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Brefeld D, Di Mauro V, Kellermann MY, Nietzer S, Moeller M, Lütjens LH, Pawlowski S, Petersen-Thiery M, Schupp PJ. Acute Toxicity Assays with Adult Coral Fragments: A Method for Standardization. Toxics 2023; 12:1. [PMID: 38276714 PMCID: PMC10818607 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Coral reefs are globally declining due to various anthropogenic stressors. Amongst those, chemical pollutants, such as pesticides from agricultural runoff, sewage or an overabundance of personal care products in coastal waters due to intense tourism, may be considered as a local stressor for reef-building corals. The extent to which such chemicals exhibit toxic effects towards corals at environmentally relevant concentrations is currently controversially discussed and existing studies are often based on varying and sometimes deficient test methods. To address this uncertainty, we adapted available methods into a reliable and comprehensive acute coral toxicity test method for the reef-building coral Montipora digitata. The toxicities of the four substances benzophenone-3 (BP-3), Diuron (DCMU), copper (Cu2+ as CuCl2, positive control) and dimethylformamide (DMF, solvent) were assessed in a 96 h semi-static test design. Endpoints such as maximum quantum yield, bleaching, tissue loss and mortality were evaluated with respect to their suitability for regulatory purposes. Overall, the endpoints bleaching and mortality yielded sensitive and robust results for the four tested substances. As the test method follows the principles of internationally standardized testing methods (ISO, OECD), it can be considered suitable for further validation and standardization. Once validated, a standardized test method will help to obtain reproducible toxicity results useful for marine hazard and risk assessment and regulatory decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Brefeld
- Environmental Biochemistry Group, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), School of Mathematics and Science, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany; (V.D.M.)
| | - Valentina Di Mauro
- Environmental Biochemistry Group, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), School of Mathematics and Science, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany; (V.D.M.)
| | - Matthias Y. Kellermann
- Environmental Biochemistry Group, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), School of Mathematics and Science, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany; (V.D.M.)
| | - Samuel Nietzer
- Environmental Biochemistry Group, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), School of Mathematics and Science, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany; (V.D.M.)
| | - Mareen Moeller
- Environmental Biochemistry Group, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), School of Mathematics and Science, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany; (V.D.M.)
| | - Laura H. Lütjens
- Department of Product Safety, Regulatory Ecotoxicology, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Sascha Pawlowski
- Department of Product Safety, Regulatory Ecotoxicology, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Mechtild Petersen-Thiery
- Product Stewardship and EHS Data Management, BASF Personal Care and Nutrition GmbH, Rheinpromenade 1, 40789 Monheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Peter J. Schupp
- Environmental Biochemistry Group, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), School of Mathematics and Science, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany; (V.D.M.)
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity (HIFMB), University of Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 231, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
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Di Mauro V, Kamyab E, Kellermann MY, Moeller M, Nietzer S, Luetjens LH, Pawlowski S, Petersen-Thiery M, Schupp PJ. Ecotoxicological Effects of Four Commonly Used Organic Solvents on the Scleractinian Coral Montipora digitata. Toxics 2023; 11:367. [PMID: 37112595 PMCID: PMC10146860 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11040367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Organic solvents are often used in aquatic toxicity tests to facilitate the testing of hydrophobic or poorly water-soluble substances such as ultraviolet (UV) filters, pesticides, or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Knowledge of intrinsic effects (i.e., measured as standardized and non-standardized endpoints) of such carrier solvents in non-standardized organisms (i.e., corals), is critical to regulatory processes. Therefore, we exposed the reef-building coral Montipora digitata to the most commonly used carrier solvents ethanol, methanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, and dimethylformamide in the range of 10-100 µL L-1 for 16 days. The effects on mortality, photobiological, morphological, and oxidative stress markers were evaluated. In our study, all solvents resulted in significant morphological and/or oxidative stress responses, but not in mortality. Moreover, ethanol led to a rapid increase in turbidity, thus questioning its suitability as a carrier solvent in aquatic studies in general. Based on our observations, we could rank the solvent effects as follows: dimethylformamide < dimethyl sulfoxide ≈ methanol ≤ ethanol, with dimethylformamide showing the least and ethanol the most pronounced effects. We conclude that the use of solvents in toxicity studies with corals, particularly by examining non-standardized (e.g., morphological, physiological) endpoints, should be taken with caution and requires further elaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Di Mauro
- Environmental Biochemistry Group, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), School of Mathematics and Science, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Schleusenstr. 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Elham Kamyab
- German Center for Marine Biodiversity Research (DZMB), Senckenberg am Meer, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Matthias Y. Kellermann
- Environmental Biochemistry Group, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), School of Mathematics and Science, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Schleusenstr. 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Mareen Moeller
- Environmental Biochemistry Group, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), School of Mathematics and Science, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Schleusenstr. 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Samuel Nietzer
- Environmental Biochemistry Group, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), School of Mathematics and Science, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Schleusenstr. 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Laura H. Luetjens
- Department of Product Safety, Regulatory Ecotoxicology, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Str. 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Sascha Pawlowski
- Department of Product Safety, Regulatory Ecotoxicology, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Str. 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Mechtild Petersen-Thiery
- Product Stewardship and EHS Data Management, BASF Personal Care and Nutrition GmbH, Rheinpromenade 1, 40789 Monheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Peter J. Schupp
- Environmental Biochemistry Group, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), School of Mathematics and Science, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Schleusenstr. 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity (HIFMB), University of Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstr. 231, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
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Petersen LE, Kellermann MY, Fiegel LJ, Nietzer S, Bickmeyer U, Abele D, Schupp PJ. Photodegradation of a bacterial pigment and resulting hydrogen peroxide release enable coral settlement. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3562. [PMID: 36864107 PMCID: PMC9981606 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30470-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The global degradation of coral reefs is steadily increasing with ongoing climate change. Yet coral larvae settlement, a key mechanism of coral population rejuvenation and recovery, is largely understudied. Here, we show how the lipophilic, settlement-inducing bacterial pigment cycloprodigiosin (CYPRO) is actively harvested and subsequently enriched along the ectoderm of larvae of the scleractinian coral Leptastrea purpura. A light-dependent reaction transforms the CYPRO molecules through photolytic decomposition and provides a constant supply of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), leading to attachment on the substrate and metamorphosis into a coral recruit. Micromolar concentrations of H2O2 in seawater also resulted in rapid metamorphosis, but without prior larval attachment. We propose that the morphogen CYPRO is responsible for initiating attachment while simultaneously acting as a molecular generator for the comprehensive metamorphosis of pelagic larvae. Ultimately, our approach opens a novel mechanistic dimension to the study of chemical signaling in coral settlement and provides unprecedented insights into the role of infochemicals in cross-kingdom interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars-Erik Petersen
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Schleusenstrasse 1, 26382, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Matthias Y Kellermann
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Schleusenstrasse 1, 26382, Wilhelmshaven, Germany.
| | - Laura J Fiegel
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Schleusenstrasse 1, 26382, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Samuel Nietzer
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Schleusenstrasse 1, 26382, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Ulf Bickmeyer
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Doris Abele
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Peter J Schupp
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Schleusenstrasse 1, 26382, Wilhelmshaven, Germany.
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity (HIFMB) at the University of Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstrasse 231, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany.
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Wibowo JT, Kellermann MY, Petersen LE, Alfiansah YR, Lattyak C, Schupp PJ. Characterization of an Insoluble and Soluble Form of Melanin Produced by Streptomyces cavourensis SV 21, a Sea Cucumber Associated Bacterium. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20010054. [PMID: 35049909 PMCID: PMC8777673 DOI: 10.3390/md20010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanin is a widely distributed and striking dark-colored pigment produced by countless living organisms. Although a wide range of bioactivities have been recognized, there are still major constraints in using melanin for biotechnological applications such as its fragmentary known chemical structure and its insolubility in inorganic and organic solvents. In this study, a bacterial culture of Streptomyces cavourensis SV 21 produced two distinct forms of melanin: (1) a particulate, insoluble form as well as (2) a rarely observed water-soluble form. The here presented novel, acid-free purification protocol of purified particulate melanin (PPM) and purified dissolved melanin (PDM) represents the basis for an in-depth comparison of their physicochemical and biological properties, which were compared to the traditional acid-based precipitation of melanin (AM) and to a synthetic melanin standard (SM). Our data show that the differences in solubility between PDM and PPM in aqueous solutions may be a result of different adjoining cation species, since the soluble PDM polymer is largely composed of Mg2+ ions and the insoluble PPM is dominated by Ca2+ ions. Furthermore, AM shared most properties with SM, which is likely attributed to a similar, acid-based production protocol. The here presented gentler approach of purifying melanin facilitates a new perspective of an intact form of soluble and insoluble melanin that is less chemical altered and thus closer to its original biological form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joko Tri Wibowo
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Schleusenstr. 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany;
- Research Center for Biotechnology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Raya Bogor KM 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia
- Correspondence: (J.T.W.); (M.Y.K.); (P.J.S.)
| | - Matthias Y. Kellermann
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Schleusenstr. 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany;
- Correspondence: (J.T.W.); (M.Y.K.); (P.J.S.)
| | - Lars-Erik Petersen
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Schleusenstr. 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany;
| | - Yustian R. Alfiansah
- Research Center for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Pasir Putih 1, Ancol Timur, Jakarta Utara 14430, Indonesia;
- Center for Aquaculture Research (ZAF), Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI), Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Colleen Lattyak
- DLR Institute of Networked Energy Systems, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany;
| | - Peter J. Schupp
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Schleusenstr. 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany;
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity at the University of Oldenburg (HIFMB), Ammerländer Heerstrasse 231, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (J.T.W.); (M.Y.K.); (P.J.S.)
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Faisal MR, Kellermann MY, Rohde S, Putra MY, Murniasih T, Risdian C, Mohr KI, Wink J, Praditya DF, Steinmann E, Köck M, Schupp PJ. Ecological and Pharmacological Activities of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) from the Indonesian Marine Sponge Lamellodysidea herbacea. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19110611. [PMID: 34822482 PMCID: PMC8621810 DOI: 10.3390/md19110611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Two known Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs), 3,4,5-tribromo-2-(2′,4′-dibromophenoxy)phenol (1d) and 3,4,5,6-tetrabromo-2-(2′,4′-dibromophenoxy)phenol (2b), were isolated from the Indonesian marine sponge Lamellodysidea herbacea. The structure was confirmed using 13C chemical shift average deviation and was compared to the predicted structures and recorded chemical shifts in previous studies. We found a wide range of bioactivities from the organic crude extract, such as (1) a strong deterrence against the generalist pufferfish Canthigaster solandri, (2) potent inhibition against environmental and human pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains, and (3) the inhibition of the Hepatitis C Virus (HCV). The addition of a bromine atom into the A-ring of compound 2b resulted in higher fish feeding deterrence compared to compound 1d. On the contrary, compound 2b showed only more potent inhibition against the Gram-negative bacteria Rhodotorula glutinis (MIC 2.1 μg/mL), while compound 1d showed more powerful inhibition against the other human pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The first report of a chemical defense by compounds 1d and 2b against fish feeding and environmental relevant bacteria, especially pathogenic bacteria, might be one reason for the widespread occurrence of the shallow water sponge Lamellodysidea herbacea in Indonesia and the Indo-Pacific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad R. Faisal
- Environmental Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Schleusenstr. 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany; (M.R.F.); (M.Y.K.); (S.R.)
| | - Matthias Y. Kellermann
- Environmental Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Schleusenstr. 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany; (M.R.F.); (M.Y.K.); (S.R.)
| | - Sven Rohde
- Environmental Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Schleusenstr. 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany; (M.R.F.); (M.Y.K.); (S.R.)
| | - Masteria Y. Putra
- Research Center for Biotechnology, Research Organization for Life Science, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong 16911, Indonesia; (M.Y.P.); (T.M.); (D.F.P.)
| | - Tutik Murniasih
- Research Center for Biotechnology, Research Organization for Life Science, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong 16911, Indonesia; (M.Y.P.); (T.M.); (D.F.P.)
| | - Chandra Risdian
- Microbial Strain Collection (MISG), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (C.R.); (K.I.M.); (J.W.)
- Research Unit for Clean Technology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Bandung 40135, Indonesia
| | - Kathrin I. Mohr
- Microbial Strain Collection (MISG), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (C.R.); (K.I.M.); (J.W.)
| | - Joachim Wink
- Microbial Strain Collection (MISG), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (C.R.); (K.I.M.); (J.W.)
| | - Dimas F. Praditya
- Research Center for Biotechnology, Research Organization for Life Science, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong 16911, Indonesia; (M.Y.P.); (T.M.); (D.F.P.)
- TWINCORE-Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Institute of Experimental Virology, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 7–9, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Eike Steinmann
- TWINCORE-Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Institute of Experimental Virology, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 7–9, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Matthias Köck
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany;
| | - Peter J. Schupp
- Environmental Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Schleusenstr. 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany; (M.R.F.); (M.Y.K.); (S.R.)
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity (HIFMB), University of Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 231, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-4421-944-100
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Pawlowski S, Moeller M, Miller IB, Kellermann MY, Schupp PJ, Petersen-Thiery M. UV filters used in sunscreens-A lack in current coral protection? Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021; 17:926-939. [PMID: 34002532 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) filters used in sunscreens are among the anthropogenic substances that may enter the marine environment by both indirect (via wastewater) and direct pathways (leisure activities). Owing to the recent global decline in coral population, the impact of those UV filters on the coral health is currently under increased investigation. First results from scientists suggest that some of the filters may be toxic to various coral life stages, but an initial cross comparison with existing data from other freshwater organisms does not indicate that corals are specifically more susceptible to UV filters than other standard species. In fact, the available data leading to this conclusion is still vague and based on toxicity and bioaccumulation tests with corals, which are both still at the research stage. To facilitate a proper hazard assessment, robust experimental procedures for coral ecotoxicological studies are considered mandatory. In other words, additional steps should be taken to standardize and validate such new test systems to generate reliable results, which then can be used in regulatory decision making. Furthermore, to facilitate a more detailed and site-specific environmental risk assessment in the marine area, an application-based exposure scenario must be developed. Until these data and tools become available, environmental hazard and risk assessments may be carried out using existing data from freshwater organisms and existing tonnage-based exposure scenarios as a potential surrogate. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:926-939. © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mareen Moeller
- Environmental Biochemistry, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Ingo B Miller
- Environmental Biochemistry, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Matthias Y Kellermann
- Environmental Biochemistry, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Peter J Schupp
- Environmental Biochemistry, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity at the University of Oldenburg (HIFMB), Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Mechtild Petersen-Thiery
- BASF Personal Care and Nutrition GmbH, E-EMC/QR, Product Stewardship & EHS Data Management, Monheim, Germany
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Wibowo JT, Kellermann MY, Köck M, Putra MY, Murniasih T, Mohr KI, Wink J, Praditya DF, Steinmann E, Schupp PJ. Anti-Infective and Antiviral Activity of Valinomycin and Its Analogues from a Sea Cucumber-Associated Bacterium, Streptomyces sp. SV 21. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19020081. [PMID: 33540548 PMCID: PMC7912928 DOI: 10.3390/md19020081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The manuscript investigated the isolation, characterization and anti-infective potential of valinomycin (3), streptodepsipeptide P11A (2), streptodepsipeptide P11B (1), and one novel valinomycin analogue, streptodepsipeptide SV21 (4), which were all produced by the Gram-positive strain Streptomycescavourensis SV 21. Although the exact molecular weight and major molecular fragments were recently reported for compound 4, its structure elucidation was not based on compound isolation and spectroscopic techniques. We successfully isolated and elucidated the structure based on the MS2 fragmentation pathways as well as 1H and 13C NMR spectra and found that the previously reported structure of compound 4 differs from our analysis. Our findings showed the importance of isolation and structure elucidation of bacterial compounds in the era of fast omics technologies. The here performed anti-infective assays showed moderate to potent activity against fungi, multi drug resistant (MDR) bacteria and infectivity of the Hepatitis C Virus (HCV). While compounds 2, 3 and 4 revealed potent antiviral activity, the observed minor cytotoxicity needs further investigation. Furthermore, the here performed anti-infective assays disclosed that the symmetry of the valinomycin molecule is most important for its bioactivity, a fact that has not been reported so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joko T. Wibowo
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Schleusenstraße 1, D-26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany;
- Research Center for Biotechnology, Indonesian Institute of Science, Jl. Raya Bogor KM 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia; (M.Y.P.); (T.M.); (D.F.P.)
- Correspondence: (J.T.W.); (P.J.S.); Tel.: +49-4421-944-100 (P.J.S.)
| | - Matthias Y. Kellermann
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Schleusenstraße 1, D-26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany;
| | - Matthias Köck
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany;
| | - Masteria Y. Putra
- Research Center for Biotechnology, Indonesian Institute of Science, Jl. Raya Bogor KM 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia; (M.Y.P.); (T.M.); (D.F.P.)
| | - Tutik Murniasih
- Research Center for Biotechnology, Indonesian Institute of Science, Jl. Raya Bogor KM 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia; (M.Y.P.); (T.M.); (D.F.P.)
| | - Kathrin I. Mohr
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (K.I.M.); (J.W.)
| | - Joachim Wink
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (K.I.M.); (J.W.)
| | - Dimas F. Praditya
- Research Center for Biotechnology, Indonesian Institute of Science, Jl. Raya Bogor KM 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia; (M.Y.P.); (T.M.); (D.F.P.)
- TWINCORE-Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research (Institute of Experimental Virology) Hannover, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 7-9, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Eike Steinmann
- TWINCORE-Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research (Institute of Experimental Virology) Hannover, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 7-9, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Peter J. Schupp
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Schleusenstraße 1, D-26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany;
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity at the University of Oldenburg (HIFMB), Ammerländer Heerstrasse 231, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (J.T.W.); (P.J.S.); Tel.: +49-4421-944-100 (P.J.S.)
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Kamyab E, Rohde S, Kellermann MY, Schupp PJ. Chemical Defense Mechanisms and Ecological Implications of Indo-Pacific Holothurians. Molecules 2020; 25:E4808. [PMID: 33086732 PMCID: PMC7587958 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sea cucumbers are slow-moving organisms that use morphological, but also a diverse combination of chemical defenses to improve their overall fitness and chances of survival. Since chemical defense compounds are also of great pharmaceutical interest, we pinpoint the importance of biological screenings that are a relatively fast, informative and inexpensive way to identify the most bioactive organisms prior to further costly and elaborate pharmacological screenings. In this study, we investigated the presence and absence of chemical defenses of 14 different sea cucumber species from three families (Holothuriidae, Stichopodidae and Synaptidae) against ecological factors such as predation and pathogenic attacks. We used the different sea cucumber crude extracts as well as purified fractions and pure saponin compounds in a portfolio of ecological activity tests including fish feeding assays, cytotoxicity tests and antimicrobial assays against environmental pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, we quantified and correlated the concentrations of sea cucumber characteristic saponin compounds as effective chemical defensive compounds in all 14 crude extracts by using the vanillin-sulfuric acid test. The initial results revealed that among all tested sea cucumber species that were defended against at least one ecological threat (predation and/or bacterial attack), Bohadschiaargus, Stichopuscholoronotus and Holothuria fuscopunctata were the three most promising bioactive sea cucumber species. Therefore, following further fractionation and purification attempts, we also tested saponin-containing butanol fractions of the latter, as well as two purified saponin species from B. argus. We could demonstrate that both, the amount of saponin compounds and their structure likely play a significant role in the chemical defense strategy of the sea cucumbers. Our study concludes that the chemical and morphological defense mechanisms (and combinations thereof) differ among the ecological strategies of the investigated holothurian species in order to increase their general fitness and level of survival. Finally, our observations and experiments on the chemical ecology of marine organisms can not only lead to a better understanding of their ecology and environmental roles but also can help in the better selection of bioactive organisms/compounds for the discovery of novel, pharmacologically active secondary metabolites in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Kamyab
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Schleusenstrasse 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany; (S.R.); (M.Y.K.)
| | - Sven Rohde
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Schleusenstrasse 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany; (S.R.); (M.Y.K.)
| | - Matthias Y. Kellermann
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Schleusenstrasse 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany; (S.R.); (M.Y.K.)
| | - Peter J. Schupp
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Schleusenstrasse 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany; (S.R.); (M.Y.K.)
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity, University of Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstrasse 231, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
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9
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Kamyab E, Goebeler N, Kellermann MY, Rohde S, Reverter M, Striebel M, Schupp PJ. Anti-Fouling Effects of Saponin-Containing Crude Extracts from Tropical Indo-Pacific Sea Cucumbers. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E181. [PMID: 32244281 PMCID: PMC7231054 DOI: 10.3390/md18040181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sea cucumbers are bottom dwelling invertebrates, which are mostly found on subtropical and tropical sea grass beds, sandy reef flats, or reef slopes. Although constantly exposed to fouling communities in these habitats, many species are surprisingly free of invertebrate epibionts and microfouling algae such as diatoms. In our study, we investigated the anti-fouling (AF) activities of different crude extracts of tropical Indo-Pacific sea cucumber species against the fouling diatom Cylindrotheca closterium. Nine sea cucumber species from three genera (i.e., Holothuria, Bohadschia, Actinopyga) were selected and extracted to assess their AF activities. To verify whether the sea cucumber characteristic triterpene glycosides were responsible for the observed potent AF activities, we tested purified fractions enriched in saponins isolated from Bohadschia argus, representing one of the most active anti-fouling extracts. Saponins were quantified by vanillin-sulfuric acid colorimetric assays and identified by LC-MS and LC-MS/MS analyses. We were able to demonstrate that AF activities in sea cucumber extracts were species-specific, and growth inhibition as well as attachment of the diatom to surfaces is dependent on the saponin concentration (i.e., Actinopyga contained the highest quantities), as well as on the molecular composition and structure of the present saponins (i.e., Bivittoside D derivative was the most bioactive compound). In conclusion, the here performed AF assay represents a promising and fast method for selecting the most promising bioactive organism as well as for identifying novel compounds with potent AF activities for the discovery of potentially novel pharmacologically active natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Kamyab
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Schleusenstrasse 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany; (N.G.); (M.Y.K.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Norman Goebeler
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Schleusenstrasse 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany; (N.G.); (M.Y.K.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (M.S.)
- Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, J.A. Palmènin tie 260, 10900 Hanko, Finland
| | - Matthias Y. Kellermann
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Schleusenstrasse 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany; (N.G.); (M.Y.K.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Sven Rohde
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Schleusenstrasse 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany; (N.G.); (M.Y.K.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Miriam Reverter
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Schleusenstrasse 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany; (N.G.); (M.Y.K.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Maren Striebel
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Schleusenstrasse 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany; (N.G.); (M.Y.K.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Peter J. Schupp
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Schleusenstrasse 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany; (N.G.); (M.Y.K.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (M.S.)
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity at the University of Oldenburg (HIFMB), Ammerländer Heerstrasse 231, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
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10
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Wibowo JT, Kellermann MY, Versluis D, Putra MY, Murniasih T, Mohr KI, Wink J, Engelmann M, Praditya DF, Steinmann E, Schupp PJ. Biotechnological Potential of Bacteria Isolated from the Sea Cucumber Holothuria leucospilota and Stichopus vastus from Lampung, Indonesia. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E635. [PMID: 31717405 PMCID: PMC6891442 DOI: 10.3390/md17110635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to minimize re-discovery of already known anti-infective compounds, we focused our screening approach on understudied, almost untapped marine environments including marine invertebrates and their associated bacteria. Therefore, two sea cucumber species, Holothuria leucospilota and Stichopus vastus, were collected from Lampung (Indonesia), and 127 bacterial strains were identified by partial 16S rRNA-gene sequencing analysis and compared with the NCBI database. In addition, the overall bacterial diversity from tissue samples of the sea cucumbers H. leucospilota and S. vastus was analyzed using the cultivation-independent Illumina MiSEQ analysis. Selected bacterial isolates were grown to high densities and the extracted biomass was tested against a selection of bacteria and fungi as well as the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Identification of putative bioactive bacterial-derived compounds were performed by analyzing the accurate mass of the precursor/parent ions (MS1) as well as product/daughter ions (MS2) using high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) analysis of all active fractions. With this attempt we were able to identify 23 putatively known and two previously unidentified precursor ions. Moreover, through 16S rRNA-gene sequencing we were able to identify putatively novel bacterial species from the phyla Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and also Firmicutes. Our findings suggest that sea cucumbers like H. leucospilota and S. vastus are promising sources for the isolation of novel bacterial species that produce compounds with potentially high biotechnological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joko T. Wibowo
- Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Schleusenstraße 1, D-26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany; (M.Y.K.); (D.V.)
- Research Center for Oceanography LIPI, Jl. Pasir Putih Raya 1, Pademangan, Jakarta Utara 14430, Indonesia; (M.Y.P.); (T.M.)
| | - Matthias Y. Kellermann
- Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Schleusenstraße 1, D-26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany; (M.Y.K.); (D.V.)
| | - Dennis Versluis
- Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Schleusenstraße 1, D-26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany; (M.Y.K.); (D.V.)
| | - Masteria Y. Putra
- Research Center for Oceanography LIPI, Jl. Pasir Putih Raya 1, Pademangan, Jakarta Utara 14430, Indonesia; (M.Y.P.); (T.M.)
| | - Tutik Murniasih
- Research Center for Oceanography LIPI, Jl. Pasir Putih Raya 1, Pademangan, Jakarta Utara 14430, Indonesia; (M.Y.P.); (T.M.)
| | - Kathrin I. Mohr
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (K.I.M.); (J.W.)
| | - Joachim Wink
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (K.I.M.); (J.W.)
| | - Michael Engelmann
- TWINCORE-Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research (Institute of Experimental Virology) Hannover. Feodor-Lynen-Str. 7-9, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (M.E.); (D.F.P.); (E.S.)
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Dimas F. Praditya
- TWINCORE-Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research (Institute of Experimental Virology) Hannover. Feodor-Lynen-Str. 7-9, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (M.E.); (D.F.P.); (E.S.)
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
- Research Center for Biotechnology, Indonesian Institute of Science, Jl. Raya Bogor KM 46, 16911 Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Eike Steinmann
- TWINCORE-Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research (Institute of Experimental Virology) Hannover. Feodor-Lynen-Str. 7-9, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (M.E.); (D.F.P.); (E.S.)
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Peter J. Schupp
- Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Schleusenstraße 1, D-26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany; (M.Y.K.); (D.V.)
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity at the University of Oldenburg (HIFMB), Ammerländer Heerstrasse 231, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
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11
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Campbell BJ, Sessions AL, Fox DN, Paul BG, Qin Q, Kellermann MY, Valentine DL. Minimal Influence of [NiFe] Hydrogenase on Hydrogen Isotope Fractionation in H 2-Oxidizing Cupriavidus necator. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1886. [PMID: 29085342 PMCID: PMC5649130 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids produced by H2-metabolizing bacteria are sometimes observed to be more D-depleted than those of photoautotrophic organisms, a trait that has been suggested as diagnostic for chemoautotrophic bacteria. The biochemical reasons for such a depletion are not known, but are often assumed to involve the strong D-depletion of H2. Here, we cultivated the bacterium Cupriavidus necator H16 (formerly Ralstonia eutropha H16) under aerobic, H2-consuming, chemoautotrophic conditions and measured the isotopic compositions of its fatty acids. In parallel with the wild type, two mutants of this strain, each lacking one of two key hydrogenase enzymes, were also grown and measured. In all three strains, fractionations between fatty acids and water ranged from -173‰ to -235‰, and averaged -217‰, -196‰, and -226‰, respectively, for the wild type, SH- mutant, and MBH- mutant. There was a modest increase in δD as a result of loss of the soluble hydrogenase enzyme. Fractionation curves for all three strains were constructed by growing parallel cultures in waters with δDwater values of approximately -25‰, 520‰, and 1100‰. These curves indicate that at least 90% of the hydrogen in fatty acids is derived from water, not H2. Published details of the biochemistry of the soluble and membrane-bound hydrogenases confirm that these enzymes transfer electrons rather than intact hydride (H-) ions, providing no direct mechanism to connect the isotopic composition of H2 to that of lipids. Multiple lines of evidence thus agree that in this organism, and presumably others like it, environmental H2 plays little or no direct role in controlling lipid δD values. The observed fractionations must instead result from isotope effects in the reduction of NAD(P)H by reductases with flavin prosthetic groups, which transfer two electrons and acquire H+ (or D+) from solution. Parallels to NADPH reduction in photosynthesis may explain why D/H fractionations in C. necator are nearly identical to those in many photoautotrophic algae and bacteria. We conclude that strong D-depletion is not a diagnostic feature of chemoautotrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Campbell
- Department of Earth Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Alex L Sessions
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Daniel N Fox
- Undergraduate College of Letters and Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Blair G Paul
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Qianhui Qin
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Marine Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Matthias Y Kellermann
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, Carl von Ossietzky University, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - David L Valentine
- Department of Earth Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States.,Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
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12
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Lin YS, Koch BP, Feseker T, Ziervogel K, Goldhammer T, Schmidt F, Witt M, Kellermann MY, Zabel M, Teske A, Hinrichs KU. Near-surface Heating of Young Rift Sediment Causes Mass Production and Discharge of Reactive Dissolved Organic Matter. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44864. [PMID: 28327661 PMCID: PMC5361187 DOI: 10.1038/srep44864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean margin sediments have been considered as important sources of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to the deep ocean, yet the contribution from advective settings has just started to be acknowledged. Here we present evidence showing that near-surface heating of sediment in the Guaymas Basin, a young extensional depression, causes mass production and discharge of reactive dissolved organic matter (DOM). In the sediment heated up to ~100 °C, we found unexpectedly low DOC concentrations in the pore waters, reflecting the combined effect of thermal desorption and advective fluid flow. Heating experiments suggested DOC production to be a rapid, abiotic process with the DOC concentration increasing exponentially with temperature. The high proportions of total hydrolyzable amino acids and presence of chemical species affiliated with activated hydrocarbons, carbohydrates and peptides indicate high reactivity of the DOM. Model simulation suggests that at the local scale, near-surface heating of sediment creates short and massive DOC discharge events that elevate the bottom-water DOC concentration. Because of the heterogeneous distribution of high heat flow areas, the expulsion of reactive DOM is spotty at any given time. We conclude that hydrothermal heating of young rift sediments alter deep-ocean budgets of bioavailable DOM, creating organic-rich habitats for benthic life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shih Lin
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.,Department of Oceanography, National Sun Yat-Sen University, 80424 Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Boris P Koch
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.,Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Tomas Feseker
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Kai Ziervogel
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599 NC, USA
| | - Tobias Goldhammer
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 12587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Frauke Schmidt
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Y Kellermann
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Matthias Zabel
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Andreas Teske
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599 NC, USA
| | - Kai-Uwe Hinrichs
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
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13
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Paul BG, Ding H, Bagby SC, Kellermann MY, Redmond MC, Andersen GL, Valentine DL. Methane-Oxidizing Bacteria Shunt Carbon to Microbial Mats at a Marine Hydrocarbon Seep. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:186. [PMID: 28289403 PMCID: PMC5326789 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The marine subsurface is a reservoir of the greenhouse gas methane. While microorganisms living in water column and seafloor ecosystems are known to be a major sink limiting net methane transport from the marine subsurface to the atmosphere, few studies have assessed the flow of methane-derived carbon through the benthic mat communities that line the seafloor on the continental shelf where methane is emitted. We analyzed the abundance and isotope composition of fatty acids in microbial mats grown in the shallow Coal Oil Point seep field off Santa Barbara, CA, USA, where seep gas is a mixture of methane and CO2. We further used stable isotope probing (SIP) to track methane incorporation into mat biomass. We found evidence that multiple allochthonous substrates supported the rich growth of these mats, with notable contributions from bacterial methanotrophs and sulfur-oxidizers as well as eukaryotic phototrophs. Fatty acids characteristic of methanotrophs were shown to be abundant and 13C-enriched in SIP samples, and DNA-SIP identified members of the methanotrophic family Methylococcaceae as major 13CH4 consumers. Members of Sulfuricurvaceae, Sulfurospirillaceae, and Sulfurovumaceae are implicated in fixation of seep CO2. The mats’ autotrophs support a diverse assemblage of co-occurring bacteria and protozoa, with Methylophaga as key consumers of methane-derived organic matter. This study identifies the taxa contributing to the flow of seep-derived carbon through microbial mat biomass, revealing the bacterial and eukaryotic diversity of these remarkable ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blair G Paul
- Department of Earth Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa BarbaraCA, USA; Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa BarbaraCA, USA
| | - Haibing Ding
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China Qingdao, China
| | - Sarah C Bagby
- Department of Earth Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa BarbaraCA, USA; Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa BarbaraCA, USA
| | - Matthias Y Kellermann
- Department of Earth Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa BarbaraCA, USA; Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa BarbaraCA, USA
| | - Molly C Redmond
- Department of Earth Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa BarbaraCA, USA; Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa BarbaraCA, USA
| | - Gary L Andersen
- Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley CA, USA
| | - David L Valentine
- Department of Earth Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa BarbaraCA, USA; Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa BarbaraCA, USA
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14
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Tavormina PL, Kellermann MY, Antony CP, Tocheva EI, Dalleska NF, Jensen AJ, Valentine DL, Hinrichs K, Jensen GJ, Dubilier N, Orphan VJ. Starvation and recovery in the deep‐sea methanotroph
M
ethyloprofundus sedimenti. Mol Microbiol 2016; 103:242-252. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L. Tavormina
- Division of Geological and Planetary SciencesCalifornia Institute of Technology1200 E. California BlvdPasadena CA91125 USA
| | - Matthias Y. Kellermann
- Department of Earth Science and Marine Science InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaSanta Barbara CA93106 USA
| | | | - Elitza I. Tocheva
- Department of Stomatology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversité de MontréalP. O. Box 6128 Station Centre‐VilleMontreal QCH3C 3J7 Canada
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering andCalifornia Institute of Technology1200 E. California BlvdPasadena CA91125 USA
| | - Nathan F. Dalleska
- Environmental Analysis CenterCalifornia Institute of Technology1200 E. California BlvdPasadena CA91125 USA
| | - Ashley J. Jensen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering andCalifornia Institute of Technology1200 E. California BlvdPasadena CA91125 USA
| | - David L. Valentine
- Department of Earth Science and Marine Science InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaSanta Barbara CA93106 USA
| | - Kai‐Uwe Hinrichs
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental SciencesUniversity of Bremen, Leobener StrBremen28359 Germany
| | - Grant J. Jensen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering and Howard Hughes Medical InstituteCalifornia Institute of Technology1200 E. California BlvdPasadena CA91125 USA
| | - Nicole Dubilier
- Max Planck Institute for Marine MicrobiologyCelsiusstraße 1Bremen28359 Germany
| | - Victoria J. Orphan
- Division of Geological and Planetary SciencesCalifornia Institute of Technology1200 E. California BlvdPasadena CA91125 USA
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15
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Kellermann MY, Yoshinaga MY, Valentine RC, Wörmer L, Valentine DL. Important roles for membrane lipids in haloarchaeal bioenergetics. Biochim Biophys Acta 2016; 1858:2940-2956. [PMID: 27565574 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in lipidomic analysis in combination with various physiological experiments set the stage for deciphering the structure-function of haloarchaeal membrane lipids. Here we focused primarily on changes in lipid composition of Haloferax volcanii, but also performed a comparative analysis with four other haloarchaeal species (Halobacterium salinarum, Halorubrum lacusprofundi, Halorubrum sodomense and Haloplanus natans) all representing distinctive cell morphologies and behaviors (i.e., rod shape vs. pleomorphic behavior). Common to all five haloarchaea, our data reveal an extraordinary high level of menaquinone, reaching up to 72% of the total lipids. This ubiquity suggests that menaquinones may function beyond their ordinary role as electron and proton transporter, acting simultaneously as ion permeability barriers and as powerful shield against oxidative stress. In addition, we aimed at understanding the role of cations interacting with the characteristic negatively charged surface of haloarchaeal membranes. We propose for instance that by bridging the negative charges of adjacent anionic phospholipids, Mg2+ acts as surrogate for cardiolipin, a molecule that is known to control curvature stress of membranes. This study further provides a bioenergetic perspective as to how haloarchaea evolved following oxygenation of Earth's atmosphere. The success of the aerobic lifestyle of haloarchaea includes multiple membrane-based strategies that successfully balance the need for a robust bilayer structure with the need for high rates of electron transport - collectively representing the molecular basis to inhabit hypersaline water bodies around the planet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Y Kellermann
- Department of Earth Science and Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
| | - Marcos Y Yoshinaga
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences and Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Lars Wörmer
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences and Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - David L Valentine
- Department of Earth Science and Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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16
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Yoshinaga MY, Kellermann MY, Valentine DL, Valentine RC. Phospholipids and glycolipids mediate proton containment and circulation along the surface of energy-transducing membranes. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 64:1-15. [PMID: 27448687 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Proton bioenergetics provides the energy for growth and survival of most organisms in the biosphere ranging from unicellular marine phytoplankton to humans. Chloroplasts harvest light and generate a proton electrochemical gradient (proton motive force) that drives the production of ATP needed for carbon dioxide fixation and plant growth. Mitochondria, bacteria and archaea generate proton motive force to energize growth and other physiologies. Energy transducing membranes are at the heart of proton bioenergetics and are responsible for catalyzing the conversion of energy held in high-energy electrons→electron transport chain→proton motive force→ATP. Whereas the electron transport chain is understood in great detail there are major gaps in understanding mechanisms of proton transfer or circulation during proton bioenergetics. This paper is built on the proposition that phospho- and glyco-glycerolipids form proton transport circuitry at the membrane's surface. By this proposition, an emergent membrane property, termed the hyducton, confines active/unbound protons or hydronium ions to a region of low volume close to the membrane surface. In turn, a von Grotthuß mechanism rapidly moves proton substrate in accordance with nano-electrochemical poles on the membrane surface created by powerful proton pumps such as ATP synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Y Yoshinaga
- University of Bremen, MARUM - Center for Marine and Environmental Sciences, Germany.
| | - Matthias Y Kellermann
- University of California Santa Barbara - Department of Earth Science and Marine Science Institute, USA
| | - David L Valentine
- University of California Santa Barbara - Department of Earth Science and Marine Science Institute, USA
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17
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Wegener G, Kellermann MY, Elvert M. Tracking activity and function of microorganisms by stable isotope probing of membrane lipids. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2016; 41:43-52. [PMID: 27179643 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms in soils and sediments are highly abundant and phylogenetically diverse, but their specific metabolic activity and function in the environment is often not well constrained. To address this critical aspect in environmental biogeochemistry, different methods involving stable isotope probing (SIP) and detection of the isotope label in a variety of molecular compounds have been developed. Here we review recent progress in lipid-SIP, a technique that combines the assimilation of specific 13C-labeled metabolic substrates such as inorganic carbon, methane, glucose and amino acids into diagnostic membrane lipid compounds. Using the structural characteristics of certain lipid types in combination with genetic molecular techniques, the SIP approach reveals the activity and function of distinct microbial groups in the environment. More recently, deuterium labeling in the form of deuterated water (D2O) extended the lipid-SIP portfolio. Since lipid biosynthetic pathways involve hydrogen (H+) uptake from water, lipid production can be inferred from the detection of D-assimilation into these compounds. Furthermore, by combining D2O and 13C-inorganic carbon (IC) labeling in a dual-SIP approach, rates of auto- and heterotrophic carbon fixation can be estimated. We discuss the design, analytical prerequisites, data processing and interpretation of single and dual-SIP experiments and highlight a case study on anaerobic methanotrophic communities inhabiting hydrothermally heated marine sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunter Wegener
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstraße 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany; MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, Leobener Straße, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Matthias Y Kellermann
- Department of Earth Science and Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Marcus Elvert
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, Leobener Straße, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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18
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Wegener G, Krukenberg V, Ruff SE, Kellermann MY, Knittel K. Metabolic Capabilities of Microorganisms Involved in and Associated with the Anaerobic Oxidation of Methane. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:46. [PMID: 26870011 PMCID: PMC4736303 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In marine sediments the anaerobic oxidation of methane with sulfate as electron acceptor (AOM) is responsible for the removal of a major part of the greenhouse gas methane. AOM is performed by consortia of anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea (ANME) and their specific partner bacteria. The physiology of these organisms is poorly understood, which is due to their slow growth with doubling times in the order of months and the phylogenetic diversity in natural and in vitro AOM enrichments. Here we study sediment-free long-term AOM enrichments that were cultivated from seep sediments sampled off the Italian Island Elba (20°C; hereon called E20) and from hot vents of the Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California, cultivated at 37°C (G37) or at 50°C (G50). These enrichments were dominated by consortia of ANME-2 archaea and Seep-SRB2 partner bacteria (E20) or by ANME-1, forming consortia with Seep-SRB2 bacteria (G37) or with bacteria of the HotSeep-1 cluster (G50). We investigate lipid membrane compositions as possible factors for the different temperature affinities of the different ANME clades and show autotrophy as characteristic feature for both ANME clades and their partner bacteria. Although in the absence of additional substrates methane formation was not observed, methanogenesis from methylated substrates (methanol and methylamine) could be quickly stimulated in the E20 and the G37 enrichment. Responsible for methanogenesis are archaea from the genus Methanohalophilus and Methanococcoides, which are minor community members during AOM (1–7‰ of archaeal 16S rRNA gene amplicons). In the same two cultures also sulfur disproportionation could be quickly stimulated by addition of zero-valent colloidal sulfur. The isolated partner bacteria are likewise minor community members (1–9‰ of bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicons), whereas the dominant partner bacteria (Seep-SRB1a, Seep-SRB2, or HotSeep-1) did not grow on elemental sulfur. Our results support a functioning of AOM as syntrophic interaction of obligate methanotrophic archaea that transfer non-molecular reducing equivalents (i.e., via direct interspecies electron transfer) to obligate sulfate-reducing partner bacteria. Additional katabolic processes in these enrichments but also in sulfate methane interfaces are likely performed by minor community members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunter Wegener
- Max Planck Institute for Marine MicrobiologyBremen, Germany; MARUM, Center for Marine Environmental SciencesBremen, Germany
| | | | - S Emil Ruff
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology Bremen, Germany
| | - Matthias Y Kellermann
- MARUM, Center for Marine Environmental SciencesBremen, Germany; Department of Earth Science and Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa BarbaraSanta Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Katrin Knittel
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology Bremen, Germany
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19
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Dowell F, Cardman Z, Dasarathy S, Kellermann MY, Lipp JS, Ruff SE, Biddle JF, McKay LJ, MacGregor BJ, Lloyd KG, Albert DB, Mendlovitz H, Hinrichs KU, Teske A. Microbial Communities in Methane- and Short Chain Alkane-Rich Hydrothermal Sediments of Guaymas Basin. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:17. [PMID: 26858698 PMCID: PMC4731509 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The hydrothermal sediments of Guaymas Basin, an active spreading center in the Gulf of California (Mexico), are rich in porewater methane, short-chain alkanes, sulfate and sulfide, and provide a model system to explore habitat preferences of microorganisms, including sulfate-dependent, methane- and short chain alkane-oxidizing microbial communities. In this study, hot sediments (above 60°C) covered with sulfur-oxidizing microbial mats surrounding a hydrothermal mound (termed “Mat Mound”) were characterized by porewater geochemistry of methane, C2–C6 short-chain alkanes, sulfate, sulfide, sulfate reduction rate measurements, in situ temperature gradients, bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA gene clone libraries and V6 tag pyrosequencing. The most abundantly detected groups in the Mat mound sediments include anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea of the ANME-1 lineage and its sister clade ANME-1Guaymas, the uncultured bacterial groups SEEP-SRB2 within the Deltaproteobacteria and the separately branching HotSeep-1 Group; these uncultured bacteria are candidates for sulfate-reducing alkane oxidation and for sulfate-reducing syntrophy with ANME archaea. The archaeal dataset indicates distinct habitat preferences for ANME-1, ANME-1-Guaymas, and ANME-2 archaea in Guaymas Basin hydrothermal sediments. The bacterial groups SEEP-SRB2 and HotSeep-1 co-occur with ANME-1 and ANME-1Guaymas in hydrothermally active sediments underneath microbial mats in Guaymas Basin. We propose the working hypothesis that this mixed bacterial and archaeal community catalyzes the oxidation of both methane and short-chain alkanes, and constitutes a microbial community signature that is characteristic for hydrothermal and/or cold seep sediments containing both substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Dowell
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zena Cardman
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Srishti Dasarathy
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Matthias Y Kellermann
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences and Department of Geosciences, University of BremenBremen, Germany; Department of Earth Science and Marine Science Institute, University of California at Santa BarbaraSanta Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Julius S Lipp
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences and Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen Bremen, Germany
| | - S Emil Ruff
- HGF-MPG Group for Deep-Sea Ecology and Technology, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology Bremen, Germany
| | - Jennifer F Biddle
- School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware Lewes, DE, USA
| | - Luke J McKay
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Barbara J MacGregor
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Karen G Lloyd
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Daniel B Albert
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Howard Mendlovitz
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kai-Uwe Hinrichs
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences and Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen Bremen, Germany
| | - Andreas Teske
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Elling FJ, Becker KW, Könneke M, Schröder JM, Kellermann MY, Thomm M, Hinrichs KU. Respiratory quinones in Archaea: phylogenetic distribution and application as biomarkers in the marine environment. Environ Microbiol 2015; 18:692-707. [PMID: 26472620 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of respiratory quinone electron carriers among cultivated organisms provides clues on both the taxonomy of their producers and the redox processes these are mediating. Our study of the quinone inventories of 25 archaeal species belonging to the phyla Eury-, Cren- and Thaumarchaeota facilitates their use as chemotaxonomic markers for ecologically important archaeal clades. Saturated and monounsaturated menaquinones with six isoprenoid units forming the alkyl chain may serve as chemotaxonomic markers for Thaumarchaeota. Other diagnostic biomarkers are thiophene-bearing quinones for Sulfolobales and methanophenazines as functional quinone analogues of the Methanosarcinales. The ubiquity of saturated menaquinones in the Archaea in comparison to Bacteria suggests that these compounds may represent an ancestral and diagnostic feature of the Archaea. Overlap between quinone compositions of distinct thermophilic and halophilic archaea and bacteria may indicate lateral gene transfer. The biomarker potential of thaumarchaeal quinones was exemplarily demonstrated on a water column profile of the Black Sea. Both, thaumarchaeal quinones and membrane lipids showed similar distributions with maxima at the chemocline. Quinone distributions indicate that Thaumarchaeota dominate respiratory activity at a narrow interval in the chemocline, while they contribute only 9% to the microbial biomass at this depth, as determined by membrane lipid analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix J Elling
- Organic Geochemistry Group, MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences & Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Kevin W Becker
- Organic Geochemistry Group, MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences & Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Martin Könneke
- Organic Geochemistry Group, MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences & Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Jan M Schröder
- Organic Geochemistry Group, MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences & Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Matthias Y Kellermann
- Department of Earth Science and Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Michael Thomm
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie und Archaeenzentrum, Universität Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Hinrichs
- Organic Geochemistry Group, MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences & Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, 28359, Bremen, Germany
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21
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Aeppli C, Reddy CM, Nelson RK, Kellermann MY, Valentine DL. Recurrent oil sheens at the deepwater horizon disaster site fingerprinted with synthetic hydrocarbon drilling fluids. Environ Sci Technol 2013; 47:8211-9. [PMID: 23799238 DOI: 10.1021/es4024139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We used alkenes commonly found in synthetic drilling-fluids to identify sources of oil sheens that were first observed in September 2012 close to the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) disaster site, more than two years after the Macondo well (MW) was sealed. While explorations of the sea floor by BP confirmed that the well was sound, they identified the likely source as leakage from an 80-ton cofferdam, abandoned during the operation to control the MW in May 2010. We acquired sheen samples and cofferdam oil and analyzed them using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. This allowed for the identification of drilling-fluid C16- to C18-alkenes in sheen samples that were absent in cofferdam oil. Furthermore, the spatial pattern of evaporative losses of sheen oil alkanes indicated that oil surfaced closer to the DWH wreckage than the cofferdam site. Last, ratios of alkenes and oil hydrocarbons pointed to a common source of oil found in sheen samples and recovered from oil-covered DWH debris collected shortly after the explosion. These lines of evidence suggest that the observed sheens do not originate from the MW, cofferdam, or from natural seeps. Rather, the likely source is oil in tanks and pits on the DWH wreckage, representing a finite oil volume for leakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Aeppli
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
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22
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Wegener G, Bausch M, Holler T, Thang NM, Prieto Mollar X, Kellermann MY, Hinrichs KU, Boetius A. Assessing sub-seafloor microbial activity by combined stable isotope probing with deuterated water and 13C-bicarbonate. Environ Microbiol 2012; 14:1517-27. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2012.02739.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Yoshinaga MY, Kellermann MY, Rossel PE, Schubotz F, Lipp JS, Hinrichs KU. Systematic fragmentation patterns of archaeal intact polar lipids by high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization ion-trap mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2011; 25:3563-3574. [PMID: 22095505 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Archaea are ubiquitous and abundant microorganisms on Earth that mediate key global biogeochemical cycles. The headgroup attached to the sn-1 position of the glycerol backbone and the ether-linked isoprenoid lipids are among the diagnostic traits that distinguish Archaea from Bacteria and Eukarya. Over the last 30 years, numerous archaeal lipids have been purified and described in pure cultures. Coupled high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) ion-trap mass spectrometry (ITMS) now enables the detection and rapid identification of intact polar lipids in relatively small and complex samples, revealing a wide range of archaeal lipids in natural environments. Although major structural groups have been identified, the lack of a systematic evaluation of MS/MS fragmentation patterns has hindered the characterization of several atypical components that are therefore considered as unknowns. Here, we examined mass spectra resulting from lipid analysis of natural microbial communities using HPLC/electrospray ionization (ESI)-ITMS(n), and depicted the systematics in MS(2) fragmentation of intact archaeal lipids. This report will be particularly useful for environmental scientists interested in a rapid and straightforward characterization of intact archaeal membrane lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Y Yoshinaga
- MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen. Leobener Str./MARUM, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
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