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da Silva JF, Corrêa DS, Campos ÉL, Leite GZ, de Oliveira JDM, Fachini J, da Silva J, Obach ES, Campo LF, Grivicich I, de Amorim HLN, Picada JN. Evaluation of toxicological aspects of three new benzoxazole compounds with sunscreen photophysical properties using in silico and in vitro methods. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 79:105300. [PMID: 34933087 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sunscreening chemicals protect against damage caused by sunlight most absorbing UVA or UVB radiations. In this sense, 2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole derivatives with amino substituents in the 4' and 5' positions have an outstandingly high Sun Protection Factor and adequate photostability, but their toxicity is not yet known. This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of three synthetic 2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole derivatives for their possible application as sunscreens. In silico tools were used in order to assess potential risks regarding mutagenic, carcinogenic, and skin sensitizing potential. Bioassays were performed in L929 cells to assess cytotoxicity in MTT assay and genotoxic activities in the Comet assay and micronucleus test. Also, the Salmonella/microsome assay was performed to evaluate gene mutations. The in silico predictions indicate a low risk of mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of the compounds while the skin sensitizing potential was low or inconclusive. The 2-(4'-amino-2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazol compound was the most cytotoxic and genotoxic among the compounds evaluated in L929 cells, but none induced mutations in the Salmonella/microsome assay. The amino substituted at the 4' position of the phenyl ring appears to have greater toxicological risks than substituents at the 5' position of 2-(phenyl)benzoxazole. The findings warrant further studies of these compounds in cosmetic formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jâmeson Ferreira da Silva
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Av. Farroupilha, 8001, CEP: 92425-900 Canoas, RS, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa em Produto e Desenvolvimento (CEPPED), Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Av. Farroupilha, 8001, CEP: 92425-900 Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Dione Silva Corrêa
- Centro de Pesquisa em Produto e Desenvolvimento (CEPPED), Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Av. Farroupilha, 8001, CEP: 92425-900 Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Érico Leite Campos
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Av. Farroupilha, 8001, CEP: 92425-900 Canoas, RS, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa em Produto e Desenvolvimento (CEPPED), Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Av. Farroupilha, 8001, CEP: 92425-900 Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Giovana Zamprônio Leite
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Av. Farroupilha, 8001, CEP: 92425-900 Canoas, RS, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa em Produto e Desenvolvimento (CEPPED), Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Av. Farroupilha, 8001, CEP: 92425-900 Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - João Denis Medeiros de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Av. Farroupilha, 8001, CEP: 92425-900 Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Jean Fachini
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Av. Farroupilha, 8001, CEP: 92425-900 Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana da Silva
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Av. Farroupilha, 8001, CEP: 92425-900 Canoas, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Genetica Toxicológica, Universidade La Salle, Av. Victor Barreto, 2288, CEP: 92010-000 Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Eliane Sempé Obach
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Farmacêutica, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Av. Farroupilha, 8001, CEP: 92425-900 Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Leandra Franciscato Campo
- Laboratório de Novos Materiais Orgânicos e Quimica Forense, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, CEP: 90650-001 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ivana Grivicich
- Laboratório de Biologia do Câncer, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Farroupilha Avenue 8001, CEP: 92425-900 Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Jaqueline Nascimento Picada
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Av. Farroupilha, 8001, CEP: 92425-900 Canoas, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Novos Materiais Orgânicos e Quimica Forense, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, CEP: 90650-001 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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De Sousa JA, De Sousa JT, Boaretto FBM, Salvi JDO, Fachini J, Da Silva JB, Unfer JP, Allgayer MC, Lemes MLB, Marroni NP, Ferraz ADBF, Picada JN. Anti-hyperlipidemic effects of Campomanesia xanthocarpa aqueous extract and its modulation on oxidative stress and genomic instability in Wistar rats. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2019; 82:1009-1018. [PMID: 31658881 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2019.1683925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of natural products from herbs may be a therapeutic option in dyslipidemia treatment. Campomanesia xanthocarpa (Mart.) O. Berg (Myrtaceae) leaves have been used to decrease cholesterol levels. However, studies to determine activities of this plant on triglycerides metabolism have received little attention. The aim of this study was to examine anti-hyperlipidemic effects of a C. xanthocarpa aqueous leaf extract (CxAE) and assess protective actions against oxidative stress and DNA damage. The tyloxapol-induced hyperlipidemia model was used in Wistar rats. Rats were treated orally with CxAE either 250 or 500 mg/kg/day for 7 days prior to tyloxapol administration. Biochemical parameters, oxidative stress levels, and genomic instability were assessed in several tissues. CxAE decreased cholesterol and triglyceride levels in serum and hepatic and renal DNA damage in tyloxapol-treated rats. There was no marked effect on the micronucleus frequency in bone marrow. The extract increased catalase activity and decreased glutathione S-transferase activity in kidney tissue. CxAE showed anti-hyperlipidemic effects, improved oxidative parameters, and protected DNA against damage induced by tyloxapol-induced hyperlipidemia, suggesting C. xanthocarpa leaves may be useful in preventing dyslipidemias.Abbreviations: ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; ALT: Aspartate aminotransferase; ANOVA: Analysis of variance; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; Ator: Atorvastatin; CAT: Catalase; Chol: Cholesterol; CxAE: Campomanesia xanthocarpa aqueous extract; GST: Glutathione S-transferase; HDL: High density cholesterol; i.p.: Intraperitoneal; NCE: Normochromatic erythrocyte; PBS: Phosphate buffer solution; PCE: Polychromatic erythrocyte; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; SD: Standard deviation; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; T: Tyloxapol; TBARS: Thiobarbituric acid reacting substances; TG: Triglyceride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joubert Aires De Sousa
- Laboratory of Toxicological Genetics, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology Applied to Health, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, Brazil
| | - Jayne Torres De Sousa
- Laboratory of Toxicological Genetics, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology Applied to Health, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Brião Menezes Boaretto
- Laboratory of Toxicological Genetics, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology Applied to Health, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, Brazil
| | - Jeferson De Oliveira Salvi
- Laboratory of Toxicological Genetics, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology Applied to Health, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, Brazil
| | - Jean Fachini
- Laboratory of Toxicological Genetics, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, Brazil
| | | | - Julia Pereira Unfer
- Laboratory of Toxicological Genetics, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, Brazil
| | - Mariangela C Allgayer
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Veterinary Hospital, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, Brazil
| | - Maria Luísa Brodt Lemes
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, Brazil
| | - Norma Possa Marroni
- Center of Experimental Research, Clinic Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences: Physiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Alexandre De Barros Falcão Ferraz
- Post Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology Applied to Health, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, Brazil
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Nascimento Picada
- Laboratory of Toxicological Genetics, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology Applied to Health, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, Brazil
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Dos Santos Laranjeira V, da Silva Brum LF, de Freitas LBR, Miri JM, Pinhatti VR, Fachini J, Tomazzoni L, Picada JN, Grivicich I. Carboxyethyl aminobutyric acid (CEGABA) lacks cytotoxicity and genotoxicity and stimulates cell proliferation and migration in vitro. Arch Dermatol Res 2019; 311:491-497. [PMID: 31087156 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-019-01927-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cosmeceuticals are cosmetics formulated using compounds with medical-like benefits. Though the antiaging effect of carboxyethyl aminobutyric acid (CEGABA) has been discussed, its action mechanism in cosmeceuticals remains unclear. This study assessed the in vitro efficacy and safety of CEGABA. NHI-3T3 mouse fibroblast cell line was treated with two CEGABA concentrations (50 and 500 μmol/L) for 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity were evaluated by colorimetry (MTT) and the alkaline version of the comet assay, respectively. Flow cytometry and the scratch-wound assay were used to assess cell-cycle phase distributions and cell migration rates. Compared with the untreated control, CEGABA increased cell growth 1.6 times after 72 h, independent of dose. The compound also decreased cell replication time by 4 h. These findings seem to be related with the approximately 1.5-times increase in phase S cells numbers. Importantly, in vitro wound healing improved roughly 20% after treatment with CEGABA for 24 h and persisted after 48 h, indicating culture recovery. The time-dependent proliferation and migration of fibroblasts induced by CEGABA besides the fact that the compound is neither genotoxic nor cytotoxic makes it an ideal candidate in the development of cosmeceuticals in antiaging therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vani Dos Santos Laranjeira
- Laboratório de Biologia do Câncer, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, ULBRA, Avenida Farroupilha, 8001, Prédio 22, 5º andar, Bairro São José, Canoas, RS, CEP 92425-900, Brazil.,Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Lucimar Filot da Silva Brum
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Laura Bainy Rodrigues de Freitas
- Laboratório de Biologia do Câncer, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, ULBRA, Avenida Farroupilha, 8001, Prédio 22, 5º andar, Bairro São José, Canoas, RS, CEP 92425-900, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Machado Miri
- Laboratório de Biologia do Câncer, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, ULBRA, Avenida Farroupilha, 8001, Prédio 22, 5º andar, Bairro São José, Canoas, RS, CEP 92425-900, Brazil
| | - Valéria Rodrigues Pinhatti
- Laboratório de Células-tronco e Engenharia de Tecidos, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Jean Fachini
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Luciana Tomazzoni
- Laboratório de Biologia do Câncer, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, ULBRA, Avenida Farroupilha, 8001, Prédio 22, 5º andar, Bairro São José, Canoas, RS, CEP 92425-900, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Nascimento Picada
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Ivana Grivicich
- Laboratório de Biologia do Câncer, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, ULBRA, Avenida Farroupilha, 8001, Prédio 22, 5º andar, Bairro São José, Canoas, RS, CEP 92425-900, Brazil.
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Goersch MCDS, Schäfer L, Tonial M, de Oliveira VR, Ferraz ADBF, Fachini J, da Silva JB, Niekraszewicz LAB, Rodrigues CE, Pasquali G, Dias JF, Kist TBL, Picada JN. Nutritional composition of Eragrostis teff and its association with the observed antimutagenic effects. RSC Adv 2019; 9:3764-3776. [PMID: 35518081 PMCID: PMC9060251 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra09733j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Eragrostis teff is an Ethiopian native grass plant (Poaceae or Gramineae family) whose importance as a crop grain has increased in recent years. The aim of this study is to analyze the nutritional composition of its seeds and the mutagenic/antimutagenic activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of the seed flour. Chemical elements (colloquially known as minerals) were determined using Particle-Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) and Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS), while the content of amino acids (aminogram) and fatty acids (profile of fatty acids) were quantified by HPLC. Mutagenic activities were tested using Salmonella/microsome assay. Mutagens doxorubicin, 4-nitroquinolin N-oxide, methylmethanosulphonate, and aflatoxin B-1 were used in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains to assess antimutagenic activities. The major elements observed were K, P, S, Mg, and Ca. Almost all essential amino acids were observed and the predominance of unsaturated fatty acids in the total oil content of 2.72% (w/w) is also noted, including the two essential fatty acids alpha-linolenic acid (an omega-3 fatty acid) and linoleic acid (an omega-6 fatty acid). Hydroalcoholic extract of E. teff seed flour showed antimutagenic activity, protecting against frameshift and base pair substitution mutations. These findings provide valuable information for further development of healthier foods that can be produced with increasing yields and minimal environmental impact. Eragrostis teff is an Ethiopian native grass plant (Poaceae or Gramineae family) whose importance as a crop grain has increased in recent years.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Clara da Silva Goersch
- Graduating Program in Cell and Molecular Biology Applied to Health, Laboratory of Toxicological Genetics, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA) Farroupilha Avenue 8001 92425-900 Canoas RS Brazil +55 51 34771313 +55 51 34779158
| | - Laura Schäfer
- Laboratory of Methods, Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Bento Goncalves Avenue 9500 Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Marina Tonial
- Laboratory of Methods, Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Bento Goncalves Avenue 9500 Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Viviani Ruffo de Oliveira
- Department of Nutrition, Medical School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Ramiro Barcelos Street 2400 Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | | | - Jean Fachini
- Graduating Program in Cell and Molecular Biology Applied to Health, Laboratory of Toxicological Genetics, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA) Farroupilha Avenue 8001 92425-900 Canoas RS Brazil +55 51 34771313 +55 51 34779158
| | - Juliana Bondan da Silva
- Graduating Program in Cell and Molecular Biology Applied to Health, Laboratory of Toxicological Genetics, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA) Farroupilha Avenue 8001 92425-900 Canoas RS Brazil +55 51 34771313 +55 51 34779158
| | - Liana Appel Boufleur Niekraszewicz
- Ion Implantation Laboratory (LII), Institute of Physics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Bento Goncalves Avenue 9500 Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Methods, Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Bento Goncalves Avenue 9500 Porto Alegre RS Brazil.,Graduating Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Giancarlo Pasquali
- Graduating Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Johnny Ferraz Dias
- Ion Implantation Laboratory (LII), Institute of Physics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Bento Goncalves Avenue 9500 Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Tarso B Ledur Kist
- Laboratory of Methods, Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Bento Goncalves Avenue 9500 Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Nascimento Picada
- Graduating Program in Cell and Molecular Biology Applied to Health, Laboratory of Toxicological Genetics, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA) Farroupilha Avenue 8001 92425-900 Canoas RS Brazil +55 51 34771313 +55 51 34779158
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5
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Muradás TC, Abbadi BL, Villela AD, Macchi FS, Bergo PF, de Freitas TF, Sperotto NDM, Timmers LFSM, Norberto de Souza O, Picada JN, Fachini J, da Silva JB, de Albuquerque NCP, Habenschus MD, Carrão DB, Rocha BA, Barbosa Junior F, de Oliveira ARM, Mascarello A, Neuenfeldf P, Nunes RJ, Morbidoni HR, Campos MM, Basso LA, Rodrigues-Junior VS. Pre-clinical evaluation of quinoxaline-derived chalcones in tuberculosis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202568. [PMID: 30114296 PMCID: PMC6095594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
New effective compounds for tuberculosis treatment are needed. This study evaluated the effects of a series of quinoxaline-derived chalcones against laboratorial strains and clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis. Six molecules, namely N5, N9, N10, N15, N16, and N23 inhibited the growth of the M. tuberculosis H37Rv laboratorial strain. The three compounds (N9, N15 and N23) with the lowest MIC values were further tested against clinical isolates and laboratory strains with mutations in katG or inhA genes. From these data, N9 was selected as the lead compound for further investigation. Importantly, this chalcone displayed a synergistic effect when combined with moxifloxacin. Noteworthy, the anti-tubercular effects of N9 did not rely on inhibition of mycolic acids synthesis, circumventing important mechanisms of resistance. Interactions with cytochrome P450 isoforms and toxic effects were assessed in silico and in vitro. The chalcone N9 was not predicted to elicit any mutagenic, genotoxic, irritant, or reproductive effects, according to in silico analysis. Additionally, N9 did not cause mutagenicity or genotoxicity, as revealed by Salmonella/microsome and alkaline comet assays, respectively. Moreover, N9 did not inhibit the cytochrome P450 isoforms CYP3A4/5, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19. N9 can be considered a potential lead molecule for development of a new anti-tubercular therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís C. Muradás
- Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional (CPBMF) and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Tuberculose (INCT-TB), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruno L. Abbadi
- Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional (CPBMF) and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Tuberculose (INCT-TB), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Anne D. Villela
- Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional (CPBMF) and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Tuberculose (INCT-TB), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda S. Macchi
- Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional (CPBMF) and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Tuberculose (INCT-TB), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Pedro F. Bergo
- Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional (CPBMF) and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Tuberculose (INCT-TB), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Talita F. de Freitas
- Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional (CPBMF) and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Tuberculose (INCT-TB), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Nathalia D. M. Sperotto
- Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional (CPBMF) and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Tuberculose (INCT-TB), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luis F. S. M. Timmers
- Laboratório de Bioinformática, Modelagem e Simulação de Biossistemas, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Osmar Norberto de Souza
- Laboratório de Bioinformática, Modelagem e Simulação de Biossistemas, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline N. Picada
- Laboratory of Toxicological Genetics, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, Brazil
| | - Jean Fachini
- Laboratory of Toxicological Genetics, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, Brazil
| | | | - Nayara C. P. de Albuquerque
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Maísa D. Habenschus
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Daniel B. Carrão
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Bruno A. Rocha
- Laboratório de Toxicologia e Essencialidade de Metais, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Fernando Barbosa Junior
- Laboratório de Toxicologia e Essencialidade de Metais, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Anderson R. M. de Oliveira
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Mascarello
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Neuenfeldf
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Ricardo J. Nunes
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Héctor R. Morbidoni
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Maria M. Campos
- Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional (CPBMF) and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Tuberculose (INCT-TB), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisa de Toxicologia e Farmacologia, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luiz A. Basso
- Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional (CPBMF) and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Tuberculose (INCT-TB), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Valnês S. Rodrigues-Junior
- Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional (CPBMF) and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Tuberculose (INCT-TB), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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