, Munro K, Nefau T, Oberacher H, O'Brien JW, Olafsdottir K, Picó Y, Plósz BG, Polesel F, Postigo C, Quintana JB, Ramin P, Reid MJ, Rice J, Rodil R, Senta I, Simões SM, Sremacki MM, Styszko K, Terzic S, Thomaidis NS, Thomas KV, Tscharke BJ, van Nuijs ALN, Yargeau V, Zuccato E, Castiglioni S, Ort C, Terzic S, Thomaidis NS, Thomas KV, Tscharke BJ, Udrisard R, van Nuijs ALN, Yargeau V, Zuccato E, Castiglioni S, Ort C. Spatio-temporal assessment of illicit drug use at large scale: evidence from 7 years of international wastewater monitoring. Addiction 2020; 115:109-120. [PMID: 31642141 PMCID: PMC6973045 DOI: 10.1111/add.14767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Wastewater-based epidemiology is an additional indicator of drug use that is gaining reliability to complement the current established panel of indicators. The aims of this study were to: (i) assess spatial and temporal trends of population-normalized mass loads of benzoylecgonine, amphetamine, methamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in raw wastewater over 7 years (2011-17); (ii) address overall drug use by estimating the average number of combined doses consumed per day in each city; and (iii) compare these with existing prevalence and seizure data. DESIGN Analysis of daily raw wastewater composite samples collected over 1 week per year from 2011 to 2017. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Catchment areas of 143 wastewater treatment plants in 120 cities in 37 countries. MEASUREMENTS Parent substances (amphetamine, methamphetamine and MDMA) and the metabolites of cocaine (benzoylecgonine) and of Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol) were measured in wastewater using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Daily mass loads (mg/day) were normalized to catchment population (mg/1000 people/day) and converted to the number of combined doses consumed per day. Spatial differences were assessed world-wide, and temporal trends were discerned at European level by comparing 2011-13 drug loads versus 2014-17 loads. FINDINGS Benzoylecgonine was the stimulant metabolite detected at higher loads in southern and western Europe, and amphetamine, MDMA and methamphetamine in East and North-Central Europe. In other continents, methamphetamine showed the highest levels in the United States and Australia and benzoylecgonine in South America. During the reporting period, benzoylecgonine loads increased in general across Europe, amphetamine and methamphetamine levels fluctuated and MDMA underwent an intermittent upsurge. CONCLUSIONS The analysis of wastewater to quantify drug loads provides near real-time drug use estimates that globally correspond to prevalence and seizure data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iria González‐Mariño
- Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Department of Analytical ChemistryUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de CompostelaSpain,Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and BromatologyUniversity of SalamancaSalamancaSpain
| | | | - Nikiforos A. Alygizakis
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical ChemistryNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
| | | | - Richard Bade
- School of Pharmacy and Medical SciencesUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Leon P. Barron
- King's ForensicsSchool of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Frederic Been
- KWR Water Research InstituteNieuwegeinthe Netherlands
| | | | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume ICastellónSpain
| | - Igor Bodík
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food TechnologySlovak University of TechnologyBratislavaSlovakia
| | - Asher Brenner
- Unit of Environmental EngineeringBen‐Gurion University of the NegevBeer‐ShevaIsrael
| | - Andreas L. Brock
- Department of Environmental EngineeringTechnical University of DenmarkKongens LyngbyDenmark
| | | | - Erika Castrignanò
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BathBathUK,Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic SciencesKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Adrian Covaci
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesToxicological CenterAntwerpBelgium
| | - Pim de Voogt
- IBEDUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Damien A. Devault
- Université Paris‐Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris‐SaclayChatenay‐MalabryFrance
| | - Mário J. Dias
- National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic SciencesLisbonPortugal
| | - Erik Emke
- KWR Water Research InstituteNieuwegeinthe Netherlands
| | - Despo Fatta‐Kassinos
- NIREAS‐International Water Research Center, Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of CyprusNicosiaCyprus
| | - Ganna Fedorova
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of WatersUniversity of South Bohemia in Ceske BudejoviceZatisiCzech Republic
| | - Konstantinos Fytianos
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Chemistry DepartmentAristotle University of ThessalonikiThessalonikiGreece
| | - Cobus Gerber
- School of Pharmacy and Medical SciencesUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Roman Grabic
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of WatersUniversity of South Bohemia in Ceske BudejoviceZatisiCzech Republic
| | - Stefan Grüner
- Chair of Urban Water ManagementTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Teemu Gunnar
- Forensic ToxicologyNational Institute for Health and Welfare (THL)HelsinkiFinland
| | - Evroula Hapeshi
- NIREAS‐International Water Research Center, Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of CyprusNicosiaCyprus
| | - Ester Heath
- Department of Environmental SciencesJožef Stefan InstituteLjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Björn Helm
- Chair of Urban Water ManagementTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Félix Hernández
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume ICastellónSpain
| | - Aino Kankaanpaa
- Forensic ToxicologyNational Institute for Health and Welfare (THL)HelsinkiFinland
| | - Sara Karolak
- Université Paris‐Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris‐SaclayChatenay‐MalabryFrance
| | | | - Ivona Krizman‐Matasic
- Division for Marine and Environmental ResearchRudjer Boskovic InstituteZagrebCroatia
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and AssessmentSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU)UppsalaSweden
| | | | - Alvaro Lopes
- Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of LisbonLisbonPortugal
| | - Miren López de Alda
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental ChemistryInstitute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA‐CSIC)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Ester López‐García
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental ChemistryInstitute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA‐CSIC)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Arndís S. C. Löve
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of IcelandReykjavíkIceland
| | - Nicola Mastroianni
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental ChemistryInstitute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA‐CSIC)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Gillian L. McEneff
- King's ForensicsSchool of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Rosa Montes
- Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Department of Analytical ChemistryUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Kelly Munro
- King's ForensicsSchool of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Thomas Nefau
- Université Paris‐Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris‐SaclayChatenay‐MalabryFrance
| | - Herbert Oberacher
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility MetabolomicsMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Jake W. O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS)The University of QueenslandWoolloongabbaQLDAustralia
| | - Kristin Olafsdottir
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of IcelandReykjavíkIceland
| | - Yolanda Picó
- Food and Environmental Safety Research GroupUniversity of ValenciaMoncadaSpain
| | - Benedek G. Plósz
- Department of Environmental EngineeringTechnical University of DenmarkKongens LyngbyDenmark,Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of BathBathUK
| | - Fabio Polesel
- Department of Environmental EngineeringTechnical University of DenmarkKongens LyngbyDenmark
| | - Cristina Postigo
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental ChemistryInstitute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA‐CSIC)BarcelonaSpain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Department of Analytical ChemistryUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Pedram Ramin
- Department of Environmental EngineeringTechnical University of DenmarkKongens LyngbyDenmark,Process and Systems Engineering Center (PROSYS), Department of Chemical and Biochemical EngineeringTechnical University of DenmarkKongens LyngbyDenmark
| | | | - Jack Rice
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BathBathUK
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Department of Analytical ChemistryUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Ivan Senta
- Division for Marine and Environmental ResearchRudjer Boskovic InstituteZagrebCroatia
| | - Susana M. Simões
- National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic SciencesLisbonPortugal
| | - Maja M. Sremacki
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Environmental Engineering and Occupational SafetyUniversity of Novi SadNovi SadSerbia
| | - Katarzyna Styszko
- Department of Coal Chemistry and Environmental SciencesAGH University of Science and TechnologyKrakowPoland
| | - Senka Terzic
- Division for Marine and Environmental ResearchRudjer Boskovic InstituteZagrebCroatia
| | - Nikolaos S. Thomaidis
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical ChemistryNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Kevin V. Thomas
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA)OsloNorway,Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS)The University of QueenslandWoolloongabbaQLDAustralia
| | - Ben J. Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS)The University of QueenslandWoolloongabbaQLDAustralia
| | | | - Viviane Yargeau
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMcGill UniversityMontreal, QuebecCanada
| | - Ettore Zuccato
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCSMilanItaly
| | | | - Christoph Ort
- Eawag, Urban Water ManagementSwiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and TechnologyDübendorfSwitzerland
| | - Senka Terzic
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway.,Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Ben J Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Robin Udrisard
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Viviane Yargeau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ettore Zuccato
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Castiglioni
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Christoph Ort
- Eawag, Urban Water Management, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Beiras R, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, Rodil R, Tato T, Montes R, López-Ibáñez S, Concha-Graña E, Campoy-López P, Salgueiro-González N, Quintana JB. Polyethylene microplastics do not increase bioaccumulation or toxicity of nonylphenol and 4-MBC to marine zooplankton. Sci Total Environ 2019; 692:1-9. [PMID: 31326592 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Global production of synthetic polymers, led by polyethylene (PE), rose steadily in the last decades, and marine ecosystems are considered as a global sink. Although PE is not biodegradable, in coastal areas it fragments into microplastics (MP) readily taken up by biota, and have been postulated as vectors of hydrophobic chemicals to marine organisms. We have tested this hypothesis using two organisms representative of the marine plankton, the holoplanktonic copepod Acartia clausi, and the meroplanktonic larva of the Paracentrotus lividus sea-urchin, and two model chemicals with similar hydrophobic properties, the 4-n-Nonylphenol and the 4-Methylbenzylidene-camphor used as plastic additive and UV filter in cosmetics. Both test species actively ingested the MP particles. However, the presence of MP never increased the bioaccumulation of neither model chemicals, nor their toxicity to the exposed organisms. Bioaccumulation was a linear function of waterborne chemical disregarding the level of MP. Toxicity, assessed by the threshold (EC10) and median (EC50) effect levels, was either independent of the level of MP or even in some instances significantly decreased in the presence of MPs. These consistent results challenge the assumption that MP act as vectors of hydrophobic chemicals to planktonic marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Beiras
- ECIMAT, Universidade de Vigo, Illa de Toralla, 36331 Vigo, Galicia, Spain; Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36200 Vigo, Galicia, Spain.
| | - Soledad Muniategui-Lorenzo
- Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Tania Tato
- ECIMAT, Universidade de Vigo, Illa de Toralla, 36331 Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - Rosa Montes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Sara López-Ibáñez
- ECIMAT, Universidade de Vigo, Illa de Toralla, 36331 Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - Estefanía Concha-Graña
- Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain
| | - Pedro Campoy-López
- Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36200 Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - Noelia Salgueiro-González
- Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
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Barbosa MAG, Capela R, Rodolfo J, Fonseca E, Montes R, André A, Capitão A, Carvalho AP, Quintana JB, Castro LFC, Santos MM. Linking chemical exposure to lipid homeostasis: A municipal waste water treatment plant influent is obesogenic for zebrafish larvae. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019; 182:109406. [PMID: 31288122 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Obesity, a risk factor for the development of type-2 diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, hepatic steatosis and some cancers, has been ranked in the top 10 health risk in the world by the World Health Organization. Despite the growing body of literature evidencing an association between the obesity epidemic and specific chemical exposure across a wide range of animal taxa, very few studies assessed the effects of chemical mixtures and environmental samples on lipid homeostasis. Additionally, the mode of action of several chemicals reported to alter lipid homeostasis is still poorly understood. Aiming to fill some of these gaps, we combined an in vivo assay with the model species zebrafish (Danio rerio) to screen lipid accumulation and evaluate expression changes of key genes involved in lipid homeostasis, alongside with an in vitro transactivation assay using human and zebrafish nuclear receptors, retinoid X receptor α and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ. Zebrafish larvae were exposed from 4 th day post-fertilization until the end of the experiment (day 18), to six different treatments: experimental control, solvent control, tributyltin at 100 ng/L Sn and 200 ng/L Sn (positive control), and wastewater treatment plant influent at 1.25% and 2.5%. Exposure to tributyltin and to 2.5% influent led to a significant accumulation of lipids, with white adipose tissue deposits concentrating in the perivisceral area. The highest in vitro tested influent concentration (10%) was able to significantly transactivate the human heterodimer PPARγ/RXRα, thus suggesting the presence in the influent of HsPPARγ/RXRα agonists. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, the ability of complex environmental samples from a municipal waste water treatment plant influent to induce lipid accumulation in zebrafish larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Audrey Gomes Barbosa
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; FCUP-Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Capela
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; FCUP-Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Rodolfo
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; ICBAS - Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Elza Fonseca
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Rosa Montes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana André
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Ana Capitão
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - António Paulo Carvalho
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; FCUP-Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - L Filipe C Castro
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; FCUP-Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel Machado Santos
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; FCUP-Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
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Castro V, Montes R, Quintana JB, Rodil R, Cela R. Determination of 18 organophosphorus flame retardants/plasticizers in mussel samples by matrix solid-phase dispersion combined to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2019; 208:120470. [PMID: 31816754 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study presents the development and validation of a new analytical method based on matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD), integrating sample extraction and clean-up in one single step, followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the simultaneous determination of 18 organophosphorus flame retardants and/or plasticizers (OPEs) in marine mussel (Mytilus edulis and Mytilus galloprovincialis) samples. Among these OPEs, 5 (tetraethyl 1,2-ethanediylbis(phosphonate), 6H-dibenzo[c,e] [1,2]oxaphosphinine 6-oxide, tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate, 2,2-propanediyldi-4,1-phenylene bis(phosphate) and resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate)) are considered here for the first time in marine samples. Different parameters affecting the MSPD (clean-up sorbent and elution solvent) were optimized to obtain a good compromise between analyte recoveries and extract clean-up. Also, particular attention was paid to tackle blank issues. The overall method was validated in terms of trueness, precision and detection and quantification limits. Percentages of recovery varied from 69% to 122% with relative standard deviations below 24%. Detection limits ranged from 0.06 to 5 ng g-1 and quantification limits from 0.19 to 17 ng g-1 dry weight. Finally, the method was applied to the analysis of 7 mussel samples collected in the coast of Galicia (Spain). 8 OPEs were detected in these samples at concentrations ranging from the LOQ to 291 ng g-1 dry weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Castro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira 5, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosa Montes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira 5, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira 5, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira 5, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Rafael Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira 5, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Castro V, Rodil R, Quintana JB, Cela R, Sánchez-Fernández L, González-Mariño I. Determination of human metabolites of chlorinated phosphorous flame retardants in wastewater by N-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide-derivatization and gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1602:450-457. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Rodil R, Villaverde-de-Sáa E, Cobas J, Quintana JB, Cela R, Carro N. Legacy and emerging pollutants in marine bivalves from the Galician coast (NW Spain). Environ Int 2019; 129:364-375. [PMID: 31150978 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The presence of pollutants in estuary and oceanic systems is a global problem and a serious concern to human and environmental health. Usually, environmental monitoring studies consider classical persistent organic pollutants (POPs). However, the lists of POPs keep continuously growing and new POPs and other emerging pollutants should be considered in new monitoring programs. So, this study aimed to investigate the distribution and profile of classical POPs (polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)), new POPs and emerging pollutants (polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), novel halogenated flame retardants (NFRs) and UV filters) in bivalve mollusc samples (both raft-cultivated and wild mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis; cockle, Cerestoderma edule; and clam, Ruditapes descussatus) collected in nine Galician Rias during the period February 2012 to February 2013. A predominance of PAHs (6.8-317 ng/g dry weight (dw)) followed by PCBs (0.47-261 ng/g dw), UV filters (1.4-157 ng/g dw), PFCs (0.53-62 ng/g dw), OCPs (0.07-29 ng/g dw), PBDEs (0.31-6.6 ng/g dw) and NFRs (0.07-3.2 ng/g dw) was found in the studied bivalves, being the UV filter octocrylene the compound found at the highest concentration (141 ng/g dw in a cockle sample), while the PAHs chrysene and benzo(b)fluoranthene were the compounds with the highest average concentration (20 and 14 ng/g dw, respectively). Inter-species, temporal and geographical variations on pollutants concentration were assessed by multifactorial analysis of variance. Statistically significant differences among the type of mollusc were observed for levels of organochlorinated and organobrominated pollutants considered (PCBs, OCPs and PBDEs), which were detected at higher concentrations in wild mussel. On the other hand, the main PFCs and UV filters showed a higher detection frequency in cockle samples. Location played significant role for PAHs, PCBs and the main PBDEs, being the most polluted rias those more industrialized and populated, i.e. A Coruña, Ferrol and/or Vigo. Finally, sampling timepoint was also a significant factor for most of the families considered but with different profiles. Thus, PAHs and PCBs showed higher concentrations in both February 2012 and 2013 and lower in August 2012, while the main PBDEs were measured at higher concentrations in November 2012 and lower in February 2012; and the main NFRs, PFCs and UV filters were present at lower levels in February 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Eugenia Villaverde-de-Sáa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Julio Cobas
- INTECMAR (Technological Institute for the Monitoring of the Marine Environment in Galicia), Peirao de Vilaxoán S/N, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rafael Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Nieves Carro
- INTECMAR (Technological Institute for the Monitoring of the Marine Environment in Galicia), Peirao de Vilaxoán S/N, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain.
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González-Mariño I, Estévez-Danta A, Rodil R, Da Silva KM, Sodré FF, Cela R, Quintana JB. Profiling cocaine residues and pyrolytic products in wastewater by mixed-mode liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:1018-1027. [PMID: 30891957 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This work provides a new analytical method for the determination of cocaine, its metabolites benzoylecgonine and cocaethylene, the pyrolytic products anhydroecgonine and anhydroecgonine methyl ester, and the pharmaceutical levamisole in wastewater. Samples were solid-phase extracted and extracts analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using, for the first time in the illicit drug field, a stationary phase that combines reversed-phase and weak cation-exchange functionalities. The overall method performance was satisfactory, with limits of detection below 1 ng/L, relative standard deviations below 21%, and percentages of recovery between 93% and 121%. Analysis of 24-hour composite raw wastewater samples collected in Santiago de Compostela (Spain) and Brasilia (Brazil) highlighted benzoylecgonine as the compound showing the highest population-normalized mass loads (300-1000 mg/day/1000 inhabitants). In Brasilia, cocaine and levamisole loads underwent an upsurge on Sunday, indicating a high consumption, and likely a direct disposal, of cocaine powder on this day. Conversely, the pyrolytic product resulting from the smoke of crack, anhydroecgonine methyl ester, and its metabolite anhydroecgonine were relatively stable over the four days, agreeing with a non-recreational-associated use of crack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iria González-Mariño
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Andrea Estévez-Danta
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | | | - Rafael Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Schulze S, Zahn D, Montes R, Rodil R, Quintana JB, Knepper TP, Reemtsma T, Berger U. Occurrence of emerging persistent and mobile organic contaminants in European water samples. Water Res 2019; 153:80-90. [PMID: 30703676 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The release of persistent and mobile organic chemicals (PMOCs) into the aquatic environment puts the quality of water resources at risk. PMOCs are challenging to analyze in water samples, due to their high polarity. The aim of this study was to develop novel analytical methods for PMOCs and to investigate their occurrence in surface and groundwater samples. The target compounds were culled from a prioritized list of industrial chemicals that were modeled to be persistent, mobile, and emitted into the environment. Analytical screening methods based on mixed-mode liquid chromatography (LC), hydrophilic interaction LC, reversed phase LC, or supercritical fluid chromatography in combination with mass spectrometric detection were successfully developed for 57 target PMOCs and applied to 14 water samples from three European countries. A total of 43 PMOCs were detected in at least one sample, among them 23 PMOCs that have not been reported before to occur in environmental waters. The most prevalent of these novel PMOCs were methyl sulfate, 2-acrylamino-2-methylpropane sulfonate, benzyltrimethylammonium, benzyldimethylamine, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, 6-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-diamine, and 1,3-di-o-tolylguanidine occurring in ≥50% of the samples at estimated concentrations in the low ng L-1 up to μg L-1 range. The approach of focused prioritization combined with sensitive target chemical analysis proved to be highly efficient in revealing a large suite of novel as well as scarcely investigated PMOCs in surface and groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Schulze
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Zahn
- Hochschule Fresenius University of Applied Sciences, Institute for Analytical Research, Limburger Strasse 2, 65510, Idstein, Germany
| | - Rosa Montes
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Thomas P Knepper
- Hochschule Fresenius University of Applied Sciences, Institute for Analytical Research, Limburger Strasse 2, 65510, Idstein, Germany
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany; University of Leipzig, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Linnéstrasse 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Urs Berger
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
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Montes R, Rodil R, Cela R, Quintana JB. Determination of Persistent and Mobile Organic Contaminants (PMOCs) in Water by Mixed-Mode Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2019; 91:5176-5183. [PMID: 30896927 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The presence of persistent and mobile organic contaminants (PMOC) in aquatic environments has become a matter of concern due to their ability of breaking through natural and anthropogenic barriers, even reaching drinking water. The presence of many of these compounds in surface and drinking water has been reported in screening studies, but there is still a lack of analytical methods capable of quantifying them. Herein, we propose a method combining mixed-mode-solid-phase extraction (MM-SPE) as preconcentration technique and mixed-mode liquid chromatography (MMLC) coupled to tandem mass spectrometry as a determination technique for the quantitative determination of 23 target PMOCs in surface and drinking water samples. When compared to reversed-phase liquid chromatography, the MMLC protocol has proven to be superior in both retentive capabilities and peak shape for ionic compounds, while performing also well for neutrals. The overall method performance was satisfactory with limits of quantification under 50 ng L-1 for most of analytes in both surface and drinking water. The relative standard deviation was lower than 20%, and the average recovery was 78 and 80% in surface and drinking water, respectively. The method was applied to 15 water samples collected in Spain, where 17 out of the 23 target PMOCs were quantified in at least one sample. Among them, 6 chemicals (e.g., benzyltrimethylammonium) are reported and/or quantified here for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Montes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute for Food Analysis and Research-IIAA , Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , 15782 Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute for Food Analysis and Research-IIAA , Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , 15782 Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Rafael Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute for Food Analysis and Research-IIAA , Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , 15782 Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute for Food Analysis and Research-IIAA , Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , 15782 Santiago de Compostela , Spain
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Abstract
Lagrangian ocean analysis, where virtual parcels of water are tracked through hydrodynamic fields, provides an increasingly popular framework to predict the dispersal of water parcels carrying particles and chemicals. We conduct the first direct test of Lagrangian predictions for emerging contaminants using (1) the latitude, longitude, depth, sampling date, and concentrations of UV filters in raft cultured mussel ( Mytilus galloprovincialis) of the estuary Ria de Arousa, Spain (42.5°N, 8.9°W); (2) a hydrodynamic numerical model at 300 m spatial resolution; and (3) a Lagrangian dispersion scheme to trace polluted water parcels back to pollution sources. The expected dispersal distances (mean ± SD) are 2 ± 1 km and the expected dispersal times (mean ± SD) are 6 ± 2 h. Remarkably, the probability of dispersal of UV filters from potential sources to rafts decreases 5-fold over 5 km. In addition to predicting dispersal pathways and times, this study also provides a framework for quantitative investigations of concentrations of emerging contaminants and source apportionment using turbulent diffusion. In the coastline, the ranges of predicted concentrations of the UV-filters 4-methylbenzylidene-camphor, octocrylene, and benzophenone-4 are 3.2 × 10-4 to 0.023 ng/mL, 2.3 × 10-5 to 0.009 ng/mL, and 5.6 × 10-4 to 0.013 ng/mL, respectively. At the outfalls of urban wastewater treatment plants these respective ranges increase to 8.9 × 10-4 to 0.07 ng/mL, 6.2 × 10-5 to 0.027 ng/mL, and 1.6 × 10-3 to 0.040 ng/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lindo-Atichati
- Department of Engineering and Environmental Science , The City University of New York , Staten Island , New York 10314 , United States
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences , American Museum of Natural History , New York , New York 10024 , United States
- Department of Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering , Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , Woods Hole , Massachusetts 02543 , United States
| | - Pedro Montero
- INTECMAR , Xunta de Galicia , Vilagarcía de Arousa s/n, 36611 , Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry , University of Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela 15782 , Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry , University of Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela 15782 , Spain
| | - Manuel Miró
- FI-TRACE group, Department of Chemistry , University of the Balearic Islands , Carretera de Valldemossa km 7.5 , E-07122 Palma de Mallorca , Spain
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González-Mariño I, Castro V, Montes R, Rodil R, Lores A, Cela R, Quintana JB. Multi-residue determination of psychoactive pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs and related metabolites in wastewater by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1569:91-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Bijlsma L, Celma A, González-Mariño I, Postigo C, Andreu V, Andrés-Costa MJ, Hernández F, López de Alda M, López-García E, Marcé RM, Montes R, Pocurull E, Picó Y, Rodil R, Rodríguez-Gil JL, Valcárcel Y, Quintana JB. [Wastewater-based epidemiology: applications towards the estimation of drugs of abuse consumption and public health in general. The Spanish network ESAR-Net]. Rev Esp Salud Publica 2018; 92:e201808053. [PMID: 30124223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This manuscript introduces Wastewater-Based Epidemiology (WBE) and its potential in the assessment of diverse aspects related to public health. This methodology can provide data in a relatively short temporal and local scale (typically dialy-weekly at the municipal level) on consumption patterns of illicit drugs (e.g. cocaine or cannabis), licit substances of abuse (e.g. alcohol) by measuring their consumption biomarkers (i.e. the original unmetabolized substance or some of its metabolite) in wastewater. Besides discussing the fundaments, advantages and shortcomings of WBE, it reviews some of the main precedents at international level and most remarkable activities that have been taken place in this field in Spain. Finally, the Spanish Network of Wastewater-Based Epidemiology (ESAR-Net) as is presented. ESAR-Net is an Excellence Network that sums up the efforts of the most relevant Spanish researchers in the field of WBE, aiming to investigate future perspectives of this methodology and its impact on Public Health competences in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubertus Bijlsma
- Instituto Universitario de Plaguicidas y Aguas. Universidad Jaume I. Castellón. España
| | - Alberto Celma
- Instituto Universitario de Plaguicidas y Aguas. Universidad Jaume I. Castellón. España
| | - Iria González-Mariño
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición e Bromatoloxía, IIAA. Instituto de Investigacións e Análises Alimentarias. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Santiago de Compostela. España
| | - Cristina Postigo
- Unidad de Calidad del Agua y Suelos. Departamento de Química Ambiental. Instituto de Diagnóstico Ambiental y Estudios del Agua (IDAEA). Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC). Barcelona.España
| | - Vicente Andreu
- Grupo de Investigación en Seguridad Alimentaria y Medioambiental (SAMA-UV). Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificación (CSIC-UV-GV). Facultad de Farmacia. Universitat de València. Valencia. España
| | - María Jesús Andrés-Costa
- Grupo de Investigación en Seguridad Alimentaria y Medioambiental (SAMA-UV). Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificación (CSIC-UV-GV). Facultad de Farmacia. Universitat de València. Valencia. España
| | - Félix Hernández
- Instituto Universitario de Plaguicidas y Aguas. Universidad Jaume I. Castellón. España
| | - Miren López de Alda
- Unidad de Calidad del Agua y Suelos. Departamento de Química Ambiental. Instituto de Diagnóstico Ambiental y Estudios del Agua (IDAEA). Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC). Barcelona.España
| | - Ester López-García
- Unidad de Calidad del Agua y Suelos. Departamento de Química Ambiental. Instituto de Diagnóstico Ambiental y Estudios del Agua (IDAEA). Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC). Barcelona.España
| | - Rosa María Marcé
- Grupo de Investigación de Cromatografía. Aplicaciones Medioambientales. Facultad de Química Universitat Rovira i Virgili. Tarragona. España
| | - Rosa Montes
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición e Bromatoloxía, IIAA. Instituto de Investigacións e Análises Alimentarias. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Santiago de Compostela. España
| | - Eva Pocurull
- Grupo de Investigación de Cromatografía. Aplicaciones Medioambientales. Facultad de Química Universitat Rovira i Virgili. Tarragona. España
| | - Yolanda Picó
- Grupo de Investigación en Seguridad Alimentaria y Medioambiental (SAMA-UV). Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificación (CSIC-UV-GV). Facultad de Farmacia. Universitat de València. Valencia. España
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición e Bromatoloxía, IIAA. Instituto de Investigacións e Análises Alimentarias. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Santiago de Compostela. España
| | - José Luis Rodríguez-Gil
- Department of Biology. University of Ottawa. Ontario. Canada
- Grupo de Investigación y Docencia en Toxicología Ambiental y Evaluación de Riesgos. Area de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Rey Juan Carlos. Madrid. España
| | - Yolanda Valcárcel
- Grupo de Investigación y Docencia en Toxicología Ambiental y Evaluación de Riesgos. Area de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Rey Juan Carlos. Madrid. España
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición e Bromatoloxía, IIAA. Instituto de Investigacións e Análises Alimentarias. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Santiago de Compostela. España
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Barros S, Montes R, Quintana JB, Rodil R, André A, Capitão A, Soares J, Santos MM, Neuparth T. Chronic environmentally relevant levels of simvastatin disrupt embryonic development, biochemical and molecular responses in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Aquat Toxicol 2018; 201:47-57. [PMID: 29879595 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Simvastatin (SIM), a hypocholesterolaemic compound, is among the most prescribed pharmaceuticals for cardiovascular disease prevention worldwide. Several studies have shown that acute exposure to SIM causes multiple adverse effects in aquatic organisms. However, uncertainties still remain regarding the chronic effects of SIM in aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of SIM in the model freshwater teleost zebrafish (Danio rerio) following a chronic exposure (90 days) to environmentally relevant concentrations ranging from 8 ng/L to 1000 ng/L. This study used a multi-parameter approach integrating distinct ecologically-relevant endpoints, i.e. survival, growth, reproduction and embryonic development, with biochemical markers (cholesterol and triglycerides). Real Time PCR was used to analyse the transcription levels of key genes involved in the mevalonate pathway (hmgcra, cyp51, and dhcr7). Globally, SIM induced several effects that did not follow a dose-response relationship; embryonic development, biochemical and molecular markers, were significantly impacted in the lower concentrations, 8 ng/L, 40 ng/L and/or 200 ng/L, whereas no effects were recorded for the highest tested SIM levels (1000 ng/L). Taken together, these findings expand our understanding of statin effects in teleosts, demonstrating significant impacts at environmentally relevant concentrations and highlight the importance of addressing the effects of chemicals under chronic low-level concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Barros
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants Group, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Rosa Montes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana André
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants Group, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Ana Capitão
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants Group, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Joana Soares
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants Group, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Miguel M Santos
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants Group, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; FCUP - Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto (U. Porto), Porto, Portugal.
| | - Teresa Neuparth
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants Group, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
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Vidal-Liñán L, Villaverde-de-Sáa E, Rodil R, Quintana JB, Beiras R. Bioaccumulation of UV filters in Mytilus galloprovincialis mussel. Chemosphere 2018; 190:267-271. [PMID: 28992479 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study the bioaccumulation kinetics of organic UV filters, such as 4-MBC, BP-3, BP-4, OC and OD-PABA in wild Mytilus galloprovincialis mussels was investigated. The uptake and accumulation of waterborne 4-MBC, BP-4 and OC was very rapid, and after only 24 h of exposure to 1 μg L-1, the tissular concentrations were 418, 263 and 327 μg kg-1d.w., respectively. The kinetics of bioaccumulation of BP-4 and OC significantly fitted to an asymptotic model with BCF values of 905 L kg-1 and 2210 L kg-1, respectively. Measured bioaccumulation of the hydrophilic chemical BP-4 was much higher than predicted by Kow-based bioconcentration models, which would lead to a marked underestimation of actual risk. On the other hand, the patterns of uptake found for BP-3 and OD-PABA suggest biotransformation ability of mussels for these two chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Vidal-Liñán
- Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal, Universidade de Vigo, Estrada Colexio Universitario s/n, 36310 Vigo, Galicia, Spain.
| | - Eugenia Villaverde-de-Sáa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira s/n, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira s/n, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira s/n, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ricardo Beiras
- ECIMAT, Universidade de Vigo, Illa de Toralla s.n., 36331, Vigo, Galicia, Spain
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Carpinteiro I, Rodil R, Quintana JB, Cela R. Reaction of diazepam and related benzodiazepines with chlorine. Kinetics, transformation products and in-silico toxicological assessment. Water Res 2017; 120:280-289. [PMID: 28549311 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the reaction of four benzodiazepines (diazepam, oxazepam, nordazepam and temazepam) during water chlorination was studied by means of liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). For those compounds that showed a significant degradation, i.e. diazepam, oxazepam and nordazepam, parameters affecting to the reaction kinetics (pH, chlorine and bromide level) were studied in detail and transformation products were tentatively identified. The oxidation reactions followed pseudofirst-order kinetics with rate constants in the range of 1.8-42.5 M-1 s-1, 0.13-1.16 M-1 s-1 and 0.04-20.4 M-1 s-1 corresponding to half-life values in the range of 1.9-146 min, 1.8-87 h and 2.5-637 h for oxazepam, nordazepam and diazepam, respectively, depending of the levels of studied parameters. Chlorine and pH affected significantly the reaction kinetics, where an increase of the pH resulted into a decrease of the reaction rate, whereas higher chlorine dosages led to faster kinetics, as expected in this case. The transformation of the studied benzodiazepines occurs mainly at the 1,4-diazepine 7-membered-ring, resulting in ring opening to form benzophenone derivatives or the formation of a 6-membered pyrimidine ring, leading to quinazoline derivatives. The formation of these by-products was also tested in real surface water samples observing kinetics of oxazepam degradation slower in river than in creek water, while the degradation of the two other benzodiazepines occurred only in the simpler sample (creek water). Finally, the acute and chronical toxicity and mutagenicity of precursors and transformation products were estimated using quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) software tools: Ecological Structure Activity Relationships (ECOSAR) and Toxicity Estimation Software Tool (TEST), finding that some transformation products could be more toxic/mutagenic than the precursor drug, but additional test would be needed to confirm this fact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Carpinteiro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Food Analysis and Research (IIAA), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R/ Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC, UMR 5805 CNRS), Laboratoire de Physico- et Toxico-Chimie de l'Environnement (LPTC), Université de Bordeaux, 351 cours de la Libération, 33405, Talence Cedex, France.
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Food Analysis and Research (IIAA), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R/ Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Food Analysis and Research (IIAA), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R/ Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rafael Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Food Analysis and Research (IIAA), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, R/ Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Montes R, Rodil R, Neuparth T, Santos MM, Cela R, Quintana JB. A simple and sensitive approach to quantify methyl farnesoate in whole arthropods by matrix-solid phase dispersion and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1508:158-162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Montes R, Aguirre J, Vidal X, Rodil R, Cela R, Quintana JB. Screening for Polar Chemicals in Water by Trifunctional Mixed-Mode Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Environ Sci Technol 2017; 51:6250-6259. [PMID: 28457136 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The presence of persistent and mobile organic contaminants (PMOC) in aquatic environments is a matter of high concern due to their capability of crossing through natural and anthropogenic barriers, even reaching drinking water. Most analytical methods rely on reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC), which is quite limited for the detection of very polar chemicals. Thus, many of these PMOCs may have not been recognized as water pollutants yet, due to the lack of analytical methods capable to detect them. Mixed-mode LC (MMLC), providing the combination of RP and ion-exchange functionalities is explored in this work with a trifunctional column, combining RPLC, anion and cation exchange, which allows the simultaneous determination of analytes with extremely different properties. A nondiscriminant sample concentration step followed by a MMLC-high resolution mass spectrometry method was developed for a group of 37 very polar model chemicals with different acid/base functionalities. The overall method performance was satisfactory with a mean limit of detection of 50 ng/L, relative standard deviation lower than 20% and overall recoveries (including matrix effects) higher than 60% for 54% of model compounds. Then, the method was applied to 15 real water samples, by a suspect screening approach. For those detected PMOC with standard available, a preliminary estimation of concentrations was also performed. Thus, 22 compounds were unequivocally identified in a range of expected concentrations from 6 ng/L to 540 μg/L. Some of them are well-known PMOC, such as acesulfame, perfluorobutanoic acid or metformin, but other novel pollutants were also identified, as for example di-o-tolylguanidine or trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, which had not or were scarcely studied in water so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Montes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute of Food Analysis and Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela . Constantino Candeira S/N, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Josu Aguirre
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute of Food Analysis and Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela . Constantino Candeira S/N, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Xandro Vidal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute of Food Analysis and Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela . Constantino Candeira S/N, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute of Food Analysis and Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela . Constantino Candeira S/N, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rafael Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute of Food Analysis and Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela . Constantino Candeira S/N, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute of Food Analysis and Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela . Constantino Candeira S/N, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Giraldo A, Montes R, Rodil R, Quintana JB, Vidal-Liñán L, Beiras R. Ecotoxicological Evaluation of the UV Filters Ethylhexyl Dimethyl p-Aminobenzoic Acid and Octocrylene Using Marine Organisms Isochrysis galbana, Mytilus galloprovincialis and Paracentrotus lividus. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2017; 72:606-611. [PMID: 28391487 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-017-0399-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The growing concern regarding the negative effects of solar radiation on the skin has led to a drastic increase in the use of sunscreens containing in its composition up to 10% of aromatic chemicals, such as ethylhexyl dimethyl p-aminobenzoic acid (OD-PABA) and octocrylene (OC). The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity and to assess the environmental risk posed by these two ultraviolet filters, widely used in cosmetics and as plastic additives, in the marine environment. Several ecotoxicological bioassays were performed with three model organisms belonging to different trophic levels: the microalgae Isochrysis galbana, the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, and the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. The results show remarkable toxicity to marine species for both OD-PABA (EC10 values range 26,5-127 µg L-1) and OC (EC10 range 103-511 µg L-1). The cell division in the microalgae I. galbana was the most sensitive endpoint tested. To determine the environmental risk of these substances, the risk coefficient (RQ) was calculated. Due to the higher concentrations reported, OC showed remarkable risk (RQ = 0.27), whereas for OD-PABA the risk was low (RQ = 0.007).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Giraldo
- Toralla Marine Station (ECIMAT), University of Vigo, 36331, Vigo, Galicia, Spain.
- Marine Ecology Laboratory, Department of Ecology and Animal Biology, University of Vigo, Campus Lagoas - Marcosende, 36200, Vigo, Galicia, Spain.
| | - R Montes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - R Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - J B Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - L Vidal-Liñán
- Toralla Marine Station (ECIMAT), University of Vigo, 36331, Vigo, Galicia, Spain
- Marine Ecology Laboratory, Department of Ecology and Animal Biology, University of Vigo, Campus Lagoas - Marcosende, 36200, Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - R Beiras
- Toralla Marine Station (ECIMAT), University of Vigo, 36331, Vigo, Galicia, Spain
- Marine Ecology Laboratory, Department of Ecology and Animal Biology, University of Vigo, Campus Lagoas - Marcosende, 36200, Vigo, Galicia, Spain
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González-Mariño I, Rodil R, Barrio I, Cela R, Quintana JB. Wastewater-Based Epidemiology as a New Tool for Estimating Population Exposure to Phthalate Plasticizers. Environ Sci Technol 2017; 51:3902-3910. [PMID: 28240866 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This study proposes the monitoring of phthalate metabolites in wastewater as a nonintrusive and economic alternative to urine analysis for estimating human exposure to phthalates. To this end, a solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed, allowing for the determination of eight phthalate metabolites in wastewater (limits of quantification between 0.5 and 32 ng L-1). The analysis of samples from the NW region of Spain showed that these substances occur in raw wastewater up to ca. 1.6 μg L-1 and in treated wastewater up to ca. 1 μg L-1. Concentrations in raw wastewater were converted into levels of exposure to six phthalate diesters. For two of them, these levels were always below the daily exposure thresholds recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the European Food Safety Authority. For the other four, however, estimates of exposure surpassed such a threshold (especially the toddler threshold) in some cases, highlighting the significance of the exposure to phthalates in children. Finally, concentrations in wastewater were also used to estimate metabolite concentrations in urine, providing a reasonable concordance between our results and the data obtained in two previous biomonitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iria González-Mariño
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela , Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela , Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Iván Barrio
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela , Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rafael Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela , Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela , Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Quintana JB, Rosende M, Montes R, Rodríguez-Álvarez T, Rodil R, Cela R, Miró M. In-vitro estimation of bioaccessibility of chlorinated organophosphate flame retardants in indoor dust by fasting and fed physiologically relevant extraction tests. Sci Total Environ 2017; 580:540-549. [PMID: 27993474 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the evaluation of in-vitro physiologically relevant extraction tests for ascertainment of the bioaccessible fractions of emerging flame retardants from indoor dust in the gastric and gastrointestinal compartments. Standardized bioaccessibility tests under both fasting (UBM-like test) and fed (FOREhST test) conditions simulating the macronutrient composition of an average child diet were harnessed for investigation of the oral bioaccessibility of chlorinated organophosphate esters, namely, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCP), in household and automobile cabin dust samples with varying concentration levels of contaminants. Minimal processing of the biomimetic extracts (only protein precipitation using acetonitrile) was proven feasible by analysis with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric detection (LC-MS/MS). An inversely proportional relationship was identified between log Kow and oral bioaccessibility concentrations for TCEP, TCPP and TDCP in both dust samples with maximum bioaccessibility fractions for TCEP within the range of 50-103%. Non-bioaccessible fractions were determined by matrix-solid phase dispersion. Limits of quantification of LC-MS/MS in surrogate digestive fluids ranging from 0.4-0.8ng/mL suffice for determination of freely dissolved fractions of the two less hydrophobic species. Our results indicate that lipophilic food commodities used under fed-state gastrointestinal extraction conditions do not increase availability of TCEP, TCPP and TDCP in body fluids, and therefore conservative conditions in human health risk explorations for the target moderately polar flame retardants might be obtained with simplified tests under fasting conditions. This also holds true for the UBM/FOREhST bioaccessibility data for SRM 2585 (organic contaminants in house dust). Estimated average daily intake doses for toddlers incorporating oral bioaccessibility data afforded body burdens for the three chlorinated alkyl phosphates of ca. 3000 to 700 times below reference dose values, which indicate that long-term exposure to chlorinated organophosphate esters via accidental ingestion of indoor dust does not pose health risks to toddlers.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - María Rosende
- FI-TRACE Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa km 7.5, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Rosa Montes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Tania Rodríguez-Álvarez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rafael Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel Miró
- FI-TRACE Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa km 7.5, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain.
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