1
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Bade R, van Herwerden D, Rousis N, Adhikari S, Allen D, Baduel C, Bijlsma L, Boogaerts T, Burgard D, Chappell A, Driver EM, Sodre FF, Fatta-Kassinos D, Gracia-Lor E, Gracia-Marín E, Halden RU, Heath E, Jaunay E, Krotulski A, Lai FY, Löve ASC, O'Brien JW, Oh JE, Pasin D, Castro MP, Psichoudaki M, Salgueiro-Gonzalez N, Gomes CS, Subedi B, Thomas KV, Thomaidis N, Wang D, Yargeau V, Samanipour S, Mueller J. Workflow to facilitate the detection of new psychoactive substances and drugs of abuse in influent urban wastewater. J Hazard Mater 2024; 469:133955. [PMID: 38457976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
The complexity around the dynamic markets for new psychoactive substances (NPS) forces researchers to develop and apply innovative analytical strategies to detect and identify them in influent urban wastewater. In this work a comprehensive suspect screening workflow following liquid chromatography - high resolution mass spectrometry analysis was established utilising the open-source InSpectra data processing platform and the HighResNPS library. In total, 278 urban influent wastewater samples from 47 sites in 16 countries were collected to investigate the presence of NPS and other drugs of abuse. A total of 50 compounds were detected in samples from at least one site. Most compounds found were prescription drugs such as gabapentin (detection frequency 79%), codeine (40%) and pregabalin (15%). However, cocaine was the most found illicit drug (83%), in all countries where samples were collected apart from the Republic of Korea and China. Eight NPS were also identified with this protocol: 3-methylmethcathinone 11%), eutylone (6%), etizolam (2%), 3-chloromethcathinone (4%), mitragynine (6%), phenibut (2%), 25I-NBOH (2%) and trimethoxyamphetamine (2%). The latter three have not previously been reported in municipal wastewater samples. The workflow employed allowed the prioritisation of features to be further investigated, reducing processing time and gaining in confidence in their identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Bade
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.
| | - Denice van Herwerden
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nikolaos Rousis
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Sangeet Adhikari
- School of Sustainable Engineering and Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, United States; Biodesign Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave., Tempe, AZ 85281, United States
| | - Darren Allen
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Christine Baduel
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, Grenoble INP, Institute of Environmental Geosciences (IGE), Grenoble, France
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda, Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Tim Boogaerts
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Dan Burgard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA 98416, United States
| | - Andrew Chappell
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited (ESR), Christchurch Science Centre, 27 Creyke Road, Ilam, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Erin M Driver
- Biodesign Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave., Tempe, AZ 85281, United States
| | | | - Despo Fatta-Kassinos
- Nireas-International Water Research Centre and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Emma Gracia-Lor
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisa Gracia-Marín
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda, Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Rolf U Halden
- School of Sustainable Engineering and Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, United States; Biodesign Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave., Tempe, AZ 85281, United States; OneWaterOneHealth, Arizona State University Foundation, 1001 S. McAllister Avenue, Tempe, AZ 85287-8101, United States
| | - Ester Heath
- Jožef Stefan Institute and International Postgraduate School Jožef Stefan, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Emma Jaunay
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alex Krotulski
- Center for Forensic Science Research and Education, Fredric Rieders Family Foundation, Willow Grove, PA 19090, United States
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Arndís Sue Ching Löve
- University of Iceland, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hofsvallagata 53, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland; University of Iceland, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hofsvallagata 53, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Jake W O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia; Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel Pasin
- Forensic Laboratory Division, San Francisco Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 1 Newhall St, San Francisco, CA 94124, United States
| | | | - Magda Psichoudaki
- Nireas-International Water Research Centre and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Noelia Salgueiro-Gonzalez
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Bikram Subedi
- Department of Chemistry, Murray State University, Murray, KY 42071-3300, United States
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Nikolaos Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Degao Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian 116026, PR China
| | - Viviane Yargeau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Saer Samanipour
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; UvA Data Science Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jochen Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
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Tscharke B, Livingston M, O'Brien JW, Bade R, Thomas KV, Mueller JF, Hall W, Simpson BS, Jaunay E, Gerber C, White JM, Thai PK. Seven-years of alcohol consumption in Australia by wastewater analysis: Exploring patterns by remoteness and socioeconomic factors. Drug Alcohol Depend 2024; 259:111317. [PMID: 38692136 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.111317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wastewater analysis provides a complementary measure of alcohol use in whole communities. We assessed absolute differences and temporal trends in alcohol consumption by degree of remoteness and socioeconomics indicators in Australia from 2016 to 2023. METHODS Alcohol consumption estimates from 50 wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) in the Australian National Wastewater Drug Monitoring Program were used. Trends were analysed based on 1) site remoteness: Major Cities, Inner Regional and a combined remoteness category of Outer Regional and Remote, and 2) using two socioeconomic indexes from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) relating to advantage and disadvantage for Income, education, occupation, and housing. RESULTS Consumption estimates were similar for Major Cities and Inner Regional areas (14.3 and 14.4L/day/1000 people), but significantly higher in Outer Regional and Remote sites (18.6L/day/1000 people). Consumption was decreasing in Major cities by 4.5% annually, Inner Regional by 2.4%, and 3.5% in the combined Outer Regional and Remote category. Consumption estimates were higher in socioeconomically advantaged quartiles than those of lower advantage (0%-25% mean = 13.0, 75%-100% mean = 17.4). Consumption in all quartiles decreased significantly over the 7 year period with annual rates of decrease of 0.9%, 3.7%, 3.6%, and 3.0% for the lowest to highest quartile, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Declines in Australian alcohol consumption have been steeper in large urban areas than regional and remote areas. There were smaller annual decreases in the most socioeconomically disadvantaged areas. If continued, these trends may increase Australian health inequalities. Policy and prevention work should be appropriately targeted to produce more equitable long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Michael Livingston
- National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Jake W O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Richard Bade
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Wayne Hall
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research (NCYSUR), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Bradley S Simpson
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Emma Jaunay
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Cobus Gerber
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Jason M White
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Phong K Thai
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
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3
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Puljević C, Tscharke B, Wessel EL, Francis C, Verhagen R, O'Brien JW, Bade R, Nadarajan D, Measham F, Stowe MJ, Piatkowski T, Ferris J, Page R, Hiley S, Eassey C, McKinnon G, Sinclair G, Blatchford E, Engel L, Norvill A, Barratt MJ. Characterising differences between self-reported and wastewater-identified drug use at two consecutive years of an Australian music festival. Sci Total Environ 2024; 921:170934. [PMID: 38360330 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the context of drug prohibition, potential adulteration and variable purity pose additional health risks for people who use drugs, with these risks often compounded by the outdoor music festival environment. Ahead of the imminent implementation of drug checking services in Queensland, Australia, this study aims to characterise this problem using triangulated survey and wastewater data to understand self-reported and detected drug use among attendees of a multi-day Queensland-based music festival in 2021 and 2022. METHODS We administered an in-situ survey focusing on drug use at the festival to two convenience samples of 136 and 140 festival attendees in 2021 and 2022 respectively. We compared survey findings to wastewater collected concurrently from the festival's site-specific wastewater treatment plant, which was analysed using Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. RESULTS Most survey respondents (82 % in 2021, 92 % in 2022) reported using or intending to use an illicit drug at the festival. Some respondents reported potentially risky drug use practices such as using drugs found on the ground (2 % in 2021, 4 % in 2022). Substances detected in wastewater but not surveys include MDEA, mephedrone, methylone, 3-MMC, alpha-D2PV, etizolam, eutylone, and N,N-dimethylpentylone. CONCLUSION Many substances detected in wastewater but not self-reported in surveys likely represent substitutions or adulterants. These findings highlight the benefits of drug checking services to prevent harms from adulterants and provide education on safer drug use practices. These findings also provide useful information on socio-demographic characteristics and drug use patterns of potential users of Queensland's future drug checking service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheneal Puljević
- The Loop Australia, Australia; School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Benjamin Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ellen Leslie Wessel
- The Loop Australia, Australia; School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Rory Verhagen
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jake W O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Richard Bade
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dhayaalini Nadarajan
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Fiona Measham
- The Loop Australia, Australia; Department of Sociology, Social Policy and Criminology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; The Loop Drug Checking Service, United Kingdom
| | - M J Stowe
- The Loop Australia, Australia; The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Timothy Piatkowski
- The Loop Australia, Australia; School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Jason Ferris
- The Loop Australia, Australia; Centre for Health Services Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Robert Page
- The Loop Australia, Australia; National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Alcohol & Drug Service, St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Christopher Eassey
- The Loop Australia, Australia; National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Monica J Barratt
- The Loop Australia, Australia; National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Social Equity Research Centre and Digital Ethnography Research Centre, RMIT University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
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4
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Bade R, Nadarajan D, Driver EM, Halden RU, Gerber C, Krotulski A, Hall W, Mueller JF. Wastewater-based monitoring of the nitazene analogues: First detection of protonitazene in wastewater. Sci Total Environ 2024; 920:170781. [PMID: 38360322 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic opioids, particularly the nitazene analogues class, have become a public health concern due to their high potency. Wastewater-based epidemiology can detect community use of these compounds. The objective of this work was to detect nitazene analogues in wastewater from samples collected from eight sites in the United States. Influent wastewater samples were collected from eight sites in seven states (Arizona, Oregon, New Mexico, Illinois, New Jersey, Washington and Georgia) in the United States. Samples were collected from each site on three days between 27 December 2022 and 4 January 2023, acidified on collection, stored frozen and shipped to Arizona State University (Tempe, AZ) for sample processing. Samples were then shipped to The University of Queensland (Brisbane, Australia) for sample analysis. Protonitazene was found in samples collected from two sites in Washington and Illinois. The concentration was estimated up to 0.5 ng/L, with estimated excreted mass loads up to 0.3 mg/day/1000 people. This work has shown that it is possible to detect nitazene analogues in wastewater using a combination of sample pre-concentration and sensitive instrumentation, thereby further expanding the utility of wastewater-based epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Bade
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.
| | - Dhayaalini Nadarajan
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Erin M Driver
- Biodesign Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave., Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Rolf U Halden
- Biodesign Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave., Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; School of Sustainable Engineering and Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; OneWaterOneHealth, Arizona State University Foundation, 1001 S. McAllister Avenue, Tempe, AZ 85287-8101, USA
| | - Cobus Gerber
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alex Krotulski
- Center for Forensic Science Research and Education, Fredric Rieders Family Foundation, Willow Grove, PA 19090, United States
| | - Wayne Hall
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia; National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
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5
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Bade R, Huchthausen J, Huber C, Dewapriya P, Tscharke BJ, Verhagen R, Puljevic C, Escher BI, O'Brien JW. Improving wastewater-based epidemiology for new psychoactive substance surveillance by combining a high-throughput in vitro metabolism assay and LC-HRMS metabolite identification. Water Res 2024; 253:121297. [PMID: 38354662 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
One of the primary criteria for a suitable drug biomarker for wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is having a unique source representing human metabolism. For WBE studies, this means it is important to identify and monitor metabolites rather than parent drugs, to capture consumption of drugs and not fractions that could be directly disposed. In this study, a high-throughput workflow based on a human liver S9 fraction in vitro metabolism assay was developed to identify human transformation products of new chemicals, using α-pyrrolidino-2-phenylacetophenone (α-D2PV) as a case study. Analysis by liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry identified four metabolites. Subsequently, a targeted liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for their analysis in wastewater samples collected from a music festival in Australia. The successful application of this workflow opens the door for future work to better understand the metabolism of chemicals and their detection and application for wastewater-based epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Bade
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia.
| | | | - Carolin Huber
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Pradeep Dewapriya
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Rory Verhagen
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Cheneal Puljevic
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Beate I Escher
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jake W O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia; Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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6
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Jaunay EL, Bade R, Paxton KR, Nadarajan D, Barry DC, Zhai Y, Tscharke BJ, O'Brien JW, Mueller J, White JM, Simpson BS, Gerber C. Monitoring the use of novel psychoactive substances in Australia by wastewater-based epidemiology. Sci Total Environ 2024; 919:170473. [PMID: 38286292 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Users of novel psychoactive substances (NPS) are at risk, due to limited information about the toxicity and unpredictable effects of these compounds. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has been used as a tool to provide insight into NPS use at the population level. To understand the preferences and trends of NPS use in Australia, this study involved liquid chromatography mass spectrometry analysis of wastewater collected from Australian states and territories from February 2022 to February 2023. In total, 59 different NPS were included across two complementary analytical methods and covered up to 57 wastewater catchments over the study. The NPS detected in wastewater were 25-B-NBOMe, buphedrone, 1-benzylpiperazine (BZP), 3-chloromethcathinone, N,N-dimethylpentylone (N,N-DMP), N-ethylheptedrone, N-ethylpentylone, eutylone, 4F-phenibut, 2-fluoro deschloroketamine, hydroxetamine, mephedrone, methoxetamine, methylone, mitragynine, pentylone, phenibut, para-methoxyamphetamine (PMA), alpha-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (α-PVP) and valeryl fentanyl. The detection frequency for these NPS ranged from 3 % to 100 % of the sites analysed. A noticeable decreasing trend in eutylone detection frequency and mass loads was observed whilst simultaneously N,N-DMP and pentylone increased over the study period. The emergence of some NPS in wastewater pre-dates other sources of monitoring and provides further evidence that WBE can be used as an additional early warning system for alerting potential NPS use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Jaunay
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia
| | - Richard Bade
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Kara R Paxton
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia
| | - Dhayaalini Nadarajan
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Daniel C Barry
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Yuze Zhai
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Jake W O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Jochen Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Jason M White
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia
| | - Bradley S Simpson
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia
| | - Cobus Gerber
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia.
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7
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Bade R, Hall W. The use of wastewater based epidemiology to detect synthetic opioids in the community. BMJ 2024; 384:q5. [PMID: 38171576 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.q5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Bade
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wayne Hall
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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8
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Li J, Shimko KM, He C, Patterson B, Bade R, Shiels R, Mueller JF, Thomas KV, O'Brien JW. Direct injection liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry as a sensitive and high-throughput method for the quantitative surveillance of antimicrobials in wastewater. Sci Total Environ 2023; 900:165825. [PMID: 37506900 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Environmental antimicrobial pollution and antimicrobial resistance pose a threat to environmental and human health. Wastewater analysis has been identified as a promising tool for antimicrobial monitoring and the back-estimation of antimicrobial consumption, but current pretreatment methods are tedious and complicated, limiting their scope for high-throughput analysis. A sensitive direct injection method for the quantification of 109 antimicrobials and their metabolites in wastewater samples was developed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The method was validated for both wastewater influent and effluent in terms of specificity, calibration range, matrix effect, filtration loss, accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ). Most analytes achieved calibration of R2 > 0.99, and the calibration range was from 0.0002 to 150 μg L-1. Recoveries ranged consistently between ~50 % and ~100 % and losses were attributed to sample filtration. Method LOQs were determined as low as 0.0003 μg L-1, and acceptable accuracy (75 %-125 %) and precision (within 25 %) were achieved for >90 % of the analytes. The method was subsequently further assessed using wastewater of raw influent and treated effluent collected from 6 Australian wastewater treatment plants in 2021. In total, 37 analytes were detected in influent and 22 in effluent. Most of them could be quantified at concentrations ranging from 0.0053 to 160 μg L-1, with benzalkonium chloride-C12, amoxicilloic acid, and cephalexin detected at the highest concentrations. The current study provides a straightforward analytical method for antimicrobial monitoring in wastewater with a fast and simple pretreatment procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglong Li
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Katja M Shimko
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Chang He
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | | | - Richard Bade
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Ryan Shiels
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Jake W O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, 1090, GD, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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9
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Rousis N, Bade R, Romero-Sánchez I, Mueller JF, Thomaidis NS, Thomas KV, Gracia-Lor E. Festivals following the easing of COVID-19 restrictions: Prevalence of new psychoactive substances and illicit drugs. Environ Int 2023; 178:108075. [PMID: 37399770 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
The market for illicit drugs and new psychoactive substances (NPS) has grown significantly and people attending festivals have been identified as being at high risk (high extent and frequency of substance use). Traditional public health surveillance data sources have limitations (high costs, long implementation times, and ethical issues) and wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) can cost-effectively support surveillance efforts. Influent wastewater samples were analyzed for NPS and illicit drug consumption collected during New Year period (from 29-Dec-2021 to 4-Jan-2022) and a summer Festival (from 29-June-2022 to 12-July-2022) in a large city in Spain. Samples were analyzed for phenethylamines, cathinones, opioids, benzodiazepines, plant-based NPS, dissociatives, and the illicit drugs methamphetamine, MDA, MDMA, ketamine, heroin, cocaine, and pseudoephedrine by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. High consumption rates of specific NPS and established illicit drugs were identified at the peak of each event. Furthermore, a dynamic change in NPS use (presence and absence of substances) was detected over a period of six months. Eleven NPS, including synthetic cathinones, benzodiazepines, plant-based NPS and dissociatives, and seven illicit drugs were found across both the New Year and summer Festival. Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were seen for 3-MMC (New Year vs summer Festival), eutylone (New Year vs summer Festival), cocaine (summer Festival vs normal week and summer Festival vs New Year), MDMA (New Year vs normal week and summer Festival vs normal week), heroin (summer Festival vs New Year) and pseudoephedrine (summer Festival vs New Year). This WBE study assessed the prevalence of NPS and illicit drugs at festivals following the reduction of the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions highlighting the high use of specific substances at the peak of each event. This approach identified in a cost-effective and timely manner without any ethical issues the most used drugs and changes in use patterns and, thus, can complement public health information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Rousis
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia; Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece.
| | - Richard Bade
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.
| | - Iván Romero-Sánchez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Emma Gracia-Lor
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Chen S, Bade R, Tscharke B, Hall W, Livingston M, Thai P, He C, Zheng Q, Crosbie N, Mueller J. Assessing the effects of COVID-19 restrictions on alcohol consumption in Melbourne, Australia using high-resolution wastewater sampling. Sci Total Environ 2023:164846. [PMID: 37327903 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and related restrictions on alcohol consumption in Australia remains unclear. High-resolution daily samples from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) which served one of the largest cities in Australia, Melbourne, were analysed for temporal trends in alcohol consumption under extended periods of COVID-19 restrictions in 2020. Melbourne experienced two major lockdowns in 2020, which divided the year of 2020 into five periods (pre-lockdown, first lockdown, between lockdown, second lockdown and post second-lockdown). In this study, daily sampling identified shifts in alcohol consumption during different periods of restrictions. Alcohol consumption in the first lockdown period, when bars closed and social and sports events ceased, was lower than pre-lockdown period. However, alcohol consumption was higher in the second lockdown period than the previous lockdown period. There were spikes in alcohol consumption at the start and end of each lockdown (except for post lockdown). For most of 2020, the usual weekday-weekend variations in alcohol consumption were less evident but there was a significant difference in alcohol consumption between weekdays and weekends after the second lockdown. This suggests that drinking patterns eventually returned to normal after the end of the second lockdown. This study demonstrates the usefulness of high-resolution wastewater sampling in evaluating the effects on alcohol consumption of social interventions in specific temporal locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Chen
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Richard Bade
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Ben Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Wayne Hall
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Michael Livingston
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Phong Thai
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Chang He
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Qiuda Zheng
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | | | - Jochen Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
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11
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Bade R, Rousis N, Adhikari S, Baduel C, Bijlsma L, Bizani E, Boogaerts T, Burgard DA, Castiglioni S, Chappell A, Covaci A, Driver EM, Sodre FF, Fatta-Kassinos D, Galani A, Gerber C, Gracia-Lor E, Gracia-Marín E, Halden RU, Heath E, Hernandez F, Jaunay E, Lai FY, Lee HJ, Laimou-Geraniou M, Oh JE, Olafsdottir K, Phung K, Castro MP, Psichoudaki M, Shao X, Salgueiro-Gonzalez N, Feitosa RS, Gomes CS, Subedi B, Löve ASC, Thomaidis N, Tran D, van Nuijs A, Verovšek T, Wang D, White JM, Yargeau V, Zuccato E, Mueller JF. Three years of wastewater surveillance for new psychoactive substances from 16 countries. Water Res X 2023; 19:100179. [PMID: 37143710 PMCID: PMC10151418 DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2023.100179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The proliferation of new psychoactive substances (NPS) over recent years has made their surveillance complex. The analysis of raw municipal influent wastewater can allow a broader insight into community consumption patterns of NPS. This study examines data from an international wastewater surveillance program that collected and analysed influent wastewater samples from up to 47 sites in 16 countries between 2019 and 2022. Influent wastewater samples were collected over the New Year period and analysed using validated liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry methods. Over the three years, a total of 18 NPS were found in at least one site. Synthetic cathinones were the most found class followed by phenethylamines and designer benzodiazepines. Furthermore, two ketamine analogues, one plant based NPS (mitragynine) and methiopropamine were also quantified across the three years. This work demonstrates that NPS are used across different continents and countries with the use of some more evident in particular regions. For example, mitragynine has highest mass loads in sites in the United States, while eutylone and 3-methylmethcathinone increased considerably in New Zealand and in several European countries, respectively. Moreover, 2F-deschloroketamine, an analogue of ketamine, has emerged more recently and could be quantified in several sites, including one in China, where it is considered as one of the drugs of most concern. Finally, some NPS were detected in specific regions during the initial sampling campaigns and spread to additional sites by the third campaign. Hence, wastewater surveillance can provide an insight into temporal and spatial trends of NPS use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Bade
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Nikolaos Rousis
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Sangeet Adhikari
- School of Sustainable Engineering and Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, United States
- Biodesign Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave., Tempe, AZ 85281, United States
| | - Christine Baduel
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, Grenoble, France
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda, Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Erasmia Bizani
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Tim Boogaerts
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Daniel A. Burgard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA 98416, United States
| | - Sara Castiglioni
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrew Chappell
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited (ESR), Christchurch Science Centre: 27 Creyke Road, Ilam, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Erin M. Driver
- Biodesign Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave., Tempe, AZ 85281, United States
- AquaVitas, LLC, Scottsdale, Arizona, 85251, United States
| | | | - Despo Fatta-Kassinos
- Nireas-International Water Research Centre and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Aikaterini Galani
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Cobus Gerber
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia
| | - Emma Gracia-Lor
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisa Gracia-Marín
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda, Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Rolf U. Halden
- School of Sustainable Engineering and Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, United States
- Biodesign Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave., Tempe, AZ 85281, United States
- AquaVitas, LLC, Scottsdale, Arizona, 85251, United States
- OneWaterOneHealth, Arizona State University Foundation, 1001 S. McAllister Avenue, Tempe, AZ 85287-8101, United States
| | - Ester Heath
- Jožef Stefan Institute and International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Felix Hernandez
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda, Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Emma Jaunay
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Heon-Jun Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Maria Laimou-Geraniou
- Jožef Stefan Institute and International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Kristin Olafsdottir
- University of Iceland, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hofsvallagata 53, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Kaitlyn Phung
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited (ESR), Christchurch Science Centre: 27 Creyke Road, Ilam, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Marco Pineda Castro
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Abbreviation:
| | - Magda Psichoudaki
- Nireas-International Water Research Centre and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Xueting Shao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, 116026, P. R. China
| | - Noelia Salgueiro-Gonzalez
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Bikram Subedi
- Department of Chemistry, Murray State University, Murray, Kentucky 42071-3300, United States
| | - Arndís Sue Ching Löve
- University of Iceland, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hofsvallagata 53, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Nikolaos Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Diana Tran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA 98416, United States
| | - Alexander van Nuijs
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Taja Verovšek
- Jožef Stefan Institute and International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Degao Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, 116026, P. R. China
| | - Jason M. White
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia
| | - Viviane Yargeau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Abbreviation:
| | - Ettore Zuccato
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Jochen F. Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
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12
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Thai PK, Tscharke BJ, O'Brien J, Gartner C, Bade R, Gerber C, White JM, Zheng Q, Wang Z, Thomas KV, Mueller JF. Increased Nicotine Consumption in Australia During the First Months of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Nicotine Tob Res 2023; 25:1194-1197. [PMID: 36889356 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntac275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mixed findings have been reported about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on smoking behavior in different populations. AIMS AND METHODS In this study, we aimed to quantify changes in smoking prevalence through the proxy of nicotine consumption in the Australian population from 2017 to 2020 inclusive. Estimates of nicotine consumption between 2017 and 2020 were retrieved from a national wastewater monitoring program that covers up to 50% of the Australian population. National sales data for nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) products from 2017 to 2020 were also acquired. Linear regression and pairwise comparison were conducted to identify data trends and to test differences between time periods. RESULTS The average consumption of nicotine in Australia decreased between 2017 and 2019 but increased in 2020. Estimated consumption in the first half of 2020 was significantly higher (~30%) than the previous period. Sales of NRT products increased gradually from 2017 to 2020 although sales in the first half of the year were consistently lower than in the second half. CONCLUSION Total nicotine consumption increased in Australia during the early stage of the pandemic in 2020. Increased nicotine consumption may be due to people managing higher stress levels, such as from loneliness due to control measures, and also greater opportunities to smoke/vape while working from home and during lockdowns in the early stage of the pandemic. IMPLICATIONS Tobacco and nicotine consumption have been decreasing in Australia but the COVID-19 pandemic may have temporarily disrupted this trend. In 2020, the higher impacts of lockdowns and working from home arrangements may have led to a temporary reversal of the previous downward trend in smoking during the early stage of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phong K Thai
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Jake O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Coral Gartner
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.,School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Richard Bade
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.,Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia
| | - Cobus Gerber
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jason M White
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia
| | - Qiuda Zheng
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Zhe Wang
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
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13
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Tscharke BJ, O'Brien JW, Ahmed F, Nguyen L, Ghetia M, Chan G, Thai P, Gerber C, Bade R, Mueller J, Thomas KV, White J, Hall W. A wastewater-based evaluation of the effectiveness of codeine control measures in Australia. Addiction 2023; 118:480-488. [PMID: 36367203 PMCID: PMC10099390 DOI: 10.1111/add.16083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM From 1 February 2018, codeine was rescheduled from an over-the-counter (OTC) to a prescription-only medicine in Australia. We used wastewater-based epidemiology to measure changes in population codeine consumption before and after rescheduling. METHODS We analysed 3703 wastewater samples from 48 wastewater treatment plants, taken between August 2016 and August 2019. Our samples represented 10.6 million people, 45% of the Australian population in state capitals and regional areas in each state or territory. Codeine concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and converted to per-capita consumption estimates using the site daily wastewater volume, catchment populations and codeine excretion kinetics. RESULTS Average per-capita consumption of codeine decreased by 37% nationally immediately after the rescheduling in February 2018 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 35.3-39.4%] and substantially in all states between 24 and 51% (95% CI = 22.4-27.0% and 41.8-59.4%). The decrease was sustained at the lower level to August 2019. Locations with least pharmacy access decreased by 51% (95% CI = 41.7-61.7%), a greater decrease than 37% observed for those with greater pharmacy access (95% CI = 35.1-39.4%). Regional areas decreased by a smaller margin to cities (32 versus 38%, 95% CI = 30.2-34.1% versus 34.9-40.4%, respectively) from a base per-capita usage approximately 40% higher than cities. CONCLUSION Wastewater analysis shows that codeine consumption in Australia decreased by approximately 37% following its rescheduling as a prescription-only medicine in 2018. Wastewater-based epidemiology can be used to evaluate changes in population pharmaceutical consumption in responses to changes in drug scheduling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jake W O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fahad Ahmed
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lynn Nguyen
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Maulik Ghetia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Gary Chan
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Phong Thai
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cobus Gerber
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Richard Bade
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jochen Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jason White
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Wayne Hall
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.,National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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14
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Bade R, Eaglesham G, Shimko KM, Mueller J. Quantification of new psychoactive substances in Australian wastewater utilising direct injection liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2023; 251:123767. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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15
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Othman AA, Simpson BS, Jaunay EL, White JM, Bade R, Gerber C. A method for improved detection of 8-isoprostaglandin F 2α/β and benzodiazepines in wastewater. Sci Total Environ 2022; 851:158061. [PMID: 35985578 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology is a tool incorporating biomarker analysis that can be used to monitor the health status of a population. Indicators of health include endogenous oxidative stress biomarkers and hormones, or exogenous such as alcohol and nicotine. 8-Iso-prostaglandin F2α/β is a biomarker of endogenous metabolism that can be used to measure oxidative stress in a community. Benzodiazepines are a harmful subclass of anxiolytics either prescribed or sourced illegally. The analysis of oxidative stress markers and uptake of benzodiazepines in wastewater may provide information about distress in the community. A method has been applied to detect 8-isoPGF2α/β and the illicit benzodiazepines clonazolam, flubromazolam and flualprazolam in addition to other prescribed benzodiazepines in wastewater. These substances have been sold as counterfeit pharmaceutical products, such as Xanax, which was formulated to include alprazolam. Deconjugation was initially performed on wastewater samples, followed by liquid-liquid extraction for isoprostanes and solid phase extraction for benzodiazepines to determine the total levels of these analytes. Limits of quantification were in the range of 0.5-2 ng/L for all the analytes except 8-isoPGF2α/β which was 50 ng/L. Stability, recovery and matrix effect studies were also conducted. Finally, this method was applied to influent wastewater from South Australia which showed the prevalence of 8-isoPGF2α/β and benzodiazepines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Adel Othman
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences (CHS), Health and Biomedical Innovation, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Bradley S Simpson
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences (CHS), Health and Biomedical Innovation, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Emma L Jaunay
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences (CHS), Health and Biomedical Innovation, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Jason M White
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences (CHS), Health and Biomedical Innovation, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Richard Bade
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), the University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Cobus Gerber
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences (CHS), Health and Biomedical Innovation, South Australia 5000, Australia.
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Celma A, Bade R, Sancho JV, Hernandez F, Humphries M, Bijlsma L. Prediction of Retention Time and Collision Cross Section (CCS H+, CCS H-, and CCS Na+) of Emerging Contaminants Using Multiple Adaptive Regression Splines. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:5425-5434. [PMID: 36280383 PMCID: PMC9709913 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c00847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to ion mobility separation and high-resolution mass spectrometry instruments have proven very valuable for screening of emerging contaminants in the aquatic environment. However, when applying suspect or nontarget approaches (i.e., when no reference standards are available), there is no information on retention time (RT) and collision cross-section (CCS) values to facilitate identification. In silico prediction tools of RT and CCS can therefore be of great utility to decrease the number of candidates to investigate. In this work, Multiple Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS) were evaluated for the prediction of both RT and CCS. MARS prediction models were developed and validated using a database of 477 protonated molecules, 169 deprotonated molecules, and 249 sodium adducts. Multivariate and univariate models were evaluated showing a better fit for univariate models to the experimental data. The RT model (R2 = 0.855) showed a deviation between predicted and experimental data of ±2.32 min (95% confidence intervals). The deviation observed for CCS data of protonated molecules using the CCSH model (R2 = 0.966) was ±4.05% with 95% confidence intervals. The CCSH model was also tested for the prediction of deprotonated molecules, resulting in deviations below ±5.86% for the 95% of the cases. Finally, a third model was developed for sodium adducts (CCSNa, R2 = 0.954) with deviation below ±5.25% for 95% of the cases. The developed models have been incorporated in an open-access and user-friendly online platform which represents a great advantage for third-party research laboratories for predicting both RT and CCS data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Celma
- Environmental
and Public Health Analytical
Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides
and Water, University Jaume I, E-12071Castelló, Spain,Department
of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish
University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-750 07Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Richard Bade
- University
of South Australia, Adelaide, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences,
Health and Biomedical Innovation, AdelaideSA-5000, South
Australia, Australia,Queensland
Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, WoolloongabbaAUS-4102, Queensland, Australia
| | - Juan Vicente Sancho
- Environmental
and Public Health Analytical
Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides
and Water, University Jaume I, E-12071Castelló, Spain
| | - Félix Hernandez
- Environmental
and Public Health Analytical
Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides
and Water, University Jaume I, E-12071Castelló, Spain
| | - Melissa Humphries
- School
of Mathematical Sciences, University of
Adelaide, Ingkarni Wardli Building, North Terrace Campus, SA-5005Adelaide, Australia,
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Environmental
and Public Health Analytical
Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides
and Water, University Jaume I, E-12071Castelló, Spain,
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17
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Mohammed Taha H, Aalizadeh R, Alygizakis N, Antignac JP, Arp HPH, Bade R, Baker N, Belova L, Bijlsma L, Bolton EE, Brack W, Celma A, Chen WL, Cheng T, Chirsir P, Čirka Ľ, D’Agostino LA, Djoumbou Feunang Y, Dulio V, Fischer S, Gago-Ferrero P, Galani A, Geueke B, Głowacka N, Glüge J, Groh K, Grosse S, Haglund P, Hakkinen PJ, Hale SE, Hernandez F, Janssen EML, Jonkers T, Kiefer K, Kirchner M, Koschorreck J, Krauss M, Krier J, Lamoree MH, Letzel M, Letzel T, Li Q, Little J, Liu Y, Lunderberg DM, Martin JW, McEachran AD, McLean JA, Meier C, Meijer J, Menger F, Merino C, Muncke J, Muschket M, Neumann M, Neveu V, Ng K, Oberacher H, O’Brien J, Oswald P, Oswaldova M, Picache JA, Postigo C, Ramirez N, Reemtsma T, Renaud J, Rostkowski P, Rüdel H, Salek RM, Samanipour S, Scheringer M, Schliebner I, Schulz W, Schulze T, Sengl M, Shoemaker BA, Sims K, Singer H, Singh RR, Sumarah M, Thiessen PA, Thomas KV, Torres S, Trier X, van Wezel AP, Vermeulen RCH, Vlaanderen JJ, von der Ohe PC, Wang Z, Williams AJ, Willighagen EL, Wishart DS, Zhang J, Thomaidis NS, Hollender J, Slobodnik J, Schymanski EL. The NORMAN Suspect List Exchange (NORMAN-SLE): facilitating European and worldwide collaboration on suspect screening in high resolution mass spectrometry. Environ Sci Eur 2022; 34:104. [PMID: 36284750 PMCID: PMC9587084 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-022-00680-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Background The NORMAN Association (https://www.norman-network.com/) initiated the NORMAN Suspect List Exchange (NORMAN-SLE; https://www.norman-network.com/nds/SLE/) in 2015, following the NORMAN collaborative trial on non-target screening of environmental water samples by mass spectrometry. Since then, this exchange of information on chemicals that are expected to occur in the environment, along with the accompanying expert knowledge and references, has become a valuable knowledge base for "suspect screening" lists. The NORMAN-SLE now serves as a FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) chemical information resource worldwide. Results The NORMAN-SLE contains 99 separate suspect list collections (as of May 2022) from over 70 contributors around the world, totalling over 100,000 unique substances. The substance classes include per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), pharmaceuticals, pesticides, natural toxins, high production volume substances covered under the European REACH regulation (EC: 1272/2008), priority contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) and regulatory lists from NORMAN partners. Several lists focus on transformation products (TPs) and complex features detected in the environment with various levels of provenance and structural information. Each list is available for separate download. The merged, curated collection is also available as the NORMAN Substance Database (NORMAN SusDat). Both the NORMAN-SLE and NORMAN SusDat are integrated within the NORMAN Database System (NDS). The individual NORMAN-SLE lists receive digital object identifiers (DOIs) and traceable versioning via a Zenodo community (https://zenodo.org/communities/norman-sle), with a total of > 40,000 unique views, > 50,000 unique downloads and 40 citations (May 2022). NORMAN-SLE content is progressively integrated into large open chemical databases such as PubChem (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) and the US EPA's CompTox Chemicals Dashboard (https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/), enabling further access to these lists, along with the additional functionality and calculated properties these resources offer. PubChem has also integrated significant annotation content from the NORMAN-SLE, including a classification browser (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/classification/#hid=101). Conclusions The NORMAN-SLE offers a specialized service for hosting suspect screening lists of relevance for the environmental community in an open, FAIR manner that allows integration with other major chemical resources. These efforts foster the exchange of information between scientists and regulators, supporting the paradigm shift to the "one substance, one assessment" approach. New submissions are welcome via the contacts provided on the NORMAN-SLE website (https://www.norman-network.com/nds/SLE/). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12302-022-00680-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiba Mohammed Taha
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 6 Avenue du Swing, 4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Reza Aalizadeh
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikiforos Alygizakis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
- Environmental Institute, Okružná 784/42, 972 41 Koš, Slovak Republic
| | | | - Hans Peter H. Arp
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Ullevål Stadion, P.O. Box 3930, 0806 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Richard Bade
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia
| | | | - Lidia Belova
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Evan E. Bolton
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA
| | - Werner Brack
- UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Alberto Celma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Wen-Ling Chen
- Institute of Food Safety and Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, 17 Xuzhou Rd., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tiejun Cheng
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA
| | - Parviel Chirsir
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 6 Avenue du Swing, 4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Ľuboš Čirka
- Environmental Institute, Okružná 784/42, 972 41 Koš, Slovak Republic
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Institute of Information Engineering, Automation, and Mathematics, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava (STU), Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Lisa A. D’Agostino
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Valeria Dulio
- INERIS, National Institute for Environment and Industrial Risks, Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Stellan Fischer
- Swedish Chemicals Agency (KEMI), P.O. Box 2, 172 13 Sundbyberg, Sweden
| | - Pablo Gago-Ferrero
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research-Severo Ochoa Excellence Center (IDAEA), Spanish Council of Scientific Research (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aikaterini Galani
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Birgit Geueke
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Staffelstrasse 10, 8045 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Natalia Głowacka
- Environmental Institute, Okružná 784/42, 972 41 Koš, Slovak Republic
| | - Juliane Glüge
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ksenia Groh
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Sylvia Grosse
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Dornierstrasse 4, 82110 Germering, Germany
| | - Peter Haglund
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biological Centre (KBC), Umeå University, Linnaeus Väg 6, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pertti J. Hakkinen
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA
| | - Sarah E. Hale
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Ullevål Stadion, P.O. Box 3930, 0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Felix Hernandez
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Elisabeth M.-L. Janssen
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Tim Jonkers
- Department Environment and Health, Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karin Kiefer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Michal Kirchner
- Water Research Institute (WRI), Nábr. Arm. Gen. L. Svobodu 5, 81249 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Jan Koschorreck
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Wörlitzer Platz 1, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Martin Krauss
- UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jessy Krier
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 6 Avenue du Swing, 4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Marja H. Lamoree
- Department Environment and Health, Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marion Letzel
- Bavarian Environment Agency, 86179 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Letzel
- Analytisches Forschungsinstitut Für Non-Target Screening GmbH (AFIN-TS), Am Mittleren Moos 48, 86167 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Qingliang Li
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA
| | - James Little
- Mass Spec Interpretation Services, 3612 Hemlock Park Drive, Kingsport, TN 37663 USA
| | - Yanna Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (SKLECE, RCEES, CAS), No. 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100086 China
| | - David M. Lunderberg
- Hope College, Holland, MI 49422 USA
- University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Jonathan W. Martin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrew D. McEachran
- Agilent Technologies, Inc., 5301 Stevens Creek Blvd, Santa Clara, CA 95051 USA
| | - John A. McLean
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235 USA
| | - Christiane Meier
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Wörlitzer Platz 1, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Jeroen Meijer
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Menger
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carla Merino
- University Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- Biosfer Teslab, Reus, Spain
| | - Jane Muncke
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Staffelstrasse 10, 8045 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Michael Neumann
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Wörlitzer Platz 1, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Vanessa Neveu
- Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, International Agency for Research On Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Kelsey Ng
- Environmental Institute, Okružná 784/42, 972 41 Koš, Slovak Republic
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Herbert Oberacher
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Muellerstrasse 44, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jake O’Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia
| | - Peter Oswald
- Environmental Institute, Okružná 784/42, 972 41 Koš, Slovak Republic
| | - Martina Oswaldova
- Environmental Institute, Okružná 784/42, 972 41 Koš, Slovak Republic
| | - Jaqueline A. Picache
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235 USA
| | - Cristina Postigo
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
- Technologies for Water Management and Treatment Research Group, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva S/N, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Noelia Ramirez
- University Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- Institute of Health Research Pere Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | | | - Justin Renaud
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada/Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3 Canada
| | | | - Heinz Rüdel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (Fraunhofer IME), Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Reza M. Salek
- Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, International Agency for Research On Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Saer Samanipour
- Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94157, Amsterdam, 1090 GD The Netherlands
| | - Martin Scheringer
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Schliebner
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Wörlitzer Platz 1, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schulz
- Laboratory for Operation Control and Research, Zweckverband Landeswasserversorgung, Am Spitzigen Berg 1, 89129 Langenau, Germany
| | - Tobias Schulze
- UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Manfred Sengl
- Bavarian Environment Agency, 86179 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin A. Shoemaker
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA
| | - Kerry Sims
- Environment Agency, Horizon House, Deanery Road, Bristol, BS1 5AH UK
| | - Heinz Singer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Randolph R. Singh
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 6 Avenue du Swing, 4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
- Chemical Contamination of Marine Ecosystems (CCEM) Unit, Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Rue de l’Ile d’Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Cedex 3, Nantes France
| | - Mark Sumarah
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada/Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3 Canada
| | - Paul A. Thiessen
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA
| | - Kevin V. Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia
| | | | - Xenia Trier
- Section for Environmental Chemistry and Physics, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Annemarie P. van Wezel
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roel C. H. Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle J. Vlaanderen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Zhanyun Wang
- Technology and Society Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Antony J. Williams
- Computational Chemistry and Cheminformatics Branch (CCCB), Chemical Characterization and Exposure Division (CCED), Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure (CCTE), United States Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 USA
| | - Egon L. Willighagen
- Department of Bioinformatics-BiGCaT, NUTRIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jian Zhang
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA
| | - Nikolaos S. Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Emma L. Schymanski
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 6 Avenue du Swing, 4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
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18
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Rousis NI, Li Z, Bade R, McLachlan MS, Mueller JF, O'Brien JW, Samanipour S, Tscharke BJ, Thomaidis NS, Thomas KV. Socioeconomic status and public health in Australia: A wastewater-based study. Environ Int 2022; 167:107436. [PMID: 35914338 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of untreated municipal wastewater is recognized as an innovative approach to assess population exposure to or consumption of various substances. Currently, there are no published wastewater-based studies investigating the relationships between catchment social, demographic, and economic characteristics with chemicals using advanced non-targeted techniques. In this study, fifteen wastewater samples covering 27% of the Australian population were collected during a population Census. The samples were analysed with a workflow employing liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry and chemometric tools for non-target analysis. Socioeconomic characteristics of catchment areas were generated using Geospatial Information Systems software. Potential correlations were explored between pseudo-mass loads of the identified compounds and socioeconomic and demographic descriptors of the wastewater catchments derived from Census data. Markers of public health (e.g., cardiac arrhythmia, cardiovascular disease, anxiety disorder and type 2 diabetes) were identified in the wastewater samples by the proposed workflow. They were positively correlated with descriptors of disadvantage in education, occupation, marital status and income, and negatively correlated with descriptors of advantage in education and occupation. In addition, markers of polypropylene glycol (PPG) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) related compounds were positively correlated with housing and occupation disadvantage. High positive correlations were found between separated and divorced people and specific drugs used to treat cardiac arrhythmia, cardiovascular disease, and depression. Our robust non-targeted methodology in combination with Census data can identify relationships between biomarkers of public health, human behaviour and lifestyle and socio-demographics of whole populations. Furthermore, it can identify specific areas and socioeconomic groups that may need more assistance than others for public health issues. This approach complements important public health information and enables large-scale national coverage with a relatively small number of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos I Rousis
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece.
| | - Zhe Li
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Richard Bade
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Michael S McLachlan
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Jake W O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Saer Samanipour
- Faculty of Science, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park, 904 GD Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Benjamin J Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
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19
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Simpson BS, Jaunay EL, Ghetia M, Nguyen L, Bade R, White JM, Gerber C. Methcathinone in wastewater: Drug of choice, or artefact? Sci Total Environ 2022; 836:155696. [PMID: 35525340 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Methcathinone is a prevalent Novel Psychoactive Substance (NPS) used illicitly in some countries. Routine analysis of wastewater sampled from catchments in South Australia has shown a consistent low-level presence of the compound, inconsistent with NPS use. This raised the question was the occurrence due to regular use as a drug of choice or was it an artefact being produced from other sources in the sewer system? NPS consumption is generally sporadic and would therefore point to the origin of methcathinone in wastewater being due to in-sewer oxidation of its legal precursor, pseudoephedrine. The present study tested this hypothesis by comparing the levels of pseudoephedrine and methcathinone in wastewater samples collected bimonthly from 8 catchment sites in South Australia. Laboratory experiments exposing pseudoephedrine to common household oxidizing agents (hypochlorite and percarbonate) were also performed and the production of methcathinone was demonstrated and monitored. The results of this study showed that the level of pseudoephedrine and methcathinone measured in wastewater followed a similar pattern. However, there were periods when the levels of each compound diverged. Laboratory experiments showed that when exposed to various oxidizing agents, pseudoephedrine is oxidised to non-stoichiometric quantities of methcathinone. Although the use of methcathinone as a drug of choice remains possible, the results of this study indicate that the low and persistent level of methcathinone found in wastewater may arise in part from the oxidation of pseudoephedrine in the sewer system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley S Simpson
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Emma L Jaunay
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia
| | - Maulik Ghetia
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lynn Nguyen
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia
| | - Richard Bade
- University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), Woolloongabba 4102, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jason M White
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia
| | - Cobus Gerber
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia
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20
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Pandopulos AJ, Simpson BS, White JM, Bade R, Gerber C. Partitioning of phytocannabinoids between faeces and water - Implications for wastewater-based epidemiology. Sci Total Environ 2022; 805:150269. [PMID: 34536871 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Evaluating consumption estimates for lipophilic drugs in wastewater has proven to be a challenge. A common feature for these compounds is that they are excreted in faeces and in conjugated form in urine. Limited research with no obvious experimental evidence has been conducted to investigate the degree to which faecal-bound chemical markers contribute towards mass loads in wastewater. Cannabis chemical markers, known as phytocannabinoids, have been suggested in literature to fall into this category. In this study, cannabis users (n = 9) and non-cannabis users (n = 5) were recruited and provided faecal and urine samples after using the substance. The common chemical markers of cannabis consumption, 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH), 11-hydroxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-OH), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), were investigated. An extraction method was developed for the cannabis chemical markers in faecal matter and urine and analysis was performed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Participant samples were used to establish adsorption and desorption dissolution kinetics models and to assess the equilibrium between faeces and water for these compounds. Equilibration between phases were found to be fast (<5 min). THC-COOH, which is the primary metabolite used in wastewater studies, partitioned ~40% in water while the less polar metabolite and CBD remained largely associated with the particulate fraction. Faecal loads of both cannabis users and non-users affected the total measured amounts of cannabinoids in the aqueous phase. The implications for wastewater monitoring of lipophilic substances are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Pandopulos
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences (CHS), Health and Biomedical Innovation, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Bradley S Simpson
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences (CHS), Health and Biomedical Innovation, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Jason M White
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences (CHS), Health and Biomedical Innovation, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Richard Bade
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences (CHS), Health and Biomedical Innovation, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Cobus Gerber
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences (CHS), Health and Biomedical Innovation, South Australia 5000, Australia.
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O'Brien JW, Tscharke BJ, Bade R, Chan G, Gerber C, Mueller JF, Thomas KV, Hall WD. A wastewater-based assessment of the impact of a minimum unit price (MUP) on population alcohol consumption in the Northern Territory, Australia. Addiction 2022; 117:243-249. [PMID: 34184809 DOI: 10.1111/add.15631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To test if there was a reduction in alcohol consumption in wastewater samples in the Northern Territory of Australia after the implementation of a minimum unit alcohol price policy (MUP) in October 2018. DESIGN, SETTING, CASES Between August 2016 and February 2020, wastewater samples were collected across 66 sites in the Northern Territory and all other states and territories in Australia. Samples were collected every 2 months in capital cities and every 4 months in regional places during this period. Overall, 4917 samples were taken (2816 before MUP and 2101 after). MEASUREMENTS The number of standard drinks per 1000 people per day in the respective catchment areas was estimated based on the concentration of an alcohol-specific metabolite, ethyl sulphate in the samples (using the excretion factor of ethyl sulphate, the flow of wastewater entering the wastewater treatment plants and the population of each wastewater catchment). FINDINGS Results from a linear mixed model showed that there was a large drop in alcohol consumption immediately after the MUP in Northern Territory [estimated drop = 1231, 99% confidence interval (CI) = 830, 1633; 38.75%]. There was no significant drop in all other states/territories except for Queensland, which showed a significant but much smaller drop (estimated drop: 310; 99% CI = 114, 550). One year after the MUP, the drop narrowed to 520 (99% CI = 189, 851) and was no longer statistically significant in February 2020 (15 months after MUP; estimated drop = 283, 99% CI = -114, 681). CONCLUSIONS Per-capita consumption of alcohol appears to have decreased substantially in the Northern Territory of Australia immediately after the implementation of a minimum unit price but consumption steadily recovered and almost returned to the pre-MUP consumption level after 15 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake W O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Richard Bade
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Gary Chan
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research (NCYSUR), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Cobus Gerber
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Wayne D Hall
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research (NCYSUR), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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22
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Pandopulos AJ, Simpson BS, Bade R, O'Brien JW, Yadav MK, White JM, Gerber C. A method and its application to determine the amount of cannabinoids in sewage sludge and biosolids. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:59652-59664. [PMID: 34143389 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14921-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Xenobiotic cannabinoids (phyto and synthetic) are highly lipophilic compounds and have been shown to accumulate within the particulate fraction of wastewater. Limited research has been conducted to investigate the occurrence of cannabinoids in sewage sludge and/or biosolids. The analysis of excreted cannabinoids from sewage sludge or biosolids can provide information about community health, as well as potentially long-term environmental impacts. In this study, a liquid-liquid extraction method was developed for the extraction and detection method for 50 cannabinoids by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, including the cannabis urinary biomarker 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and a variety of different generation synthetic cannabinoids and their respective metabolites. Method validation assessed criteria including linearity, selectivity, recovery, and matrix effects. The method was applied to samples collected from a conventional activated sludge reactor treatment facility from various stages of the treatment process. Three cannabinoids were abundant in primary sludge including THC, THC-COOH, and CBD, where THC was the most ubiquitous with concentrations up to 3200 μg kg-1. Only THC and THC-COOH were detectable in aged biosolids. The detection of some cannabinoids in biosolids demonstrated that these compounds are stable throughout the treatment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Pandopulos
- Clinical and Health Sciences (CHS), Health and Biomedical Innovation, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Bradley S Simpson
- Clinical and Health Sciences (CHS), Health and Biomedical Innovation, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Richard Bade
- Clinical and Health Sciences (CHS), Health and Biomedical Innovation, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Jake W O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Meena K Yadav
- Allwater, Adelaide Services Alliance, 77 Wakefield Street, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
| | - Jason M White
- Clinical and Health Sciences (CHS), Health and Biomedical Innovation, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Cobus Gerber
- Clinical and Health Sciences (CHS), Health and Biomedical Innovation, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia.
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Bade R, Tscharke BJ, O'Brien JW, Magsarjav S, Humphries M, Ghetia M, Thomas KV, Mueller JF, White JM, Gerber C. Impact of COVID-19 Controls on the Use of Illicit Drugs and Alcohol in Australia. Environ Sci Technol Lett 2021; 8:799-804. [PMID: 37566342 PMCID: PMC8370123 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.1c00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine, MDMA, cocaine, cannabis, and alcohol in samples from 20 wastewater treatment plants servicing the eight state or territory capitals of Australia were analyzed, with equivalent coverage of >45% of the national population. Trends in drug consumption were calculated and assessed from samples collected from 2016 to 2020, with a focus on pre-COVID-19 (August 2016 to December 2019), versus February to June 2020, when Australia observed a nationwide lockdown. Results showed delayed but significant decreases in methamphetamine, >50% in Western Australia. In contrast, significant increases in cannabis in most jurisdictions were observed. This suggests changes in consumption may be somewhat linked to reduced supply of imported substances, with increased use of locally produced drugs. Initial decreases in cocaine and MDMA consumption were evident in many parts of the country, but pre-COVID trends were re-established after April 2020. Interestingly, weekend-weekday differences were narrowed for cocaine, MDMA, and alcohol during lockdown, which might be expected due to bars being closed and social gathering not allowed. With this study providing insight into the first four months of COVID-19 restrictions in Australia, it remains to be seen what the longer-term effect of the pandemic will be.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Bade
- University of South Australia (UniSA), Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba 4102, Queensland, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba 4102, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jake W O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba 4102, Queensland, Australia
| | - Saranzaya Magsarjav
- Faculty of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5006, Australia
| | - Melissa Humphries
- Faculty of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5006, Australia
| | - Maulik Ghetia
- University of South Australia (UniSA), Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba 4102, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba 4102, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jason M White
- University of South Australia (UniSA), Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Cobus Gerber
- University of South Australia (UniSA), Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
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Bade R, Ghetia M, Chappell A, White JM, Gerber C. Pholedrine is a marker of direct disposal of methamphetamine. Sci Total Environ 2021; 782:146839. [PMID: 33836378 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of methamphetamine has primarily been estimated in wastewater-based epidemiology by measuring the parent compound. However, this could lead to overestimation when methamphetamine is directly disposed into the sewer system. In this respect, it would be advantageous to measure a specific metabolite of methamphetamine instead. We identified 4-hydroxymethamphetamine (pholedrine) as a potential marker. Stability experiments were performed in both filtered and unfiltered wastewater. Correlations with relative loads in wastewater were used to establish its potential as a marker of direct disposal of methamphetamine, or even as a wastewater-based epidemiology biomarker of methamphetamine consumption. This study then investigated the use of pholedrine in combination with methamphetamine to better detect direct disposal events and its potential as a marker of methamphetamine consumption. Examples from both South Australia and New Zealand exemplify the use of pholedrine to identify potential instances of direct disposal of methamphetamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Bade
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia
| | - Maulik Ghetia
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew Chappell
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited (ESR), Christchurch Science Centre, 27 Creyke Road, Ilam, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Jason M White
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia
| | - Cobus Gerber
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia.
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Bade R, Simpson BS, Ghetia M, Nguyen L, White JM, Gerber C. Changes in alcohol consumption associated with social distancing and self-isolation policies triggered by COVID-19 in South Australia: a wastewater analysis study. Addiction 2021; 116:1600-1605. [PMID: 32945597 PMCID: PMC7537161 DOI: 10.1111/add.15256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess the effects of social distancing and social isolation policies triggered by COVID-19 on alcohol consumption using wastewater analysis in Adelaide, South Australia. DESIGN Longitudinal quantitative analysis of influent wastewater data for alcohol concentration. SETTING Adelaide, South Australia. PARTICIPANTS Wastewater catchment area representative of 1.1 million inhabitants. MEASUREMENTS Twenty-four hour composite influent wastewater samples were collected from four wastewater treatment plants in Adelaide, South Australia for 7 consecutive days (Wednesday-Tuesday) every 2 months from April 2016-April 2020. The alcohol metabolite ethyl sulfate was measured in samples using chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Data were population-weighted adjusted with consumption expressed as standard drinks/day/1000 people. Weekly consumption and weekend to mid-week consumption ratios were analysed to identify changes in weekday alcohol use pattern. FINDINGS Estimated weekend alcohol consumption was significantly lower (698 standard drinks/day/1000 people) after self-isolation measures were enforced in April 2020 compared with the preceding sampling period in February 2020 (1047 standard drinks/day/1000 people), P < 0.05. Weekend to midweek consumption ratio was 12% lower than the average ratio compared with all previous sampling periods. April 2020 recorded the lowest alcohol consumption relative to April in previous years, dating back to 2016. CONCLUSIONS Wastewater analysis suggests that introduction of social distancing and isolation policies triggered by COVID-19 in Adelaide, South Australia, was associated with a decrease in population-level weekend alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Bade
- Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical InnovationUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideAustralia
| | - Bradley S. Simpson
- Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical InnovationUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideAustralia
| | - Maulik Ghetia
- Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical InnovationUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideAustralia
| | - Lynn Nguyen
- Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical InnovationUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideAustralia
| | - Jason M. White
- Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical InnovationUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideAustralia
| | - Cobus Gerber
- Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical InnovationUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideAustralia
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26
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Pandopulos AJ, Bade R, Tscharke BJ, O'Brien JW, Simpson BS, White JM, Gerber C. Application of catecholamine metabolites as endogenous population biomarkers for wastewater-based epidemiology. Sci Total Environ 2021; 763:142992. [PMID: 33498117 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology studies use catchment populations to normalise chemical marker mass loads in 24-h composite wastewater samples. However, one of the biggest uncertainties within the field is the accuracy of the population used. A population marker in wastewater may significantly reduce the uncertainty. This study evaluated the catecholamine metabolites - homovanillic acid (HVA) and vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) - as potential population biomarkers. Influent wastewater 24-h composite samples were collected from 38 wastewater catchments from around Australia (representing ~33% of Australia's population), extracted and analysed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Measured mass loads were compared to population sizes determined by mapping catchment maps against high-resolution census data. Both biomarkers correlated with coefficient of determinations (r2) of 0.908 and 0.922 for HVA and VMA, respectively. From the regression analysis, a slope (i.e. the daily per-capita excretion) of 1.241 and 1.067 mg.day-1.person-1 was obtained for HVA and VMA, respectively. The mass load ratio between VMA:HVA were very similar to that reported in literature for urinary analysis among all catchments. Overall, this study provided further evidence that catecholamine metabolites are suitable candidates as population biomarkers for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Pandopulos
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences (CHS), Health and Biomedical Innovation, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Richard Bade
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences (CHS), Health and Biomedical Innovation, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Jake W O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Bradley S Simpson
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences (CHS), Health and Biomedical Innovation, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Jason M White
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences (CHS), Health and Biomedical Innovation, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Cobus Gerber
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences (CHS), Health and Biomedical Innovation, South Australia 5000, Australia.
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Bade R, White JM, Chen J, Baz-Lomba JA, Been F, Bijlsma L, Burgard DA, Castiglioni S, Salgueiro-Gonzalez N, Celma A, Chappell A, Emke E, Steenbeek R, Wang D, Zuccato E, Gerber C. International snapshot of new psychoactive substance use: Case study of eight countries over the 2019/2020 new year period. Water Res 2021; 193:116891. [PMID: 33582495 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.116891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There is considerable concern around the use of new psychoactive substances (NPS), but still little is known about how much they are really consumed. Analysis by forensics laboratories of seized drugs and post-mortem samples as well as hospital emergency rooms are the first line of identifying both 'new' NPS and those that are most dangerous to the community. However, NPS are not necessarily all seized by law enforcement agencies and only substances that contribute to fatalities or serious afflictions are recorded in post-mortem and emergency room samples. To gain a better insight into which NPS are most prevalent within a community, complementary data sources are required. In this work, influent wastewater was analysed from 14 sites in eight countries for a variety of NPS. All samples were collected over the 2019/2020 New Year period, a time which is characterized by celebrations and parties and therefore a time when more NPS may be consumed. Samples were extracted in the country of origin following a validated protocol and shipped to Australia for final analysis using two different mass spectrometric strategies. In total, more than 200 were monitored of which 16 substances were found, with geographical differences seen. This case study is the most comprehensive wastewater analysis study ever carried out for the identification of NPS and provides a starting point for future, ongoing monitoring of these substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Bade
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jason M White
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jingjing Chen
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Frederic Been
- KWR Water Research Institute, 3433 PE Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda, Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Daniel A Burgard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA 98416, United States
| | - Sara Castiglioni
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Environmental Sciences, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan Italy
| | - Noelia Salgueiro-Gonzalez
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Environmental Sciences, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan Italy
| | - Alberto Celma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda, Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Andrew Chappell
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited (ESR), Christchurch Science Centre: 27 Creyke Road, Ilam, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Erik Emke
- KWR Water Research Institute, 3433 PE Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Ruud Steenbeek
- KWR Water Research Institute, 3433 PE Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Degao Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, P. R. China, 116026
| | - Ettore Zuccato
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Environmental Sciences, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan Italy
| | - Cobus Gerber
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia.
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Bade R, White JM, Gerber C. How the recreational stimulant market has changed: Case study in Adelaide, Australia 2016-2019. Sci Total Environ 2021; 757:143728. [PMID: 33277018 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The human consumption of stimulant drugs is known to increase over festive periods. In this work, four illicit stimulants: 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), cocaine and methamphetamine and three new psychoactive substances (NPS): ethylone, mephedrone and N-ethylpentylone were monitored in influent wastewater over the Christmas-New Year period in South Australia from 2016 to 2019 using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The differences in Christmas - New Year consumption between years were evaluated and daily mass loads were compared to the average for that year to determine drug levels over the festive period. Although MDMA, MDA and cocaine showed year-on-year increases, the use over the New Year period was far higher than over the rest of the year, consistent with recreational drug use. These were also the drugs that were used predominantly on weekends during the year. Methamphetamine, which does not have a pattern of predominant weekend use, and the NPS showed variable trends. These results suggest that during holiday periods there are increases in the use of a limited set of drugs only and these can be predicted from patterns of use during the non-holiday periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Bade
- University of South Australia, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jason M White
- University of South Australia, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia
| | - Cobus Gerber
- University of South Australia, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia.
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Bade R, White JM, Nguyen L, Pandopulos AJ, Gerber C. What is the drug of choice of young festivalgoers? Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 216:108315. [PMID: 33045619 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug and alcohol consumption are commonplace at festivals including those aimed at younger attendees. However, there is little quantitative information about the extent of this consumption. This work investigates drug use at a school-leaver festival and how it compares to non-festival weeks. METHODS Influent wastewater was collected over three consecutive weeks from a location where a school-leaver festival occurs. Multiple liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methods were used to analyse the use of illicit drugs, pharmaceuticals with abuse potential, new psychoactive substances (NPS), alcohol and cannabis. A method for human neurotransmitter metabolites was also utilised to show the population change and allow the drugs found to be normalised to a population. RESULTS A total of 12 compounds were quantifiable: methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, morphine, codeine, fentanyl, buprenorphine, oxycodone and nicotine. The NPS methylone was found solely over the festival weekend but at levels below the limit of quantification of the analytical method. The catecholamine metabolites vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) were found over the entire three weeks, with identical trends - an increase over the festival weekend - indicating a population increase. HVA was used to normalise the drug mass loads to derive a population normalised mass load. Statistical differences using Hedges' g showed large changes in the use of MDMA and MDA over the festival week. Smaller increases were also seen for alcohol and cocaine. CONCLUSIONS The drugs of choice for the attendees of this school-leaver festival were MDMA and MDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Bade
- University of South Australia, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Jason M White
- University of South Australia, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Lynn Nguyen
- University of South Australia, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Aaron J Pandopulos
- University of South Australia, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Cobus Gerber
- University of South Australia, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
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Gerber C, Bade R, White J. Amphetamine dependence in Australia. Lancet 2020; 396:957. [PMID: 33010839 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32025-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cobus Gerber
- Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Richard Bade
- Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Jason White
- Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
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Bijlsma L, Bade R, Been F, Celma A, Castiglioni S. Perspectives and challenges associated with the determination of new psychoactive substances in urine and wastewater - A tutorial. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1145:132-147. [PMID: 33453874 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
New psychoactive substances (NPS), often designed as (legal) substitutes to conventional illicit drugs, are constantly emerging in the drug market and being commercialized in different ways and forms. Their use continues to cause public health problems and is therefore of major concern in many countries. Monitoring NPS use, however, is arduous and different sources of information are required to get more insight of the prevalence and diffusion of NPS use. The determination of NPS in pooled urine and wastewater has shown great potential, adding a different and complementary light on this issue. However, it also presents analytical challenges and limitations that must be taken into account such as the complexity of the matrices, the high sensitivity and selectivity required in the analytical methods as a consequence of the low analyte concentrations as well as the rapid transience of NPS on the drug market creating a scenario with constantly moving analytical targets. Analytical investigation of NPS in pooled urine and wastewater is based on liquid chromatography hyphenated to mass spectrometry and can follow different strategies: target, suspect and non-target analysis. This work aims to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the different data acquisition workflows and data exploration approaches in mass spectrometry, but also pays attention to new developments such as ion mobility and the use of in-silico prediction tools to improve the identification capabilities in high-complex samples. This tutorial gives an insight into this emerging topic of current concern, and describes the experience gathered within different collaborations and projects supported by key research articles and illustrative practical examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bijlsma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, 12071, Castellón, Spain.
| | - R Bade
- University of South Australia, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, South Australia, 5000, Australia.
| | - F Been
- KWR Water Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - A Celma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - S Castiglioni
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri - IRCCS, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, 20156, Milan, Italy
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Castrignano E, Yang Z, Feil EJ, Bade R, Castiglioni S, Causanilles A, Gracia-Lor E, Hernandez F, Plόszi BG, Ramin P, Rousis NI, Ryu Y, Thomas KV, de Voogt P, Zuccato E, Kasprzyk-Hordern B. Corrigendum to "Enantiomeric profiling of quinolones and quinolones resistance gene qnrS in European wastewaters" [Water Res. 175 (2020) 115653]. Water Res 2020; 182:116345. [PMID: 32892978 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Castrignano
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom; Department of Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Zhugen Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom; School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
| | - Edward J Feil
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA27AY, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Bade
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain; School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Sara Castiglioni
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ana Causanilles
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Emma Gracia-Lor
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, Madrid, Spain
| | - Felix Hernandez
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Benedek G Plόszi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Pedram Ramin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Process and Systems Engineering Center (PROSYS), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nikolaos I Rousis
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yeonsuk Ryu
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway; Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS), University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Pim de Voogt
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy; IBED-University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ettore Zuccato
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway
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Pandopulos AJ, Bade R, O'Brien JW, Tscharke BJ, Mueller JF, Thomas K, White JM, Gerber C. Towards an efficient method for the extraction and analysis of cannabinoids in wastewater. Talanta 2020; 217:121034. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Bade R, White JM, Nguyen L, Tscharke BJ, Mueller JF, O'Brien JW, Thomas KV, Gerber C. Determining changes in new psychoactive substance use in Australia by wastewater analysis. Sci Total Environ 2020; 731:139209. [PMID: 32417485 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Measuring community consumption of new psychoactive substances (NPS) is notoriously difficult to assess by traditional means such as surveys and seizure data. Previously, we used the approach to demonstrate the prevalence of NPS on a national scale. In the current study we explored the temporal resolution for the analysis of NPS in wastewater from Australia. Samples covering all States and Territories in Australia and both metropolitan and regional areas and were collected bimonthly from October 2017-June 2018 and October 2019-February 2020. A qualitative screening method was applied, screening for 201 NPS. In total, 15 substances were found from a variety of classes of NPS. The most prevalent class was synthetic cathinones, with pentylone, N-ethylpentylone and ethylone found in all periods in at least one site in the earlier sampling period, as well as the amphetamine-like paramethoxyamphetamine (PMA). In the latter period, synthetic cathinones were also the most prevalent, including eutylone, marking the first time that this compound has been detected in wastewater. This study shows the application of wastewater analysis to detect outbreaks of NPS use and temporal differences among sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Bade
- University of South Australia, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jason M White
- University of South Australia, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lynn Nguyen
- University of South Australia, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street Woolloongabba, 4102, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street Woolloongabba, 4102, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jake W O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street Woolloongabba, 4102, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street Woolloongabba, 4102, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cobus Gerber
- University of South Australia, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia.
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Bade R, Ghetia M, White JM, Gerber C. Determination of prescribed and designer benzodiazepines and metabolites in influent wastewater. Anal Methods 2020; 12:3637-3644. [PMID: 32701083 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay00560f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Benzodiazepines are important prescription pharmaceuticals used to help in the treatment of anxiety and sleep disorders. However, they also have a strong potential for abuse. In this respect, illicit benzodiazepines, i.e. not prescribed in Australia and designer benzodiazepines, which are new compounds that are not legally prescribed in any jurisdiction, have emerged in the illicit Australian market in recent years. Designer benzodiazepines are a new class of new psychoactive substances (NPS) and are particularly dangerous due to limited toxicity information and propensity to be mistaken for conventional benzodiazepines, leading to severe side effects and potentially death. It is therefore important to assess the prevalence of the use of these compounds in the community. The current work presents a validated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method for 20 prescribed and designer benzodiazepines and metabolites: 7-amino nimetazepam, alpha-hydroxy alprazolam, alprazolam, clonazepam, delorazepam, deschloroetizolam, diazepam, diclazepam, etizolam, flubromazepam, flunitrazepam, lorazepam, lormetazepam, meclonazepam, midazolam, nimetazepam, nitrazepam, oxazepam, pyrazolam and temazepam. Quetiapine, a prescription sedative drug that has been diverted for non-medical use, was also validated. Limits of quantification were predominantly below 10 ng L-1, except for the ubiquitous oxazepam, quetiapine and temazepam, which were between 75-300 ng L-1. Stability, recovery and matrix effects were also examined. Finally, this method was applied to influent wastewater from South Australia, which showed the presence of many benzodiazepines including the NPS etizolam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Bade
- University of South Australia, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia.
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36
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Bade R, Abbate V, Abdelaziz A, Nguyen L, Trobbiani S, Stockham P, Elliott S, White JM, Gerber C. The complexities associated with new psychoactive substances in influent wastewater: The case of 4-ethylmethcathinone. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1494-1500. [PMID: 32621345 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of new psychoactive substances (NPS) is an international problem for health, policing, forensic, and analytical laboratories. The transience of these substances in the community, combined with continual slight structural changes to evade legislation makes the elucidation of NPS an analytical challenge. This is amplified in a matrix as complex as wastewater. For that reason, suspect and non-target methodologies, employing high resolution mass spectrometry are the most appropriate current tool to facilitate the identification of new and existing compounds. In the current work, a qualitative screening method of influent wastewater using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry showed a strong signal at m/z 192.1382 - identical to that of two NPS standards that were in our method (pentedrone and 4-methylethcathinone), and with identical fragment ions, but the retention times did not match. This work shows the methodology followed to identify this compound, highlighting the challenges of the identifying "new" compounds in influent wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Bade
- UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Vincenzo Abbate
- King's Forensics, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ahmed Abdelaziz
- UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lynn Nguyen
- UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Peter Stockham
- Forensic Science SA, GPO Box 2790, Adelaide, Australia.,College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia
| | - Simon Elliott
- King's Forensics, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,Elliott Forensic Consulting, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jason M White
- UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Cobus Gerber
- UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Bade R, White JM, Tscharke BJ, Ghetia M, Abdelaziz A, Gerber C. Anabasine‐based measurement of cigarette consumption using wastewater analysis. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1393-1398. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Bade
- UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation University of South Australia South Australia Australia
| | - Jason M. White
- UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation University of South Australia South Australia Australia
| | - Benjamin J. Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS) The University of Queensland Woolloongabba Queensland Australia
| | - Maulik Ghetia
- UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation University of South Australia South Australia Australia
| | - Ahmed Abdelaziz
- UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation University of South Australia South Australia Australia
| | - Cobus Gerber
- UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation University of South Australia South Australia Australia
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Castrignanò E, Yang Z, Feil EJ, Bade R, Castiglioni S, Causanilles A, Gracia-Lor E, Hernandez F, Plósz BG, Ramin P, Rousis NI, Ryu Y, Thomas KV, de Voogt P, Zuccato E, Kasprzyk-Hordern B. Enantiomeric profiling of quinolones and quinolones resistance gene qnrS in European wastewaters. Water Res 2020; 175:115653. [PMID: 32208173 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) was applied for the first time in seven cities across Europe with the aim of estimating quinolones consumption via the analysis of human urinary metabolites in wastewater. This report is also the first pan-European study focussed on the enantiomeric profiling of chiral quinolones in wastewater. By considering loads of (fluoro)quinolones in wastewater within the context of human stereoselective metabolism, we identified cities in Southern Europe characterised by both high usage and direct disposal of unused ofloxacin. In Northern European cities, S-(-)-ofloxacin loads were predominant with respect to R-(+)-ofloxacin. Much more potent, enantiomerically pure S-(-)-ofloxacin was detected in wastewaters from Southern European cities, reflecting consumption of the enantiomerically pure antibiotic. Nalidixic acid, norfloxacin and lomefloxacin were detected in wastewater even though they were not prescribed according to official prescription data. S,S-(-)-moxifloxacin and S,S-(-)-moxifloxacin-N-sulphate were detected in wastewater due to metabolism of moxifloxacin. For the first time, average population-normalised ulifloxacin loads of 22.3 and 1.5 mg day-1 1000 people-1 were reported for Milan and Castellón as a result of prulifloxacin metabolism. Enrichment of flumequine with first-eluting enantiomer in all the samples indicated animal metabolism rather than its direct disposal. Fluoroquinolone loads were compared with qnrS gene encoding quinolone resistance to correlate usage of fluoroquinolone and prevalence of resistance. The highest daily loads of the qnrS gene in Milan corresponded with the highest total quinolone load in Milan proving the hypothesis that higher usage of quinolones is linked with higher prevalence of quinolone resistance genes. Utrecht, with the lowest quinolones usage (low daily loads) had also one of the lowest daily loads of the qnrS gene. However, a similar trend was not observed in Oslo nor Bristol where higher qnrS gene loads were observed despite low quinolone usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Castrignanò
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom; Department of Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Zhugen Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom; School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
| | - Edward J Feil
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA27AY, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Bade
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain; School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Sara Castiglioni
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ana Causanilles
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Emma Gracia-Lor
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, Madrid, Spain
| | - Felix Hernandez
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Benedek G Plósz
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Pedram Ramin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Process and Systems Engineering Center (PROSYS), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nikolaos I Rousis
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yeonsuk Ryu
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway; Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS), University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Pim de Voogt
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy; IBED-University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ettore Zuccato
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway
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Pandopulos AJ, Gerber C, Tscharke BJ, O'Brien J, White JM, Bade R. A sensitive analytical method for the measurement of neurotransmitter metabolites as potential population biomarkers in wastewater. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1612:460623. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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González‐Mariño I, Baz‐Lomba JA, Alygizakis NA, Andrés‐Costa MJ, Bade R, Barron LP, Been F, Berset J, Bijlsma L, Bodík I, Brenner A, Brock AL, Burgard DA, Castrignanò E, Christophoridis CE, Covaci A, de Voogt P, Devault DA, Dias MJ, Emke E, Fatta‐Kassinos D, Fedorova G, Fytianos K, Gerber C, Grabic R, Grüner S, Gunnar T, Hapeshi E, Heath E, Helm B, Hernández F, Kankaanpaa A, Karolak S, Kasprzyk‐Hordern B, Krizman‐Matasic I, Lai FY, Lechowicz W, Lopes A, López de Alda M, López‐García E, Löve ASC, Mastroianni N, McEneff GL, Montes R, Munro K, Nefau T, Oberacher H, O'Brien JW, Olafsdottir K, Picó Y, Plósz BG, Polesel F, Postigo C, Quintana JB, Ramin P, Reid MJ, Rice J, Rodil R, Senta I, Simões SM, Sremacki MM, Styszko K, Terzic S, Thomaidis NS, Thomas KV, Tscharke BJ, van Nuijs ALN, Yargeau V, Zuccato E, Castiglioni S, Ort C, Terzic S, Thomaidis NS, Thomas KV, Tscharke BJ, Udrisard R, van Nuijs ALN, Yargeau V, Zuccato E, Castiglioni S, Ort C. Spatio-temporal assessment of illicit drug use at large scale: evidence from 7 years of international wastewater monitoring. Addiction 2020; 115:109-120. [PMID: 31642141 PMCID: PMC6973045 DOI: 10.1111/add.14767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Wastewater-based epidemiology is an additional indicator of drug use that is gaining reliability to complement the current established panel of indicators. The aims of this study were to: (i) assess spatial and temporal trends of population-normalized mass loads of benzoylecgonine, amphetamine, methamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in raw wastewater over 7 years (2011-17); (ii) address overall drug use by estimating the average number of combined doses consumed per day in each city; and (iii) compare these with existing prevalence and seizure data. DESIGN Analysis of daily raw wastewater composite samples collected over 1 week per year from 2011 to 2017. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Catchment areas of 143 wastewater treatment plants in 120 cities in 37 countries. MEASUREMENTS Parent substances (amphetamine, methamphetamine and MDMA) and the metabolites of cocaine (benzoylecgonine) and of Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol) were measured in wastewater using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Daily mass loads (mg/day) were normalized to catchment population (mg/1000 people/day) and converted to the number of combined doses consumed per day. Spatial differences were assessed world-wide, and temporal trends were discerned at European level by comparing 2011-13 drug loads versus 2014-17 loads. FINDINGS Benzoylecgonine was the stimulant metabolite detected at higher loads in southern and western Europe, and amphetamine, MDMA and methamphetamine in East and North-Central Europe. In other continents, methamphetamine showed the highest levels in the United States and Australia and benzoylecgonine in South America. During the reporting period, benzoylecgonine loads increased in general across Europe, amphetamine and methamphetamine levels fluctuated and MDMA underwent an intermittent upsurge. CONCLUSIONS The analysis of wastewater to quantify drug loads provides near real-time drug use estimates that globally correspond to prevalence and seizure data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iria González‐Mariño
- Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Department of Analytical ChemistryUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de CompostelaSpain,Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and BromatologyUniversity of SalamancaSalamancaSpain
| | | | - Nikiforos A. Alygizakis
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical ChemistryNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
| | | | - Richard Bade
- School of Pharmacy and Medical SciencesUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Leon P. Barron
- King's ForensicsSchool of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Frederic Been
- KWR Water Research InstituteNieuwegeinthe Netherlands
| | | | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume ICastellónSpain
| | - Igor Bodík
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food TechnologySlovak University of TechnologyBratislavaSlovakia
| | - Asher Brenner
- Unit of Environmental EngineeringBen‐Gurion University of the NegevBeer‐ShevaIsrael
| | - Andreas L. Brock
- Department of Environmental EngineeringTechnical University of DenmarkKongens LyngbyDenmark
| | | | - Erika Castrignanò
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BathBathUK,Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic SciencesKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Adrian Covaci
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesToxicological CenterAntwerpBelgium
| | - Pim de Voogt
- IBEDUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Damien A. Devault
- Université Paris‐Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris‐SaclayChatenay‐MalabryFrance
| | - Mário J. Dias
- National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic SciencesLisbonPortugal
| | - Erik Emke
- KWR Water Research InstituteNieuwegeinthe Netherlands
| | - Despo Fatta‐Kassinos
- NIREAS‐International Water Research Center, Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of CyprusNicosiaCyprus
| | - Ganna Fedorova
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of WatersUniversity of South Bohemia in Ceske BudejoviceZatisiCzech Republic
| | - Konstantinos Fytianos
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Chemistry DepartmentAristotle University of ThessalonikiThessalonikiGreece
| | - Cobus Gerber
- School of Pharmacy and Medical SciencesUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Roman Grabic
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of WatersUniversity of South Bohemia in Ceske BudejoviceZatisiCzech Republic
| | - Stefan Grüner
- Chair of Urban Water ManagementTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Teemu Gunnar
- Forensic ToxicologyNational Institute for Health and Welfare (THL)HelsinkiFinland
| | - Evroula Hapeshi
- NIREAS‐International Water Research Center, Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of CyprusNicosiaCyprus
| | - Ester Heath
- Department of Environmental SciencesJožef Stefan InstituteLjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Björn Helm
- Chair of Urban Water ManagementTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Félix Hernández
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume ICastellónSpain
| | - Aino Kankaanpaa
- Forensic ToxicologyNational Institute for Health and Welfare (THL)HelsinkiFinland
| | - Sara Karolak
- Université Paris‐Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris‐SaclayChatenay‐MalabryFrance
| | | | - Ivona Krizman‐Matasic
- Division for Marine and Environmental ResearchRudjer Boskovic InstituteZagrebCroatia
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and AssessmentSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU)UppsalaSweden
| | | | - Alvaro Lopes
- Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of LisbonLisbonPortugal
| | - Miren López de Alda
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental ChemistryInstitute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA‐CSIC)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Ester López‐García
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental ChemistryInstitute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA‐CSIC)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Arndís S. C. Löve
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of IcelandReykjavíkIceland
| | - Nicola Mastroianni
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental ChemistryInstitute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA‐CSIC)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Gillian L. McEneff
- King's ForensicsSchool of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Rosa Montes
- Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Department of Analytical ChemistryUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Kelly Munro
- King's ForensicsSchool of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Thomas Nefau
- Université Paris‐Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris‐SaclayChatenay‐MalabryFrance
| | - Herbert Oberacher
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility MetabolomicsMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Jake W. O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS)The University of QueenslandWoolloongabbaQLDAustralia
| | - Kristin Olafsdottir
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of IcelandReykjavíkIceland
| | - Yolanda Picó
- Food and Environmental Safety Research GroupUniversity of ValenciaMoncadaSpain
| | - Benedek G. Plósz
- Department of Environmental EngineeringTechnical University of DenmarkKongens LyngbyDenmark,Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of BathBathUK
| | - Fabio Polesel
- Department of Environmental EngineeringTechnical University of DenmarkKongens LyngbyDenmark
| | - Cristina Postigo
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental ChemistryInstitute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA‐CSIC)BarcelonaSpain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Department of Analytical ChemistryUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Pedram Ramin
- Department of Environmental EngineeringTechnical University of DenmarkKongens LyngbyDenmark,Process and Systems Engineering Center (PROSYS), Department of Chemical and Biochemical EngineeringTechnical University of DenmarkKongens LyngbyDenmark
| | | | - Jack Rice
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BathBathUK
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Department of Analytical ChemistryUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Ivan Senta
- Division for Marine and Environmental ResearchRudjer Boskovic InstituteZagrebCroatia
| | - Susana M. Simões
- National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic SciencesLisbonPortugal
| | - Maja M. Sremacki
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Environmental Engineering and Occupational SafetyUniversity of Novi SadNovi SadSerbia
| | - Katarzyna Styszko
- Department of Coal Chemistry and Environmental SciencesAGH University of Science and TechnologyKrakowPoland
| | - Senka Terzic
- Division for Marine and Environmental ResearchRudjer Boskovic InstituteZagrebCroatia
| | - Nikolaos S. Thomaidis
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical ChemistryNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Kevin V. Thomas
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA)OsloNorway,Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS)The University of QueenslandWoolloongabbaQLDAustralia
| | - Ben J. Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS)The University of QueenslandWoolloongabbaQLDAustralia
| | | | - Viviane Yargeau
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMcGill UniversityMontreal, QuebecCanada
| | - Ettore Zuccato
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCSMilanItaly
| | | | - Christoph Ort
- Eawag, Urban Water ManagementSwiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and TechnologyDübendorfSwitzerland
| | - Senka Terzic
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway.,Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Ben J Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Robin Udrisard
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Viviane Yargeau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ettore Zuccato
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Castiglioni
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Christoph Ort
- Eawag, Urban Water Management, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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41
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Tscharke BJ, O'Brien JW, Ort C, Grant S, Gerber C, Bade R, Thai PK, Thomas KV, Mueller JF. Harnessing the Power of the Census: Characterizing Wastewater Treatment Plant Catchment Populations for Wastewater-Based Epidemiology. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:10303-10311. [PMID: 31359751 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater studies that provide per capita estimates of consumption (influent) or release (effluent) via wastewater systems rely heavily on accurate population data. This study evaluated the accuracy of Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) reported populations, as well as hydrochemical parameters, against accurate populations from a population census. 104 catchment maps were received from WWTPs, geolocated in geospatial software and overlaid with the smallest area unit of the Australian census, equating to 14.9 million Australians or 64% of the national population. We characterized each catchment for population counts, as well as by age profile, income profile, and education level. For a subset of sites, population estimates using hydrochemical parameters BOD, COD, and dissolved ammonia were evaluated for accuracy against census populations. Population estimates provided by WWTP personnel were on average 18% higher than census-based populations. Furthermore, hydrochemical-based population estimates had high RSD (>44%) for BOD, COD, and ammonium between sites, suggesting that their applicability for use in population estimation may not be appropriate for every WWTP. Catchment age distributions were evaluated and 46% of catchments had skewed age distributions: 6% were skewed older, and 40% were skewed younger. Through this process WWTP catchment populations can be characterized in a way that will enhance the interpretations of per capita estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science , The University of Queensland , 20 Cornwall Street , Woolloongabba , Queensland 4102 , Australia
| | | | - Christoph Ort
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , CH 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | - Sharon Grant
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science , The University of Queensland , 20 Cornwall Street , Woolloongabba , Queensland 4102 , Australia
| | - Cobus Gerber
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences , University of South Australia , Adelaide 5001 , Australia
| | - Richard Bade
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences , University of South Australia , Adelaide 5001 , Australia
| | - Phong K Thai
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science , The University of Queensland , 20 Cornwall Street , Woolloongabba , Queensland 4102 , Australia
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science , The University of Queensland , 20 Cornwall Street , Woolloongabba , Queensland 4102 , Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science , The University of Queensland , 20 Cornwall Street , Woolloongabba , Queensland 4102 , Australia
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42
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Bade R, Ghetia M, Nguyen L, Tscharke BJ, White JM, Gerber C. Simultaneous determination of 24 opioids, stimulants and new psychoactive substances in wastewater. MethodsX 2019; 6:953-960. [PMID: 31080758 PMCID: PMC6500910 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology has become a reputable means to estimate drug consumption within a community. However, these methods typically focus solely on illicit drugs or a single chemical family, with multi-class methods out of favour due to the increased analytical challenges. •A sensitive liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 24 opioids, stimulants and new psychoactive substances in influent wastewater.•Filtered wastewater samples, preserved with sodium metabisulfite, were pretreated and 1000 times concentrated using off-line solid phase extraction.•The method was optimised and fully validated for all compounds, with limits of quantification between 0.2 and 300 ng/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Bade
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Maulik Ghetia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Lynn Nguyen
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Benjamin J. Tscharke
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS), University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Jason M. White
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Cobus Gerber
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
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43
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Bade R, Tscharke BJ, White JM, Grant S, Mueller JF, O'Brien J, Thomas KV, Gerber C. LC-HRMS suspect screening to show spatial patterns of New Psychoactive Substances use in Australia. Sci Total Environ 2019; 650:2181-2187. [PMID: 30290358 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) are an ever-changing class of compounds designed to imitate the effects of current recreational drugs. Such a diverse market is difficult to assess by traditional means, while collected information can become obsolete before it is available. Wastewater-based epidemiology is one technique which can capture information on where and when NPS appear at the community level. The aim of this study was to identify NPS in wastewater samples using a suspect screening approach. Weekend samples were collected from 50 wastewater treatment plants from Australian capital cities and regional areas across all eight States and Territories and screened against a database containing almost 200 NPS. A total of 22 different NPS were found across all regional and metropolitan wastewater treatment plants. Results showed that the most detected compounds were of the cathinone class, with both Alpha-PVP and methcathinone found in every region. In addition, five different synthetic cannabinoids were detected, at least once in half of the regions analysed. Herein, we report the first comprehensive nationwide analysis of NPS and show the utility of liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry screening for delivering spatial information of the NPS being consumed in communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Bade
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Tscharke
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, Australia; Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS), University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Jason M White
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, Australia
| | - Sharon Grant
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS), University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS), University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Jake O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS), University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS), University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Cobus Gerber
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, Australia.
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44
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Bade R, Stockham P, Painter B, Celma A, Bijlsma L, Hernandez F, White JM, Gerber C. Investigating the appearance of new psychoactive substances in South Australia using wastewater and forensic data. Drug Test Anal 2018; 11:250-256. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Bade
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences; University of South Australia; Adelaide 5001 Australia
| | - Peter Stockham
- Forensic Science SA; GPO Box 2790 Adelaide 5001 Australia
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University; Flinders University; Bedford Park South Australia
| | - Ben Painter
- Forensic Science SA; GPO Box 2790 Adelaide 5001 Australia
| | - Alberto Celma
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water; University Jaume I; Avda. Sos Baynat s/n E-12071 Castellon Spain
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water; University Jaume I; Avda. Sos Baynat s/n E-12071 Castellon Spain
| | - Felix Hernandez
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water; University Jaume I; Avda. Sos Baynat s/n E-12071 Castellon Spain
| | - Jason M. White
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences; University of South Australia; Adelaide 5001 Australia
| | - Cobus Gerber
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences; University of South Australia; Adelaide 5001 Australia
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45
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Bade R, Tscharke BJ, Longo M, Cooke R, White JM, Gerber C. Investigating the correlation between wastewater analysis and roadside drug testing in South Australia. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 187:123-126. [PMID: 29660696 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The societal impact of drug use is well known. An example is when drug-intoxicated drivers increase the burden on policing and healthcare services. METHODS This work presents the correlation of wastewater analysis (using UHPLC-MS/MS) and positive roadside drug testing results for methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and cannabis from December 2011-December 2016 in South Australia. RESULTS Methamphetamine and MDMA showed similar trends between the data sources with matching increases and decreases, respectively. Cannabis was relatively steady based on wastewater analysis, but the roadside drug testing data started to diverge in the final part of the measurement period. CONCLUSIONS The ability to triangulate data as shown here validates both wastewater analysis and roadside drug testing. This suggests that changes in overall population drug use revealed by WWA is consistent and proportional with changes in drug-driving behaviours. The results show that, at higher levels of drug use as measured by wastewater analysis, there is an increase in drug driving in the community and therefore more strain on health services and police.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Bade
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Tscharke
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Marie Longo
- Drug and Alcohol Services South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Richard Cooke
- Drug and Alcohol Services South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jason M White
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Cobus Gerber
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
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46
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Causanilles A, Rojas Cantillano D, Emke E, Bade R, Baz-Lomba JA, Castiglioni S, Castrignanò E, Gracia-Lor E, Hernández F, Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Kinyua J, McCall AK, van Nuijs ALN, Plósz BG, Ramin P, Rousis NI, Ryu Y, Thomas KV, de Voogt P. Comparison of phosphodiesterase type V inhibitors use in eight European cities through analysis of urban wastewater. Environ Int 2018; 115:279-284. [PMID: 29621715 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work a step forward in investigating the use of prescription drugs, namely erectile dysfunction products, at European level was taken by applying the wastewater-based epidemiology approach. 24-h composite samples of untreated wastewater were collected at the entrance of eight wastewater treatment plants serving the catchment within the cities of Bristol, Brussels, Castellón, Copenhagen, Milan, Oslo, Utrecht and Zurich. A validated analytical procedure with direct injection of filtered aliquots by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was applied. The target list included the three active pharmaceutical ingredients (sildenafil, tadalafil and vardenafil) together with (bio)transformation products and other analogues. Only sildenafil and its two human urinary metabolites desmethyl- and desethylsildenafil were detected in the samples with concentrations reaching 60 ng L-1. The concentrations were transformed into normalized measured loads and the estimated actual consumption of sildenafil was back-calculated from these loads. In addition, national prescription data from five countries was gathered in the form of the number of prescribed daily doses and transformed into predicted loads for comparison. This comparison resulted in the evidence of a different spatial trend across Europe. In Utrecht and Brussels, prescription data could only partly explain the total amount found in wastewater; whereas in Bristol, the comparison was in agreement; and in Milan and Oslo a lower amount was found in wastewater than expected from the prescription data. This study illustrates the potential of wastewater-based epidemiology to investigate the use of counterfeit medication and rogue online pharmacy sales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Causanilles
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniela Rojas Cantillano
- Centro de Recursos Hídricos para Centroamérica y El Caribe (HIDROCEC), Sede Regional Chorotega, Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
| | - Erik Emke
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Bade
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón, Spain; School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Sara Castiglioni
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Erika Castrignanò
- University of Bath, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Gracia-Lor
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón, Spain; IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Félix Hernández
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | | | - Juliet Kinyua
- Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Drie Eiken, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ann-Kathrin McCall
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Alexander L N van Nuijs
- Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Drie Eiken, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Benedek G Plósz
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljøvej, Building 115, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Pedram Ramin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljøvej, Building 115, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 229, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nikolaos I Rousis
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Yeonsuk Ryu
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway; Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS), University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Pim de Voogt
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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47
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Castrignanò E, Yang Z, Bade R, Baz-Lomba JA, Castiglioni S, Causanilles A, Covaci A, Gracia-Lor E, Hernandez F, Kinyua J, McCall AK, van Nuijs ALN, Ort C, Plósz BG, Ramin P, Rousis NI, Ryu Y, Thomas KV, de Voogt P, Zuccato E, Kasprzyk-Hordern B. Enantiomeric profiling of chiral illicit drugs in a pan-European study. Water Res 2018; 130:151-160. [PMID: 29216482 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to present the first study on spatial and temporal variation in the enantiomeric profile of chiral drugs in eight European cities. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) and enantioselective analysis were combined to evaluate trends in illicit drug use in the context of their consumption vs direct disposal as well as their synthetic production routes. Spatial variations in amphetamine loads were observed with higher use in Northern European cities. Enantioselective analysis showed a general enrichment of amphetamine with the R-(-)-enantiomer in wastewater indicating its abuse. High loads of racemic methamphetamine were detected in Oslo (EF = 0.49 ± 0.02). This is in contrast to other European cities where S-(+)-methamphetamine was the predominant enantiomer. This indicates different methods of methamphetamine synthesis and/or trafficking routes in Oslo, compared with the other cities tested. An enrichment of MDMA with the R-(-)-enantiomer was observed in European wastewaters indicating MDMA consumption rather than disposal of unused drug. MDA's chiral signature indicated its enrichment with the S-(+)-enantiomer, which confirms its origin from MDMA metabolism in humans. HMMA was also detected at quantifiable concentrations in wastewater and was found to be a suitable biomarker for MDMA consumption. Mephedrone was only detected in wastewater from the United Kingdom with population-normalised loads up to 47.7 mg 1000 people-1 day-1. The enrichment of mephedrone in the R-(+)-enantiomer in wastewater suggests stereoselective metabolism in humans, hence consumption, rather than direct disposal of the drug. The investigation of drug precursors, such as ephedrine, showed that their presence was reasonably ascribed to their medical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Castrignanò
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Zhugen Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK; Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Oakfield Road, Glasgow G12 8LT, UK
| | - Richard Bade
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain; School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Jose A Baz-Lomba
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalleen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sara Castiglioni
- IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Ana Causanilles
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Drie Eiken, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Emma Gracia-Lor
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain; IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Felix Hernandez
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Juliet Kinyua
- Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Drie Eiken, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ann-Kathrin McCall
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Alexander L N van Nuijs
- Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Drie Eiken, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christoph Ort
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Benedek G Plósz
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, DK-2800M, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Pedram Ramin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, DK-2800M, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Process and Systems Engineering Center (PROSYS), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nikolaos I Rousis
- IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Yeonsuk Ryu
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalleen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalleen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway; Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS), University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD, 4108, Australia
| | - Pim de Voogt
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands; IBED-University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ettore Zuccato
- IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
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Gracia-Lor E, Rousis NI, Zuccato E, Bade R, Baz-Lomba JA, Castrignanò E, Causanilles A, Hernández F, Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Kinyua J, McCall AK, van Nuijs ALN, Plósz BG, Ramin P, Ryu Y, Santos MM, Thomas K, de Voogt P, Yang Z, Castiglioni S. Estimation of caffeine intake from analysis of caffeine metabolites in wastewater. Sci Total Environ 2017; 609:1582-1588. [PMID: 28810510 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine metabolites in wastewater were investigated as potential biomarkers for assessing caffeine intake in a population. The main human urinary metabolites of caffeine were measured in the urban wastewater of ten European cities and the metabolic profiles in wastewater were compared with the human urinary excretion profile. A good match was found for 1,7-dimethyluric acid, an exclusive caffeine metabolite, suggesting that might be a suitable biomarker in wastewater for assessing population-level caffeine consumption. A correction factor was developed considering the percentage of excretion of this metabolite in humans, according to published pharmacokinetic studies. Daily caffeine intake estimated from wastewater analysis was compared with the average daily intake calculated from the average amount of coffee consumed by country per capita. Good agreement was found in some cities but further information is needed to standardize this approach. Wastewater analysis proved useful to providing additional local information on caffeine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Gracia-Lor
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy; Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellon, Spain.
| | - Nikolaos I Rousis
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Ettore Zuccato
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Richard Bade
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellon, Spain; School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Jose Antonio Baz-Lomba
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box 1078, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Erika Castrignanò
- University of Bath, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Causanilles
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Félix Hernández
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellon, Spain
| | | | - Juliet Kinyua
- Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Drie Eiken, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ann-Kathrin McCall
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Alexander L N van Nuijs
- Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Drie Eiken, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Benedek G Plósz
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Pedram Ramin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 229, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Yeonsuk Ryu
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box 1078, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Miguel M Santos
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; FCUP - Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Kevin Thomas
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway; Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
| | - Pim de Voogt
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zhugen Yang
- University of Bath, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom; Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Castiglioni
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy.
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Bade R, White JM, Gerber C. Qualitative and quantitative temporal analysis of licit and illicit drugs in wastewater in Australia using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:529-542. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0747-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Rousis NI, Gracia-Lor E, Zuccato E, Bade R, Baz-Lomba JA, Castrignanò E, Causanilles A, Covaci A, de Voogt P, Hernàndez F, Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Kinyua J, McCall AK, Plósz BG, Ramin P, Ryu Y, Thomas KV, van Nuijs A, Yang Z, Castiglioni S. Wastewater-based epidemiology to assess pan-European pesticide exposure. Water Res 2017; 121:270-279. [PMID: 28554112 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Human biomonitoring, i.e. the determination of chemicals and/or their metabolites in human specimens, is the most common and potent tool for assessing human exposure to pesticides, but it suffers from limitations such as high costs and biases in sampling. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is an innovative approach based on the chemical analysis of specific human metabolic excretion products (biomarkers) in wastewater, and provides objective and real-time information on xenobiotics directly or indirectly ingested by a population. This study applied the WBE approach for the first time to evaluate human exposure to pesticides in eight cities across Europe. 24 h-composite wastewater samples were collected from the main wastewater treatment plants and analyzed for urinary metabolites of three classes of pesticides, namely triazines, organophosphates and pyrethroids, by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The mass loads (mg/day/1000 inhabitants) were highest for organophosphates and lowest for triazines. Different patterns were observed among the cities and for the various classes of pesticides. Population weighted loads of specific biomarkers indicated higher exposure in Castellon, Milan, Copenhagen and Bristol for pyrethroids, and in Castellon, Bristol and Zurich for organophosphates. The lowest mass loads (mg/day/1000 inhabitants) were found in Utrecht and Oslo. These results were in agreement with several national statistics related to pesticides exposure such as pesticides sales. The daily intake of pyrethroids was estimated in each city and it was found to exceed the acceptable daily intake (ADI) only in one city (Castellon, Spain). This was the first large-scale application of WBE to monitor population exposure to pesticides. The results indicated that WBE can give new information about the "average exposure" of the population to pesticides, and is a useful complementary biomonitoring tool to study population-wide exposure to pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos I Rousis
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy.
| | - Emma Gracia-Lor
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy; Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Ettore Zuccato
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Richard Bade
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain; School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | | | - Erika Castrignanò
- University of Bath, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Causanilles
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Drie Eiken, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pim de Voogt
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands; IBED-University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Félix Hernàndez
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain
| | | | - Juliet Kinyua
- Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Drie Eiken, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ann-Kathrin McCall
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Benedek Gy Plósz
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, DK-2800M, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Pedram Ramin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, DK-2800M, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 229, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Yeonsuk Ryu
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway; Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS), University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD, 4108, Australia
| | - Alexander van Nuijs
- Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Drie Eiken, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Zhugen Yang
- University of Bath, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom; Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8LT, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Castiglioni
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy.
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