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Chaos Z, Fernández JA, Balseiro-Romero M, Celeiro M, García-Jares C, Méndez A, Pérez-Alonso P, Estébanez B, Kaal J, Nierop KGJ, Aboal JR, Monterroso C. What potential do mosses have as biomonitors of POPs? A comparative study of hexachlorocyclohexane sorption. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 934:173021. [PMID: 38740203 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) pose a significant global threat to human health and the environment, and require continuous monitoring due to their ability to migrate long distances. Active biomonitoring using cloned mosses is an inexpensive but underexplored method to assess POPs, mainly due to the poor understanding of the loading mechanisms of these pollutants in mosses. In this work, Fontinalis antipyretica (aquatic moss) and Sphagnum palustre (terrestrial moss) were evaluated as potential biomonitors of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs: α-, β-, γ-, δ-HCH), crucial POPs. Moss clones, grown in photobioreactors and subsequently oven-dried, were used. Their lipid composition and distribution were characterized through molecular and histochemical studies. Adsorption experiments were carried out in the aqueous phase using the repeated additions method and in the gas phase using an active air sampling technique based on solid-phase extraction, a pioneering approach in moss research. F. antipyretica exhibited greater lipid content in the walls of most cells and higher adsorption capacity for all HCH isomers in both gaseous and liquid environments. These findings highlight the need for further investigation of POP loading mechanisms in mosses and open the door to explore other species based on their lipid content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Chaos
- CRETUS, Dept. Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - J A Fernández
- CRETUS, Ecology Unit, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M Balseiro-Romero
- CRETUS, Dept. Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M Celeiro
- CRETUS, Dept. Química Analítica, Nutrición e Bromatoloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - C García-Jares
- CRETUS, Dept. Química Analítica, Nutrición e Bromatoloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - A Méndez
- CRETUS, Dept. Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - P Pérez-Alonso
- CRETUS, Dept. Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - B Estébanez
- Dept. Biología, Unidad de Botánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Kaal
- Pyrolyscience, 15707 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - K G J Nierop
- Geolab, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8, 3584 CB Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - J R Aboal
- CRETUS, Ecology Unit, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - C Monterroso
- CRETUS, Dept. Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Świsłowski P, Wacławek S, Antos V, Zinicovscaia I, Rajfur M, Wacławek M. One year of active moss biomonitoring in the identification of PAHs in an urbanized area-prospects and implications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:38416-38427. [PMID: 38802616 PMCID: PMC11189310 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33831-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Classical monitoring of air pollution provides information on environmental quality but involves high costs. An alternative to this method is the use of bioindicators. The purpose of our work was to evaluate atmospheric aerosol pollution by selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons conducted as part of annual active biomonitoring ("moss-bag" technique) with the use of three moss species: Pleurozium schreberi, Sphagnum fallax, and Dicranum polysetum. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was utilized to determine certain 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Three seasonal variations in PAH concentrations have been observed as a result of the study. A fire on the toilet paper plant caused an increase of five new compounds: benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF), benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), indeno(1.2.3)-cd_pyrene (IP), dibenzo(a.h)anthracene (Dah), and benzo(g.h.i)perylene (Bghi) in proximity after 8 months of exposure compared to previous months. The effect of meteorological conditions on the deposition of PAHs (mainly wind direction) in mosses was confirmed by principal component analysis (PCA). Dicranum polysetum moss accumulated on average 26.5% more PAHs than the other species, which allows considering its broader use in active biomonitoring. The "moss-bag" technique demonstrates its feasibility in assessing the source of PAH air pollution in a long-term study. It is recommended to use this biological method as a valuable tool in air quality monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Świsłowski
- Institute of Biology, University of Opole, Kominka 6, 6a, 45-032, Opole, Poland.
| | - Stanisław Wacławek
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 461 17, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Antos
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 461 17, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Inga Zinicovscaia
- Horia Hulubei National Institute for R&D in Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest Magurele, 30 Reactorului Str. MG-6, Bucharest, Romania
- The Institute of Chemistry, Moldova State University, 3 Academiei Str., 2028, Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Małgorzata Rajfur
- Institute of Biology, University of Opole, Kominka 6, 6a, 45-032, Opole, Poland
| | - Maria Wacławek
- Society of Ecological Chemistry and Engineering, Zawiszaków 3/103, 45-288, Opole, Poland
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3
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Cwalina E, Kilpinen KS, Ryde I, Nielsen NJ, Christiansen S, Christensen JH. Investigation of the spatial distribution of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus in Tórshavn, Faroe Islands. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:84663-84673. [PMID: 37365368 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28423-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Due to adverse effects of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) on human health, it is important to understand how airborne PAHs, are spatially distributed within urban areas. Moss has been shown to be a suitable material for biomonitoring of airborne PAH pollution. In this study, the moss Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus was sampled throughout Tórshavn, Faroe Islands. 53 Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus samples were extracted using a matrix solid-phase dispersive extraction method and analysed for 19 parent PAHs and six groups of alkylated PAHs using gas chromatography mass-spectrometry. All PAHs were quantified in at least one Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus sample, and the sum of the EPA 16 PAHs (ƩPAHEPA16) ranged from 0.90 to 344 µg kg-1 dry weight. Higher concentrations were found close to the harbour and the main roads. The spatial correlation was investigated for the ƩPAHEPA16, pyrene, fluoranthene, chrysene, benzo(e)pyrene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene, C1-phenanthrenes/C1-anthracenes, and C2-phenanthrenes/C2-anthracenes using variograms. The effective range of the spatial correlation was between 500 to 700 m of all PAHs. The evaluation of diagnostic ratios of fluoranthene to pyrene, and benzo(a)anthracene to chrysene suggest that different pollution sources affect urban areas of different types. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time airborne PAH pollution patterns were mapped in an Arctic town, and the first time, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus was used for tracing PAH pollution sources. Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus is suitable for biomonitoring and mapping PAH pollution within urban areas since it is widespread, and suitable for mapping PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Cwalina
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer Skovlund Kilpinen
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
- Eurofins Environment Denmark, Ladelundvej 85, 6600, Vejen, Denmark.
| | - Ingvild Ryde
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, IS-101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Nikoline Juul Nielsen
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Sigurd Christiansen
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Faroe Islands, FO-100, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - Jan H Christensen
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Chaudhuri S, Roy M. Global ambient air quality monitoring: Can mosses help? A systematic meta-analysis of literature about passive moss biomonitoring. ENVIRONMENT, DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY 2023:1-39. [PMID: 37363020 PMCID: PMC9970857 DOI: 10.1007/s10668-023-03043-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Surging incidents of air quality-related public health hazards, and environmental degradation, have prompted the global authorities to seek newer avenues of air quality monitoring, especially in developing economies, where the situation appears most alarming besides difficulties around 'adequate' deployment of air quality sensors. In the present narrative, we adopt a systematic review methodology (PRISMA, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) around recent global literature (2002-2022), around moss-based passive biomonitoring approaches which might offer the regulatory authorities a complementary means to fill 'gaps' in existing air quality records. Following the 4-phased search procedure under PRISMA, total of 123 documents were selected for review. A wealth of research demonstrates how passive biomonitoring, with strategic use of mosses, could become an invaluable regulatory (and research) tool to monitor atmospheric deposition patterns and help identifying the main drivers of air quality changes (e.g., anthropogenic and/or natural). Besides individual studies, we briefly reflect on the European Moss Survey, underway since 1990, which aptly showcases mosses as 'naturally occurring' sensors of ambient air quality for a slew of metals (heavy and trace) and persistent organic pollutants, and help assessing spatio-temporal changes therein. To that end, we urge the global research community to conduct targeted research around various pollutant uptake mechanisms by mosses (e.g., species-specific interactions, environmental conditions, land management practices). Of late, mosses have found various environmental applications as well, such as in epidemiological investigations, identification of pollutant sources and transport mechanisms, assessment of air quality in diverse and complex urban ecosystems, and even detecting short-term changes in ambient air quality (e.g., COVID-19 Lockdown), each being critical for the authorities to develop informed and strategic regulatory measures. To that end, we review current literature and highlight to the regulatory authorities how to extend moss-based observations, by integrating them with a wide range of ecological indicators to assess regional environmental vulnerability/risk due to degrading air quality. Overall, an underlying motive behind this narrative was to broaden the current regulatory outlook and purview, to bolster and diversify existing air quality monitoring initiatives, by coupling the moss-based outputs with the traditional, sensor-based datasets, and attain improved spatial representation. However, we also make a strong case of conducting more targeted research to fill in the 'gaps' in our current understanding of moss-based passive biomonitoring details, with increased case studies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10668-023-03043-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriroop Chaudhuri
- Jindal School of Liberal Arts and Humanities; Center for Environment, Sustainability and Human Development (CESH), O.P. Jindal Global University, Sonipat, Haryana 131001 India
| | - Mimi Roy
- Jindal School of Liberal Arts and Humanities; Center for Environment, Sustainability and Human Development (CESH), O.P. Jindal Global University, Sonipat, Haryana 131001 India
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Di Palma A, Adamo P, Dohi T, Fujiwara K, Hagiwara H, Kitamura A, Sakoda A, Sato K, Iijima K. Testing mosses exposed in bags as biointerceptors of airborne radiocaesium after the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Station accident. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136179. [PMID: 36055590 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Eight years after the Fukushima nuclear accident, mosses exposed in bags were used to investigate their ability to accumulate radiocaesium and therefore to act as biointerceptors of 134Cs and 137Cs in the evacuated area of the Fukushima territory. Bags were filled with 3 widely studied moss species (Sphagnum palustre, Hypnum cupressiforme, and Hypnum plumaeforme) and exposed for 3, 6 or 9 weeks at 5 former residential sites within the Fukushima area and, for comparison, at three background sites located 700 km away. The radiocaesium activity concentrations found in moss bags were evaluated as function of exposure time, site conditions and moss species. In the Fukushima area, the moss bags accumulated 137Cs at all exposure sites and in all exposure periods, with S. palustre having the highest 137Cs accumulation ability. The 137Cs activity concentrations (from 28 to 4700 Bq kg-1) measured in moss bags increased with the exposure time and were consistent with the decontamination status of each exposure site, highlighting the big potential of moss bags to discriminate among exposure sites. Time dependency of 137Cs activity concentrations measured in mosses allowed the calculation of location-specific and species-specific factors, which can be used to predict radiocaesium accumulation trends in future biomonitoring surveys performed in the same area with the same experimental design. Autoradiography and electron microscopy analyses of the moss surfaces revealed a prevalence of soil-derived particulate form of radiocaesium, suggesting the use of moss bags as warning sensors of resuspended particles potentially harmful for local residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Di Palma
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy; Fukushima Environmental Evaluation Research Division, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Japan.
| | - P Adamo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - T Dohi
- Fukushima Environmental Evaluation Research Division, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Japan
| | - K Fujiwara
- Fukushima Environmental Evaluation Research Division, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Japan
| | - H Hagiwara
- Fukushima Environmental Evaluation Research Division, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Japan
| | - A Kitamura
- Fukushima Environmental Evaluation Research Division, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Japan
| | - A Sakoda
- Ningyo-toge Environmental Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Japan
| | - K Sato
- Ningyo-toge Environmental Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Japan
| | - K Iijima
- Fukushima Environmental Evaluation Research Division, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Japan
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6
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Zhang Y, Pelletier R, Noernberg T, Donner MW, Grant-Weaver I, Martin JW, Shotyk W. Impact of the 2016 Fort McMurray wildfires on atmospheric deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and trace elements to surrounding ombrotrophic bogs. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:106910. [PMID: 34607041 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fort McMurray and the Athabasca oil sands region (AOSR) experienced major wildfires in 2016, but the impact of these on regional deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and trace elements has not been reported nor compared to industrial sources of these pollutants in the region. Living moss (Sphagnum fuscum) was collected in triplicate from five ombrotrophic bogs in the AOSR after the wildfires, and analyzed for PAHs and trace elements. These post-wildfire data were compared to data from previous years at the same sites, and also to remote reference bogs in Alberta and Ontario. Elevated post-wildfire concentrations and flux of naphthalene and fluorene were observed at all five bogs in the AOSR, but no consistent trend was evident for higher molecular weight PAHs or the sum of priority PAHs (∑13PAH). Trace elements at most AOSR bogs were not elevated post-wildfire, except at one bog in the burned area (MIL), but even here the elements that were increased (1.7-5.6 × ) were likely of bitumen-origin (i.e., V, Ni, Se, Mo and Re). Significant post-wildfire correlations between PAHs and most trace elements suggested a common source, and few significant correlations were observed with retene, suggesting that wildfires were not the dominant source of most contaminants detected. Mass balance receptor models were used to apportion sources, indicating that the major sources of trace elements among five AOSR bogs post-wildfire were oil sands ore (mean 42%), haul road dust (17%), and petcoke (11%), whereas wildfire was always a minor source (3-4%). For PAHs at the most contaminated site (MIL), delayed petcoke (27%) and wildfire (25%) were the major sources, but the contribution of wildfire to PAHs at other sites was less or not discernable. Impacts of the 2016 wildfires on regional atmospheric deposition of major pollutants was less than from ongoing deposition of anthropogenic dust from oil sands activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Rick Pelletier
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 348B South Academic Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H1, Canada
| | - Tommy Noernberg
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 348B South Academic Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H1, Canada
| | - Mark W Donner
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 348B South Academic Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H1, Canada
| | - Iain Grant-Weaver
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 348B South Academic Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H1, Canada
| | - Jonathan W Martin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada; Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden.
| | - William Shotyk
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 348B South Academic Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H1, Canada.
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Guo S, Wei C, Zhu Y, Zhang Y. The distribution and retained amount of benzo[a]pyrene at the micro-zones of mangrove leaf cuticles: Results from a novel analytical method. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 287:117589. [PMID: 34426385 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant leaf cuticles play a critical role in the accumulation and transport of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The relationship between the distribution and retained amount of PAHs on the leaf cuticles and the leaves micro-zone structures is still unclear. In this study, a confocal microscopic fluorescence spectral analysis (CMFSA) system with a spatial resolution of 200 nm was established as a direct and noninvasive means to determine the microscopic distribution and quantify the retained amount of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) at Aegiceras corniculatum (Ac), Kandelia obovata (Ko) and Avicennia marina (Am) leaf cuticle micro-zones (0.096 mm2). The linear ranges for the established method were 10-1900 ng spot-1 for Ac, 15-1700 ng spot-1 for Ko and 30-1800 ng spot-1 for Am, and the detection limits were 0.06 ng spot-1 for Ac, 0.06 ng spot-1 for Ko and 0.07 ng spot-1 for Am. Notably, B[a]P formed clusters and unevenly distributed at the leaf cuticles. On the adaxial cuticles, B[a]P was mainly accumulated unevenly along the epidermis cell wall, and it was also distinctively distributed in the secretory cells around salt glands for Ac and Am. On the abaxial leaf cuticles, B[a]P was concentrated in the salt glands and stomata apart from being unevenly distributed in the epidermis cell wall. Moreover, the amount of B[a]P retained presented a negative correlation with the polarity of leaf cuticles, which resulted in the amount of B[a]P retained on the adaxial leaf cuticles being significantly higher than that on abaxial leaf cuticles. Our results provide a potential in situ method for investigating the distribution and retained amount of PAHs at plant leaf surface micro-zones, which would contribute to further studying and understanding the mechanism of migration and transformation of PAHs by plant leaves from a microscopic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science of China (Xiamen University), College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Chaoxian Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science of China (Xiamen University), College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yaxian Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science of China (Xiamen University), College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
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Gómez-Arroyo S, Zavala-Sánchez MÁ, Alonso-Murillo CD, Cortés-Eslava J, Amador-Muñoz O, Jiménez-García LF, Morton-Bermea O. Moss (Hypnum amabile) as biomonitor of genotoxic damage and as bioaccumulator of atmospheric pollutants at five different sites of Mexico City and metropolitan area. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:9849-9863. [PMID: 33155117 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11441-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mexico City has been classified as one megacity, its altitude, thermal inversions, and high seasonal radiation are factors that prevent dispersion of pollutants, which effects are detrimental to health. Therefore, it is important to have an organism that allows evaluate the damage caused by such exposure, as is the case of mosses that obtain nutrients from the atmosphere; this property makes them excellent biomonitors to evaluate genotoxic damage caused by exposure to pollutants, in addition to its large accumulation capacity. For these reasons and to relate the effects of atmospheric pollution with a biological response, we propose to use the moss Hypnum amabile as a bioaccumulator of atmospheric pollutants and biomonitor of the genotoxic effect that the air pollution can induce it through the comet assay. Mosses were placed in five localities of Mexico City and the metropolitan area on the first days of each month of the dry (cold and warm) and rainy seasons, with a 30-day exposure, after which they were changed for a new sample (for 8 months). Each month, the moss exposed was collected and nuclei were isolated to perform comet assay. To demonstrate heavy metal bioaccumulation capacity, samples were observed in a transmission electron microscope and qualitative microanalysis by scanning electron microscopy was carried out parallel. The chemical analysis detected 14 heavy metals by mass spectrometry method with inductively coupled plasma source. Additionally, 22 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were also determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Analysis of variance and Kruskal-Wallis test were performed to compare DNA damage of each station against control, which was maintained in the laboratory in a chamber with filtered air. This is the first study on the genotoxicity of mosses exposed to the atmosphere of Mexico City and metropolitan area that in addition to proving their accumulation capacity shows their ability to respond to atmospheric pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Gómez-Arroyo
- Laboratorio de Genotoxicología y Mutagénesis Ambientales. Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Miguel Ángel Zavala-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Genotoxicología y Mutagénesis Ambientales. Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - César Damián Alonso-Murillo
- Laboratorio de Genotoxicología y Mutagénesis Ambientales. Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Josefina Cortés-Eslava
- Laboratorio de Genotoxicología y Mutagénesis Ambientales. Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Omar Amador-Muñoz
- Laboratorio de Genotoxicología y Mutagénesis Ambientales. Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Felipe Jiménez-García
- Laboratorio de Microscopía Electrónica, Edificio Tlahuizcalpan, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ofelia Morton-Bermea
- Laboratorio de Geomagnetismo y Exploración Geofísica, Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
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9
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Aboal JR, Concha-Graña E, De Nicola F, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, López-Mahía P, Giordano S, Capozzi F, Di Palma A, Reski R, Zechmeister H, Martínez-Abaigar J, Fernández JA. Testing a novel biotechnological passive sampler for monitoring atmospheric PAH pollution. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 381:120949. [PMID: 31387076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study we evaluated a new type of passive air sampler, the "mossphere" device, filled with a Sphagnum palustre clone. For this purpose, we compared the atmospheric levels of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) collected using this device and those collected in conventional bulk deposition and particulate matter (PM10) samplers. All three types of samplers were exposed at 10 sites affected by different levels of pollution and located in two different climate zones. The bulk deposition/ mossphere comparison yielded a greater number of significant regressions with higher coefficients of determination than the PM10/ mossphere comparison. No significant regressions were observed for 3-ring PAHs in either comparison. The mosspheres explain ca. 50% of the variability of the concentrations of 4-, 5- and 6-ring PAHs and total PAHs detected in PM10 and ca. 70% of the corresponding concentrations detected in the bulk deposition. The use of the Sphagnum clone enables standardization of the set-up, thus making the mossphere device a good sampling tool for monitoring 4-, 5- and 6-ring and total PAHs, especially those associated with bulk deposition. The findings indicate the potential usefulness of this innovative technology for mapping PAH levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Aboal
- Área de Ecología, Dept. de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - E Concha-Graña
- Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A, Coruña, Spain
| | - F De Nicola
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, via F. De Sanctis SNC, 82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - S Muniategui-Lorenzo
- Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A, Coruña, Spain
| | - P López-Mahía
- Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A, Coruña, Spain
| | - S Giordano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Campus Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - F Capozzi
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Campus Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - A Di Palma
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Universita, 100, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - R Reski
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS - Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - H Zechmeister
- Dept. Conservation, Vegetation and Landscape Biology, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - J Martínez-Abaigar
- Edificio Científico-Tecnológico, Universidad de La Rioja, Avd. Madre de Dios 51, 26006, Logroño, Spain
| | - J A Fernández
- Área de Ecología, Dept. de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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10
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Motyka O, Chlebíková L, Mamulová Kutláková K, Seidlerová J. Ti and Zn Content in Moss Shoots After Exposure to TiO 2 and ZnO Nanoparticles: Biomonitoring Possibilities. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 102:218-223. [PMID: 30656356 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-019-02544-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To assess the uptake of nanoparticles by moss shoots and the possibility of biomonitoring the moss of nanoparticle pollution, two moss species frequently used in biomonitoring surveys [Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) Schimp. and Pleurozium schreberi (Brid.) Mitt.] were repeatedly exposed to known concentrations of either nano-TiO2 or nano-ZnO suspensions. The interspecies differences were assessed by exposing both the species to 1 g L-1 nano-ZnO suspension, H. splendens samples were also exposed to either 0.1 g L-1 or 1 g L-1 suspension of nano TiO2. The exposed samples were analysed for Zn or Ti content using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy. Both species showed a similar accumulation pattern, H. splendens being a slightly better accumulator. The washing suggests that Ti successfully penetrated the interior of the gametophyte. Since the relationship between the exposure and accumulation is linear, moss biomonitoring is, hereby, considered to be a viable, novel technique in nanoparticle pollution assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oldřich Motyka
- Nanotechnology Centre, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33, Ostrava, Czech Republic.
- ENET - Energy Units for Utilization of Non-Traditional Energy Sources, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33, Ostrava, Czech Republic.
| | - Lucie Chlebíková
- Nanotechnology Centre, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Mamulová Kutláková
- Nanotechnology Centre, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Seidlerová
- Nanotechnology Centre, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33, Ostrava, Czech Republic
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11
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Spinedi N, Rojas N, Storb R, Cabrera J, Aranda E, Salierno M, Svriz M, Scervino JM. Exploring the response of Marchantia polymorpha: Growth, morphology and chlorophyll content in the presence of anthracene. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 135:570-574. [PMID: 30429053 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were identified as hazardous contaminants that are ubiquitous and persistent in aquatic environments, where bryophytes sensu lato (mosses, liverworts and hornworts) are frequently present. Marchantia polymorpha (Class Hepaticae; thalloid liverwort) is known to respond fast to changes in the environment; it accumulates toxic substances in its tissues due to the lack of vascular and radicular systems and a reduced or absent cuticle. The objective of the present study was to quantify the effects of increasing concentrations of anthracene (0, 50 100, 280 μM) on the germination of propagules, plant morphology and chlorophyll content index (CCI) in M. polymorpha under in vitro cultures. The results show that anthracene had no statistical effect on germination or propagula formation. However, plants exposed to anthracene for 30 days showed significantly lowered the content of chlorophyll (measured as CCI), irregular growth patterns and the induction of thalli asexual reproduction as evidenced by the production of multicellular viable propagules in gemmae cups. Results of epifluorescence microscopy also showed concomitant accumulation of anthracene in the cell walls. All of these distinctive morphological and physiological adaptive responses indicators, clearly suggest that M. polymorpha are capable of resisting high (coal tar) anthracene concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahuel Spinedi
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (INIBIOMA), CONICET-UNCo, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro 8400, Argentina
| | - Nadia Rojas
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (INIBIOMA), CONICET-UNCo, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro 8400, Argentina
| | - Romina Storb
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (INIBIOMA), CONICET-UNCo, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro 8400, Argentina
| | - Juan Cabrera
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (INIBIOMA), CONICET-UNCo, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro 8400, Argentina
| | - Elisabet Aranda
- Institute of Water Research, University of Granada, Ramón y Cajal, Fray Luís 4, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Marcelo Salierno
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (INIBIOMA), CONICET-UNCo, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro 8400, Argentina
| | - Maya Svriz
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural (IRNAD), Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, CONICET, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro 8400, Argentina
| | - José Martín Scervino
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (INIBIOMA), CONICET-UNCo, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro 8400, Argentina.
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12
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Capozzi F, Carotenuto R, Giordano S, Spagnuolo V. Evidence on the effectiveness of mosses for biomonitoring of microplastics in fresh water environment. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 205:1-7. [PMID: 29677573 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Mosses are well known as biomonitors of fresh water for metal pollutants, but no studies were reported so far about their ability to intercept plastic particles, although this kind of pollution has become an urgent issue worldwide. In the present work, the interaction between the moss Sphagnum palustre L. cultured in vitro and polystyrene nanoparticles (NPs) was studied for the first time in a laboratory experiment, in the view of using moss transplants for detecting microplastics in fresh water environments. The ability of S. palustre to intercept and retain polystyrene, and the effects of vitality and post-exposure washing on NP retention by moss were tested. Fluorescence microscope observations showed that polystyrene NPs were retained by moss leaves in form of small (the most abundant fraction) and large aggregates. Particle count analysis highlighted that the number of particles increased while increasing the exposure time. Moreover, moss devitalization favored NP accumulation, likely because of cell membrane damages occurred in dead moss material. Post-exposure washing induced a loss of larger aggregates, suggesting that exposure time is a key point to be carefully evaluated in field conditions. These results encourage the use of S. palustre transplants for monitoring microplastics contamination of fresh water environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Capozzi
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - R Carotenuto
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - S Giordano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - V Spagnuolo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
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13
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Sorrentino MC, Capozzi F, Giordano S, Spagnuolo V. Genotoxic effect of Pb and Cd on in vitro cultures of Sphagnum palustre: An evaluation by ISSR markers. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 181:208-215. [PMID: 28441611 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, the genotoxic effect of cadmium and lead supplied in a laboratory trial, was investigated for the first time in the moss Sphagnum palustre, by ISSR molecular markers. A total of 169 reproducible bands were obtained with 12 primers, ten of which gave polymorphisms (i.e., appearance/disappearance of bands), indicating a clear genotoxic effect induced by the metals. Both metals induced a decrease of the genome template stability in a dose dependent manner. At concentration >10-5 Cd also induced a general toxic effect in S. palustre, leading to chlorophyll degradation and moss death. Moreover, we followed the fate of supplied heavy metals into the moss tissue by SEM-EDX to see if they entered the cells. SEM-EDX observations on moss cultures treated with equimolar concentrations of the two metals showed that most Pb precipitated in form of particles on moss surface, while Cd did not aggregate in particles and was not found on moss surface. In light of these findings, we concluded that probably Pb induced a genotoxic effect at lower intracellular concentrations than Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Sorrentino
- Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Dipartimento di Biologia, Via Cinthia 4, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Fiore Capozzi
- Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Dipartimento di Biologia, Via Cinthia 4, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Simonetta Giordano
- Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Dipartimento di Biologia, Via Cinthia 4, 80126, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Valeria Spagnuolo
- Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Dipartimento di Biologia, Via Cinthia 4, 80126, Napoli, Italy
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14
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Capozzi F, Adamo P, Di Palma A, Aboal JR, Bargagli R, Fernandez JA, Lopez Mahia P, Reski R, Tretiach M, Spagnuolo V, Giordano S. Sphagnum palustre clone vs native Pseudoscleropodium purum: A first trial in the field to validate the future of the moss bag technique. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 225:323-328. [PMID: 28262376 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although a large body of literature exists on the use of transplanted mosses for biomonitoring of air pollution, no article has addressed so far the use and the accumulation performance of a cloned moss for this purpose. In this work, a direct comparison of metal accumulation between bags filled with a Sphagnum palustre L. clone or with native Pseudoscleropodium purum Hedw., one of the most used moss species in biomonitoring surveys, was investigated. The test was performed in sites with different atmospheric contamination levels selected in urban, industrial, agricultural and background areas of Italy and Spain. Among the eighteen elements investigated, S. palustre was significantly enriched in 10 elements (Al, Ba, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Pb, Sr, V and Zn), while P. purum was enriched only in 6 elements (Al, Ba, Cu, Hg, Pb and Sr), and had a consistently lower uptake capacity than S. palustre. The clone proved to be more sensitive in terms of metal uptake and showed a better performance as a bioaccumulator, providing a higher accumulation signal and allowing a finer distinction among the different land uses and levels of pollution. The excellent uptake performance of the S. palustre clone compared to the native P. purum and its low and stable baseline elemental content, evidenced in this work, are key features for the improvement of the moss bag approach and its large scale application.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Capozzi
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Campus Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - P Adamo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università, 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
| | - A Di Palma
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università, 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
| | - J R Aboal
- Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - R Bargagli
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - J A Fernandez
- Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - P Lopez Mahia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - R Reski
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS - Centre for Biological Signalling Research, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - M Tretiach
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - V Spagnuolo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Campus Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - S Giordano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Campus Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
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15
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Di Palma A, Capozzi F, Spagnuolo V, Giordano S, Adamo P. Atmospheric particulate matter intercepted by moss-bags: Relations to moss trace element uptake and land use. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 176:361-368. [PMID: 28273543 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter has to be constantly monitored because it is an important atmospheric transport form of potentially harmful contaminants. The cost-effective method of the moss-bags can be employed to evaluate both loads and chemical composition of PM. PM entrapped by the moss Pseudoscleropodium purum exposed in bags in 9 European sites was characterized for number, size and chemical composition by SEM/EDX. Moreover, moss elemental uptake of 53 elements including rare earth elements was estimated by ICP-MS analysis. All above was aimed to find possible relations between PM profile and moss uptake and to find out eventual element markers of the different land use (i.e. agricultural, urban, industrial) of the selected sites. After exposure, about 12,000 particles, mostly within the inhalable fraction, were counted on P. purum leaves; their number generally increased from the agricultural sites to the urban and industrial ones. ICP analysis indicated that twenty-three elements were significantly accumulated by mosses with different element profile according to the various land uses. The PM from agricultural sites were mainly made of natural/crustal elements or derived from rural activities. Industrial-related PM covered a wider range of sources, from those linked to specific industrial activities, to those related to manufacturing processes or use of heavy-duty vehicles. This study indicates a close association between PM amount and moss element-uptake, which increases in parallel with PM amount. Precious metals and REEs may constitute novel markers of air pollution in urban and agricultural sites, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Di Palma
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Ambiente (CIRAM), Università di Napoli Federico II, via Mezzocannone, 16, 80132 Napoli, Italy; Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Fiore Capozzi
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Ambiente (CIRAM), Università di Napoli Federico II, via Mezzocannone, 16, 80132 Napoli, Italy; Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Valeria Spagnuolo
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Ambiente (CIRAM), Università di Napoli Federico II, via Mezzocannone, 16, 80132 Napoli, Italy; Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Simonetta Giordano
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Ambiente (CIRAM), Università di Napoli Federico II, via Mezzocannone, 16, 80132 Napoli, Italy; Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Paola Adamo
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Ambiente (CIRAM), Università di Napoli Federico II, via Mezzocannone, 16, 80132 Napoli, Italy; Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy
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