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Chen HC, Huang YF, Wu CT. Concentrations, compositional profiles, and health risks of benzophenones among the Taiwanese population based on analysis of 23 daily consumed foods. J Hazard Mater 2024; 470:134077. [PMID: 38574654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed the occurrence and distribution of 11 benzophenone-type ultraviolet filters (BPs) in 893 food samples spanning 7 food categories in Taiwan. We conducted a Monte Carlo simulation to determine the carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks of BPs. The results indicated that cornflakes had the highest mean level of BPs (103 ng/g), followed by bread (101 ng/g) and pastries (59 ng/g). BP was the most prevalent category, followed by 4-methylbenzophenone (4-MBP), 2-hydroxybenzophenone, and benzophenone-3. Estimation of the lifetime cancer risk (LTCR) of BP (average life expectancy of 80 years) placed them in the 50th and 97.5th percentiles [P50 (P97.5)] LTCR of 1.9 × 10-7 (5.7 × 10-6), indicating that BP in food poses a low renal hazard to the Taiwanese population. The noncarcinogenic risk of BPs was evaluated using a hazard quotient and combined margin of exposure (MOET), revealing a P50 (P97.5) hazard index of < 1 for BP, 4-MBP, and methyl-2-benzoylbenzoate. Although the P50 MOET values for all age groups were within the moderate range of concern, with a more conservative extreme (P2.5), the MOET values for the 0-3, 3-6, and 6-12 age groups fell below 100, indicating a high concern for renal degeneration and hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Chang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fang Huang
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chen-Ting Wu
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Science Risk Assessment, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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2
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Yang Y, Zhou GJ, Li Z, Sun J, Wong AST, Ko VCC, Wu RSS, Lai KP. Effects of benzophenone-3 and its metabolites on the marine diatom Chaetoceros neogracilis: Underlying mechanisms and environmental implications. Sci Total Environ 2024; 923:171371. [PMID: 38432364 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The wide application of benzophenones (BPs), such as benzophenone-3 (BP3), as an ingredient in sunscreens, cosmetics, coatings, and plastics, has led to their global contamination in aquatic environments. Using the marine diatom Chaetoceros neogracilis as a model, this study assessed the toxic effects and mechanisms of BP3 and its two major metabolites (BP8 and BP1). The results showed that BP3 exhibited higher toxicity on C. neogracilis than BP8 and BP1, with their 72-h median effective concentrations being 0.4, 0.8 and 4 mg/L, respectively. Photosynthesis efficiencies were significantly reduced after exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of the three benzophenones, while cell viability, membrane integrity, membrane potential, and metabolic activities could be further impaired at their higher concentrations. Comparative transcriptomic analysis, followed by gene ontology and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses unraveled that all the three tested benzophenones disrupted photosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism of the diatom through alteration of similar pathways. The toxic effect of BP3 was also attributable to its unique inhibitory effects on eukaryotic ribosome biosynthesis and DNA replication. Taken together, our findings underscore that benzophenones may pose a significant threat to photosynthesis, oxygen production, primary productivity, carbon fixation, and the nitrogen cycle of diatom in coastal waters worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Guang-Jie Zhou
- Department of Ecology and Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Ziying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Shenzhen Academy of Metrology & Quality Inspection, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Jiaji Sun
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | | | - Vincent Chi Chiu Ko
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Rudolf Shiu Sun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Keng Po Lai
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Integrative Omics, Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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3
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Colás-Ruiz NR, Pintado-Herrera MG, Santonocito M, Salerno B, Tonini F, Lara-Martín PA, Hampel M. Bioconcentration, biotransformation, and transcriptomic impact of the UV-filter 4-MBC in the manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum. Sci Total Environ 2024; 912:169178. [PMID: 38072265 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet filters (UV-filters) are compounds extensively used in personal care products. These compounds are produced at increasing rates and discharged into marine ecosystems in unknown quantities and with no regulation, making them emerging contaminants. Among those, the UV-filter 4-Methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC) is used in a variety of personal care products such as sunscreens, soaps, or lipsticks. This high consumption has resulted in its presence in various environmental matrices at in concentrations ranging from ng to μg L-1. Very little is known, however, about the possible adverse effects in exposed non-target organisms. Our study presents novel data on the bioconcentration, toxicokinetics, and molecular effects of 4-MBC in a marine bivalve species of commercial interest, Ruditapes philippinarum (Manila clam). Organisms were exposed at two different concentrations (1.34 and 10.79 μg L-1) of 4-MBC for 7 days, followed by a 3-day depuration period (clean sea waters). Bioconcentration factors (BCF) were 3562 and 2229 L kg-1 for the low and high exposure concentrations, respectively, making this pollutant bioaccumulative according to REACH criteria. Up to six 4-MBC biotransformation products (BTPs)were identified, 2 of them for the first time. Transcriptomic analysis revealed between 658 and 1310 differently expressed genes (DEGs) after 4-MBC exposure. Functional and enrichment analysis of the DEGs showed the activation of the detoxification pathway to metabolize and excrete the bioconcentrated 4-MBC, which also involved energy depletion and caused an impact on the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids and in the oxidative phosphorylation pathways. Oxidative stress and immune response were also evidenced through the activation of cathepsins and the complement system. Such elucidation of the mode of action of a ubiquitous pollutant such as 4-MBC at the molecular level is valuable both from an environmental point of view and for the sustainable production of Manila clam, one of the most cultivated mollusk species worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieves R Colás-Ruiz
- Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences (CASEM), University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain.
| | - Marina G Pintado-Herrera
- Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences (CASEM), University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Melania Santonocito
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI•MAR), Universidad de Cadiz, Av. República Saharaui s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Barbara Salerno
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI•MAR), Universidad de Cadiz, Av. República Saharaui s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Federico Tonini
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI•MAR), Universidad de Cadiz, Av. República Saharaui s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Pablo A Lara-Martín
- Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences (CASEM), University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Miriam Hampel
- Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences (CASEM), University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
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Lorigo M, Quintaneiro C, Breitenfeld L, Cairrao E. Effects associated with exposure to the emerging contaminant octyl-methoxycinnamate (a UV-B filter) in the aquatic environment: a review. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 2024; 27:55-72. [PMID: 38146151 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2023.2296897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Given the increasing concern surrounding ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced skin damage, there has been a rise in demand for UV filters. Currently, UV-filters are considered emerging contaminants. The extensive production and use of UV filters have led to their widespread release into the aquatic environment. Thus, there is growing concern that UV filters may bioaccumulate and exhibit persistent properties within the environment, raising several safety health concerns. Octyl-methoxycinnamate (OMC) is extensively employed as a UV-B filter in the cosmetic industry. While initially designed to mitigate the adverse photobiological effects attributed to UV radiation, the safety of OMC has been questioned with some studies reporting toxic effects on environment. The aim of this review to provide an overview of the scientific information regarding the most widely used organic UV-filter (OMC), and its effects on biodiversity and aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Lorigo
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Carla Quintaneiro
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Luiza Breitenfeld
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Elisa Cairrao
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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Sun J, Rene ER, Tao D, Lu Y, Jin Q, Lam JCH, Leung KMY, He Y. Degradation of organic UV filters in the water environment: A concise review on the mechanism, toxicity, and technologies. J Hazard Mater 2024; 463:132822. [PMID: 37898090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Organic ultraviolet filters (OUVFs) have been used globally for the past 20 years. Given that OUVFs can be quickly released from sunscreens applied on human skins, they have been frequently detected in aquatic environments and organisms. Some byproducts of OUVFs might be more recalcitrant and toxic than their parent compounds. To further assess the toxicity and potential risk of OUVFs' byproducts, it is necessary to determine the fate of OUVFs and identify their transformation products. This review summarizes and analyzes pertinent literature and reports in the field of OUVFs research. These published research works majorly focus on the degradation mechanisms of OUVFs in aquatic environments, their intermediates/byproducts, and chlorination reaction. Photodegradation (direct photolysis, self-sensitive photolysis and indirect photolysis) and biodegradation are the main transformation pathways of OUVFs through natural degradation. To remove residual OUVFs' pollutants from aqueous environments, novel physicochemical and biological approaches have been developed in recent years. Advanced oxidation, ultrasound, and bio-based technologies have been proven to eliminate OUVFs from wastewaters. In addition, the disinfection mechanism and the byproducts (DBPs) of various OUVFs in swimming pools are discussed in this review. Besides, knowledge gaps and future research directions in this field of study are also mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaji Sun
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), 511458 Guangzhou, China
| | - Eldon R Rene
- Department of Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, P. O. Box 3015, 2611AX Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Danyang Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yichun Lu
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), 511458 Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Jin
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jason Chun-Ho Lam
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), 511458 Guangzhou, China
| | - Kenneth M Y Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuhe He
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), 511458 Guangzhou, China.
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6
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Bellec L, Milinkovitch T, Dubillot E, Pante É, Tran D, Lefrancois C. Fish gut and skin microbiota dysbiosis induced by exposure to commercial sunscreen formulations. Aquat Toxicol 2024; 266:106799. [PMID: 38113619 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
UV filters (organic or mineral) present in sunscreen products are emerging contaminants of coastal aquatic environments. There is an urgent need to understand marine organisms responses to these compounds. In this study, we investigated the effect of exposure to dilutions of commercial sunscreen formulations on bacterial communities of mullet (Chelon sp.). The gut and skin mucus microbial communities were characterized using a metabarcoding approach targeting the 16S rRNA gene. Our results revealed that mullets had its own bacterial communities that differ from their surrounding habitats and specific to tissue. The dilutions of commercial sunscreens modified the relative abundance of Actinobacteroita, Bacteriodota and Proteobacteria for both gut and skin microbiota. They also allowed to bacteria affiliated to Mycobacterium, Nocardia and Tenacibaculum genera, known to house pathogenic species, to colonize the epithelium which may have implications for fish host health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Bellec
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33600 Pessac, France.
| | | | - Emmanuel Dubillot
- La Rochelle Univ., CNRS, LIENSs, UMR 7266, La Rochelle F-17000, France
| | - Éric Pante
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, IUEM, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Damien Tran
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33600 Pessac, France
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Lee S, Ka Y, Lee B, Lee I, Seo YE, Shin H, Kho Y, Ji K. Single and mixture toxicity evaluation of avobenzone and homosalate to male zebrafish and H295R cells. Chemosphere 2023; 343:140271. [PMID: 37758070 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Avobenzone and homosalate are widely used in sunscreens to provide ultraviolet (UV) protection, either as single compounds or in combination. Some UV filters exhibit estrogenic or anti-androgenic activities, however, studies regarding their interactions and toxicity in mixtures are limited. In this study, the effect of the toxicity of a binary mixture comprising avobenzone (0.72 μg L-1) and homosalate (1.02 and 103 μg L-1) on steroid hormone biosynthesis were investigated using male zebrafish and human adrenocortical carcinoma (H295R) cells. In fish exposed to homosalate, a significant decrease in the gonadosomatic index, testosterone level, and transcription of several genes (e.g, hsd3b2, cyp17a1, and hsd17b1) and a significant increase in the hepatosomatic index, liver steatosis, 17β-estradiol level, and transcription of vtg gene were observed. These results suggest that estrogenic and anti-androgenic effects of homosalate were mediated by the steroidogenic pathway. The presence of 0.72 μg L-1 of avobenzone augmented the anti-androgenic responses in male fish. The testosterone level in the H295R cells were significantly decreased after they were exposed to homosalate alone or in combination with avobenzone, which is consistent with observations in male zebrafish. Further studies need to be conducted to understand the endocrine disrupting properties of long-term exposure to substances typically used in sunscreens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Lee
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School at Yongin University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, 17092, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujin Ka
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School at Yongin University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, 17092, Republic of Korea
| | - Bomi Lee
- Institute of Natural Science, Yongin University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, 17092, Republic of Korea
| | - Inhye Lee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Eun Seo
- Department of Food Technology & Service, Eulji University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13135, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewon Shin
- Department of Health, Environment & Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13135, Republic of Korea
| | - Younglim Kho
- Department of Health, Environment & Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13135, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghee Ji
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School at Yongin University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, 17092, Republic of Korea.
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Mascarenhas-Melo F, Mathur A, Murugappan S, Sharma A, Tanwar K, Dua K, Singh SK, Mazzola PG, Yadav DN, Rengan AK, Veiga F, Paiva-Santos AC. Inorganic nanoparticles in dermopharmaceutical and cosmetic products: Properties, formulation development, toxicity, and regulatory issues. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 192:25-40. [PMID: 37739239 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
The use of nanotechnology strategies is a current hot topic, and research in this field has been growing significantly in the cosmetics industry. Inorganic nanoparticles stand out in this context for their distinctive physicochemical properties, leading in particular to an increased refractive index and absorption capacity giving them a broad potential for cutaneous applications and making them of special interest in research for dermopharmaceutical and cosmetic purposes. This performance is responsible for its heavy inclusion in the manufacture of skin health products such as sunscreens, lotions, beauty creams, skin ointments, makeup, and others. In particular, their suitable bandgap energy characteristics allow them to be used as photocatalytic semiconductors. They provide excellent UV absorption, commonly known as UV filters, and are responsible for their wide worldwide use in sunscreen formulations without the undesirable white residue after consumer application. In addition, cosmetics based on inorganic nanoparticles have several additional characteristics relevant to formulation development, such as being less expensive compared to other nanomaterials, having greater stability, and ensuring less irritation, itching, and propensity for skin allergies. This review will address in detail the main inorganic nanoparticles used in dermopharmaceutical and cosmetic products, such as titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, silicon dioxide, silver, gold, copper, and aluminum nanoparticles, nanocrystals, and quantum dots, reporting their physicochemical characteristics, but also their additional intrinsic properties that contribute to their use in this type of formulations. Safety issues regarding inorganic nanoparticles, based on toxicity studies, both to humans and the environment, as well as regulatory affairs associated with their use in dermopharmaceuticals and cosmetics, will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Mascarenhas-Melo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Ankita Mathur
- Abode Biotec India Private Limited, Hyderbad, Telangana, India
| | - Sivasubramanian Murugappan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Sangareddy, Telangana, India; Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Arpana Sharma
- Department of Life Sciences, Mewar University, Gangrar, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab-144411, India
| | | | - Dokkari Nagalaxmi Yadav
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Sangareddy, Telangana, India
| | - Aravind Kumar Rengan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Sangareddy, Telangana, India
| | - Francisco Veiga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Cláudia Paiva-Santos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Onyango DO, Selman BG, Rose JL, Ellison CA, Nash JF. Comparison between endocrine activity assessed using ToxCast/Tox21 database and human plasma concentration of sunscreen active ingredients/UV filters. Toxicol Sci 2023; 196:25-37. [PMID: 37561120 PMCID: PMC10613966 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Sunscreen products are composed of ultraviolet (UV) filters and formulated to reduce exposure to sunlight thereby lessening skin damage. Concerns have been raised regarding the toxicity and potential endocrine disrupting (ED) effects of UV filters. The ToxCast/Tox21 program, that is, CompTox, is a high-throughput in vitro screening database of chemicals that identify adverse outcome pathways, key events, and ED potential of chemicals. Using the ToxCast/Tox21 database, octisalate, homosalate, octocrylene, oxybenzone, octinoxate, and avobenzone, 6 commonly used organic UV filters, were found to have been evaluated. These UV filters showed low potency in these bioassays with most activity detected above the range of the cytotoxic burst. The pathways that were most affected were the cell cycle and the nuclear receptor pathways. Most activity was observed in liver and kidney-based bioassays. These organic filters and their metabolites showed relatively weak ED activity when tested in bioassays measuring estrogen receptor (ER), androgen receptor (AR), thyroid receptor, and steroidogenesis activity. Except for oxybenzone, all activity in the endocrine assays occurred at concentrations greater than the cytotoxic burst. Moreover, except for oxybenzone, plasma concentrations (Cmax) measured in humans were at least 100× lower than bioactive (AC50/ACC) concentrations that produced a response in ToxCast/Tox21 assays. These data are consistent with in vivo animal/human studies showing weak or negligible endocrine activity. In sum, when considered as part of a weight-of-evidence assessment and compared with measured plasma concentrations, the results show these organic UV filters have low intrinsic biological activity and risk of toxicity including endocrine disruption in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O Onyango
- Global Product Stewardship, The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio 45040, USA
| | - Bastian G Selman
- Global Product Stewardship, The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio 45040, USA
| | - Jane L Rose
- Global Product Stewardship, The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio 45040, USA
| | - Corie A Ellison
- Global Product Stewardship, The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio 45040, USA
| | - J F Nash
- Global Product Stewardship, The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio 45040, USA
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Yuan S, Huang J, Qian W, Zhu X, Wang S, Jiang X. Are Physical Sunscreens Safe for Marine Life? A Study on a Coral-Zooxanthellae Symbiotic System. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:15846-15857. [PMID: 37818715 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Limited toxic and ecological studies were focused on physical sunscreen that is considered to have "safer performance", in which nanosize zinc oxide (nZnO) and nanosize titanium dioxide (nTiO2) generally are added as ultraviolet filters. Herein, the common button coral Zoanthus sp. was newly used to assess the toxic effects and underlying mechanisms of physical sunscreen. Results showed that physical sunscreen induced severe growth inhibition effects and largely compelled the symbiotic zooxanthellae, indicating that their symbiotic systems were threatened and, also, that neural and photosynthesis functions were influenced. Zn2+ toxicity and bioaccumulation were identified as the main toxic mechanisms, and nTiO2 particles released from physical sunscreen also displayed limited bioattachment and toxicity. Oxidative stress, determined by increased reactive oxygen species, superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde content, was indicated as another important toxic mechanism. Furthermore, when Zoanthus sp. was restored, the inhibited individual coral could be largely recovered after a short (3 d) exposure time; however, a longer exposure time damaged the coral irretrievably, which revealed the latent environmental risks of physical sunscreen. This study investigated the toxic effect of physical sunscreen on Zoanthus sp. in a relatively comprehensive manner, thus providing new insights into the toxic response of sunscreen on marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environment Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jingying Huang
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wei Qian
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- School of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xiaoshan Zhu
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- School of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Shuhang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environment Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xia Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environment Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China
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11
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Xian H, Li Z, Ye R, Dai M, Feng Y, Bai R, Guo J, Yan X, Yang X, Chen D, Huang Z. 4-Methylbenzylidene camphor triggers estrogenic effects via the brain-liver-gonad axis in zebrafish larvae. Environ Pollut 2023; 335:122260. [PMID: 37506809 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
4-Methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC), an emerging contaminant, is a widely-used ultraviolet (UV) filter incorporated into cosmetics because it protects the skin from UV rays and counters photo-oxidation. Despite the well-established estrogenic activity of 4-MBC, the link between this activity and its effects on neurobehavior and the liver remains unknown. Thus, we exposed zebrafish larvae to environmentally relevant concentrations of 4-MBC with 1.39, 4.17, 12.5 and 15.4 μg/mL from 3 to 5 days postfertilization. We found that 4-MBC produced an estrogenic effect by intensifying fluorescence in the transgenic zebrafish, which was counteracted by co-exposure with estrogen receptor antagonist. 4-MBC-upregulated estrogen receptor alpha (erα) mRNA, and an interaction between 4-MBC and ERα suggested ERα's involvement in the 4-MBC-induced estrogenic activity. RNA sequencing unearthed 4-MBC-triggered responses in estrogen stimulus and lipid metabolism. Additionally, 4-MBC-induced hypoactivity and behavioral phenotypes were dependent on the estrogen receptor (ER) pathway. This may have been associated with the disruption of acetylcholinesterase and acetylcholine activities. As a result, 4-MBC increased vitellogenin expression and caused lipid accumulation in the liver of zebrafish larvae. Collectively, this is the first study to report 4-MBC-caused estrogenic effects through the brain-liver-gonad axis. It provides novel insight into how 4-MBC perturbs the brain and liver development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyi Xian
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zhiming Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Rongyi Ye
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Mingzhu Dai
- Hunter Biotechnology, Inc., Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Yu Feng
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Ruobing Bai
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jie Guo
- Hunter Biotechnology, Inc., Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Xiliang Yan
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xingfen Yang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhenlie Huang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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12
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Ma J, Qin C, Hu X, Lin Z, Li Z, Gao Y. Health risks posed by environmental benzophenone-type ultraviolet filters (BP-UVFs): An investigation into the binding of BP-UVFs to trypsin and their adverse effects. J Hazard Mater 2023; 459:132231. [PMID: 37557051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Benzophenone-type ultraviolet filters (BP-UVFs) are ubiquitous in the environment, and people frequently ingest them via food chain and drinking water. However, there is no clear information about whether BP-UVFs are detrimental to human health. Herein, experiments using multi-spectroscopy revealed typical BP-UVFs, i.e., benzophenone (BP), 2-hydroxybenzophenone (2-OHBP), 4-hydroxybenzophenone (4-OHBP), 2,2'-dihydroxybenzophenone (2,2'-OHBP), 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (2,4-OHBP), 4,4'-dihydroxybenzophenone (4,4'-OHBP), 2,4,4'-trihydroxybenzophenone (2,4,4'-OHBP), 2,2',4,4'-tetraphydroxybenzophenone (2,2',4,4'-OHBP), 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (2-OH-4-MeOBP) and 2,2'-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (2,2'-OH-4-MeOBP), could bind to the active site of trypsin with different binding constants (2.69 × 104-1.07 × 106 L/mol), cause structural abnormalities and inhibit the enzymatic activity in varying degrees, indicating that the BP-UVFs ingestion poses a risk to human health. In contrast to previous research, this study systematically analysed the binding mechanism using an innovative combination of molecular docking and advanced quantum chemistry calculations, including molecular dynamics simulations, energy calculations, etc. The results revealed that most amino acids that make up trypsin have a greater positive electrostatic surface potential (ESP). Therefore, the greater the area and distribution of negative ESP in a particular BP-UVFs, the more easily it will bind to trypsin. This provides new insight into the binding of pollutants to proteins. This study suggests a need for better monitoring and control of environmental BP-UVFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchao Ma
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Chao Qin
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xiaojie Hu
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Zhipeng Lin
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Zekai Li
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yanzheng Gao
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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13
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Pawlowski S, Luetjens LH, Preibisch A, Acker S, Petersen-Thiery M. Cosmetic UV filters in the environment-state of the art in EU regulations, science and possible knowledge gaps. Int J Cosmet Sci 2023; 45 Suppl 1:52-66. [PMID: 37799077 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this work was to review the principals of environmental hazard and risk assessment (ERA) of cosmetic UV filters registered under EU REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals). Furthermore, effects as obtained from non-standardized testing methods and organisms from scientific literature were compared against the predicted no effect concentrations (PNECs) as derived based on standardized test methods for the various environmental compartments under REACH. METHODS The REACH dossiers at the ECHA webpage were screened for available information related to basic physico-chemical data (i.e. water solubility, octanol-water partitioning coefficient), PNECs and associated data (data basis, assessment factors (AFs)). Scientific literature was screened for available ecotoxicity data and the adverse effect levels were compared against the derived PNECs under REACH. Current approaches for environmental risk assessments of UV filters were evaluated for its applicability for a direct release scenario. RESULTS Under REACH, PNECs were derived for all hazardous UV filters. Although, PNECs were often derived for various environmental compartments (i.e. freshwater, marine water, sediment, soil), results from literature focused on aquatic data. Effects as observed within scientific literature matches in principle with the hazardous profile of the UV filters. Effects levels both on the acute and the chronic toxicity as retrieved from the non-standardized test organisms (literature) were above the derived PNECs under REACH. Currently, ERAs performed for cosmetic UV filters under REACH are solely tonnage driven and thus do not fully capture the use in sunscreens and associated leisure activities. CONCLUSION Existing EU REACH regulation is considered as sufficient to evaluate the environmental safety of UV filters used in sunscreens. To cover the direct release of UV filters due to various leisure activities into the aquatic freshwater and marine environment, an additional application-based ERA is considered necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Pawlowski
- Regulatory Ecotoxicology Chemicals, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Alina Preibisch
- Regulatory Toxicology & Ecotoxicology, BASF Services Europe GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephanie Acker
- Technical Service/Global Technical Center S.C., BASF Grenzach GmbH, Grenzach-Wyhlen, Germany
| | - Mechtild Petersen-Thiery
- Product Stewardship & EHS Data Management, BASF Personal Care and Nutrition GmbH, Monheim, Germany
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14
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Grimmelpont M, Lefrançois C, Panisset Y, Jourdon G, Receveur J, Le Floch S, Boudenne JL, Labille J, Milinkovitch T. Avoidance behaviour and toxicological impact of sunscreens in the teleost Chelon auratus. Mar Pollut Bull 2023; 194:115245. [PMID: 37517278 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that sunscreen, more specifically the organic ultra-violet filters (O-UVFs), are toxic for aquatic organisms. In the present study, we simulated an environmental sunscreen exposure on the teleost fish, Chelon auratus. The first objective was to assess their spatial avoidance of environmental concentrations of sunscreen products (i.e. a few μg.L-1 of O-UVFs). Our results showed that the fish did not avoid the contaminated area. Therefore, the second objective was to evaluate the toxicological impacts of such pollutants after 35 days exposure to concentrations of a few μg.L-1 of O-UVFs. At the individual level, O-UVFs increased the hepatosomatic index which could suggest pathological alterations of the liver or the initiation of the detoxification processes. At the cellular level, a significant increase of malondialdehyde was measured in the muscle of fish exposed to O-UVFs which suggests a failure of antioxidant defences and/or an excess of reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Grimmelpont
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266, CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, F-17042 La Rochelle Cedex 01, France.
| | - Christel Lefrançois
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266, CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, F-17042 La Rochelle Cedex 01, France.
| | - Yannis Panisset
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266, CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, F-17042 La Rochelle Cedex 01, France
| | - Guilhem Jourdon
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266, CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, F-17042 La Rochelle Cedex 01, France
| | - Justine Receveur
- Centre de Documentation de Recherche et d'Expérimentations sur les Pollutions Accidentelles des Eaux (CEDRE), 715 rue Alain Colas, CS41836-F-29218 Brest Cedex 2, France.
| | - Stéphane Le Floch
- Centre de Documentation de Recherche et d'Expérimentations sur les Pollutions Accidentelles des Eaux (CEDRE), 715 rue Alain Colas, CS41836-F-29218 Brest Cedex 2, France.
| | | | - Jérôme Labille
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INRAe, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France.
| | - Thomas Milinkovitch
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266, CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, F-17042 La Rochelle Cedex 01, France.
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15
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Wang Y, Jiang S, Chen X, Liu X, Li N, Nie Y, Lu G. Comparison of developmental toxicity of benzophenone-3 and its metabolite benzophenone-8 in zebrafish. Aquat Toxicol 2023; 258:106515. [PMID: 37011548 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Benzophenone-3 (BP-3) as one of frequently used organic UV filters has been considered an emerging pollutant due to its toxicities. Benzophenone-8 (BP-8) is one of the main metabolites of BP-3 in organisms. Current reports show that BP-8 may be more toxic than BP-3. However, difference of their toxicities on embryonic development has rarely been reported. In this study, zebrafish embryos were chosen as the target organism to explore the developmental toxicities of BP-3 and BP-8. Non-targeted metabolomic analysis was performed to compare their modes of action. Results showed that BP-8 exposures led to higher bioaccumulation and lower hatching rate of zebrafish larvae than BP-3. Both BP-8 and BP-3 exposures caused behavioral abnormalities of zebrafish larvae, but no significant difference was found between them. At the metabolome level, 1 μg/L BP-3 and 1 μg/L BP-8 exposures altered neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway and FoxO signaling pathway, respectively, which might be involved in the abnormal behaviors in zebrafish larvae. For higher exposure groups (30 and 300 μg/L), both BP-3 and BP-8 exposures changed metabolism of cofactors and vitamins of zebrafish larvae. Exposure of BP-3 altered the metabolism by pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis pathway, while BP-8 exposure changed riboflavin metabolism and folate biosynthesis. The above results indicated different modes of action of BP-3 and BP-8 in zebrafish embryonic development. This study sheds new light to biological hazards of BP-3 due to its metabolism in aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
| | - Shengnan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Xiaodan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Yang Nie
- Hangzhou Hydrology and Water Resources Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310016, PR China.
| | - Guanghua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
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16
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Scheele A, Sutter K, Karatum O, Danley-Thomson AA, Redfern LK. Environmental impacts of the ultraviolet filter oxybenzone. Sci Total Environ 2023; 863:160966. [PMID: 36535482 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Organic UV filters are emerging contaminants with increasing evidence of their negative impact on environmental health and water quality. One of the most common and environmentally relevant organic UV filters is oxybenzone (OBZ). While much of the initial focus has been on investigating the interaction of OBZ with coral reefs, there have been several recent studies that indicate that organic UV filters are affecting other environmental endpoints, including marine animals, algae, and plants. OBZ has been found to bioaccumulate in marine animals such as fish and mussels and then potentially acting as an endocrine disruptor. In plants, exposure to OBZ has been associated with decreased photosynthesis, inhibited seed germination, and impaired plant growth. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the environmental impacts of OBZ and suggest potential future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Scheele
- Department of Bioengineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, FL 33965, United States of America
| | - Kimberly Sutter
- Department of Bioengineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, FL 33965, United States of America
| | - Osman Karatum
- Department of Bioengineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, FL 33965, United States of America
| | - Ashley A Danley-Thomson
- Department of Bioengineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, FL 33965, United States of America
| | - Lauren K Redfern
- Department of Bioengineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, FL 33965, United States of America.
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17
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Righi S, Prato E, Magnani G, Lama V, Biandolino F, Parlapiano I, Carella F, Iafisco M, Adamiano A. Calcium phosphates from fish bones in sunscreen: An LCA and toxicity study of an emerging material for circular economy. Sci Total Environ 2023; 862:160751. [PMID: 36493829 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The use of sustainable and natural materials is an ever-increasing trend in cosmetic. Natural calcium phosphate (CaP-N) from food by-products and especially from fisheries (i.e., bones), has been suggested as a sustainable option to chemicals commonly used in cosmetic products, in particular to UV-filters in sunscreens. However, the environmental benefits and impacts of its production and use are still uncertain as they have never been quantified. In this paper, we report on toxicological characterization of CaP-N produced from incineration of fish meal in a pilot scale plant. Furthermore, we quantified the environmental burdens linked to the partial substitution of UV-filters by CaP-N through the life cycle assessment (LCA) comparing CaP-N with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) as alternative option. CaP-N consists in a biphasic mixture 53:47 of hydroxyapatite:β-tricalcium phosphate, and is made of round particles with a diameter in the range of a few microns. Toxicity tests on 4 aquatic species (Dunaliella tertiolecta, Tigriopus fulvus, Corophium insidiosum and Gammarus aequicauda) revealed that CaP-N does not produce any adverse effect, all the species showing EC/LC50 values higher than 100 mg L-1. Moreover, during the 96 h acute toxicity test on C. insidiosum, which is a tube-building species, the specimens built their tubes with the available CaP-N, further attesting the non-toxicity of the material. The LCA study showed that the environmental performance of CaP-N is better than that of ZnO NPs for 11 out of 16 impact categories analysed in this study, especially for the categories Ecotoxicity and Eutrophication of freshwaters (an order of magnitude lower), and with the exception of fossil resources for which CaP-N has a significantly higher impact than ZnO NPs (+140 %). Concluding, our study demonstrates that the replacement of ZnO NPs with CaP-N thermally extracted from fish bones in cosmetic products can increase their safety and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Righi
- CIRSA (Interdepartmental Research Centre for Environmental Sciences), University of Bologna, via Sant'Alberto, 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, viale Berti Pichat, 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Ermelinda Prato
- Institute for the Coastal Marine Environment of the Italian National Research Council (IAMC-CNR), Taranto, Italy
| | - Giulia Magnani
- Dipartimento di Chimica Giacomo Ciamician Università di Bologna, Via Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Virginia Lama
- CIRSA (Interdepartmental Research Centre for Environmental Sciences), University of Bologna, via Sant'Alberto, 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, viale Berti Pichat, 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Biandolino
- Institute for the Coastal Marine Environment of the Italian National Research Council (IAMC-CNR), Taranto, Italy
| | - Isabella Parlapiano
- Institute for the Coastal Marine Environment of the Italian National Research Council (IAMC-CNR), Taranto, Italy
| | - Francesca Carella
- Institute of Science, Technology and Sustainability for Ceramics (ISSMC, ex ISTEC), National Research Council (CNR), Via Granarolo 64, 48018 Faenza, Italy
| | - Michele Iafisco
- Institute of Science, Technology and Sustainability for Ceramics (ISSMC, ex ISTEC), National Research Council (CNR), Via Granarolo 64, 48018 Faenza, Italy.
| | - Alessio Adamiano
- Institute of Science, Technology and Sustainability for Ceramics (ISSMC, ex ISTEC), National Research Council (CNR), Via Granarolo 64, 48018 Faenza, Italy.
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18
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García-Márquez MG, Rodríguez-Castañeda JC, Agawin NSR. Sunscreen exposure interferes with physiological processes while inducing oxidative stress in seagrass Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile. Mar Pollut Bull 2023; 187:114507. [PMID: 36566514 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The effects of a commercial sunscreen mixture on the Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica were investigated, evaluating its response in physiological processes and biochemical indicators of oxidative stress. Short-term laboratory experiments were conducted recreating summer conditions, and two sunscreen concentrations were tested in whole P. oceanica plants placed inside aquaria. Although primary productivity of leaf segments seemed to benefit from sunscreen addition, probably due to inorganic nutrients released, the rest of the biological parameters reflected possible impairments in the overall functioning of P. oceanica as a result of oxidative damages. Chlorophyll production and nitrogen fixation associated with old leaves were inhibited under high sunscreen concentrations, which concurred with elevated reactive oxygen species production, catalase activity and polyphenols content in the seagrass leaves. These results emphasize the importance of directing future investigations on determining which specific components of sunscreen products are likely threatening the wellbeing of critical species, such as P. oceanica.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nona S R Agawin
- Marine Ecology and Systematics (MarES), Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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19
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Tian L, Guo M, Chen H, Wu Y. Human health risk assessment of cinnamate UV absorbers: In vitro and in silico investigations. Environ Int 2023; 171:107658. [PMID: 36459820 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Organic UV absorbers (UVAs) are contaminants of emerging concern. Environmental persistence and potential toxicological enrichment studies of UVAs have attracted international concern. It is important to study the toxicity mechanism of UVAs. This study is the first to report the toxicological mechanism of two cinnamate UV absorbers (CUVAs), 2-ethyl 4-methoxycinnamate (OMC) and isoamyl 4-methoxycinnamate (IMC) based on cellular models and molecular models. Cellular models demonstrated that the CUVAs-induced apoptosis might be associated with cellular mitochondrial damage pathways. The results of molecular models showed that OMC and IMC could affect the binding between major proteins and enzymes in the mitochondrial damage pathway and contaminants, ultimately leading to apoptosis. The cellular-molecular models showed that IMC and OMC have dose-effect relationships on cytotoxicity. The composite model is more informative than a single model. This study further indicate that UVAs causes toxicology effects that have implications for the environment and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luwei Tian
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Ming Guo
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China.
| | - Haili Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Yanan Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
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20
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Varrella S, Danovaro R, Corinaldesi C. Assessing the eco-compatibility of new generation sunscreen products through a combined microscopic-molecular approach. Environ Pollut 2022; 314:120212. [PMID: 36152716 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
There is now unequivocal evidence that sunscreen can severely affect marine ecosystems. However, so far, most studies have focused on the impact of single sunscreen ingredients rather than on the whole sunscreen products, which are released into the marine environment. In the present work, we investigated the ecological impact of six formulations, which represent the "new generation" organic UV filters such as diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate (DHHB), methylene bis-benzotriazolyl tetramethylbutylphenol (MBBT), ethylhexyl triazone (EHT), and bis-ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyl triazine (BEMT), which are progressively replacing the "old generation" organic UV filters (e.g., oxybenzone, octinoxate) banned in several countries of the world. The six formulations tested were characterized by a different combination of ingredients, on a model species particularly sensitive to environmental alterations: the sea urchin, Paracentrotus lividus. We investigated the sea urchin responses both in terms of gene expression and anomalies in embryonic development. We found that all sunscreen products containing only MBBT, DHHB, BEMT, and EHT as UV filters, are more eco-compatible than those also containing also ES, or other ingredients such as emollients and texturizing compounds, which may act synergistically causing molecular stress, morphological anomalies, and ultimately possible death. Overall, the results presented here provide new insights on the effects of sunscreen products based on "new generation" UV filters, and highlights the urgency of testing complete formulations, rather than just specific UV filters to ascertain the eco-compatibility of sunscreen products, to effectively minimize their impact on marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Varrella
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy; Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Roberto Danovaro
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy; Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - Cinzia Corinaldesi
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy.
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21
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Pham DN, Sokolov EP, Falfushynska H, Sokolova IM. Gone with sunscreens: Responses of blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) to a wide concentration range of a UV filter ensulizole. Chemosphere 2022; 309:136736. [PMID: 36209850 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Organic UV filters have emerged as a new threat to marine organisms, but ecotoxicological studies have so far focused on only a few substances despite the chemical diversity of these synthetic sunscreen agents. Here we examined the responses of blue mussels Mytilus edulis to ensulizole, a non-lipophilic UV filter commonly found in the Baltic Sea. Mussels were exposed for three weeks to five ensulizole concentrations of 10, 102, 103, 104, and 105 ng/L. Stress on stress response was evaluated by subjecting mussels to air exposure. A battery of biomarkers related to detoxification and antioxidant defense, oxidative stress damage, energy reserves and metabolism, autophagy, apoptosis, inflammation, and DNA damage was measured in the gills and the digestive gland. In general, ensulizole affected the antioxidant response, energy storage, and cell death-related processes in mussel tissues. Mussels exposed to low, environmentally relevant concentrations of ensulizole had a shorter air survival time than the control. Ensulizole often showed the non-monotonic concentration-response curves, suggesting the complex effects of this UV filter at molecular, biochemical, and organismal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy Nghia Pham
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Eugene P Sokolov
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Leibniz Science Campus Phosphorus Research, Warnemünde, Rostock, Germany
| | - Halina Falfushynska
- Department of Human Health, Physical Rehabilitation and Vital Activity, Ternopil V. Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Inna M Sokolova
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Department of Maritime Systems, Interdisciplinary Faculty, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
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22
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Bordalo D, Cuccaro A, De Marchi L, Soares AMVM, Meucci V, Battaglia F, Pretti C, Freitas R. In vitro spermiotoxicity and in vivo adults' biochemical pattern after exposure of the Mediterranean mussel to the sunscreen avobenzone. Environ Pollut 2022; 312:119987. [PMID: 35995291 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Avobenzone (AVO) is one of the most frequent ultraviolet (UV) filters in personal care products (PCPs). The Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis is a bioindicator often used for ecotoxicological research. Since UV filters reach higher peaks during summer in aquatic bodies, coincident with mussels' spawning period, and bivalves are sessile, both male gametes and adults of this species were used in this experiment. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess how AVO affects M. galloprovincialis at different biological levels. In vitro experiments on sperms (30 min-exposure) and in vivo experiments on adults (28 days-exposure) were carried out at 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 μg/L of AVO concentrations. The oxidative and physiological status together with genotoxicity in exposed sperms were assessed. Several biochemical parameters related to enzymatic antioxidant defences, biotransformation enzymes, cell membrane damage, energy reserves, and neurotoxicity were evaluated in adult mussels. Results of in vitro sperm exposure to AVO showed significant overproduction of superoxide anions and DNA damages in all treatments and decrease in sperm viability at 1.0 and 10.0 μg/L. AVO exposure also led to complete inhibition of motility of sperms at the highest concentration, while a significant increase of curvilinear velocity and decrease of wobble occurred at 1.0 μg/L. In vivo exposed adults exhibited a significant decrease in metabolic capacity at 0.1 μg/L, a significant increase in the total protein content and enzymatic turnover as superoxide dismutase (antioxidant defence) at 10 μg/L. This study revealed an ecological concern related to the high sensitivity of sperms respectively to adults under environmentally relevant concentrations of AVO, underpinning an hypothesis of male reproductive function impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Bordalo
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Alessia Cuccaro
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal; Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Lucia De Marchi
- Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Biology and Applied Ecology "G. Bacci", 57128, Livorno, Italy
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal; Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Valentina Meucci
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56122, San Piero a Grado, PI, Italy
| | - Federica Battaglia
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56122, San Piero a Grado, PI, Italy
| | - Carlo Pretti
- Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Biology and Applied Ecology "G. Bacci", 57128, Livorno, Italy; Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56122, San Piero a Grado, PI, Italy
| | - Rosa Freitas
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal; Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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23
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Chatzigianni M, Pavlou P, Siamidi A, Vlachou M, Varvaresou A, Papageorgiou S. Environmental impacts due to the use of sunscreen products: a mini-review. Ecotoxicology 2022; 31:1331-1345. [PMID: 36173495 PMCID: PMC9652235 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-022-02592-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sunscreen use has increased in recent years, as sunscreen products minimize the damaging effects of solar radiation. Active ingredients called ultraviolet (UV) filters or UV agents, either organic or inorganic, responsible for defending skin tissue against harmful UV rays, are incorporated in sunscreen formulations. UV agents have a serious impact on many members of bio communities, and they are transferred to the environment either directly or indirectly. Many organic UV filters are found to be accumulated in marine environments because of high values of the octanol/water partition coefficient. However, due to the fact that UV agents are not stable in water, unwanted by-products may be formed. Experimental studies or field observations have shown that organic UV filters tend to bioaccumulate in various aquatic animals, such as corals, algae, arthropods, mollusks, echinoderms, marine vertebrates. This review was conducted in order to understand the effects of UV agents on both the environment and marine biota. In vivo and in vitro studies of UV filters show a wide range of adverse effects on the environment and exposed organisms. Coral bleaching receives considerable attention, but the scientific data identify potential toxicities of endocrine, neurologic, neoplastic and developmental pathways. However, more controlled environmental studies and long-term human use data are limited. Several jurisdictions have prohibited specific UV filters, but this does not adequately address the dichotomy of the benefits of photoprotection vs lack of eco-friendly, safe, and approved alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrto Chatzigianni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Aesthetics and Cosmetic Science, School of Health and Care Sciences, University of West Attica, 28 Ag. Spyridonos Str., 12243, Egaleo, Greece
| | - Panagoula Pavlou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Aesthetics and Cosmetic Science, School of Health and Care Sciences, University of West Attica, 28 Ag. Spyridonos Str., 12243, Egaleo, Greece.
- Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry-Cosmetic Science, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Care Sciences, University of West Attica, 28 Ag. Spyridonos Str., 12243, Egaleo, Greece.
| | - Angeliki Siamidi
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784, Athens, Greece
| | - Marilena Vlachou
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasia Varvaresou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Aesthetics and Cosmetic Science, School of Health and Care Sciences, University of West Attica, 28 Ag. Spyridonos Str., 12243, Egaleo, Greece
- Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry-Cosmetic Science, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Care Sciences, University of West Attica, 28 Ag. Spyridonos Str., 12243, Egaleo, Greece
| | - Spyridon Papageorgiou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Aesthetics and Cosmetic Science, School of Health and Care Sciences, University of West Attica, 28 Ag. Spyridonos Str., 12243, Egaleo, Greece
- Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry-Cosmetic Science, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Care Sciences, University of West Attica, 28 Ag. Spyridonos Str., 12243, Egaleo, Greece
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24
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Anido-Varela L, Seoane M, Esperanza M, Cid Á, Rioboo C. Cytotoxicity of BP-3 and BP-4: Blockage of extrusion pumps, oxidative damage and programmed cell death on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Aquat Toxicol 2022; 251:106285. [PMID: 36087491 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The health concern associated with the dangers related to exposure to UV radiation has led to an increase in the use of sunscreens containing UV-filters that can reach aquatic environments and possibly affect ecosystems. Benzophenone-3 (BP-3) and benzophenone-4 (BP-4) are two of the most used UV-filters. In the present work, the microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was exposed to several concentrations of both chemicals. To evaluate their potential cytotoxicity on microalgal cells, different parameters were analysed including fast response biomarkers (increase in intracellular free Ca2+) as well as biomarkers related with the presence of oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation), energy metabolism (photosynthetic yield and cytoplasmic lipid accumulations), cell division (proliferation and F-actin content), programmed cell death (PCD) (caspase activation and DNA fragmentation) and possible mechanisms of resistance to xenobiotics (operation of extrusion pumps and presence of autophagic vacuoles). Results showed an increment of the percentage of cells with cytosolic free Ca2+ that could act as a secondary messenger in response to the stress. A decrease in photosynthetic yield and an increase in cytoplasmic lipid accumulations and lipid peroxidation levels were also detected. In addition, a decrease in cell proliferation was observed, linked to a decrease in the percentage of cells with F-actin. The increase observed in the microalgal population with caspase activity, together with the DNA fragmentation and the alterations in the cytoskeleton, suggested the induction of processes linked to PCD. Moreover, a blockage of extrusion pumps, which could be related to the toxicity mechanism of these compounds, and an increase in autophagic vacuoles, as an attempt to repair the damage caused by benzophenones, were detected. Overall, these biomarkers indicate that both UV-filters can be a serious threat to non-target photosynthetic microorganisms in aquatic environments, although BP-3 affected C. reinhardtii more markedly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Anido-Varela
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, SPAIN
| | - Marta Seoane
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, SPAIN
| | - Marta Esperanza
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, SPAIN
| | - Ángeles Cid
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, SPAIN
| | - Carmen Rioboo
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, SPAIN.
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25
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Martin N, Wassmur B, Slomberg D, Labille J, Lammel T. Influence of TiO 2 nanocomposite UV filter surface chemistry and their interactions with organic UV filters on uptake and toxicity toward cultured fish gill cells. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2022; 243:113984. [PMID: 35988383 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic environments have been found to be contaminated with a variety of inorganic and organic UV filters. This includes novel nano-sized titanium dioxide (TiO2) composite particles, which have been increasingly developed and incorporated into commercial sunscreens in recent years. So far, relatively little is known about the effects of this novel class of UV filters on aquatic life. Therefore, this study aimed to determine and compare the toxicity of three such nanoparticulate TiO2 UV filters with different surface coatings, namely Eusolex® T-Avo (SiO2-coated), T-Lite™ SF (Al(OH)3/PDMS-coated), and Eusolex® T-S (Al2O3/stearic acid-coated) either alone, or in the presence of selected organic UV filters (octinoxate, avobenzone, octocrylene), toward fish using RTgill-W1 cell cultures as an in vitro experimental model. Besides standard exposure protocols, alternative approaches (i.e., exposure to water accommodated fractions (WAFs), hanging-drop exposure) were explored to account for nanoparticle (NP)-specific fate in the medium and obtain additional/complementary information on their toxicity in different conditions. The AlamarBlue, CFDA-AM and Neutral Red Retention (NR) assays were used to measure effects on different cellular endpoints. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to examine NP uptake. Our results showed that none of the TiO2 NP UV filters were cytotoxic at the concentrations tested (0.1-10 µg/mL; 24 h) but there were differences in their uptake by the cells. Thus, only the hydrophilic T-AVO was detected inside cells, but the hydrophobic T-Lite SF and T-S were not. In addition, our results show that the presence of NPs (or the used dispersant) tended to decrease organic UV filter toxicity. The level of combination effect depended on both NP-type (surface chemistry) and concentration, suggesting that the reduced toxicity resulted from reduced availability of the organic UV filters due to their adsorption to the NP surface. Thus, mixtures of TiO2 NP UV filters and organic UV filters may have a different toxicological profile compared to the single substances, but probably do not pose an increased hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Martin
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Britt Wassmur
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Danielle Slomberg
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, INRAe, Coll. France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Jérôme Labille
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, INRAe, Coll. France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Tobias Lammel
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
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26
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Li S, Barnard AS. Safety-by-design using forward and inverse multi-target machine learning. Chemosphere 2022; 303:135033. [PMID: 35618055 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The economic and social future of nanotechnology depends on our ability and manufacture nanomaterials that avoid potential toxicity, by identifying them before they are made, used and released into the environment. Safety-by-design is a framework for including these issues at an early stage of the development process, but balancing multiple nanoparticle properties and selection criteria remains challenging. Based on a synthetic data set of over 19,000 possible sunscreen product specifications, we have used multi-target machine learning to predict the corresponding size, shape, concentration and polytype of titania nanoparticle additives. The study considers the optical properties responsible for the sun protection factor and product transparency, including the extinction coefficients for ultra violet and visible light, and the potential for toxicity due to the generation of reactive oxygen species from the photocatalytically active facets of both anatase and rutile nanoparticles, as a function of the size and shape. We predict a number of conventional forward structure/property and property/product relationships, but show that a direct structure/product relationship provides superior performance when predicting multiple properties or product specifications simultaneously. These models are then inverted, re-optimized and re-trained to provide focused, high performing inverse design models that do not require additional optimization, and are capable of identifying nanoparticle configurations outside of the training set. The ability to directly predict suitable nanoparticle structures that conform to prerequisite sun protection, transparently and potential toxicity thresholds represents a new approach to safety-by-design that can be applied to other products and materials where multiple design criteria must be met at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sichao Li
- School of Computing, Australian National University, 145 Science Road, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Amanda S Barnard
- School of Computing, Australian National University, 145 Science Road, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia.
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27
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Mao JF, Li W, Ong CN, He Y, Jong MC, Gin KYH. Assessment of human exposure to benzophenone-type UV filters: A review. Environ Int 2022; 167:107405. [PMID: 35843073 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To avoid the harmful effects of UV radiation, benzophenone-type UV filters (BPs) are widely used in personal care products and other synthetic products. Biomonitoring studies have shown the presence of BPs in various human biological samples, raising health concerns. However, there is a paucity of data on the global human exposure to this group of contaminants. In this study, we compiled data on the body burden of BPs along with the possible exposure routes and biotransformation pathways. BPs can easily penetrate the skin barrier and thus, they can be absorbed through the skin. In the human body, BPs can undergo Phase I (mainly demethylation and hydroxylation) and Phase II (mainly glucuronidation and sulfation) biotransformations. From a total of 158 studies, most of the studies are related to urine (concentration up to 92.7 mg L-1), followed by those reported in blood (up to 0.9 mg L-1) and milk (up to 0.8 mg L-1). Among BPs, benzophenone-1 and benzophenone-3 are the most commonly detected congeners. The body burden of BPs is associated with various factors, including the country of residence, lifestyle, income, education level, and ethnicity. The presence of BPs in maternal urine (up to 1.1 mg L-1), placenta (up to 9.8 ng g-1), and amniotic fluid (up to 15.7 μg L-1) suggests potential risks of prenatal exposure. In addition, transplacental transfer of BPs is possible, as demonstrated by their presence in maternal serum and cord serum. The possible association of BPs exposure and health effects was discussed. Future human biomonitoring studies and studies on the potential health effects are warranted. Overall, this review provides a summary of the global human exposure to BPs and can serve as supporting evidence to guide usage in order to protect humans from being exposed to BPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Feijian Mao
- Center for Eco-Environment Research, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing, 210098, China; NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Wenxuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Choon Nam Ong
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117549, Singapore
| | - Yiliang He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Mui-Choo Jong
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Karina Yew-Hoong Gin
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
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28
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Medici A, Saviano L, Siciliano A, Libralato G, Guida M, Previtera L, Di Fabio G, Zarrelli A. Octocrylene: From Sunscreens to the Degradation Pathway during Chlorination Processes: Formation of Byproducts and Their Ecotoxicity Assessment. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165286. [PMID: 36014525 PMCID: PMC9415856 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Octocrylene is an organic sunscreen whose main action is to absorb UVB radiation and short UVA wavelengths; it is used in various cosmetic products in order to provide an adequate sun-protection factor or to protect the cosmetic formulations themselves from UV radiation. This filter is believed to be a possible endocrine disruptor and is also questioned due to its allergic and/or photoallergic potential. However, it continues to be widely used, and it has been found in various environments, not least those of swimming pools, where it is evidently released by consumers, to the point that it is now considered an emerging micropollutant. The present investigation presents the possible chemical fate of octocrylene in the typical chlorination conditions of wastewater or swimming pools. A total of 11 disinfection byproducts were identified, and 6 were identified for the first time, and separated by HPLC. These products were identified through careful mass spectrometry studies and 1D and 2D NMR experiments. A formation mechanism has been proposed that justifies the chemical structures of all of the compounds identified. The ecotoxicological assessment of octocrylene and their products was carried out by employing Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Brachionus plicatilis and Aliivibrio fischeri as bioindicators. The ecotoxicity results reveal that toxic byproducts might be generated during the oxidation process, increasing the potential risk to the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Medici
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Vicinale Cupa Cintia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Saviano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Vicinale Cupa Cintia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonietta Siciliano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Vicinale Cupa Cintia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Libralato
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Vicinale Cupa Cintia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Guida
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Vicinale Cupa Cintia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Lucio Previtera
- Associazione Italiana per la Promozione delle Ricerche su Ambiente e Salute Umana, 82030 Dugenta, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Fabio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Vicinale Cupa Cintia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Armando Zarrelli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Vicinale Cupa Cintia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-674472
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29
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Cuccaro A, Oliva M, De Marchi L, Vieira Sanches M, Bontà Pittaluga G, Meucci V, Battaglia F, Puppi D, Freitas R, Pretti C. Biochemical response of Ficopomatus enigmaticus adults after exposure to organic and inorganic UV filters. Mar Pollut Bull 2022; 178:113601. [PMID: 35367697 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With the increase of UV filters usage and consequent release into aquatic environments, the concerns about their potential ecological risks are also increasing. According to this, in the present study, adult polychaetes of the species Ficopomatus enigmaticus were chronically exposed to three concentrations (0.01, 0.1 and 0.5 mg/L) of organic and inorganic filters (Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC) and nanoparticulate Zinc oxide (nZnO), respectively) in order to analyse biochemical responses related to cellular damage, antioxidant defence, biotransformation mechanisms and, lastly, neurotoxicity. Despite major lipid peroxidation caused by EHMC was observed, both UV filters have produced the same response patterns. In details, a clear concentration-dependent activation of glutathione S-transferases and a significant decrease of acetylcholinesterase levels defined an important neurotoxic effect was observed for both contaminants. These results become important to expand the limited scientific literature on biochemical responses of marine and brackish water invertebrates to organic and inorganic UV filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Cuccaro
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Consorzio per il Centro Interuniversitario di Biologia Marina ed Ecologia Applicata "G. Bacci" (CIBM), Livorno, Italy
| | - Matteo Oliva
- Consorzio per il Centro Interuniversitario di Biologia Marina ed Ecologia Applicata "G. Bacci" (CIBM), Livorno, Italy.
| | - Lucia De Marchi
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Consorzio per il Centro Interuniversitario di Biologia Marina ed Ecologia Applicata "G. Bacci" (CIBM), Livorno, Italy
| | | | - Gianluca Bontà Pittaluga
- Consorzio per il Centro Interuniversitario di Biologia Marina ed Ecologia Applicata "G. Bacci" (CIBM), Livorno, Italy
| | - Valentina Meucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Via Livornese lato monte, Pisa, Italy
| | - Federica Battaglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Via Livornese lato monte, Pisa, Italy
| | - Dario Puppi
- Dipartimento di Chimica & Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rosa Freitas
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlo Pretti
- Consorzio per il Centro Interuniversitario di Biologia Marina ed Ecologia Applicata "G. Bacci" (CIBM), Livorno, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Via Livornese lato monte, Pisa, Italy
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Downs CA, Bishop E, Diaz-Cruz MS, Haghshenas SA, Stien D, Rodrigues AMS, Woodley CM, Sunyer-Caldú A, Doust SN, Espero W, Ward G, Farhangmehr A, Tabatabaee Samimi SM, Risk MJ, Lebaron P, DiNardo JC. Oxybenzone contamination from sunscreen pollution and its ecological threat to Hanauma Bay, Oahu, Hawaii, U.S.A. Chemosphere 2022; 291:132880. [PMID: 34780745 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Hanauma Bay is a 101-acre bay created by the partial collapse of a volcanic cone and once supported a vibrant coral reef system. It is the most popular swimming area in the Hawaiian Islands and has been reported to have averaged between 2.8 and 3.5 million visitors a year between the 1980s and the 2010s, with visitors averaging between 3000-4000 a day and peaking around 10,000-13,000 per day. Concentrations of oxybenzone and other common UV filters were measured in subsurface water samples and in sands from the beach-shower areas in Hanauma Bay. Results demonstrate that beach showers also can be a source of sunscreen environmental contamination. Hydrodynamic modeling indicates that oxybenzone contamination within Hanauma Bay's waters could be retained between 14 and 50 h from a single release event period. Focusing on only oxybenzone, two different Hazard and Risk Assessment analyses were conducted to determine the danger of oxybenzone to Hanauma Bay's coral reef system. Results indicate that oxybenzone contamination poses a significant threat to the wildlife of Hanauma Bay. To recover Hanauma Bay's natural resources to a healthy condition and to satisfactorily conserve its coral reef and sea grass habitats, effective tourism management policies need to be implemented that mitigate the threat of sunscreen pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Downs
- Haereticus Environmental Laboratory, P.O. Box 92, Clifford, VA, 2453, USA; Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes, USR3579, Observatoire Océanologique, 66650, Banyuls-sur-mer, France.
| | - Elizabeth Bishop
- Friends of Hanauma Bay, P.O. Box 25761, Honolulu, HI, 96825-07610, USA
| | - M Silvia Diaz-Cruz
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Severo Ochoa Excellence Center. Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Didier Stien
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes, USR3579, Observatoire Océanologique, 66650, Banyuls-sur-mer, France
| | - Alice M S Rodrigues
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes, USR3579, Observatoire Océanologique, 66650, Banyuls-sur-mer, France
| | - Cheryl M Woodley
- U.S. National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Coral Disease & Health Program, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Ft. Johnson Rd. Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
| | - Adrià Sunyer-Caldú
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Severo Ochoa Excellence Center. Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - William Espero
- Hawaii State Senate, Senate District 19, Hawaii State Capitol, 415 S. Beretania St. Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Gene Ward
- Hawaii State Legislature, House District 17, Hawaii State Capitol, 415 S. Beretania St. Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | | | | | - Michael J Risk
- Department of Earth Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Philippe Lebaron
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes, USR3579, Observatoire Océanologique, 66650, Banyuls-sur-mer, France
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31
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Duis K, Junker T, Coors A. Review of the environmental fate and effects of two UV filter substances used in cosmetic products. Sci Total Environ 2022; 808:151931. [PMID: 34863752 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sunscreens containing UV filters, such as octocrylene (OCR) and butyl-methoxydibenzoylmethane (BMDBM), have been increasingly used to protect human skin against UV radiation. Both substances have been detected in monitoring studies in the freshwater and marine environment, and there has been concern about potential effects on aquatic organisms. In the present work, the environmental fate and occurrence, bioaccumulation and ecotoxicity including endocrine effects of OCR and BMDBM are reviewed focusing on the aquatic environment. The two UV filters have low water solubilities and a high sorption potential. The available data indicate that OCR is poorly biodegradable. BMDBM lacks anaerobic and inherent biodegradability. However, it was biodegraded to variable degrees in simulation studies. Measured concentrations in the freshwater and marine environment were found to vary considerably between sites, depending on the extent of recreational activities or wastewater discharges. While the bioconcentration factor of OCR in fish is below the threshold value for bioaccumulation according to EU REACH, the available data for BMDBM do not allow a definitive conclusion on its bioaccumulation potential. Analysis of the aquatic toxicity data showed that data quality was often limited, e.g. in the case of effect concentrations substantially exceeding maximum achievable dissolved concentrations. Up to their limit of water solubility, OCR and BMDBM showed no toxicity to microorganisms, algae, and corals, and no acute toxicity to daphnids and fish. In chronic daphnid tests, OCR was highly toxic, whereas BMDBM lacked toxicity. Reliable water-sediment toxicity tests are required to further evaluate possible effects on benthic invertebrates. The available data do not provide evidence for endocrine effects of the two UV filters on fish. In order to assess potential environmental risks caused by OCR and BMDBM, a validated exposure model for estimating direct emission of UV filters into the aquatic environment and data from systematic, longer-term monitoring studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Duis
- ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, Böttgerstraße 2-14, 65439 Flörsheim, Germany.
| | - Thomas Junker
- ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, Böttgerstraße 2-14, 65439 Flörsheim, Germany
| | - Anja Coors
- ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, Böttgerstraße 2-14, 65439 Flörsheim, Germany
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da Silva JF, Corrêa DS, Campos ÉL, Leite GZ, de Oliveira JDM, Fachini J, da Silva J, Obach ES, Campo LF, Grivicich I, de Amorim HLN, Picada JN. Evaluation of toxicological aspects of three new benzoxazole compounds with sunscreen photophysical properties using in silico and in vitro methods. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 79:105300. [PMID: 34933087 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sunscreening chemicals protect against damage caused by sunlight most absorbing UVA or UVB radiations. In this sense, 2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole derivatives with amino substituents in the 4' and 5' positions have an outstandingly high Sun Protection Factor and adequate photostability, but their toxicity is not yet known. This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of three synthetic 2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole derivatives for their possible application as sunscreens. In silico tools were used in order to assess potential risks regarding mutagenic, carcinogenic, and skin sensitizing potential. Bioassays were performed in L929 cells to assess cytotoxicity in MTT assay and genotoxic activities in the Comet assay and micronucleus test. Also, the Salmonella/microsome assay was performed to evaluate gene mutations. The in silico predictions indicate a low risk of mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of the compounds while the skin sensitizing potential was low or inconclusive. The 2-(4'-amino-2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazol compound was the most cytotoxic and genotoxic among the compounds evaluated in L929 cells, but none induced mutations in the Salmonella/microsome assay. The amino substituted at the 4' position of the phenyl ring appears to have greater toxicological risks than substituents at the 5' position of 2-(phenyl)benzoxazole. The findings warrant further studies of these compounds in cosmetic formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jâmeson Ferreira da Silva
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Av. Farroupilha, 8001, CEP: 92425-900 Canoas, RS, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa em Produto e Desenvolvimento (CEPPED), Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Av. Farroupilha, 8001, CEP: 92425-900 Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Dione Silva Corrêa
- Centro de Pesquisa em Produto e Desenvolvimento (CEPPED), Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Av. Farroupilha, 8001, CEP: 92425-900 Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Érico Leite Campos
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Av. Farroupilha, 8001, CEP: 92425-900 Canoas, RS, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa em Produto e Desenvolvimento (CEPPED), Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Av. Farroupilha, 8001, CEP: 92425-900 Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Giovana Zamprônio Leite
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Av. Farroupilha, 8001, CEP: 92425-900 Canoas, RS, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa em Produto e Desenvolvimento (CEPPED), Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Av. Farroupilha, 8001, CEP: 92425-900 Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - João Denis Medeiros de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Av. Farroupilha, 8001, CEP: 92425-900 Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Jean Fachini
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Av. Farroupilha, 8001, CEP: 92425-900 Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana da Silva
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Av. Farroupilha, 8001, CEP: 92425-900 Canoas, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Genetica Toxicológica, Universidade La Salle, Av. Victor Barreto, 2288, CEP: 92010-000 Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Eliane Sempé Obach
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Farmacêutica, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Av. Farroupilha, 8001, CEP: 92425-900 Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Leandra Franciscato Campo
- Laboratório de Novos Materiais Orgânicos e Quimica Forense, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, CEP: 90650-001 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ivana Grivicich
- Laboratório de Biologia do Câncer, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Farroupilha Avenue 8001, CEP: 92425-900 Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Jaqueline Nascimento Picada
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Av. Farroupilha, 8001, CEP: 92425-900 Canoas, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Novos Materiais Orgânicos e Quimica Forense, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, CEP: 90650-001 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Falfushynska H, Sokolov EP, Fisch K, Gazie H, Schulz-Bull DE, Sokolova IM. Biomarker-based assessment of sublethal toxicity of organic UV filters (ensulizole and octocrylene) in a sentinel marine bivalve Mytilus edulis. Sci Total Environ 2021; 798:149171. [PMID: 34329935 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The global occurrence of organic UV filters in the marine environment is of increasing ecotoxicological concern. Here we assessed the toxicity of UV filters ensulizole and octocrylene in the blue mussels Mytilus edulis exposed to 10 or 100 μg l-1 of octocrylene and ensulizole for two weeks. An integrated battery of biochemical and molecular biomarkers related to xenobiotics metabolism and cellular toxicity (including oxidative stress, DNA damage, apoptosis, autophagy and inflammation) was used to assess the toxicity of these UV filters in the mussels. Octocrylene (but not ensulizole) accumulated in the mussel tissues during the waterborne exposures. Both studied UV filters induced sublethal toxic effects in M. edulis at the investigated concentrations. These effects involved induction of oxidative stress, genotoxicity (indicated by upregulation of DNA damage sensing and repair markers), upregulation of apoptosis and inflammation, and dysregulation of the xenobiotic biotransformation system. Octocrylene induced cellular stress in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas ensulizole appeared to be more toxic at the lower (10 μg l-1) studied concentration than at 100 μg l-1. The different concentration-dependence of sublethal effects and distinct toxicological profiles of ensulizole and octocrylene show that the environmental toxicity is not directly related to lipophilicity and bioaccumulation potential of these UV filters and demonstrate the importance of using bioassays for toxicity assessment of emerging pollutants in coastal marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina Falfushynska
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Department of Human Health, Physical Rehabilitation and Vital Activity, Ternopil V. Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Eugene P Sokolov
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Leibniz Science Campus Phosphorus Research, Warnemünde, Rostock, Germany
| | - Kathrin Fisch
- Department Marine Chemistry, Leibniz-Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestr. 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Hatem Gazie
- Department Marine Chemistry, Leibniz-Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestr. 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Detlef E Schulz-Bull
- Department Marine Chemistry, Leibniz-Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestr. 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Inna M Sokolova
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Department of Maritime Systems, Interdisciplinary Faculty, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
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Vieira Sanches M, Oliva M, De Marchi L, Cuccaro A, Puppi D, Chiellini F, Freitas R, Pretti C. Ecotoxicological screening of UV-filters using a battery of marine bioassays. Environ Pollut 2021; 290:118011. [PMID: 34500394 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess the toxicity of seven UV-filters: zinc oxide nanoparticles (nZnO, particle size <100 nm), titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nTiO2, primary particle size 21 nm), 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate (EHMC), 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC), avobenzone (AVO), octocrylene (OCTO) and benzophenone-3 (BP-3) on three species: Aliivibrio fischeri (inhibition of bioluminescence), Phaeodactylum tricornutum (growth inhibition) and Ficopomatus enigmaticus (larval development success). Results showed nTiO2 to be the most toxic for P. tricornutum (EC50 0.043 mg L-1), while no effect was observed in A. fischeri and F. enigmaticus. EHMC was the most toxic to A. fischeri (EC50 0.868 mg L-1 (15 min) and 1.06 mg L-1 (30 min)) and the second most toxic to P. tricornutum. For F. enigmaticus, the lowest percentages of correct development resulted from 4-MBC exposure, with EC50 of 0.836 mg L-1. Overall, AVO induced low toxicity to every assessed species and OCTO was the least toxic for F. enigmaticus larvae. Considering the results obtained for F. enigmaticus, further larval development assays were performed with nZnO and EHMC under different light (light vs darkness) and temperature (20 and 25 °C) conditions, showing higher percentages of correct development at 25 °C, independently on light/darkness conditions. Under different temperature and photoperiod conditions, nZnO was more toxic than EHMC. Overall, nZnO and EHMC were among the most toxic UV filters tested and, when testing the effects of these UV-filters with temperature the results highlight that the impacts are liable to be lessened at higher temperatures (25 °C compared with 20 °C), in the case of this estuarine polychaete species. Nevertheless, further experiments are necessary to describe the effects of these two UV-filters at different organization levels, to study the toxicity of eventual degradation by-products and to provide more information on the combination of different stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matteo Oliva
- Consorzio per il Centro Interuniversitario di Biologia Marina ed Ecologia Applicata "G. Bacci" (CIBM), Livorno, Italy.
| | - Lucia De Marchi
- Consorzio per il Centro Interuniversitario di Biologia Marina ed Ecologia Applicata "G. Bacci" (CIBM), Livorno, Italy; Dipartimento di Biologia - Unità di ecologia e biologia marina, Università di Pisa, Via Derna, 1 - Pisa, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessia Cuccaro
- Departamento de Biologia Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal; Consorzio per il Centro Interuniversitario di Biologia Marina ed Ecologia Applicata "G. Bacci" (CIBM), Livorno, Italy; CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Dario Puppi
- Dipartimento di Chimica & Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, Pisa, Italy
| | - Federica Chiellini
- Dipartimento di Chimica & Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rosa Freitas
- Departamento de Biologia Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal; CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlo Pretti
- Consorzio per il Centro Interuniversitario di Biologia Marina ed Ecologia Applicata "G. Bacci" (CIBM), Livorno, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Via Livornese lato monte, Pisa, Italy
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de Miranda LLR, Harvey KE, Ahmed A, Harvey SC. UV-filter pollution: current concerns and future prospects. Environ Monit Assess 2021; 193:840. [PMID: 34822005 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09626-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
UV-filters are widely used in cosmetics and personal care products to protect users' skin from redamage caused by ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. Globally, an estimated 16,000 to 25,000 tonnes of products containing UV-filters were used in 2014 with modern consumption likely to be much higher. Beyond this use in cosmetics and personal care products, UV-filters are also widely used to provide UV-stability in industrial products such as paints and plastics. This review discusses the main routes by which UV-filters enter aquatic environments and summarises the conclusions of studies from the past 10 years that have investigated the effects of UV-filters on environmentally relevant species including corals, microalgae, fish, and marine mammals. Safety data regarding the potential impact of UV-filters on human health are also discussed. Finally, we explore the challenges surrounding UV-filter removal and research on more environmentally friendly alternatives to current UV-filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L R de Miranda
- Biomolecular Research Group, School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, Kent, CT1 1QU, UK
| | - K E Harvey
- Biomolecular Research Group, School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, Kent, CT1 1QU, UK
| | - A Ahmed
- Biomolecular Research Group, School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, Kent, CT1 1QU, UK
| | - S C Harvey
- Biomolecular Research Group, School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, Kent, CT1 1QU, UK.
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Conway AJ, Gonsior M, Clark C, Heyes A, Mitchelmore CL. Acute toxicity of the UV filter oxybenzone to the coral Galaxea fascicularis. Sci Total Environ 2021; 796:148666. [PMID: 34273823 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Coral reefs are impacted by a variety of anthropogenic stressors including inputs of chemical contaminants. Although data is currently limited, sunscreens containing ultraviolet (UV) filters have recently been suggested as an emerging class of chemical contaminants. To provide further data on the toxicity of the UV filter oxybenzone (benzophenone-3 or BP-3) to corals, we conducted three independent acute toxicity tests exposing the colonial stony coral Galaxea fascicularis to BP-3 (0.31 to 10 mg/L nominal concentrations). Assessments included daily analytical verification of the exposure concentrations, calculation of the lethal concentration to result in 50% mortality (LC50) and numerous biological endpoints to further investigate the potential impact to both the coral and symbiont. LC50s for the three tests were similar and averaged 6.53 ± 0.47 mg/L nominal concentration BP-3 (4.45 mg/L measured dissolved BP-3). BP-3 did not initiate coral bleaching or show a significant loss of symbionts from the coral tissue in this species as reductions in measurements used for bleaching (i.e. visual color, color saturation and photosynthetic pigment concentrations) were only seen concurrently with tissue loss (i.e. at ≥2.5 mg/L nominal concentration BP-3). Polyp retraction, the most sensitive endpoint of this test, was seen to be a sub-lethal behavioral response to BP-3 exposure. Using the calculated LC50 with measured concentrations from a high-quality UV filter monitoring study in Hawaii, a preliminary, conservative risk quotient for BP-3 was calculated at 0.032. These results suggest that BP-3 likely does not pose an acute risk of mortality to G. fascicularis and additional testing is required to determine sublethal impacts of BP-3 under environmentally relevant concentrations and longer-term chronic exposures. This study highlights complications in conducting toxicity tests with organic UV filters including under-estimations of exposure concentrations and provides recommendations to improve these methods for better comparisons between studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annaleise J Conway
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, 146 Williams Street, Solomons, MD 20688, USA
| | - Michael Gonsior
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, 146 Williams Street, Solomons, MD 20688, USA
| | - Cheryl Clark
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, 146 Williams Street, Solomons, MD 20688, USA
| | - Andrew Heyes
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, 146 Williams Street, Solomons, MD 20688, USA
| | - Carys L Mitchelmore
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, 146 Williams Street, Solomons, MD 20688, USA.
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Tian L, Huang L, Cui H, Yang F, Li Y. The toxicological impact of the sunscreen active ingredient octinoxate on the photosynthesis activity of Chlorella sp. Mar Environ Res 2021; 171:105469. [PMID: 34500299 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Products designed to filter ultraviolet (UV) light are responsible for growing levels of anthropogenic environmental contamination. Octinoxate (ONT) is among the most common UV filtering active ingredients in cosmetics and sunscreens. The present study was designed to evaluate the toxicological effects of ONT on the photosynthetic activity of the Chlorella species of marine microalgae. These analyses identified ONT as a potent photo-toxicant, the effects of which were more pronounced upon light exposure relative to in the dark. Short-term ONT exposure had no effect on photosynthetic electron transport capacity in the dark but did significantly reduce the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activity in Chlorella cells, suggesting that this compound can directly suppress the photosynthetic Calvin cycle. When cells were subsequently exposed to light, the disruption of this cycle resulted in an excess of excitation energy, in turn driving the excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS-mediated disruption of cellular metabolism further aggravated this ONT-induced microalgal damage. As such, under natural light conditions, these microalgae cells are exposed to increased oxidative stress that impairs their growth and causes pigment bleaching. Restricting the utilization of ONT-containing sunscreens thus has the potential to better preserve the integrity of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Tian
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Lei Huang
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Hongwu Cui
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Feifei Yang
- School of Ocean Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Yongfu Li
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Zhang J, Pei ZT, Zhao YN, Zhang M, Zhang LL, Wang WQ, Wu JY, Yu R, Sun LW. Mutagenicity evaluation to UV filters of benzophenone-6, benzophenone-8, and 4-methylbenzylidene camphor by Ames test. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255504. [PMID: 34473729 PMCID: PMC8412341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzophenone (BPs) and 4-Methylbenzylidene Camphor are used as ultraviolet (UV) filters to protect the skin and hair in personal care products. The discharging of the three chemicals may endanger the receiving water ecosystem. In the present study, the mutagenicity of BP-6, BP-8, and 4-Methylbenzylidene Camphor was tested using the Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation test (Ames test) in the system with and without rat liver microsomal preparations (S9). Four S.typhimurium strains, TA97, TA98, TA100, and TA102 were employed in the Ames tests. The mutagenicity was detected from all three chemicals. The addition of S9 increased the mutation ratios of three chemicals to four strains, except BP-6 to TA100 strain and 4-MBC to TA97 and TA98 strain. In the mixed experiment, all positive effects were detected in the absence of S9. However, the results all became negative in the presence of S9. For the mixture of BP-6 and 4-MBC, positive results were detected on four tester strains except for the TA100 strain. For the mixture of BP-6, BP-8, and 4-MBC, positive results were detected on four strains. The mixture test results showed antagonism in mutagenicity for the mixture of BP-6 and 4-MBC to TA98 and TA100 strains and the mixture of BP-6, BP-8, and 4-MBC to TA100 and TA102 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Taihu Lake Water Environment Engineering Research Center (Wuxi), Southeast University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhou-Tao Pei
- School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Taihu Lake Water Environment Engineering Research Center (Wuxi), Southeast University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ya-Ni Zhao
- Water Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration Engineering Laboratory of Xizang, School of Information Engineering, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Taihu Lake Water Environment Engineering Research Center (Wuxi), Southeast University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li-Ling Zhang
- School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Taihu Lake Water Environment Engineering Research Center (Wuxi), Southeast University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen-Qiang Wang
- School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Taihu Lake Water Environment Engineering Research Center (Wuxi), Southeast University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing-Ya Wu
- School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Taihu Lake Water Environment Engineering Research Center (Wuxi), Southeast University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ran Yu
- School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Taihu Lake Water Environment Engineering Research Center (Wuxi), Southeast University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li-Wei Sun
- School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Taihu Lake Water Environment Engineering Research Center (Wuxi), Southeast University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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Watkins YSD, Sallach JB. Investigating the exposure and impact of chemical UV filters on coral reef ecosystems: Review and research gap prioritization. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021; 17:967-981. [PMID: 33734562 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Coral reefs are among the world's most productive and biologically diverse ecosystems. In recent decades, they have experienced an unparalleled decline resulting from various anthropogenically induced stressors. Ultraviolet (UV) filters found in personal care products, such as sunscreen, are chemical pollutants that are emerging as a growing toxic threat to reef organisms. In this study, a systematic literature review was conducted to (1) determine the current understanding of spatial distribution and the occurrence of UV filters exposed to the marine environment, (2) synthesize current ecotoxicological thresholds of relevant reef organisms under various UV-filter exposures, (3) identify research gaps related to both exposure and toxicity of UV filters in coral reef ecosystems. With gaps identified, a survey was developed and distributed to experts in the field representing academic, governmental, not-for-profit, and industry researchers in order to prioritize research gaps and inform future research efforts. The survey identified the need for better understanding of the impacts of co-stressors, long-term exposure, mixture, and degradation product exposure and realistic environmental conditions. Ultimately, this review will help guide priority research efforts to understand the risks of UV-filter exposure to coral reef ecosystems. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:967-981. © 2021 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine S D Watkins
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | - J Brett Sallach
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
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40
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Saxe JK, Dean S, Jones RL, Mullins LA, Reynertson KA. Development of a novel rinse-off method for improved sunscreen exposure assessment. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021; 17:961-966. [PMID: 34002489 PMCID: PMC8453551 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent legislative measures restricting the sale of sunscreens containing certain ultraviolet light filtering ingredients (UVFs) have been based on a perception of risk to aquatic life despite the lack of a robust data set to support these decisions. Concerns were focused on the potential for recreational swimmers' and divers' sunscreen use to result in exposures to coral already stressed due to climate change, disease, and other local conditions. In published environmental risk assessments for UVFs, exposure estimates were based on episodic environmental monitoring or estimates of typical sunscreen use, arbitrarily assuming the portion rinsed off from skin in seawater. To improve the accuracy of exposure estimates and thereby develop more robust risk assessments, we measured the amount of the UVFs, avobenzone, homosalate, octisalate, octocrylene, and oxybenzone released to seawater from four sunscreen products (two lotions, one spray, one stick) in a novel porcine skin model of typical human sunscreen use. Sunscreen was applied to porcine skin, allowed to briefly dry, then exposed to four rinse cycles in artificial seawater. The mass of each UVF in seawater, partitioned from seawater onto glassware, and extractable from skin after rinsing were determined. The proportion rinsed from skin varied by UVF, by formula type, and by application rate. Less than 1.4% of applied octisalate, homosalate, and octocrylene was detected in seawater samples (independent of formula) increasing to an average of 4% and 8% for avobenzone in stick and lotion forms, and to 24% for oxybenzone in lotions. The initial data show substantial differences in rinse-off among formulation types and sunscreen application rates, and stress the importance of using UVF-specific rinse-off values rather than a single value for all UVFs. This new method provides a tool for more robust exposure estimates, with initial data supporting lower rinse-off values than adopted in published risk assessments. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:961-966. © 2021 Johnson & Johnson Consumer Companies Inc. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stacy Dean
- Battelle Memorial InstituteColumbusOhioUSA
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Kwon B, Choi K. Occurrence of major organic UV filters in aquatic environments and their endocrine disruption potentials: A mini-review. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021; 17:940-950. [PMID: 33991024 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Organic UV filters are frequently used in daily life, and hence are ubiquitously detected in the aquatic environment worldwide. Most monitoring efforts and toxicological studies are, however, limited to a few chemicals like benzophenone-3 (BP-3). In the present study, we chose other major organic UV filters, such as avobenzone (AVB), homosalate (HS), octisalate (OS), and octocrylene (OC), and reviewed information on their use, environmental occurrences, and endocrine disruption effects, available to date. Organic UV filters are used in high volume in many consumer applications, not only in sunscreen products but also in cosmetics, personal care products, home products, and food packaging. Environmental monitoring worldwide reveals that recreational coastal waters are among the hot spots of their contamination. An increasing number of experimental studies indicate that organic UV filters such as octinoxate (OMC), AVB, and HS may cause disruptions in sex hormones. Avobenzene and OMC can also influence thyroid function in experimental models. Observations in human population are rarely made, but OMC and OC have been associated with decreased androgenicity and increase of polycystic ovary syndrome, respectively. Further investigations are warranted to fill the knowledge gaps identified in the present study, to help develop relevant safety screening measures for organic UV filters. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:940-950. © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bareum Kwon
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Institute for Sustainable Development (ISD), Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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42
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Pawlowski S, Moeller M, Miller IB, Kellermann MY, Schupp PJ, Petersen-Thiery M. UV filters used in sunscreens-A lack in current coral protection? Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021; 17:926-939. [PMID: 34002532 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) filters used in sunscreens are among the anthropogenic substances that may enter the marine environment by both indirect (via wastewater) and direct pathways (leisure activities). Owing to the recent global decline in coral population, the impact of those UV filters on the coral health is currently under increased investigation. First results from scientists suggest that some of the filters may be toxic to various coral life stages, but an initial cross comparison with existing data from other freshwater organisms does not indicate that corals are specifically more susceptible to UV filters than other standard species. In fact, the available data leading to this conclusion is still vague and based on toxicity and bioaccumulation tests with corals, which are both still at the research stage. To facilitate a proper hazard assessment, robust experimental procedures for coral ecotoxicological studies are considered mandatory. In other words, additional steps should be taken to standardize and validate such new test systems to generate reliable results, which then can be used in regulatory decision making. Furthermore, to facilitate a more detailed and site-specific environmental risk assessment in the marine area, an application-based exposure scenario must be developed. Until these data and tools become available, environmental hazard and risk assessments may be carried out using existing data from freshwater organisms and existing tonnage-based exposure scenarios as a potential surrogate. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:926-939. © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mareen Moeller
- Environmental Biochemistry, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Ingo B Miller
- Environmental Biochemistry, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Matthias Y Kellermann
- Environmental Biochemistry, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Peter J Schupp
- Environmental Biochemistry, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity at the University of Oldenburg (HIFMB), Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Mechtild Petersen-Thiery
- BASF Personal Care and Nutrition GmbH, E-EMC/QR, Product Stewardship & EHS Data Management, Monheim, Germany
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43
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Wnuk A, Kajta M. Is the commonly used UV filter benzophenone-3 a risk factor for the nervous system? Acta Biochim Pol 2021; 68:557-563. [PMID: 34351731 DOI: 10.18388/abp.2020_5741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Benzophenone-3 (2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, oxybenzone, or BP-3) is one of the most frequently used UV radiation absorbents, which are commonly referred to as sunscreen filters. Its widespread use in industrial applications provides protection against the photodegradation of a wide range of products but at the same time creates the risk of human exposure to benzophenone-3 unbeknownst to the individuals exposed. Topically applied benzophenone-3 penetrates individual skin layers, enters the bloodstream, and is excreted in the urine. In addition, benzophenone-3 easily crosses the placental barrier, which creates the risk of exposure to this substance in the prenatal period. Despite the widespread use and occurrence of benzophenone-3 in the human environment, little knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the effect of benzophenone-3 on the nervous system was available until recently. Only the most recent research, including studies by our group, has enabled the identification of new molecular mechanisms through which benzophenone-3 affects embryonic neuronal cells and the developing mammalian brain. Benzophenone-3 has been shown to induce neurotoxicity and apoptotic processes and inhibit autophagy in embryonic neuronal cells. Benzophenone-3 also alters expression and impairs function of receptors necessary for the proper development and function of the nervous system. The most worrying finding seems to be that benzophenone-3 contributes to an increased risk of developmental abnormalities and/or epigenetically based degeneration of neuronal cells by changing the epigenetic status of neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Wnuk
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Epigenetics, Smetna Street 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kajta
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Epigenetics, Smetna Street 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
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44
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Meng Q, Yeung K, Chan KM. Toxic effects of octocrylene on zebrafish larvae and liver cell line (ZFL). Aquat Toxicol 2021; 236:105843. [PMID: 34010734 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Octocrylene (OC) is a broad-spectrum ultraviolet-absorbing chemical used in sunscreen and other personal care products. Its health effects are a concern because it has been detected in water, fish, humans, and food chains. In vivo and in vitro investigations were performed in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae and a zebrafish liver cell line (ZFL), respectively, to understand the potential risks and molecular mechanisms of OC toxicity. The 96-h median lethal concentration (LC50) of OC was determined to be 251.8 μM in larvae and 5.5 μM in ZFL cells. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) showed that OC induced the expression of genes for CYPs (CYP1A, CYP3A65), estrogen receptors (ERα, ERβ1, GPER), vitellogenin (VTG1), and sex determination (BRCA2, CYP19A, DMRT1, SOX9A), both in vitro and in vivo. A whole-transcriptome sequencing method was used to evaluate the gene expression profile of larvae exposed to OC. OC was found to mediate the biosynthesis of estrogens (such as estriol) and affect the antioxidant pathway (glutathione transferases and peroxisome). These findings clarify the toxic effects and molecular mechanisms of OC and support banning its use in cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Meng
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Karen Yeung
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - King Ming Chan
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong.
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Zhang Y, Shah P, Wu F, Liu P, You J, Goss G. Potentiation of lethal and sub-lethal effects of benzophenone and oxybenzone by UV light in zebrafish embryos. Aquat Toxicol 2021; 235:105835. [PMID: 33887502 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Benzophenones are widely used as organic UV filters in many personal care products, especially sunscreen, to protect humans from UV radiation. The increasing use of benzophenone class UV filters has raised concerns about the potential effects on the aquatic environment. These organic UV filters are designed to absorb UV light. However, to date, studies have not considered the potential of UV light to potentiate the toxicity of benzophenones in aquatic organisms. In this study using zebrafish embryos, we assessed the median lethal concentration (LC50) and sub-lethal effects of benzophenone and oxybenzone either under natural levels of UV light or under laboratory light conditions. The LC50 value in zebrafish embryos under both light conditions of oxybenzone was lower when compared to benzophenone. Interestingly, UV light significantly decreased the LC50 values (increased toxicity) of both benzophenone and oxybenzone. The presence of UV light induced a significant increase in hydroxyl radical formation and this was reflected in both increased SOD activity and lipid peroxidation in oxybenzone treated groups. Exposure to either benzophenone or oxybenzone also delayed hatching between 60 and 96 hpf when comparing to the control group while UV exposure further delayed hatching only in oxybenzone-exposed embryos. The results demonstrate the importance of involving UV light in toxicity testing for UV filters and provide much-need information on the UV-induced toxicity of benzophenone and oxybenzone under ecologically realistic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyang Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Prachi Shah
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Fan Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Peipei Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Jing You
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Greg Goss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada; National Institute for Nanotechnology, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2M9, Canada; Director of Office of Environmental Nanosafety, University of Alberta, Canada.
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Mitchelmore CL, Burns EE, Conway A, Heyes A, Davies IA. A Critical Review of Organic Ultraviolet Filter Exposure, Hazard, and Risk to Corals. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021; 40:967-988. [PMID: 33528837 PMCID: PMC8048829 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
There has been a rapid increase in public, political, and scientific interest regarding the impact of organic ultraviolet (UV) filters to coral reefs. Such filters are found in sunscreens and other consumer products and enter the aquatic environment via direct (i.e., recreational activities, effluents) or indirect (i.e., land runoff) pathways. This review summarizes the current state of the science regarding the concentration of organic UV filters in seawater and sediment near coral reef ecosystems and in coral tissues, toxicological data from early and adult life stages of coral species, and preliminary environmental risk characterizations. Up to 14 different organic UV filters in seawater near coral reefs have been reported across 12 studies, with the majority of concentrations in the nanograms per liter range. Nine papers report toxicological findings from no response to a variety of biological effects occurring in the micrograms per liter to milligrams per liter range, in part given the wide variations in experimental design and coral species and/or life stage used. This review presents key findings; scientific data gaps; flaws in assumptions, practice, and inference; and a number of recommendations for future studies to assess the environmental risk of organic UV filters to coral reef ecosystems. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:967-988. © 2021 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carys L. Mitchelmore
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental ScienceChesapeake Biological Laboratory, SolomonsMarylandUSA
| | | | - Annaleise Conway
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental ScienceChesapeake Biological Laboratory, SolomonsMarylandUSA
| | - Andrew Heyes
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental ScienceChesapeake Biological Laboratory, SolomonsMarylandUSA
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47
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Huang Y, Law JCF, Lam TK, Leung KSY. Risks of organic UV filters: a review of environmental and human health concern studies. Sci Total Environ 2021; 755:142486. [PMID: 33038838 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Organic UV filters are compounds that absorb UV irradiation by their highly conjugated structure. With the developing consciousness over the last century of the skin damage UV radiation can cause, the demand for organic UV filters has risen, for use not only in sunscreens, but also in other personal care products. The massive production and usage of these organic UV filters has resulted in extensive release into the aquatic environment, and thereby making an important group of emerging contaminants. Considering the widespread occurrence of organic UV filters in not only ambient water, but also sediment, soil and even indoor dust, their threats towards the health of living organisms have been a subject of active investigation. In this review article, we present an overall review of existing knowledge on the risks of organic UV filters from the aspects of both environmental and human health impacts. As for the environment, some organic UV filters are proven to bioaccumulate in various kinds of aquatic organisms, and further to have adverse effects on different kinds of animal models. Toxicological studies including in vivo and in vitro studies are important and effective means to ascertain the effects and mechanisms of organic UV filters on both the ecosystem and humans. Subsequent concerns arise that these compounds will affect human health in the long term. This review concludes by suggesting future lines of research based on the remaining knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanran Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Japhet Cheuk-Fung Law
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Tsz-Ki Lam
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Kelvin Sze-Yin Leung
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Shenzhen, China.
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Carvalhais A, Pereira B, Sabato M, Seixas R, Dolbeth M, Marques A, Guilherme S, Pereira P, Pacheco M, Mieiro C. Mild Effects of Sunscreen Agents on a Marine Flatfish: Oxidative Stress, Energetic Profiles, Neurotoxicity and Behaviour in Response to Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles and Oxybenzone. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041567. [PMID: 33557180 PMCID: PMC7913899 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
UV filters are potentially harmful to marine organisms. Given their worldwide dissemination and the scarcity of studies on marine fish, we evaluated the toxicity of an organic (oxybenzone) and an inorganic (titanium dioxide nanoparticles) UV filter, individually and in a binary mixture, in the turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). Fish were intraperitoneally injected and a multi-level assessment was carried out 3 and 7 days later. Oxybenzone and titanium dioxide nanoparticles induced mild effects on turbot, both isolated and in mixture. Neither oxidative stress (intestine, liver and kidney) nor neurotoxicity (brain) was found. However, liver metabolic function was altered after 7 days, suggesting the impairment of the aerobic metabolism. An increased motility rate in oxybenzone treatment was the only behavioural alteration (day 7). The intestine and liver were preferentially targeted, while kidney and brain were unaffected. Both infra- and supra-additive interactions were perceived, with a toxicodynamic nature, resulting either in favourable or unfavourable toxicological outcomes, which were markedly dependent on the organ, parameter and post-injection time. The combined exposure to the UV filters did not show a consistent increment in toxicity in comparison with the isolated exposures, which is an ecologically relevant finding providing key information towards the formulation of environmentally safe sunscreen products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carvalhais
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.C.); (B.P.); (R.S.); (A.M.); (S.G.); (P.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Bárbara Pereira
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.C.); (B.P.); (R.S.); (A.M.); (S.G.); (P.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Mariangela Sabato
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy;
| | - Rafaela Seixas
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.C.); (B.P.); (R.S.); (A.M.); (S.G.); (P.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Marina Dolbeth
- CIIMAR, University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; or
| | - Ana Marques
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.C.); (B.P.); (R.S.); (A.M.); (S.G.); (P.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Sofia Guilherme
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.C.); (B.P.); (R.S.); (A.M.); (S.G.); (P.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Patrícia Pereira
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.C.); (B.P.); (R.S.); (A.M.); (S.G.); (P.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Mário Pacheco
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.C.); (B.P.); (R.S.); (A.M.); (S.G.); (P.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Cláudia Mieiro
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.C.); (B.P.); (R.S.); (A.M.); (S.G.); (P.P.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence:
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49
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Boyd A, Stewart CB, Philibert DA, How ZT, El-Din MG, Tierney KB, Blewett TA. A burning issue: The effect of organic ultraviolet filter exposure on the behaviour and physiology of Daphnia magna. Sci Total Environ 2021; 750:141707. [PMID: 33182172 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) filters are compounds utilized in many manufacturing processes and personal care products such as sunscreen to protect against UV-radiation. These highly lipophilic compounds are emerging contaminants of concern in aquatic environments due to their previously observed potential to bioaccumulate and exert toxic effects in marine ecosystems. Currently, research into the toxic effects of UV filter contamination of freshwater ecosystems is lacking, thus the present study sought to model the effects of acute and chronic developmental exposures to UV filters avobenzone, oxybenzone and octocrylene as well as a mixture of these substances in the freshwater invertebrate, Daphnia magna, at environmentally realistic concentrations. Median 48-hour effect and lethal concentrations were determined to be in the low mg/L range, with the exception of octocrylene causing 50% immobilization near environmental concentrations. 48-hour acute developmental exposures proved to behaviourally impair daphnid phototactic response; however, recovery was observed following a 19-day post-exposure period. Although no physiological disruptions were detected in acutely exposed daphnids, delayed mortality was observed up to seven days post-exposure at 200 μg/L of avobenzone and octocrylene. 21-day chronic exposure to 7.5 μg/L octocrylene yielded complete mortality within 7 days, while sublethal chronic exposure to avobenzone increased Daphnia reproductive output and decreased metabolic rate. 2 μg/L oxybenzone induced a 25% increase in metabolic rate of adult daphnids, and otherwise caused no toxic effects at this dose. These data indicate that UV filters can exert toxic effects in freshwater invertebrates, therefore further study is required. It is clear that the most well-studied UV filter, oxybenzone, may not be the most toxic to Daphnia, as both avobenzone and octocrylene induced behavioural and physiological disruption at environmentally realistic concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Boyd
- University of Alberta, Department of Biological Sciences, Edmonton T6G 2E9, Canada.
| | - Connor B Stewart
- University of Alberta, Department of Biological Sciences, Edmonton T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Danielle A Philibert
- University of Alberta, Department of Biological Sciences, Edmonton T6G 2E9, Canada; Huntsman Marine Science Centre, St. Andrews E5B 2L7, Canada
| | - Zuo Tong How
- University of Alberta, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H, Canada
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- University of Alberta, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H, Canada
| | - Keith B Tierney
- University of Alberta, Department of Biological Sciences, Edmonton T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Tamzin A Blewett
- University of Alberta, Department of Biological Sciences, Edmonton T6G 2E9, Canada
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50
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Carve M, Nugegoda D, Allinson G, Shimeta J. A systematic review and ecological risk assessment for organic ultraviolet filters in aquatic environments. Environ Pollut 2021; 268:115894. [PMID: 33120145 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Organic ultraviolet filters (OUVFs) are used in a wide range of manufactured products including personal care (e.g. sunscreens) and plastic items. This review summarizes the available data regarding the toxic effects of OUVFs on marine and freshwater organisms and generates the predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) values necessary for assessing ecological risk. Through a systematic search of the literature, 89 studies were identified and ecotoxicological data extracted. Collectively, these studies described toxicity testing with 39 OUVF from 10 structural classes, with derivatives of benzophenones (49%) and camphors (16%) most studied. There was a bias towards selecting freshwater species (61%), and evaluating single OUVF effects (87%) rather than OUVF mixtures. Short-term (acute) experimentation (58%) was marginally more common than long-term (chronic) testing (42%). Reproductive, developmental, genetic, and neurological toxicity were the most commonly identified effects in aquatic organism, and were associated with molecular interactions with steroid receptors, DNA, or the production of reactive oxygen species. Species sensitivity distribution and/or assessment factors were used to calculate PNECs for 22 OUVFs and the risk quotients for 12 OUVFs. When using maximum concentrations, high risk was observed for six OUVFs in marine environments (4-methylbenzylidene-camphor, octocrylene, padimate-O, benzophenone-1, and oxybenzone, ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate), and for four OUVFs in freshwater environments (ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate, octocrylene, avobenzone and oxybenzone). When using median concentrations, a risk to marine environments was observed for oxybenzone. The results of this review underline that there is limited knowledge of the pathological effects of OUVFs and their metabolites in aquatic environments, and this inhibits the development of informed water-quality guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Carve
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.
| | - Dayanthi Nugegoda
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Graeme Allinson
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Jeff Shimeta
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
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