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Concha-Graña E, Moscoso-Pérez CM, Fernández-González V, López-Mahía P, Muniategui-Lorenzo S. A green approach for the automatic quantitative analysis of additives in plastic samples using in-tube extraction dynamic headspace sampling technique coupled to GC-MS/MS. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1302:342487. [PMID: 38580405 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many of the chemicals frequently used as additives have been recognised as hazardous substances, and therefore their analysis is necessary to evaluate plastic contamination risk. Additives analysis in plastic samples is usually performed by methods involving high volumes of toxic solvents or having high detection limits. In this work, a novel, fast, solventless and reliable green method was developed for the automated analysis of plastic additives from plastic samples. The proposed method consists of in-tube extraction dynamic headspace sampling (ITEX-DHS) combined with gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MS/MS) determination. RESULTS Several parameters affecting the ITEX-DHS extraction of 47 additives in plastic samples (including phthalates, bisphenols, adipates, citrates, benzophenones, organophosphorus compounds, among others) were optimised. The use of matrix-matched calibration, together with labelled surrogate standards, minimises matrix effects, resulting in recoveries between 70 and 128%, with good quantitation limits (below 0.1 μg g-1 for most compounds) and precision (<20%). The method proposed can be applied to any type of polymer, but due to the existence of the matrix effect, calibrates with the adequate matrix should be performed for each polymer. SIGNIFICANCE This method represents an effective improvement compared to previous methods because it is fast, solvent-free, fully automated, and provides reliable quantification of additives in plastic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Concha-Graña
- Universidade da Coruña, Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP) research group, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), 15008, A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Carmen M Moscoso-Pérez
- Universidade da Coruña, Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP) research group, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), 15008, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Verónica Fernández-González
- Universidade da Coruña, Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP) research group, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), 15008, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Purificación López-Mahía
- Universidade da Coruña, Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP) research group, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), 15008, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Soledad Muniategui-Lorenzo
- Universidade da Coruña, Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP) research group, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), 15008, A Coruña, Spain.
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2
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Ramos-Contreras C, Piñeiro-Iglesias M, Concha-Graña E, Sánchez-Piñero J, Moreda-Piñeiro J, Franco-Uría A, López-Mahía P, Molina-Pérez F, Muniategui-Lorenzo S. Source apportionment of PM 10 and health risk assessment related in a narrow tropical valley. Study case: Metropolitan area of Aburrá Valley (Colombia). Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:60036-60049. [PMID: 37017840 PMCID: PMC10163095 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26710-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates spatio-temporal variations of PM10 mass concentrations and associated metal(oid)s, δ13C carbon isotope ratios, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), total organic carbon (TOC) and equivalent black carbon (eBC) concentrations over a half year period (from March 2017 to October 2017) in two residential areas of Medellín (MED-1 and MED-2) and Itagüí municipality (ITA-1 and ITA-2) at a tropical narrow valley (Aburrá Valley, Colombia), where few data are available. A total of 104 samples were analysed by using validated analytical methodologies, providing valuable data for PM10 chemical characterisation. Metal(oid)s concentrations were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after acid digestion, and PAHs concentrations were measured by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) after Pressurised Hot Water Extraction (PHWE) and Membrane Assisted Solvent Extraction (MASE). Mean PM10 mass concentration ranged from 37.0 µg m-3 to 45.7 µg m-3 in ITA-2 and MED-2 sites, respectively. Al, Ca, Mg and Na (from 6249 ng m-3 for Mg at MED-1 site to 10,506 ng m-3 for Ca at MED-2 site) were the major elements in PM10 samples, whilst As, Be, Bi, Co, Cs, Li, Ni, Sb, Se, Tl and V were found at trace levels (< 5.4 ng m-3). Benzo[g,h,i] perylene (BghiP), benzo[b + j]fluoranthene (BbjF) and indene(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene (IcdP) were the most profuse PAHs in PM10 samples, with average concentrations of 0.82-0.86, 0.60-0.78 and 0.47-0.58 ng m-3, respectively. Results observed in the four sampling sites showed a similar dispersion pattern of pollutants, with temporal fluctuations which seems to be associated to the meteorology of the valley. A PM source apportionment study were carried out by using the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, pointing to re-suspended dust, combustion processes, quarry activity and secondary aerosols as PM10 sources in the study area. Among them, combustion was the major PM10 contribution (accounting from 32.1 to 32.9% in ITA-1 and ITA-2, respectively), followed by secondary aerosols (accounting for 13.2% and 23.3% ITA-1 and MED-1, respectively). Finally, a moderate carcinogenic risk was observed for PM10-bound PAHs exposure via inhalation, whereas significant carcinogenic risk was estimated for carcinogenic metal(oid)s exposure in the area during the sampling period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Ramos-Contreras
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), University of A Coruña, Campus de A Coruña, S/N. 15071, A Coruña, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación en Gestión y Modelación Ambiental (GAIA), Escuela Ambiental, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - María Piñeiro-Iglesias
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), University of A Coruña, Campus de A Coruña, S/N. 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Estefanía Concha-Graña
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), University of A Coruña, Campus de A Coruña, S/N. 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Joel Sánchez-Piñero
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), University of A Coruña, Campus de A Coruña, S/N. 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jorge Moreda-Piñeiro
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), University of A Coruña, Campus de A Coruña, S/N. 15071, A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Amaya Franco-Uría
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Purificación López-Mahía
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), University of A Coruña, Campus de A Coruña, S/N. 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Francisco Molina-Pérez
- Grupo de Investigación en Gestión y Modelación Ambiental (GAIA), Escuela Ambiental, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Soledad Muniategui-Lorenzo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), University of A Coruña, Campus de A Coruña, S/N. 15071, A Coruña, Spain
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Concha-Graña E, Moscoso-Pérez CM, López-Mahía P, Muniategui-Lorenzo S. Adsorption of pesticides and personal care products on pristine and weathered microplastics in the marine environment. Comparison between bio-based and conventional plastics. Sci Total Environ 2022; 848:157703. [PMID: 35908700 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The hydrophobicity of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) makes them adsorb on microplastics in the marine environment, affecting their distribution, persistence, or their transfer to the trophic chain. Fragrances and non-polar pesticides can be adsorbed by microplastics in the marine environment because of their physico-chemical characteristics. In this work, the adsorption of two pesticides (α-endosulfan and chlorpyrifos) and 6 musk fragrances (musk xylene, musk ketone, musk moskene, galaxolide, tonalide, and celestolide) on polyamide (PA6) (a petroleum based polymer) and on polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) (biopolymer) in seawater was studied, considering also the effect of water temperature and plastic weathering. Results show higher adsorption of the selected pollutants for PHB than PA, being PA more affected by the water temperature and the plastic weathering. The highest percentage of adsorption was achieved in most cases at 24 h. In addition, this process was irreversible, as it showed the leaching assays. Besides, this work revealed that plastics mitigate the degradation of α-endosulfan in aquatic media (hydrolysis), showing that plastics can act as inhibitors of degradation of POPs, increasing its persistence in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Concha-Graña
- Universidade da Coruña, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), 15008 A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Carmen Mª Moscoso-Pérez
- Universidade da Coruña, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), 15008 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Purificación López-Mahía
- Universidade da Coruña, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), 15008 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Soledad Muniategui-Lorenzo
- Universidade da Coruña, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), 15008 A Coruña, Spain.
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4
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Concha-Graña E, Moscoso-Pérez C, Fernández-González V, López-Mahía P, Gago J, León VM, Muniategui-Lorenzo S. Phthalates, organotin compounds and per-polyfluoroalkyl substances in semiconfined areas of the Spanish coast: Occurrence, sources and risk assessment. Sci Total Environ 2021; 780:146450. [PMID: 34030294 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In this work two sensitive areas of the Spanish coast located in the Atlantic (Ria de Vigo) and Mediterranean (Mar Menor lagoon) have been studied regarding their contamination by phthalates, organotin compounds and per-polyfluoroalkyl substances (seawater and sediments) in two different campaigns (spring and autumn in 2015). PFAS and OTCs were detected in seawater and sediments at low concentrations (few ng L-1 or ng g-1), whereas PAEs were detected at levels two orders of magnitude higher, particularly in Mar Menor lagoon due to its semi-confined characteristics. However, PAEs and OTCs concentration in sediments were higher in Ría de Vigo than in Mar Menor lagoon as a consequence of the influence of the important urban nuclei and port in that area. The ecological risk assessment revealed that in both areas tributyltin, dibutyltin and diethylphthalate pose a significant risk in sediments, whereas in seawater tributyltin in both areas resulted in a high risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Concha-Graña
- Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15008 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Carmen Moscoso-Pérez
- Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15008 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Verónica Fernández-González
- Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15008 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Purificación López-Mahía
- Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15008 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jesús Gago
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Víctor M León
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, 30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Soledad Muniategui-Lorenzo
- Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15008 A Coruña, Spain.
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5
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Sánchez-Piñero J, Moreda-Piñeiro J, Concha-Graña E, Fernández-Amado M, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, López-Mahía P. Inhalation bioaccessibility estimation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from atmospheric particulate matter (PM 10): Influence of PM 10 composition and health risk assessment. Chemosphere 2021; 263:127847. [PMID: 32814136 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) inhalation bioaccessibility was assessed in 65 atmospheric particulate matter samples (PM10) collected at an Atlantic coastal European urban site. The proposed method consists on a physiologically based extraction (PBET) by using Gamble's solution followed by a vortex assisted liquid-liquid micro-extraction (VALLME) and quantification by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD). The use of a micro-extraction technique combined with FLD detection, provides a simple, fast, sensitive, accurate and low-cost methodology to PAHs quantification in bioaccessible fractions. Accuracy of the bioaccessibility study was assessed by means of a mass balance approaches using a PM10 filter and a certified reference material (ERM-CZ100). High-moderate inhalation bioaccessibilities were found for phenanthrene (Phe), fluoranthene (Ft) and pyrene (Pyr) (average ratios in the 52-65% range); while dibenz (a,h)anthracene (DBahA), indeno (1,2,3-cd)pyrene (IP) and benzo (g,h,i)perylene (BghiP) were observed to be less bioaccessibles (average ratios in the 11-14% range). Relationship between PM10 composition (major ions, trace metals, equivalent black carbon (eBC) and UV-absorbing particulate matter (UVPM)) and PAHs bioaccessibility ratios was also assessed. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that PAHs bioaccessibility percentage is dependent on anthropogenic (eBC, UVPM and Sb concentrations) and marine sources of PM10. Predicted PAHs bioaccessibilities after applying a multiple linear regression model based on marine and anthropogenic source of PM10 could also be established. Health risk assessment of target PM10-associated PAHs via inhalation was assessed considering bioaccessibility concentrations by using hazard index (HI) and BaP equivalent concentration (BaPeq) approaches, suggesting no carcinogenic risk in the area during the sampling campaign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Sánchez-Piñero
- University of A Coruña. Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de A Coruña, S/n, 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jorge Moreda-Piñeiro
- University of A Coruña. Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de A Coruña, S/n, 15071, A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Estefanía Concha-Graña
- University of A Coruña. Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de A Coruña, S/n, 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - María Fernández-Amado
- University of A Coruña. Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de A Coruña, S/n, 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Soledad Muniategui-Lorenzo
- University of A Coruña. Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de A Coruña, S/n, 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Purificación López-Mahía
- University of A Coruña. Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de A Coruña, S/n, 15071, A Coruña, Spain
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6
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León VM, Viñas L, Concha-Graña E, Fernández-González V, Salgueiro-González N, Moscoso-Pérez C, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, Campillo JA. Identification of contaminants of emerging concern with potential environmental risk in Spanish continental shelf sediments. Sci Total Environ 2020; 742:140505. [PMID: 32721718 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), alkylphenols, organotin compounds, phthalates, alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, current-use pesticides (CUPs) and personal care products (PCPs) was characterized in 29 surface sediments from two Spanish Iberian continental shelf areas (14 on the Atlantic and 15 on the Mediterranean coasts). Concretely, 115 organic contaminants were determined and a specific methodology was used for each contaminant group, including contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) and traditional ones, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs). PAHs, alkylated PAHs, alkylphenols and phthalates were found in all samples, showing mean concentrations per group higher than 20 ng/g (16-4974 ng/g d.w.) in the subregions under consideration (Galician, Cantabrian, Levantine-Balearic and Strait-Alboran). CUPs and PCPs were found in the majority of samples at very low concentrations of ng/g (1.4-46.8 ng/g d.w.), whereas organotins and PFAS were found principally in sediments from the Mediterranean subregions (2.5-3.9 ng/g d.w.). Different distribution patterns were observed for the contaminant groups and subregions under consideration as a consequence of the diverse predominant sources (industrial, urban, transport and agricultural activities) and environmental behavior (mainly hydrophobicity and persistence). Risk assessment confirmed the impact of phthalates, alkylphenols, PAHs and PCBs on Atlantic ecosystems and of alkylphenols, chlorpyrifos, phthalates, TBT, PAHs, OCPs and PCBs on the Mediterranean ones. Furthermore, the presence of CUPs, PCPs and PFAS in sediments from the Spanish continental shelf located between 2 and 31 km from the coast suggested that those contaminants may also provoke adverse effects on coastal marine ecosystems between their sources and their depositional areas. CAPSULE: Alkylphenols, phthalates and organotins may provoke adverse effects on Spanish coastal marine ecosystems from their sources to the sediment depositional areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor M León
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, C/Varadero 1, 30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Lucía Viñas
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Estefanía Concha-Graña
- Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Verónica Fernández-González
- Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Noelia Salgueiro-González
- Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri - IRCCS, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Carmen Moscoso-Pérez
- Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Soledad Muniategui-Lorenzo
- Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Juan A Campillo
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, C/Varadero 1, 30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain
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Aboal JR, Concha-Graña E, De Nicola F, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, López-Mahía P, Giordano S, Capozzi F, Di Palma A, Reski R, Zechmeister H, Martínez-Abaigar J, Fernández JA. Testing a novel biotechnological passive sampler for monitoring atmospheric PAH pollution. J Hazard Mater 2020; 381:120949. [PMID: 31387076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study we evaluated a new type of passive air sampler, the "mossphere" device, filled with a Sphagnum palustre clone. For this purpose, we compared the atmospheric levels of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) collected using this device and those collected in conventional bulk deposition and particulate matter (PM10) samplers. All three types of samplers were exposed at 10 sites affected by different levels of pollution and located in two different climate zones. The bulk deposition/ mossphere comparison yielded a greater number of significant regressions with higher coefficients of determination than the PM10/ mossphere comparison. No significant regressions were observed for 3-ring PAHs in either comparison. The mosspheres explain ca. 50% of the variability of the concentrations of 4-, 5- and 6-ring PAHs and total PAHs detected in PM10 and ca. 70% of the corresponding concentrations detected in the bulk deposition. The use of the Sphagnum clone enables standardization of the set-up, thus making the mossphere device a good sampling tool for monitoring 4-, 5- and 6-ring and total PAHs, especially those associated with bulk deposition. The findings indicate the potential usefulness of this innovative technology for mapping PAH levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Aboal
- Área de Ecología, Dept. de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - E Concha-Graña
- Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A, Coruña, Spain
| | - F De Nicola
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, via F. De Sanctis SNC, 82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - S Muniategui-Lorenzo
- Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A, Coruña, Spain
| | - P López-Mahía
- Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A, Coruña, Spain
| | - S Giordano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Campus Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - F Capozzi
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Campus Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - A Di Palma
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Universita, 100, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - R Reski
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS - Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - H Zechmeister
- Dept. Conservation, Vegetation and Landscape Biology, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - J Martínez-Abaigar
- Edificio Científico-Tecnológico, Universidad de La Rioja, Avd. Madre de Dios 51, 26006, Logroño, Spain
| | - J A Fernández
- Área de Ecología, Dept. de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Beiras R, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, Rodil R, Tato T, Montes R, López-Ibáñez S, Concha-Graña E, Campoy-López P, Salgueiro-González N, Quintana JB. Polyethylene microplastics do not increase bioaccumulation or toxicity of nonylphenol and 4-MBC to marine zooplankton. Sci Total Environ 2019; 692:1-9. [PMID: 31326592 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Global production of synthetic polymers, led by polyethylene (PE), rose steadily in the last decades, and marine ecosystems are considered as a global sink. Although PE is not biodegradable, in coastal areas it fragments into microplastics (MP) readily taken up by biota, and have been postulated as vectors of hydrophobic chemicals to marine organisms. We have tested this hypothesis using two organisms representative of the marine plankton, the holoplanktonic copepod Acartia clausi, and the meroplanktonic larva of the Paracentrotus lividus sea-urchin, and two model chemicals with similar hydrophobic properties, the 4-n-Nonylphenol and the 4-Methylbenzylidene-camphor used as plastic additive and UV filter in cosmetics. Both test species actively ingested the MP particles. However, the presence of MP never increased the bioaccumulation of neither model chemicals, nor their toxicity to the exposed organisms. Bioaccumulation was a linear function of waterborne chemical disregarding the level of MP. Toxicity, assessed by the threshold (EC10) and median (EC50) effect levels, was either independent of the level of MP or even in some instances significantly decreased in the presence of MPs. These consistent results challenge the assumption that MP act as vectors of hydrophobic chemicals to planktonic marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Beiras
- ECIMAT, Universidade de Vigo, Illa de Toralla, 36331 Vigo, Galicia, Spain; Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36200 Vigo, Galicia, Spain.
| | - Soledad Muniategui-Lorenzo
- Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Tania Tato
- ECIMAT, Universidade de Vigo, Illa de Toralla, 36331 Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - Rosa Montes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Sara López-Ibáñez
- ECIMAT, Universidade de Vigo, Illa de Toralla, 36331 Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - Estefanía Concha-Graña
- Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain
| | - Pedro Campoy-López
- Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36200 Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - Noelia Salgueiro-González
- Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
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9
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Concha-Graña E, Fernández-Martínez G, López-Mahía P, Prada-Rodríguez D, Muniategui-Lorenzo S. Fast and sensitive determination of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in seawater. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1555:62-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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10
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Vidal-Liñán L, Bellas J, Soriano JA, Concha-Graña E, Muniategui S, Beiras R. Bioaccumulation of PCB-153 and effects on molecular biomarkers acetylcholinesterase, glutathione-S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase in Mytilus galloprovincialis mussels. Environ Pollut 2016; 214:885-891. [PMID: 27176625 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.04.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, PCB-153 bioaccumulation kinetics and concentration-response experiments were performed employing wild Mytilus galloprovincialis mussels. In addition, the activity of three enzymatic biomarkers: glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), were measured in the mussel gills. The experimental data fitted well to an asymptotic accumulation model with a high bioconcentration factor (BCF) of 9324 L kg(-1) and a very limited depuration capacity, described by a low excretion rate coefficient (Kd = 0.083 d(-1)). This study reports by first time in mussels significant inhibition of GST activity and significant induction of GPx activity as a result of exposure to dissolved PCB-153. In contrast, AChE activity was unaffected at all concentrations and exposure times tested. The effects on both enzymes are time-dependent, which stresses the difficulties inherent to the use of these biomarkers in chemical pollution monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Vidal-Liñán
- Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal, Universidade de Vigo, Estrada Colexio Universitario s/n, 36310, Vigo, Galicia, Spain.
| | - Juan Bellas
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo., Apdo.1552, 36280, Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - José Antonio Soriano
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo., Apdo.1552, 36280, Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - Estefanía Concha-Graña
- Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus de A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Soledad Muniategui
- Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus de A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Ricardo Beiras
- ECIMAT, Universidade de Vigo, Illa de Toralla s.n., 36331, Vigo, Galicia, Spain
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11
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Concha-Graña E, Piñeiro-Iglesias M, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, López-Mahía P, Prada-Rodríguez D. Proposal of a procedure for the analysis of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mosses. Talanta 2015; 134:239-246. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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Salgueiro-González N, Concha-Graña E, Turnes-Carou I, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, López-Mahía P, Prada-Rodríguez D. Blank and sample handling troubleshooting in ultratrace analysis of alkylphenols and bisphenol A by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2012; 101:413-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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Rodil R, Quintana JB, Concha-Graña E, López-Mahía P, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, Prada-Rodríguez D. Emerging pollutants in sewage, surface and drinking water in Galicia (NW Spain). Chemosphere 2012; 86:1040-9. [PMID: 22189380 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 11/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A monitoring programme was carried out on wastewater, surface and drinking water on the NW area of Spain during the four seasons of a year period (November 2007-September 2008). This study covered a series of emerging pollutants of different classes, including pharmaceuticals, neutral and acidic organophosphorus flame retardant/plasticizers (OPs), triclosan, phenoxy-herbicides, insect repellents and UV filters. From the total set of 53 compounds, 19 were found in raw wastewater with median concentrations higher than 0.1 μg L(-1). Among them, salicylic acid, ibuprofen and the UV filter benzophenone-4 (BP-4) were the most concentrated, exceeding the 1 μg L(-1) median value. Subsequently, 11 of these contaminants are not efficiently enough removed in the small WWTPs tested and their median concentrations in effluents still surpassed the 0.1 μg L(-1), so that they can spread through surface water. These chemicals are the pharmaceuticals naproxen, diclofenac and atenolol; the OPs tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tri(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP), tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), diphenyl phosphate (DPhP) and diethylhexyl phosphate (DEHP); and the sulphonate UV filters BP-4 and 2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulphonic acid (PBSA). These OPs were then the dominant emerging pollutants occurring in surface and drinking water, where they are detected in the 20-200 ng L(-1) range. Pharmaceuticals and UV filters are typically below the 10 ng L(-1) level. Finally, herbicides were only detected in the last sampling campaign under the 100 ng L(-1) drinking water European Union limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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14
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Fernández-González V, Concha-Graña E, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, López-Mahía P, Fernández-Fernández E, Prada-Rodríguez D. A matrix solid-phase dispersion-gel permeation chromatography-programmed temperature vaporisation-GC-MS procedure for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mussel samples. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:3741-50. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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15
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Concha-Graña E, Fernández-González V, Grueiro-Noche G, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, López-Mahía P, Fernández-Fernández E, Prada-Rodríguez D. Development of an environmental friendly method for the analysis of organochlorine pesticides in sediments. Chemosphere 2010; 79:698-705. [PMID: 20299072 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Revised: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This work proposes a pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) followed by solid phase microextraction (SPME) and determination by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the analysis of organochlorine pesticides in sediment samples. For SPME, extraction temperature and time, desorption temperature and desorption time, and effect of an organic modifier were studied. For PHWE, parameters such as organic modifier, percentage of organic modifier, temperature, and static extraction time were studied. When these parameters were selected, the figures of merit were calculated in order to assess the performance of the proposed method. Quantitative recoveries (80-115%) and satisfactory precisions were obtained. The detection and quantification limits were between 0.11 and 16 microg kg(-1) and between 0.24 and 22 microg kg(-1), respectively with good linearity between LOQs and 500 microg kg(-1) for most of the studied pesticides. The method was validated by the analysis of a reference marine sediment material (SRM 1944). The obtained results are in excellent agreement with the certificate material. Another sediment reference material (SRM 1941b), with a very low concentration of pesticides was also analyzed with good results. In addition, this method was successfully applied to the analysis of three marine sediment samples. The developed method seems to be a nearly full automated, environmental friendly, sensitive, simple and less-time consuming method. Moreover this method, look for the implementation of the principles of green analytical chemistry and has demonstrated to be suitable for the analysis of organochlorine pesticides at trace levels in environmental matrices as sediment samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Concha-Graña
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of A Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain
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16
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Fernández-González V, Concha-Graña E, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, López-Mahía P, Prada-Rodríguez D. Pressurized hot water extraction coupled to solid-phase microextraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1196-1197:65-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2008] [Revised: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Fernández-González V, Concha-Graña E, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, López-Mahía P, Prada-Rodríguez D. Solid-phase microextraction–gas chromatographic–tandem mass spectrometric analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1176:48-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2007] [Revised: 10/31/2007] [Accepted: 11/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Concha-Graña E, Fernández-González V, Turnes-Carou MI, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, López-Mahía P, Prada-Rodríguez D. Pressurized Liquid Extraction of Organochlorine Pesticides from Certified Solid Materials. J Chromatogr Sci 2007; 45:369-74. [PMID: 17725863 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/45.7.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
In order to propose a versatile method to use in laboratories devoted to environmental analysis, a scheme for the determination of organochlorine pesticides from different solid matrices is evaluated. Pressurized liquid extraction is chosen as the sample preparation technique, followed by the purification of the extract by means of solid-phase extraction with Envi-carb cartridge (100 m(2)/g). Finally, the extracts are analyzed by programmed temperature vaporization (PTV)-gas chromatography (GC)-electron-capture detection and PTV-GC-mass spectrometry. The suitability of the method for the analysis of different matrices is determined by the extraction and analysis of four certified reference materials of solid matrices: CRM 804-050 (soil), SRM 1941b (organics in marine sediment), SRM 1944 (New York/New Jersey waterway sediment) and SRM 1649a (Urban Dust). Good statistical concordance between the results obtained and the certified or reference concentration are observed for most of the analyzed pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Concha-Graña
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of A Coruña, Campus da Zapateria, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain
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19
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Beceiro-González E, Concha-Graña E, Guimaraes A, Gonçalves C, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, Alpendurada MF. Optimisation and validation of a solid-phase microextraction method for simultaneous determination of different types of pesticides in water by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1141:165-73. [PMID: 17204271 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2006] [Revised: 12/01/2006] [Accepted: 12/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A solid-phase microextraction (SPME) method for the simultaneous determination of a large number of pesticides (46) with a wide range of polarities and chemical structures (organochlorine, organophosphorous, triazines, pyrethroids and others) in water samples by GC-MS has been developed. Three different fibres and parameters that influence the extraction and desorption efficiency were studied. The selected conditions were: a 60 microm polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB) fibre, 45 min of extraction time, sample agitation and temperature control at 60 degrees C; neither pH adjustment nor ionic strength correction were applied. Good detection limits, linearity and repeatability were obtained with this method for the 46 pesticides studied. The method was validated for 29 pesticides following the recommendations of the international norm ISO/IEC 17025 including the calculation of the uncertainties. The detection limits ranged from 4 to 17 ng l(-1). Furthermore, repeatability (6.9-20.5%) and intermediate precision (4.5-19.7%) were shown to be satisfactory. To validate matrix effects for drinking and surface water analytical recoveries were calculated for these matrices. The accuracy of the method was also evaluated by participating in a proficiency inter-laboratory test.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Beceiro-González
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of A Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, Spain.
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20
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Concha-Graña E, Turnes-Carou MI, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, López-Mahía P, Prada-Rodríguez D, Fernández-Fernández E. Evaluation of HCH isomers and metabolites in soils, leachates, river water and sediments of a highly contaminated area. Chemosphere 2006; 64:588-95. [PMID: 16403559 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2005] [Revised: 08/18/2005] [Accepted: 11/03/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In this work we evaluate the contamination caused by HCH residues in the soil, leachates, river water and sediments of an industrial estate of the NW of Spain. We study the distribution of the isomers in the different matrices, analysing 37 soil samples, collected in eight points at several depths, six natural leachates, four river water samples and three river sediments. Soil and leachate samples present very high levels of HCH isomers, higher than the established by legislation, and some pesticides were also detected in the analysed river water whereas no pesticides were detected in the river sediments. The distribution of isomers was different depending on the matrix analysed. Some natural degradation products and also other organochlorine pesticides were detected in the samples analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Concha-Graña
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of A Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain
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21
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Fernández-González V, Grueiro-Noche G, Concha-Graña E, Turnes-Carou MI, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, López-Mahía P, Prada-Rodríguez D. Troubleshooting with cell blanks in PLE extraction. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 383:174-81. [PMID: 16132137 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-0005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2005] [Revised: 06/10/2005] [Accepted: 07/03/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The blank extracts obtained from the pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) of a 11 mL empty cell of ASE 200 were analysed by GC-FID and GC-ECD and many interfering peaks were detected, which could difficult the trace analysis of persistent organic pollutants (i.e. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine pesticides). These interfering compounds were identified as phthalates, silicones and organic acids and their sources were established. A solution to this analytical trouble is a previous extraction step of the empty cell under the same conditions optimised for the sample extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Fernández-González
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of A Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, 15071, A Coruña, Spain
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22
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Concha-Graña E, Turnes-Carou MI, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, López-Mahía P, Fernández-Fernández E, Prada-Rodríguez D. Development of pressurized liquid extraction and cleanup procedures for determination of organochlorine pesticides in soils. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1047:147-55. [PMID: 15481470 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.06.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The scope of this work is the development of a rapid, reliable and sensitive method for the analysis of organochlorine pesticides from soils by pressurized liquid extraction (PLE). The effect of four parameters (temperature, pressure, static time and cell volume) on the extraction efficiency was studied. The great extracting power of the PLE causes the extraction of numerous interfering substances, so a more efficient purification of this extract was necessary. In this work several sorbents have also been assayed to carry out the purification of soil samples: Florisil, silica, alumina, carbon, as well as combinations of them. Finally, the proposed analytical method was validated using a certified reference soil material (CRM804-050) and the results were compared with those obtained by other extraction techniques (Soxhlet and microwave-assisted extraction).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Concha-Graña
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of A Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain
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23
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Concha-Graña E, Turnes-Carou MI, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, López-Mahía P, Fernández-Fernández E, Prada-Rodríguez D. Improvement of sensitivity in the determination of organochlorine pesticides using a PSS injector with GC-ECD. Anal Bioanal Chem 2004; 379:1120-6. [PMID: 15338091 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-004-2692-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2004] [Revised: 05/21/2004] [Accepted: 05/21/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the optimisation of a PSS injector in a gas chromatograph with a programmed pneumatic control (PPC) for the determination of 21 organochlorine pesticides. The injection of high volumes of sample (20 microl) improves the detection limits and allows a reduction in the amount of sample processed. The injection conditions were selected by a Plackett-Burman design followed by a central composite design. The LODs obtained in the optimum conditions were compared with those obtained with splitless/ECD. Finally, the method was successfully applied to the analysis of a leachate and vegetable samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Concha-Graña
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of A Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
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24
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Barriada-Pereira M, Concha-Graña E, González-Castro MJ, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, López-Mahía P, Prada-Rodríguez D, Fernández-Fernández E. Microwave-assisted extraction versus Soxhlet extraction in the analysis of 21 organochlorine pesticides in plants. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1008:115-22. [PMID: 12943256 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)01061-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A method to determine 21 organochlorine pesticides in vegetation samples using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) is described and compared with Soxhlet extraction. Samples were extracted with hexane-acetone (1:1, v/v) and the extracts were cleaned using solid-phase extraction with Florisil and alumine as adsorbents. Pesticides were eluted with hexane-ethyl acetate (80:20, v/v) and determined by gas chromatography and electron-capture detection. Recoveries obtained (75.5-132.7% for Soxhlet extraction and 81.5-108.4% for MAE) show that both methods are suitable for the determination of chlorinated pesticides in vegetation samples. The method using microwave energy was applied to grass samples from parks of A Coruña (N.W. Spain) and to vegetation from the contaminated industrial area of Torneiros (Pontevedra, N.W. Spain).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Barriada-Pereira
- University Institute of Environment, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of A Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, E-15071, A Coruña, Spain
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25
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Concha-Graña E, Barriada-Pereira M, Turnes-Carou MI, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, López-Mahía P, Prada Rodríguez D. Microwave extraction of organochlorine pesticides from soils. Anal Bioanal Chem 2003; 375:1225-8. [PMID: 12733042 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-003-1823-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2002] [Revised: 01/02/2003] [Accepted: 01/26/2003] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to develop a rapid, reliable and sensitive method for the extraction of organochlorine pesticides from soils using microwave energy with closed vessel technology. Three oven programs were assayed with two different solvent mixtures in order to achieve adequate experimental conditions for the complete extraction of organochlorine pesticides from the matrix. The method was validated using a certified reference soil material (CRM804-050).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Concha-Graña
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of A Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15071, A Coruña, Spain
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Concha-Graña E, Turnes-Carou MI, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, López-Mahía P, Fernández-Fernández E, Prada-Rodríguez D. Optimisation of a programmed split-splitless injector in the gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of organochlorine pesticides. J Chromatogr A 2002; 958:17-24. [PMID: 12134815 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00324-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Large-volume injection techniques in gas chromatography are used to compensate for the at times limited detection sensitivity of mass spectrometric detection. In this work a programmed split-splitless injector in solvent split mode was employed to determine organochlorine pesticides in environmental samples. The injection conditions were selected by a Plackett-Burman design followed by a central composite design. The LODs obtained in the optimum conditions were compared with those obtained with splitless-MS and splitless-ECD. Finally, the method was applied to a soil sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Concha-Graña
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of A Coruña, Spain
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