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Zheng K, Zeng Z, Lin Y, Wang Q, Tian Q, Huo X. Current status of indoor dust PBDE pollution and its physical burden and health effects on children. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:19642-19661. [PMID: 36648715 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24723-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely detected in indoor dust, which has been identified as a more important route of PBDE exposure for children than food intake. The physical burden and health hazards to children of PBDE exposure in house dust have not been adequately summarized; therefore, this article reviews the current status of PBDE pollution in indoor dust associated with children, highlighting the epidemiological evidence for physical burden and health risks in children. We find that PBDEs remain at high levels in indoor dust, including in homes, schools, and cars, especially in cars showing a significant upward trend. There is a trend towards an increase in the proportion of BDE-209 in household dust, which is indicative of recent PBDE contamination. Conversely, PBDE congeners in car and school indoor dust tended to shift from highly brominated to low brominated, suggesting a shift in current pollution patterns. Indoor dust exposure causes significantly higher PBDE burdens in children, especially infants in early life, than in adults. Exposure to dust also affects breast milk, putting infants at high risk of exposure. Although evidence is limited, available epidemiological studies suggest that exposure to indoor dust PBDEs promotes neurobehavioral problems and cancer development in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyang Zheng
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, School of Environment, Jinan University, 855 East Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou, 511443, Guangdong, China
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhijun Zeng
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, School of Environment, Jinan University, 855 East Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou, 511443, Guangdong, China
| | - Yucong Lin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, Berkeley, USA
| | - Qihua Wang
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, School of Environment, Jinan University, 855 East Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou, 511443, Guangdong, China
| | - Qianwen Tian
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, School of Environment, Jinan University, 855 East Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou, 511443, Guangdong, China
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Xia Huo
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, School of Environment, Jinan University, 855 East Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou, 511443, Guangdong, China.
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Choi S, Ekpe OD, Sim W, Choo G, Oh JE. Exposure and Risk Assessment of Korean Firefighters to PBDEs and PAHs via Fire Vehicle Dust and Personal Protective Equipment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:520-530. [PMID: 36539350 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were characterized in firefighters' personal protective equipment (PPE) (i.e., jackets, pants, hoods, and gloves) and vehicle dust wipe samples to assess the exposure and potential risk of firefighters to these combustion-related toxic pollutants. The mean levels of ∑PBDEs in the fire vehicle dust samples (778 and 449 pg/cm2 for pump trucks and command cars, respectively) were significantly higher than those in the private vehicles (31.2 pg/cm2) (Kruskal-Wallis test, p < 0.05), which was similar to the ∑PAH levels (521, 185, and 46.8 pg/cm2 for pump trucks, command cars, and private vehicles, respectively). In the case of firefighters' PPE, the levels of ∑PBDEs and ∑PAHs in used jackets and pants were found to be, respectively, 70- to 2242-folds and 11- to 265-folds higher than those in their unused counterparts. Biomass/petroleum combustion was found to be the main source of PAH contamination in fire vehicle dust and used PPE in the present study. Both carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks via vehicle dust ingestion and dermal absorption from wearing of PPE were within permissible limits, although the relative risk evaluation showed that PAH/PBDE absorption via wearing of PPE could pose a higher likelihood of carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks than the ingestion of pollutants via fire vehicle dust, warranting the need for appropriate management of firefighters' personal protective ensembles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol Choi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Okon Dominic Ekpe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjin Sim
- Institute for Environment and Energy, Pusan National University, Busan46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyojin Choo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan46241, Republic of Korea
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan46241, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Environment and Energy, Pusan National University, Busan46241, Republic of Korea
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Hoang AQ, Takahashi S, Tue NM, Tuyen LH, Tran TM, Yen NTH, Tu MB. Occurrence, emission sources, and risk assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and current-use brominated flame retardants in settled dust from end-of-life vehicle processing, urban, and rural areas, northern Vietnam. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:2061-2074. [PMID: 35927405 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22396-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Settled dust samples from Vietnamese end-of-life vehicle (ELV) processing, urban, and rural areas were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and other current-use brominated flame retardants (BFRs). PBDE levels found in dust samples collected from ELV workshops (median 390; range 120-520 ng/g) and nearby living areas (110; 36-650 ng/g) were generally higher than those in common house dust (25-170 ng/g). BDE-209 was the most predominant congener detected in almost all the samples, indicating extensive application of products containing deca-BDE mixtures. The dust samples from ELV workplaces showed a more abundance of lower brominated congeners (e.g., tetra- to hexa-BDEs) that may originate from car interior materials treated by penta-BDE formulations. Concentrations of other BFRs decreased in the order urban > rural > ELV dust, reflecting the current use of these compounds in new consumer products. Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) were the major alternative BFRs. Daily intake doses and hazard indexes of PBDEs and some other BFRs through dust ingestion were estimated and showed acceptable levels of risk. However, more comprehensive risk assessment considering multiple exposure pathways should be performed, especially for ELV workers and children in the ELV processing and urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Quoc Hoang
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 11000, Vietnam.
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Nguyen Minh Tue
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology for Environmental Quality and Food Safety Control (KLATEFOS), University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 11400, Vietnam
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Le Huu Tuyen
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 11400, Vietnam
| | - Tri Manh Tran
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 11000, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Hong Yen
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hai Ba Trung, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Minh Binh Tu
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 11000, Vietnam
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Jin M, Zhang S, Ye N, Zhou S, Xu Z. Distribution and source of and health risks associated with polybrominated diphenyl ethers in dust generated by public transportation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 309:119700. [PMID: 35780998 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Carcinogenic and neurotoxic polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are environmentally ubiquitous and have been widely investigated. However, little is understood regarding their pollution status, sources, and potential risk to persons in public transportation microenvironments (PTMs). We collected 60 dust samples from PTMs and then selected four materials typical of bus interiors to determine the sources of PBDEs in dust using principal component analysis coupled with Mantel tests. We then evaluated the risk of PBDEs to public health using Monte Carlo simulations. We found that PBDE concentrations in dust were 2-fold higher in buses than at bus stops and that brominated diphenyl ether (BDE)-209 was the main pollutant. The number of buses that passed through a bust stop contributed to the extent of PBDE pollution, and the primary potential sources of PBDEs in dust were plastic handles and curtains inside buses; BDE-209 and BDE-154 were the main contributors of pollution. We found that health risk was 8-fold higher in toddlers than in adults and that the reference doses of PBDEs in dust were far below the United States Environmental Protection Agency limits. Our findings provide a scientific basis that may aid in preventing PBDE pollution and guiding related pollution management strategies in PTMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mantong Jin
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| | - Shunfei Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Nanxi Ye
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Shanshan Zhou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Ziyu Xu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
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Ling S, Zhou S, Tan J, Lu C, Fu M, Peng C, Zhang W, Hu S, Lin K, Zhou B. Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in sediment from a typical e-waste dismantling region in Southern China: Occurrence, spatial distribution, composition profiles, and ecological risks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 824:153813. [PMID: 35182620 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Our study evaluated the current occurrence, composition, and spatial distribution of eight congeners of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and seven novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) in sediment from Guiyu, a typical e-waste dismantling region in China. PBDEs levels ranged from 0.345 to 401,000 ng/g dw and NBFRs levels ranged from 0.581 to 73,100 ng/g dw. Almost all sediment samples contained high levels of BDE-209 and DBDPE, and the ratio of DBDPE/BDE-209 in sediments ranged from 0.0814 to 2.80 (mean: 0.879). The concentration and composition profiles for BFRs in sediments from both mainstream and tributaries of two major rivers in Guiyu reach (and adjacent downstream locations) differed significantly from those far from Guiyu town. Whereas the high presence of BFRs in Guiyu reflected the historical crude e-waste dismantling activities in the region; the locations far from Guiyu town were likely to receive BFRs from atmospheric deposition, not originated from the region, as BFRs in water-sediment are known to be able to migrate a limited distance along the river. Ecological risk assessment revealed that the low brominated congeners of PBDEs and BDE-209 posed an unacceptable risk to the sedimentary life at multiple locations. Our results updated our knowledge of BFRs contamination in Guiyu, suggesting the necessity of continuous source monitoring, control procedures, and sediment cleanup for BFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Ling
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Shanqi Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiaqi Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Cong Lu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Mengru Fu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Shuangqing Hu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Kuangfei Lin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Bingsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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Jin M, Ye N, Lu Z, Zhang S, Zhou S, He J. Pollution characteristics and source identification of PBDEs in public transport microenvironments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 820:153159. [PMID: 35051456 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Public transport microenvironments easily accumulate pollutants due to high airtightness and poor circulation. To investigate and analyze the pollution levels and sources of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), air and dust samples were collected from hybrid buses, electric buses and subways in Hangzhou, China. The components of six priority control PBDE congeners (BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, and -209) were analyzed. The average concentrations of Σ6PBDEs in the air and dust samples were 625.38 pg/m3 and 1200.58 ng/g from hybrid buses; 747.46 pg/m3 and 1160.07 ng/g from electric buses; and 407.57 pg/m3 and 925.93 ng/g from subways, respectively. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) was the main proportion of Σ6PBDEs in the air and dust samples. Several types of materials were collected from the interior as samples to investigate pollutant sources. Using principal component analysis (PCA), it was found that seat cover, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic, rubber, and wire shells were the primary sources. Compared with the reference dose of several PBDE congeners proposed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), the exposure level of the population in public transport microenvironments to PBDEs was estimated to be low; however, the potential danger cannot be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mantong Jin
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Nanxi Ye
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zhuhao Lu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Shunfei Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Shanshan Zhou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jiaqi He
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Hangzhou Environmental Group Co., Ltd, China
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Recycling and Material-Flow Analysis of End-of-Life Vehicles towards Resource Circulation in South Korea. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14031270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The sustainable resource management of end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) towards a circular economy has become an issue of concern around the world. An understanding of recycling and the quantitative flow of ELVs is important because of their potential for resource recovery as well as the environmental impacts posed by their toxic chemicals upon disposal. In this paper, the generation and recycling system of ELVs in South Korea has been discussed based on a review of the available statistics and literature and site visits to ELV-recycling facilities. A material-flow analysis (MFA) for ELVs was performed to elucidate the resource recovery from recycling, while the substance flow of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in automobile shredded residues (ASR) was also determined for proper management. Approximately one million tons of ELVs in 2020 were processed by dismantling and shredding treatment for the recovery of reusable and recyclable materials (803,000 tons), resulting in 78,300 tons of ASR. Approximately 97 tons of PBDEs as flame retardants were generated mainly from ASR in 2020 and processed via combustion, either with energy recovery (59.8%) or without heat recovery (39.2%). The monitoring of brominated dioxins and furans by unintentional release during the incineration processes of ASR is required in order to prevent the dispersion of the chemicals in the environment.
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Ling S, Lu C, Peng C, Zhang W, Lin K, Zhou B. Characteristics of legacy and novel brominated flame retardants in water and sediment surrounding two e-waste dismantling regions in Taizhou, eastern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 794:148744. [PMID: 34323757 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A total of 51 water and 43 sediment samples were collected from the locations surrounding the two e-waste dismantling zones in Taizhou, the Fengjiang resource recycling industrial zone (FJ, shut down in 2017) and the Taizhou resource recycling base (TZ, newly constructed in recent years). The concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) ranged from 1.7 to 44 ng/L in water and from not detected (nd) to 7100 ng/g in sediment. Novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) ranged from 0.29 to 1.6 ng/L in water, and from nd to 5300 ng/g in sediment. The levels of PBDEs and NBFRs in the water were comparable between FJ and TZ, while their concentrations were higher in the sediment from FJ than those from TZ. The levels of BDE-28, BDE-153, pentabromotoluene (PBT), pentabromobenzene (PBB), ∑PBDEs and ∑BFRs in the water from FJ or TZ were found to be significantly negatively associated with the distance from the zone center. However, in the sediments from FJ and TZ, the BFRs levels did not decrease from the center to the outer regions. BDE-209 and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) were predominant in the sediments and the ratio of DBDPE/BDE-209 were as high as 5.6 (mean: 0.97). The mass burden of PBDEs, BDE-209, DBDPE, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), and HBB in the riverine sediments in Luqiao District was 829, 787, 363, 85, and 61 kg, respectively. The ecological risk assessment revealed that BDE-99 posed an unacceptable risk to aquatic life at 86% of the locations. The hazard quotients for penta-BDE, BDE-209, and HBB exceeded one for 30%, 28%, and 2.3% of the sediment samples, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Ling
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Cong Lu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Kuangfei Lin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Bingsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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Jin M, Zhang S, He J, Lu Z, Zhou S, Ye N. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers from automobile microenvironment: Occurrence, sources, and exposure assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 781:146658. [PMID: 33798881 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the level of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) contamination in the automobile microenvironment, air and dust samples were collected from 15 family automobiles in Hangzhou City, China. The PBDE concentrations, distribution of congeners, and human exposure were determined; and the content and distribution of PBDEs in automotive interior materials were analyzed. The results revealed that the average and median concentrations of ∑14PBDEs in the air in automobiles were 732 and 695 pg/m3, respectively, whereas those in automotive dust were 4913 and 5094 ng/g, respectively. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) had the highest proportion, accounting for 61.3% and 88.8% of the ∑14PBDEs in the air and dust, respectively. The potential primary sources of PBDEs in automobile air and dust were volatile polyurethanes in seat covers and foot pads, respectively. Human exposure calculations revealed that infants and toddlers in cars were most exposed to air and dust, respectively. BDE-47 and -99 were the primary sources of health risks related to air and dust in cars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mantong Jin
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Shunfei Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jiaqi He
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zhuhao Lu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Shanshan Zhou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Nanxi Ye
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
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Portet-Koltalo F, Guibert N, Morin C, de Mengin-Fondragon F, Frouard A. Evaluation of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants from various materials in professional seating furnishing wastes from French flows. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 131:108-116. [PMID: 34120076 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are brominated flame retardants that are used in polymeric materials. Due to their adverse health effects, the use of recycled wastes has been forbidden if the total PBDE content exceeds 0.1% (w/w). The objective was to estimate the proportion of PBDEs in professional seating furnishing wastes to identify the materials in which the content of PBDEs (and particularly BDE-209) could exceed the limit to eliminate them from recycling. An analytical process (microwave extraction followed by purification and chromatographic analysis) was adapted to assess with a unique methodology the amounts of eight PBDEs in materials that result from various seating wastes, such as hard plastics, foams and accompanying textiles. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) was used to rapidly predict critical PBDE concentrations via Br. From 100 samples, the total PBDE content did not exceed the current tolerated threshold. The examined materials contained only trace levels of former PBDE formulations, and BDE-209 was identified at higher amounts, mainly in hard plastics, but these amounts were less than 312 mg kg-1. Since XRF was not reliable for quantitative measurements and was not specific, no direct correlation could be identified between Br and PBDE levels. Br was strongly associated with As in all the materials, but the presence of PBDEs was not clearly associated with the presence of other metals that are used in flame retardants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Portet-Koltalo
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, COBRA Laboratory UMR CNRS 6014, 55 rue Saint Germain, 27000 Evreux, France.
| | - Nicolas Guibert
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, COBRA Laboratory UMR CNRS 6014, 55 rue Saint Germain, 27000 Evreux, France.
| | - C Morin
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, COBRA Laboratory UMR CNRS 6014, 55 rue Saint Germain, 27000 Evreux, France.
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11
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Chu J, Hu X, Kong L, Wang N, Zhang S, He M, Ouyang W, Liu X, Lin C. Dynamic flow and pollution of antimony from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 771:144643. [PMID: 33540166 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Antimony (Sb), a regulated contaminant, is added as a catalyst in the process of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) synthesis. Previously, Sb release from PET bottles and films was studied. However, Sb release from PET fibers (the most common form of PET) is limited. Therefore, a network model of material flow for PET fibers in China is developed, and the anthropogenic Sb flow and release entering into the hydrosphere, pedosphere, and atmosphere are studied based on microexperiments and macromodels. To compensate for the uncertainty caused by material flow analysis, Sb pollution in the surrounding areas (the drinking water of nearby residents and sediments of nearby river area) is further explored by combining field investigations and sample analysis. The results are as follows: 1) the manufacture stage of PET fibers is the main source of Sb release (2926 t), followed by the dyeing (2223 t) and weaving (908 t) stages; 2) Sb release (1108 t) from waste PET fibers subjected to landfill disposal is the highest. Sb release (872 t) from discarded fiber waste is second highest. Sb release from PET fibers subjected to mechanical recycling, incineration, and chemical recycling is 784, 284, and 25 t, respectively; and 3) an obvious source-sink relationship is found between anthropogenic Sb in the rivers and sediments and the intensity of the industries. This study suggests that Sb from PET fibers should be properly managed to prevent widespread dispersion in the hydrosphere, pedosphere, and atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwen Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xingyun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Linghao Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ningning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Suhuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Mengchang He
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Wei Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xitao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chunye Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Shen K, Li L, Liu J, Chen C, Liu J. Stocks, flows and emissions of DBDPE in China and its international distribution through products and waste. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 250:79-86. [PMID: 30981938 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) is an alternative to the commercial decabromodiphenyl ether (deca-BDE) mixture but has potentially similar persistence, bioaccumulation potential and toxicity. While it is widely used as a flame retardant in electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) in China, DBDPE could be distributed globally on a large scale with the international trade of EEE emanating from China. Here, we performed a dynamic substance flow analysis to estimate the time-dependent mass flows, stocks and emissions of DBDPE in China, and the global spread of DBDPE originating in China through the international trade of EEE and e-waste. Our analysis indicates that, between 2006 and 2016, ∼230 thousand tonnes (kt) of DBDPE were produced in China; production, use and disposal activities led to the release of 196 tonnes of DBDPE to the environment. By the end of 2016, ∼152 kt of the DBDPE produced resided in in-use products across China. During the period 2000-2016, ∼39 kt of DBDPE were exported from China in EEE products, most of which (>50%) ended up in North America. Based on projected trends of China's DBDPE production, use and EEE exports, we predict that, by 2026, ∼74 and ∼14 kt of DBDPE originating in China will reside in in-use and waste stocks, respectively, in regions other than mainland China, which will act as long-term emission sources of DBDPE worldwide. This study discusses the considerable impact of DBDPE originating in China and distributed globally through the international trade of EEE; this is projected to occur on a large scale in the near future, which necessitates countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaihui Shen
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junzhou Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chengkang Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing 100871, China.
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Li Z, Zheng T, Li M, Liu X. Organic contaminants in the effluent of Chinese wastewater treatment plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:26852-26860. [PMID: 30097986 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2840-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The effluents of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are the important sources for pollutants. These pollutants may entry into surface water, groundwater, and soil by recharging and irrigation then pose risk to human beings. Using reports from the past 20 years (n = 58), we conducted this review of organic contaminants (OCs) in the effluent of Chinese WWTPs. All the studies were during 2005 to 2017 and more than two papers were conducted in every year. Nineteen provinces (20 cities) were covered and most of the studies were located in the eastern part of China, especially the most developed and highest density of population areas. Two hundred eighty-four OCs were contained. E antibiotics, endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), and pharmaceuticals were the most commonly studied groups of OCs, and ofloxacin, norfloxacin, and sulfamethoxazole were the three most commonly reported OCs. The highest concentration appeared for bisphenol A (BPA). The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of concentrations of the most commonly studied compounds were high. In the future, more studies should pay attention on national analysis and more pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tongli Zheng
- Jinan Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Miao Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Chakraborty P, Zhang G, Cheng H, Balasubramanian P, Li J, Jones KC. Passive air sampling of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in New Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai and Chennai: Levels, homologous profiling and source apportionment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 231:1181-1187. [PMID: 28911793 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Several studies in the recent past reported new sources for industrial persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from metropolitan cities of India. To fill the data gap for atmospheric polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polyurethane foam disk passive air sampling (PUF-PAS) was conducted along urban-suburban-rural transects in four quadrilateral cities viz., New Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai and Chennai from northern, eastern, western and southern India respectively. Average concentration of Σ8PBDEs in pg/m3 for New Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai and Chennai were 198, 135, 264 and 144 respectively. We observed a distinct urban > suburban > rural trend for atmospheric PBDEs in Mumbai. Principal component analysis (PCA) attributed three different source types. BDE-47, -99, -100, -153 and -154 loaded in the first component were relatively high in the sites where industrial and informal electronic waste (e-waste) recycling activities were prevalent. Penta congener, BDE-99 and tetra congener, BDE-47 contributed 50%-75% of total PBDEs. Ratio of BDE-47 and -99 in Indian cities reflected the usage of penta formulations like Bromkal -70DE and DE-71 in the commercial and electrical products. PC-2 was loaded with BDE-28 and -35. Percentage of BDE-28 and BDE-35 (>10%) were comparatively much higher than commercial penta products. Abundance of BDE-28 in majority sites can be primarily due to re-emission from surface soil. PC-3 was loaded with BDE-183 and elevated levels were observed mostly in the industrial corridor of Indian cities. BDE-183 was notably high in the urban industrial sites of New Delhi. We suspect this octa-BDE congener resulted from recycling process of plastic products containing octa-BDE formulation used as flame retardants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paromita Chakraborty
- Department of Civil Engineering, SRM Research Institute, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603203, India.
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hairong Cheng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430069, China
| | | | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Lancaster Environmental Centre, Lancaster University, LA1 4YQ Lancaster, UK
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