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Wang Y, Shi Y, Fang L, Wang Z, Wu P, Yang X, Shi X, Pi K. Characteristics and aging of microplastics in waste activated sludge under persulfate and hydrothermal co-treatment: Impact of solid content and temperature. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 358:124498. [PMID: 38972564 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Activated persulfate and hydrothermal treatment (HTT) are often employed to treat waste activated sludge, which can improve the efficiency of subsequent sludge treatment and change the distribution of pollutants in the sludge. However, the impact of sludge solid content and temperature on the occurrence and aging of microplastics (MPs) during HTT remains poorly understood. This study investigated the effects of persulfate-HTT (SPS-HTT) co-treatment on the migration, occurrence, and aging of MPs in sludge with different solid contents (2% and 5% solid content). The results indicated that SPS-HTT co-treatment triggers both the disruption of sludge flocs and the melting deformation of MPs at high temperatures, leading to variations in the increasing trend of MP concentration in the solid-liquid phase at different solid contents. 5% solid content sludge showed a weak release of MPs from the solid phase. The proportion of fiber MPs first increased and then decreased with increasing temperature, while no significant changes were observed in the color and type of MPs. Higher temperature and solid content induced the melting deformation of MPs, exacerbated the aging of polypropylene MPs, and resulted in rough surfaces, higher carbonyl index, and variations in crystallinity. Moreover, the correlation between the carbonyl index and aging indicators increased with increasing solid content. The MP-derived dissolved organic matter under HTT primarily comprised soluble microbial by-products and humic acid-like substances. These findings underscore the significance of sludge solid content in affecting the migration and aging of MPs during HTT, and offer novel insights into the application of HTT to MP management in sludge treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China
| | - Yafei Shi
- School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China; Key Laboratory of Intelligent Health Perception and Ecological Restoration of Rivers and Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China.
| | - Longyu Fang
- School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China
| | - Zhipeng Wang
- School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China
| | - Pan Wu
- School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China; Key Laboratory of Intelligent Health Perception and Ecological Restoration of Rivers and Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China
| | - Xiong Yang
- School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China; Key Laboratory of Intelligent Health Perception and Ecological Restoration of Rivers and Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China
| | - Xiong Shi
- National Engineering Research Center for Ecological Environment of Yangtze River Economic Zone, China Three Gorges Corporation, Wuhan, 430014, China
| | - Kewu Pi
- School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China; Key Laboratory of Intelligent Health Perception and Ecological Restoration of Rivers and Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China
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2
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Das T, Al-Waili I, Balasubramanian V, Appleby G, Kaparaju P, Parthasarathy R, Eshtiaghi N. Process modelling and techno-economic analysis of anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge integrated with wet oxidation using a gravity pressure vessel and thermal hydrolysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169024. [PMID: 38065487 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic digestion (AD) of sewage sludge is used to biodegrade sewage sludge into biomethane and digestate. With the addition of thermal processes such as thermal hydrolysis (TH) and wet oxidation (WO), AD biodegradability generally improves. Implementation of additional treatment is challenging due to the limitation in the mass and energy balances. Hence, tools such as process simulation can be utilized to predict the input and output around the process. In addition, an economic analysis needs to be conducted to check the economic feasibility. The techno-economic analysis (TEA), an integrated method to evaluate a process scheme through simulation and subsequent economic analysis, is effective in providing a systematic understanding of economic implications and the feasibility of a process by identifying the bottlenecks and uncertainties that have a significant impact on the technology. TEA of AD, especially incorporating the TH or WO using gravity pressure vessel (GPV) technology, is limited in the literature. A comprehensive TEA of the AD and the pre- and post-treatment schemes can be utilized to determine the most feasible pathway for sludge treatment for implementation in the wastewater industry. In this study, TEA for four different scenarios of AD was conducted using Aspen Plus and economic analysis tools: (1) without any pre- or post-treatment, (2) with TH pre-treatment, (3) with 100 % WO post-treatment, and (4) with 20 % partial wet oxidation (PWO) and acid hydrolysis pre- or post-treatment. A simulation model (GPVM) was developed using Aspen Plus to mimic the GPV reactor. The study outcomes showed that Scenario 3 with 100 % WO post-treatment was the most suitable for processing parameters and sludge treatment cost. The sensitivity analysis concluded that operating cost and plant capacity are the dominant factors that impact the plant feasibility significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmoy Das
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Ibrahim Al-Waili
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | | | | | - Prasad Kaparaju
- School of Engineering & Built Environment, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Rajarathinam Parthasarathy
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia.
| | - Nicky Eshtiaghi
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia.
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3
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Singh DK, Garg A. Thermal hydrolysis of sewage sludge: Improvement in biogas generation and prediction of global warming potential. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2024; 42:51-58. [PMID: 37211809 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x231171044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a prominent treatment method for the sludge produced from sewage treatment plants. Poor solid reduction and longer retention time are the main drawbacks of AD. Thermal hydrolysis (TH) is a potential pretreatment method for solubilization of sewage sludge (SS) solids thereby improving biogas production during AD post-treatment. In this study, the SS sample (total solids = 1.75 wt% and total chemical oxygen demand (COD) = 15,450 mg L-1) was subjected to TH pretreatment (temperature = 140-180°C and reaction time = 60 minutes) in a 0.7-L capacity stainless-steel high-pressure reactor. At a reaction temperature of 180°C, the maximum solid solubilization (total dissolved solids = 4652 mg L-1) and improved dewaterability (time to filter = 4.7 s.L g-1) were observed. The biochemical methane potential test results showed almost doubling of methane generation from 145 to 284 mL gCOD-1 after TH pretreatment at 180°C. The life cycle assessment approach was used to compare various SS treatment and disposal scenarios, two of which included hydrothermal pretreatment. The scenarios involving hydrothermal pretreatments showed the least global warming potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diwakar Kumar Singh
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anurag Garg
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Pola L, Movila M, Erro J, Fuentes M, Collado S, Garcia-Mina JM, Díaz M. Structure of the humic acid-like compounds of raw and hydrothermally treated sewage sludge. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125115. [PMID: 37257533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Humic acids are of great interest in many fields; however, they are inhibitors of fermentative processes applied to hydrothermally treated sewage sludge. Hence, the structure and composition of soluble and bound humic acid-like fractions from raw and hydrothermally treated sewage sludge were studied. Lipid, polysaccharide, protein and aromatic fractions were identified, as well as a high nitrogen content (7-10 %) and low solubility in alkaline media. Thus, they do not strictly meet the chemical definition of 'humic acids'. The soluble humic acid-like compounds had more aromatic and less protein content. Thermal hydrolysis of sewage sludge increased their aromaticity to the detriment of protein and polysaccharide fractions, while wet oxidation caused an increase in all structural fractions. Regarding the bound compounds, lipid, polysaccharide and aromatic fractions increased markedly during both treatments, although oxygen produced higher degradation of the protein fraction and, from 1 h, the partial degradation of aromatic compounds and an increase in the C/N atomic ratio (from 5.0 to 18.7 after 2 h). Therefore, hydrothermal treatments have a positive impact on the hydrolysate biodegradability due to the organic matter solubilisation, but also a negative impact linked to the higher solubilisation of the humic acid-like compounds and their structural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Pola
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Oviedo, 33071 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Maria Movila
- Department of Environmental Biology, University of Navarra, 31080 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Javier Erro
- Department of Environmental Biology, University of Navarra, 31080 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marta Fuentes
- Department of Environmental Biology, University of Navarra, 31080 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sergio Collado
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Oviedo, 33071 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Jose Ma Garcia-Mina
- Department of Environmental Biology, University of Navarra, 31080 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mario Díaz
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Oviedo, 33071 Oviedo, Spain.
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Pavez-Jara JA, van Lier JB, de Kreuk MK. Accumulating ammoniacal nitrogen instead of melanoidins determines the anaerobic digestibility of thermally hydrolyzed waste activated sludge. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 332:138896. [PMID: 37169092 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Full-scale thermal hydrolysis processes (THP) showed an increase in nutrients release and formation of melanoidins, which are considered to negatively impact methanogenesis during mesophilic anaerobic digestion (AD). In this research, fractionation of THP-sludge was performed to elucidate the distribution of nutrients and the formed melanoidins over the liquid and solid sludge matrix. Degradation of the different fractions in subsequent AD was assessed, and the results were compared with non-pre-treated waste activated sludge (WAS). Results showed that the THP-formed soluble melanoidins were partially biodegradable under AD, especially the fraction with molecular weight under 1.1 kDa, which was related to protein-like substances. The use of THP in WAS increased the non-biodegradable soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD) after AD, from 1.1% to 4.9% of the total COD. The total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN) concentration only slightly increased during THP without AD. However, after AD, TAN released was 34% higher in the THP-treated WAS compared to non-treated WAS, i.e., 36.7 ± 0.7 compared to 27.4 ± 0.4 mgTANreleased/gCODsubstrate, respectively. Results from modified specific methanogenic activities (mSMAs) tests showed that the organics solubilised during THP, were not inhibitory for acetotrophic methanogens. However, after AD of THP-treated sludge and WAS, the mSMA showed that all analysed samples presented strong inhibition on methanogenesis due to the presence of TAN and associated free ammonia nitrogen (FAN). In specific methanogenic activities (SMAs) tests with incremental concentration of TAN/FAN and melanoidins, TAN/FAN induced strong inhibition on methanogens, halving the SMA at around 2.5 gTAN/L and 100 mgFAN/L. Conversely, melanoidins did not show inhibition on the methanogens. Our present results revealed that when applying THP-AD in full-scale, the increase in TAN/FAN remarkably had a greater impact on AD than the formation of melanoidins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A Pavez-Jara
- Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, Building 23 Stevinweg 1, 2628, Delft, the Netherlands.
| | - Jules B van Lier
- Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, Building 23 Stevinweg 1, 2628, Delft, the Netherlands.
| | - Merle K de Kreuk
- Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, Building 23 Stevinweg 1, 2628, Delft, the Netherlands.
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Dutta N, Giduthuri AT, Usman Khan M, Garrison R, Ahring BK. Improved valorization of sewage sludge in the circular economy by anaerobic digestion: Impact of an innovative pretreatment technology. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 154:105-112. [PMID: 36228329 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic digestion (AD) of sewage sludge shows low carbon conversion efficiency (CCE) due to the poor biodegradability of sewage sludge. The lack of digestibility is specifically linked to the waste-activated sludge (WAS) making up the majority of sewage sludge along with a smaller portion of primary sludge, depending on the wastewater treatment plant configuration. In this study, we examine the Advanced Wet Oxidation & Steam Explosion process (AWOEx) for improving the CCE of digested sewage sludge (DSS) by thermophilic AD. The effect of the pretreatment temperature in the range between 160 and 185 °C at a fixed residence time of 20 min with and without oxygen added at a dosage of 5 % of the organics present was tested. Methane yield improved by 97.92 % to 183.91 ± 4.93 mL/g vS over the untreated DSS (control), whose methane yield was 92.92 ± 9.07 mL/g vS We have demonstrated for the first time that 84 % of the organics in sewage sludge can successfully be transformed into biogas following AWOEx pretreatment, which can contribute significantly to the circular economy instead of greenhouse gas emissions from landfilling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalok Dutta
- Bioproducts, Sciences and Engineering Laboratory, Washington State University, Tri-Cities, Richland, WA 99354, United States
| | - Anthony T Giduthuri
- Bioproducts, Sciences and Engineering Laboratory, Washington State University, Tri-Cities, Richland, WA 99354, United States; The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, United States
| | - Muhammand Usman Khan
- Bioproducts, Sciences and Engineering Laboratory, Washington State University, Tri-Cities, Richland, WA 99354, United States; Department of Energy Systems Engineering, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Birgitte K Ahring
- Bioproducts, Sciences and Engineering Laboratory, Washington State University, Tri-Cities, Richland, WA 99354, United States; The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, United States; Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, United States.
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7
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Study of Solidifying Surplus Sludge as Building Material Using Ordinary Portland Cement. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10112234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In an attempt to effectively utilize a multitude of surplus sludge from sewage treatment plants, ordinary Portland cement was used to solidify the dry surplus sludge as a building material. The dry surplus sludge and cement were mixed at different proportions with a certain dosage of water and then cured for 3–60 days at room temperature. The unconfined compression strength (RC) of solidified blocks was investigated with respect to the effects of the ratio of liquid to solid (Rl/S), surplus sludge dosage (DS), the dosage of sodium silicate (DNa2SiO3), and the proportion of fly ash (WF). The fabricated solidified blocks were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD). The results demonstrated that RC at 60 days reduced obviously with the increase in Rl/s when Ds was given, whereas RC reduced with DS increased to 15.0 wt% from 5.0 wt% for solidified blocks. When DS was 5.0 wt%, RC of 28 days was reduced from 20.87 MPa to 14.50 MPa, with an increase in Rl/s from 0.35 to 0.55. For the given Rl/s, such as Rl/s = 0.35, RC at 60 days was 23.75 MPa, 2.80 MPa, and 2.50 MPa when DS were 5.0 wt%, 10.0 wt%, and 15.0 wt%, respectively, which were relatively lower in comparison to that of Portland cement solidified blocks without surplus sludge (51.40 MPa). In addition, the addition of Na2SiO3 and fly ash was favorable in terms of improving the RC for solidified blocks. RC of 60 days increased initially and then reduced with the increase in DNa2SiO3 from 0.0 wt% to 9.0 wt% at Rl/s = 0.45 and DS = 5.0 wt%. At DNa2SiO3 = 7.5 wt%, Rl/s = 0.45, and DS = 5.0 wt%, the highest RC value of 34.70 MPa was achieved after being cured for 60 days. Furthermore, RC of 60 days increased initially and then reduced with WF increasing from 0.0 wt% to 25.0 wt%, and the highest RC value of 34.35 MPa was achieved at WF = 10.0 wt%, Rl/s = 0.45, and DS = 5.0 wt%. At the ratio of DNa2SiO3 = 7.50 wt%, Rl/S = 0.35, WF = 20 wt%, DS = 15.0 wt% and M = 1.00, RC of 28 days reached 26.70 MPa. With these values, the utilization of sludge utilized (DS = 15.0 wt%) was increased by double compared with DS = 5.0 wt% (20.87 MPa). To investigate the effect of environmental temperature on the mechanical properties and mass of solidified blocks, the freeze-thaw cycling experiment was carried out. The RC of 28 days and the mass of the solidified block reduced with the number of freeze-thaw cycles, increasing for solidified blocks with DS of 5.0 wt%, 10.0 wt%, and 15.0 wt%, manifesting a decrease of 25.60%, 32.30%, and 40.60% for RC and 3.40%, 4.10%, and 4.90% for mass, respectively. This work provides sufficient evidence that surplus sludge has a huge potential application for building materials from the perspective of improving their mechanical properties. It provides an important theoretical basis for the disposal as well as efficient utilization of sludge.
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Gielen GJHP, Andrews JP, Karbiwnyk CM, Riddell MJC, Husheer SW, Gapes DJ. Hydrothermal conversion of toilet waste: effect of processing conditions on gas phase emissions. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09708. [PMID: 35756115 PMCID: PMC9213707 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, many populations suffer from a lack of access to basic sanitation facilities. This is partly caused by a combination of water resource shortages and the high cost of conventional centralised treatment systems. A novel decentralised treatment technology based on sub-critical hydrothermal processing of organic wastes at toilet-scale, contributes to addressing these economic and resource limitations. To be effective, this technology needs to satisfy a broad range of environmental and safety considerations, including the nature and quantity of formed gas products. We investigated the impact of four process parameters (temperature; O2: COD ratio (λ); time; feed solids content) on off-gas composition by quantifying volatile organic compounds (VOCs), CO, H2 and CO2 in factorial experiments. Temperature and λ influenced VOCs generation greatly. The lowest VOC emissions occurred at 200% λ and 300 °C. Aldehydes and ketones were mostly generated at 200% λ and intermediate temperatures, sulphur compounds in the absence of oxygen, and aromatics, furans, and pyrroles at intermediate oxygen levels and elevated temperatures. Most CO was created at 300 °C but its concentration decreased at longer processing times. Processing conditions have complex impacts and require careful consideration when designing for real world deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John P Andrews
- Scion, Titokorangi Drive, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
| | | | - Mark J C Riddell
- Scion, Titokorangi Drive, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
| | - Sean W Husheer
- Scion, Titokorangi Drive, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
| | - Daniel J Gapes
- Scion, Titokorangi Drive, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
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9
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Mitraka GC, Kontogiannopoulos KN, Tsivintzelis I, Zouboulis AI, Kougias PG. Optimization of supercritical carbon dioxide explosion for sewage sludge pre-treatment using response surface methodology. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 297:133989. [PMID: 35181421 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The present work was conducted to assess whether the implementation of Supercritical Carbon dioxide Explosion (SCE) is an efficient approach for sewage sludge pre-treatment. In this context, SCE was optimized with the aim to develop a method attempting to increase the biodegradability of sewage sludge's organic matter content, and thus, to enhance the subsequent anaerobic digestion and methane production. The statistical tool of response surface methodology was applied to evaluate the effects of the main pre-treatment parameters (i.e. temperature and time) and their interactions on methane yield, which was defined as the response. Temperature was found to be the most significant variable, having the greatest effect on methane yield. Following this, an optimum set of pre-treatment conditions corresponding to a temperature of 115 °C and time of 13 min, was determined. Under these optimum conditions, the predicted response value was 300 mL CH4/g of volatile solids. The corresponding experimental value obtained from the validation experiment fitted well with this value, clearly demonstrating the effective use of response surface methodology in optimizing SCE. Additionally, under optimum conditions, the methane yield presented a statistically significant increment of 8.7%, compared to untreated sludge. This revealed the impact of SCE as an effective and alternative way for the efficient pre-treatment of sewage sludge. Finally, thermal pre-treatment, alkaline and acidic hydrolysis were also applied to the already pre-treated sludge. It was concluded that the combined pre-treatment techniques contributed to a further increase of methane production compared to raw (untreated) substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia-Christina Mitraka
- Laboratory of Chemical & Environmental Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece; Soil and Water Resources Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organisation Dimitra, Thermi, Thessaloniki, GR-57001, Greece
| | | | - Ioannis Tsivintzelis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece
| | - Anastasios I Zouboulis
- Laboratory of Chemical & Environmental Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece
| | - Panagiotis G Kougias
- Soil and Water Resources Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organisation Dimitra, Thermi, Thessaloniki, GR-57001, Greece.
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10
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McIntosh S, Padilla RV, Rose T, Rose AL, Boukaka E, Erler D. Crop fertilisation potential of phosphorus in hydrochars produced from sewage sludge. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 817:153023. [PMID: 35031380 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludges are a rich underused source of phosphorus (P) which contributes to environmental degradation, yet if recaptured, could return significant amounts of P to agricultural systems. Hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC) can efficiently recover P, with the added ability to transform P species into potentially more desirable forms for direct application to crops. P dynamics in hydrochars have primarily examined P speciation and chemical extractability as indicators of P bioavailability, but few studies directly evaluate the agronomic effectiveness of hydrochars as P fertilisers. As such, there is a clear need to assess the suitability of hydrochar as a source of bioavailable P in plant systems and the influence of HTC synthesis conditions. Response Surface Modelling of HTC synthesis conditions (pH, temperature and time), revealed initial pH significantly influence P distribution. Mild conditions of 180 °C for 30 min at pH 8.0 maximised P recovery (99%) along with carbon (62%) and nitrogen (43%) in hydrochars. Systematic characterisation of hydrochar P by chemical extraction and P L2,3-edge X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy revealed H2O, NaHCO3 and NaOH- P fractions were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in all hydrochars, while HCl-P fraction increased with HTC temperatures at pH 7. In contrast, P L2,3-edge XANES spectra were remarkably similar in raw sludges and corresponding hydrochars, regardless of HTC temperature or pH, revealing P was predominantly present as ferric phosphate with some hydroxyapatite. Multiple linear regression modelling suggested a significant relationship between chemical extractability and P bioavailability to wheat present in the raw sludges and hydrochars. This research provides further insight into the potential to use hydrothermal treatment for recovery and agricultural reuse of P, the importance of operational conditions on P transformation and the relationship between P speciation and bioavailability. The value of sewage sludge in a more sustainable global P cycle is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane McIntosh
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia.
| | | | - Terry Rose
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew L Rose
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - Exhaussée Boukaka
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - Dirk Erler
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
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11
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Effects of Iron Powder Addition and Thermal Hydrolysis on Methane Production and the Archaeal Community during the Anaerobic Digestion of Sludge. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084470. [PMID: 35457338 PMCID: PMC9028319 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The conventional anaerobic digestion of sludge has the disadvantages of long digestion time and low methane production. Pretreatment is often used to mitigate these problems. In this study, three pretreatment methods, namely, the addition of iron powder, high-temperature thermal hydrolysis, and a combination of these methods, were compared for application with conventional continuous anaerobic digestion reactors. The results showed that pretreatment improved methane yield by 18.2–22.9%, compared to the control reactor (conventional anaerobic digestion). Moreover, it was recognized that the archaeal community in the sludge underwent significant changes after pretreatment. Specifically, the addition of iron powder reduced the diversity in the archaeal community, but increased the abundance of hydrogenotrophic methanogens without changing the community composition. Thermal hydrolysis at high temperatures had the reverse effect, as it increased the diversity of the archaeal community but inhibited the growth of acetoclastic methanogens. In the case of the combined pretreatment, the thermal hydrolysis had a dominant influence on the archaeal community. By comparing the changes in functional gene content, it was found that the functional abundance of the archaeal community in the transport and metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids was higher after pretreatment than in the control group.
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Izydorczyk G, Mikula K, Skrzypczak D, Trzaska K, Moustakas K, Witek-Krowiak A, Chojnacka K. Agricultural and non-agricultural directions of bio-based sewage sludge valorization by chemical conditioning. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:47725-47740. [PMID: 34278553 PMCID: PMC8410704 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15293-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This literature review outlines the most important-agricultural and non-agricultural-types of sewage sludge management. The potential of waste sludge protein hydrolysates obtained by chemical sludge conditioning was reported. The discussed areas include acidic and alkaline hydrolysis, lime conditioning, polyelectrolyte dewatering and other supporting techniques such as ultrasounds, microwave or thermal methods. The legislative aspects related to the indication of the development method and admission to various applications based on specified criteria were discussed. Particular attention was devoted to the legally regulated content of toxic elements: cadmium, lead, nickel, mercury, chromium and microelements that may be toxic: copper and zinc. Various methods of extracting valuable proteins from sewage sludge have been proposed: chemical, physical and enzymatic. While developing the process concept, you need to consider extraction efficiency (time, temperature, humidity, pH), drainage efficiency of post-extraction residues and directions of their management. The final process optimization is crucial. Despite the development of assumptions for various technologies, excess sewage sludge remains a big problem for sewage treatment plants. The high costs of enzymatic hydrolysis, thermal hydrolysis and ultrasonic methods and the need for a neutralizing agent in acid solubilization limit the rapid implementation of these processes in industrial practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Izydorczyk
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Mikula
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dawid Skrzypczak
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Krzystof Trzaska
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Konstantinos Moustakas
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Str., Zographou Campus, GR-15780, Athens, Greece
| | - Anna Witek-Krowiak
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Chojnacka
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372, Wrocław, Poland
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13
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Myla A, Dasmahapatra AK, Tchounwou PB. Sex-reversal and Histopathological Assessment of Potential Endocrine-Disrupting Effects of Graphene Oxide on Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) Larvae. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 279:130768. [PMID: 34134430 PMCID: PMC8217731 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Sex-ratio is considered as an end point during endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) evaluation. Many fish species including Japanese medaka have XX/XY sex determination mechanism, however, sex reversal (SR) can be induced by external and genetic factors. SR imposed an imbalance in natural sex ratio of a population living in any ecosystem. Considering SR as an end point, we aimed to investigate the potential EDC effects of graphene oxide (GO), a nanocarbon, using Japanese medaka as a model. One-day post-hatch (dph) medaka fries were exposed to GO (2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 20 mg/L) for 96 h without food, followed by 6 weeks depuration in a GO-free environment with feeding. Phenotypic sex was determined by gonad histology; genotypic sex by genotyping Y-chromosome-specific male sex determining gene, dmy. Our data indicated testes in both XY and XX genotypes, while ovaries were only in XX females. Histopathology of XY and XX testis showed isogenic spermatocysts with active spermatogenesis. Distribution of spermatocytes (SPTs), not the spermatogonium (SPGs), showed enhancement in XY than XX testis. Female phenotypes had single ovary, either in stage 0 or 1. Ovo-testis/testis-ova were absent in XX or XY gonads. GO (2.5-20 mg/L) had inconsistent concentration-dependent effect in both SPGs and SPTs; however, no effect on ovarian follicles. Despite genotypic differences (XY/XX), in the histopathology/histochemistry of liver and kidneys GO effects was found to be minimum. Taken together, present study showed spontaneous induction of SR in some XX genotypes; however, exposure of fasting fries to GO had no apparent EDC effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anitha Myla
- RCMI Center for Environmental Health, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, 39217, USA
| | - Asok K Dasmahapatra
- RCMI Center for Environmental Health, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, 39217, USA; Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Environmental Toxicology Division, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Paul B Tchounwou
- RCMI Center for Environmental Health, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, 39217, USA.
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14
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Effect of Different Pretreatments on Sludge Solubilization and Estimation of Bioenergy Potential. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9081382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the conventional treatments of waste-activated sludge (WAS) are devoted to their minimization and destruction. On the other hand, the biomass contained in WAS can be utilized as a valuable source of renewable carbon. In this study, the influence of different pretreatments (ultrasonication, chemical, thermal, and combined pretreatments) was explored for sludge solubilization. Effects of the pretreatments were investigated as a function of the solubilization of total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Concentrations of soluble carbohydrates and total nitrogen were also measured. The most effective pretreatment to hydrolyze sludge was found to be the combined alkali–thermal (pH 12, 75 °C) pretreatment method, leading to TS and vs. solubilization of 9.6% and 17.2%, respectively. Soluble COD, carbohydrates, total nitrogen, and proteins estimated in the liquid phase were 5235 mg/L, 732 mg/L, 430 mg/L, and 2688 mg/L, respectively. Thus, the alkali–thermal method could be used for efficient valorization of WAS. Moreover, the solid fraction from all pretreated samples was further subjected to thermogravimetric analysis to estimate its potential for bioenergy from its higher heating value (HHV), which was found to be in the range of 10–11.82 MJ/kg. This study can provide better insight into the efficient valorization of liquid and solid phases of sludge after pretreatment.
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15
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Pola L, Fernández-García L, Collado S, Oulego P, Díaz M. Heavy metal solubilisation during the hydrothermal treatment of sludge. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 286:112120. [PMID: 33631517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study analyses the combined effects of temperature (from 160 to 200 °C), and, for the first time ever, type of atmosphere (oxidising or inert) and pressure (from 60 to 100 bar) on the solubilisation of heavy metals during the hydrothermal treatment of wet no-diluted sewage sludge. Results revealed that Cd, Pb, Al and Fe were hardly affected by neither the atmosphere nor temperature, remained almost completely in the solid phase during all the hydrothermal treatments tested; while Cr, Ni, Cu and Zn were partially solubilised, being this solubilisation favoured by the presence of an oxidising atmosphere. In contrast, initial dissolved Hg was partially precipitated under both types of atmosphere, although it was re-dissolved after 30 min under an inert atmosphere. Regarding the working conditions, the highest temperature (200 °C) caused the greatest metal immobilisation, whereas the range of pressures tested barely had any effect on it. Concerning the reaction time, the lowest concentration of metals in the liquid fraction of the hydrolysed sludge was obtained during the initial 30 min of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Pola
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Oviedo, 33071, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Laura Fernández-García
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Oviedo, 33071, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Sergio Collado
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Oviedo, 33071, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Paula Oulego
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Oviedo, 33071, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Mario Díaz
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Oviedo, 33071, Oviedo, Spain.
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16
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Chen H, Chen Z, Nasikai M, Luo G, Zhang S. Hydrothermal pretreatment of sewage sludge enhanced the anaerobic degradation of cationic polyacrylamide (cPAM). WATER RESEARCH 2021; 190:116704. [PMID: 33279745 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cationic polyacrylamide (cPAM) is a widely used flocculant to dewater sewage sludge (SS) for high-solids anaerobic digestion (AD), and its degradation is crucial since it would release toxic acrylamide (AM) once entering environment. Hydrothermal treatment (HTT) is an efficient method to enhance the AD efficiency of SS. However, the effects of cPAM on AD of SS and the degradation of cPAM during HTT-AD process have not be studied. The study showed cPAM at 20 mg/g TS increased methane yield of SS from 127.0 to 138.9 ml CH4/g TS in HTT-AD process, and the biodegradability of cPAM was 76.3%, which was much higher than that (7.4%) without HTT. In HTT-AD process, the enrichment of certain microbes (e.g. Gelria sp.) was observed, which might be related with cPAM degradation. HTT decreased the molecular weight (MW) of cPAM, and resulted in the production of 2-hydroxy-ethyl-trimethylammonium, ammonia, trimethylamine, and ethanol. Methane potential tests of the main HTT products also showed they were easily to be degraded. Overall, HTT-AD integrated process was an efficient method to reduce environmental risk of cPAM as well as increase energy output (biogas), and the study also provided insights into the degradation mechanism of cPAM during HTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China; College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Zheng Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Mila Nasikai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Gang Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, P.R. China; Shanghai Technical Service Platform for Pollution Control and Resource Utilization of Organic Wastes, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Shicheng Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, P.R. China; Shanghai Technical Service Platform for Pollution Control and Resource Utilization of Organic Wastes, Shanghai, 200438, China
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17
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Abstract
Wet air oxidation (WAO) is an attractive technique for sewage sludge treatment. The
WAO process and the factors influencing the process are examined in detail, together with the advantages
and disadvantages. Catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) is emphasized because it can lower
operational conditions, and the commonly-used and new homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts
are introduced. Homogeneous catalysts tend to be more appropriate for the CWAO treatment
of sewage sludge, and Cu-based homogeneous catalysts such as CuSO4 are the most popular for industrial
applications. Heterogeneous catalysts include non-noble metal catalysts, noble metal catalysts,
metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) catalysts, and non-metal catalysts. Non-noble metal catalysts
typically contain hetero-elements as in Mo-based, Ce-based, Cu-based, Fe-based catalysts,
multi-metal supported catalysts, and polyoxometalates catalysts. In general, Mo-based catalysts
and Ce-based catalysts have higher activities than other metal-based catalysts. The commonly-used
noble metal elements are based on Ru, Pt, Pd, Rh, and Ir. The MOF catalysts tend to have high catalytic
activity, and the non-metallic carbon catalysts may be used in environments that would otherwise
be toxic to traditional metal catalysts. To conclude, a summary of the challenges and
prospects of WAO technology in sewage sludge treatment is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-bin Li
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Duo Wang
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zi-sheng Jiang
- Power China ECO-Environmental Group Co., LTD., Shenzhen 518102, China
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18
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Díaz AI, Oulego P, González JM, Laca A, Díaz M. Physico-chemical pre-treatments of anaerobic digestion liquor for aerobic treatment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 274:111189. [PMID: 32801104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Centrifugation of anaerobically digested sewage sludge gives rise to a solid phase, which could be employed as a fertilizer, and a liquid fraction (ADL), which should be treated before being spilled out. This is not an easy task because this liquor is characterized for presenting high COD (~16000 mg O2/L), high ammonium content (~4000 mg/L) and low biodegradability (BOD5/COD ~0.2). With the objective to pre-treat this aqueous waste before its treatment by means of more traditional aerobic processes, different physico-chemical methods (ultrasound, ozonation, hydrolysis and wet air oxidation) were assessed in this work. Ultrasound and thermal hydrolysis gave solubilizations around 47% and 68% respectively. The best results in terms of total COD removal were obtained when wet air oxidation (8 h, 160 C-200 °C and 6.0 MPa) and ozonation (8 h, 25 °C, 12 g/h O3) techniques were employed achieving COD degradations of 71% and 38%, respectively. The pre-treatment of ADL with the four assayed techniques improved considerably the biodegradability (BOD5/COD) of the effluent, with values around 0.3-0.4, depending on the treatment. The experimental data were successfully fitted by kinetic models and the kinetic constants for the solubilization and degradation steps were obtained. Application of the proposed models can be of interest for the optimization and selection of the most suitable techniques and operational conditions, in each particular case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Díaz
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering. University of Oviedo. C/Julián Clavería, s/n, E-33006, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Paula Oulego
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering. University of Oviedo. C/Julián Clavería, s/n, E-33006, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - J Manuel González
- R&D, COGERSA SAU. C/ La Zoreda, s/n, E-33697, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - Adriana Laca
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering. University of Oviedo. C/Julián Clavería, s/n, E-33006, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
| | - Mario Díaz
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering. University of Oviedo. C/Julián Clavería, s/n, E-33006, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
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19
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Svennevik OK, Nilsen PJ, Solheim OE, Westereng B, Horn SJ. Quantification of soluble recalcitrant compounds in commercial thermal hydrolysis digestates. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2020; 92:1948-1955. [PMID: 32363700 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Solid residues such as primary sludge (PS), waste activated sludge (WAS), and food waste (FW) can be stabilized through anaerobic digestion (AD). Application of the thermal hydrolysis process (THP) prior to AD results in several benefits in AD and dewatering. However, soluble recalcitrant compounds associated with Maillard reactions have been identified after THP which can impact downstream processes and water discharge limits. In this study, the soluble colloidal chemical oxygen demand, color, ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm and dissolved organic nitrogen in seven full-scale THP facilities were quantified and compared. The THP substrate influenced the concentration of soluble melanoidin-associated compounds in the digestates. THP implementation in five water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs) was modeled and found to give a 3-8 mg/L increase on the water effluent COD concentration depending on the PS/WAS ratio. The results provide novel information useful in planning new WRRFs and optimization of existing facilities. PRACTITIONER POINTS: High amounts of WAS in substrate resulted in higher concentrations of CODsc, color and dissolved organic nitrogen in the digestate. Food waste treated at 145°C showed equal or lower concentrations of all components compared with sludge operated at 165°C. Installation of THP will increase the COD concentration in the water effluent of a water resource recovery facility. The characteristics of the THP substrate are important to consider in cost/benefit analysis when planning the installation of THP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oda K Svennevik
- Cambi Group AS, Asker, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | | | | | - Bjørge Westereng
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Svein J Horn
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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20
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Malhotra M, Garg A. Hydrothermal carbonization of centrifuged sewage sludge: Determination of resource recovery from liquid fraction and thermal behaviour of hydrochar. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 117:114-123. [PMID: 32823076 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Safe disposal of the sludge generated from sewage treatment plant is a major challenge worldwide. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is considered a potential pretreatment alternative for sewage sludge to facilitate the improved resource recovery. In the present study, the mixed centrifuged sewage sludge (CSS) was subjected to the HTC pretreatment to determine characteristics of the solid hydrochar (HC) and liquid fraction (LF) with a purpose of energy recovery and extraction of value-added compounds, respectively. HTC was performed in a high pressure batch reactor at 200 °C temperature for 1-8 h duration. The HC produced after HTC resembled with the low quality peat coal whereas the LF contained value-added chemicals such as humic acid (HA) and phosphate phosphorous (PO43-P). Using ammonium sulphate as 'salting out' agent, ~70% of the total HA (~15-16 g/L) could be recovered from the LF. Using the recovered HA, an improvement in the root and shoot lengths of the seeds could be observed. In the subsequent step, the total PO43--P recovery of ~80% was obtained as struvite from the residual wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Malhotra
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Anurag Garg
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India.
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21
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Zhang YF, Zhang SY, Li H, Wang CW, Jiang FH, Lyu JF. Treatment of municipal sludge by hydrothermal oxidation process with H 2O 2. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 257:127140. [PMID: 32526467 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The recent increase in municipal sludge worldwide has led to a great deal of interest in developing an efficient and environmentally friendly sludge treatment method. In the paper, the treatment of municipal sludge by hydrothermal oxidation (HTO) process with H2O2 as the oxidant was proposed. The impacts of HTO temperature and H2O2 mass fraction on the distribution of products, the moisture content, the migration behaviors of the heavy metals (HMs) of the resulted solid products, the concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and NH3-N contained in the resulted aqueous phase products and the pH value were investigated. The results indicated that the sludge reduction was achieved by HTO treatment, the increasing H2O2 mass fraction and HTO temperature can significantly improve the dewatering performance of the sludge. The potential toxicity fraction of Pb and Cd contained in the resulted solid residual increased with the increasing HTO severity and the potential toxicity fraction of solid residues was still lower than that of raw material. Acetic acid was the main VFAs produced from HTO treated sludge, and its concentration reached to the maximum value of 2923.41 mg/L at 230 °C under H2O2 mass fraction of 15%. The change in the pH of the resulted aqueous phase products was caused by the competition between the acidic (VFAs or CO2) or alkaline (NH3-N) substances derived from the sludge during HTO process. The HTO process was expected to be an efficient method for municipal sludge treatment due to its mild conditions and high heavy metal safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Zhang
- Department of Thermal Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, PR China; College of Mechanical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200093, PR China
| | - Shou-Yu Zhang
- Department of Thermal Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, PR China.
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Thermal Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, PR China
| | - Cai-Wei Wang
- Department of Thermal Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, PR China
| | - Feng-Hao Jiang
- Department of Thermal Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, PR China
| | - Jun-Fu Lyu
- Department of Thermal Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
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22
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García M, Collado S, Oulego P, Díaz M. The wet oxidation of aqueous humic acids. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 396:122402. [PMID: 32298859 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Humic acids are highly distributed in aqueous environments. This article examines in depth the advanced oxidation of humic acid aqueous solutions, in order to understand more complex oxidation processes such as those of the sewage sludge or landfill leachate, or the matrix effects triggered by the humic acids of natural organic matter (NOM) in the oxidation of other aqueous compounds as herbicides. Humic acids were efficiently oxidized; higher temperatures (180-220 °C) involved higher mineralization, the formation of intermediates with lower colour and also led to a higher concentration of organic acids at the end of the treatment, particularly acetic and oxalic ones. Nevertheless, humic acid wet oxidation was not sensitive to changes in the pressure, at least in the range tested (65-95 bar), but the initial pH (4-13) was found to be a key factor. Thus, alkaline media accelerated the humic acid removal, but more refractory intermediates were generated, and the organic acids, excepting malic acid, were more stable than in neutral or acidic media. Eventually, a lumped kinetic model was proposed and successfully fitted to the experimental data, including the effect of all the operating variables studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel García
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Oviedo, C/ Julián Clavería s/n., E-33071, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Sergio Collado
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Oviedo, C/ Julián Clavería s/n., E-33071, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Paula Oulego
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Oviedo, C/ Julián Clavería s/n., E-33071, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Mario Díaz
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Oviedo, C/ Julián Clavería s/n., E-33071, Oviedo, Spain.
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Kim HJ, Chon K, Lee YG, Kim YK, Jang A. Enhanced mechanical deep dewatering of dewatered sludge by a thermal hydrolysis pre-treatment: Effects of temperature and retention time. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 188:109746. [PMID: 32540570 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated effects of the thermal hydrolysis pre-treatment on mechanical deep dewaterability of dewatered sludge to extend understanding of dewatering characteristics of thermally hydrolyzed sludge. Floc sizes of dewatered sludge were gradually reduced during the thermal hydrolysis pre-treatment at 170 °C and 185 °C with increasing retention time whereas longer retention time (>60 min) increased floc sizes of thermally hydrolyzed sludges at 200 °C due to formation of undesired refractory organic materials (ROMs), which might hinder the disintegration of dewatered sludge flocs. Similar trends were found for thermal hydrolytic solubilization of dewatered sludge. This demonstrated that the efficiency of the thermal hydrolysis pre-treatment at a higher temperature (200 °C) with longer retention time (≥60 min) could be strongly influenced by the formation of ROMs associated with changes of solid fractions and some free amino acids (i.e., β-aminobutyric acid, 4-hydroxyproline, and cysteine). Since the trade-off between the degradation of dewatered sludge and the formation of ROMs determined mechanical deep dewaterability of thermally hydrolyzed sludge, the lowest residual weight and moisture content were observed for thermally hydrolyzed sludges at 200 °C with retention time range of 60 min (residual weight = 0.165; moisture content = 55.38%) to 90 min (residual weight = 0.160; moisture content = 59.87%). These observations were intimately correlated to variations of extracellular polymeric substances during the thermal hydrolysis pre-treatment, but not in accordance with the change pattern of capillary suction time (CST) values. This is evident that the CST value was inadequate to estimate mechanical deep dewaterability of thermally hydrolyzed sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Joong Kim
- Hansu Technical Service Research Center, 145 Yatap-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Water Resources, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Kangmin Chon
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Kangwon National University, 1 Kangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong-Gu Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Kangwon National University, 1 Kangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Kwon Kim
- K-water Institute, Yuseong-daero, 1689 Beon-gil, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Am Jang
- Graduate School of Water Resources, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Towards the Implementation of Circular Economy in the Wastewater Sector: Challenges and Opportunities. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12051431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The advancement of science has facilitated increase in the human lifespan, reflected in economic and population growth, which unfortunately leads to increased exploitation of resources. This situation entails not only depletion of resources, but also increases environmental pollution, mainly due to atmospheric emissions, wastewater effluents, and solid wastes. In this scenario, it is compulsory to adopt a paradigm change, as far as the consumption of resources by the population is concerned, to achieve a circular economy. The recovery and reuse of resources are key points, leading to a decrease in the consumption of raw materials, waste reduction, and improvement of energy efficiency. This is the reason why the concept of the circular economy can be applied in any industrial activity, including the wastewater treatment sector. With this in view, this review manuscript focuses on demonstrating the challenges and opportunities in applying a circular economy in the water sector. For example, reclamation and reuse of wastewater to increase water resources, by paying particular attention to the risks for human health, recovery of nutrients, or highly added-value products (e.g., metals and biomolecules among others), valorisation of sewage sludge, and/or recovery of energy. Being aware of this situation, in the European, Union 18 out of 27 countries are already reusing reclaimed wastewater at some level. Moreover, many wastewater treatment plants have reached energy self-sufficiency, producing up to 150% of their energy requirements. Unfortunately, many of the opportunities presented in this work are far from becoming a reality. Still, the first step is always to become aware of the problem and work on optimizing the solution to make it possible.
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25
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Das P, Khan S, AbdulQuadir M, Thaher M, Waqas M, Easa A, Attia ESM, Al-Jabri H. Energy recovery and nutrients recycling from municipal sewage sludge. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 715:136775. [PMID: 32040991 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL) could be a promising and better alternative to other techniques for energy recovery from municipal sewage sludge (MSS). However, the nutrients (i.e., N, and P) recovery potential from the byproducts, generated in the HTL of MSS, needs to be studied so that a comprehensive sludge management practice could be adopted. In this study, HTL process temperature (275-400 °C), and reaction time (30-120 min) were first investigated for biocrude yield and release of the nutrients to the aqueous phase liquid (APL) and biochar. The maximum energy recovery (i.e., 59%) and maximum energy return on investment (i.e., 3.5) were obtained at 350 °C and 60 min of holding time. With the increase in HTL reaction time, the concentration of nitrogen in the APL increased (5.1 to 6.8 mg/L) while the concentration of phosphorus decreased (0.89 to 0.22 mg/L); the opposite was observed for the biochar. The nutrient recycling efficiency from the APL using microalgae was found to be strain-specific; nitrogen recycling efficiency by Picochlorum sp. and Chlorella sp. were 95.4 and 58.6%, respectively. The APL, derived from 1 kg MSS, could potentially produce 0.49 kg microalgal biomass. Since the concentrations of various metals in the biochar samples were substantially lower compared to their concentrations in raw MSS, the application of biochar as a soil conditioner could be very promising. Overall, net positive energy could be recovered from MSS using the HTL process, while the nutrients in the APL could be used to cultivate specific microalgae, and biochar could be applied to enhance the soil quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Probir Das
- Algal Technology Program, Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar.
| | - Shoyeb Khan
- Algal Technology Program, Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
| | - Mohammed AbdulQuadir
- Algal Technology Program, Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
| | - Mahmoud Thaher
- Algal Technology Program, Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
| | - Muhammad Waqas
- Algal Technology Program, Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
| | - Ahmed Easa
- Central Laboratory Unit, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
| | | | - Hareb Al-Jabri
- Algal Technology Program, Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
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26
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Guo S, Wang Y, Wei X, Gao Y, Xiao B, Yang Y. Structural analysis and heavy metal adsorption of N-doped biochar from hydrothermal carbonization of Camellia sinensis waste. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:18866-18874. [PMID: 32207017 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08455-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
N-doped biochar as adsorption material for heavy metal removal has attracted increasing concern in environmental application due to its unique features. Here, N-doped biochar was prepared by hydrothermal carbonization of Camellia sinensis branch waste using KOH/NH4Cl at 120-280 °C for 2 h under 0.4-6.5 MPa, followed by structural analysis. The results showed that the highest N content determined by elemental analysis could reach up to 6.18% in biochar, and the major N species were involved in graphitic N, pyrrolic N, and pyridinic N. Interestingly, these N-doped biochar exhibited the effective adsorption ability of Cu2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, and Cr6+. The batch adsorption behavior had a better adjustment to the pseudo-second-order kinetic and the Langmuir adsorption isotherm models. In brief, the present results are attributed to develop low-cost adsorbent for removing heavy metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Guo
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | | | - Xingneng Wei
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yuefang Gao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
| | - Bin Xiao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yajun Yang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
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27
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Allegue LD, Puyol D, Melero JA. Novel approach for the treatment of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste: Coupling thermal hydrolysis with anaerobic digestion and photo-fermentation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 714:136845. [PMID: 32018982 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, two different organic fractions of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) served as raw material in a novel treatment process that combines thermal hydrolysis (TH) pretreatment at different times, followed by anaerobic digestion of the solid fraction and photo-fermentation of the liquid fraction. The results indicate that both wastes performed similarly, and no statistically relevant differences stand out on the overall performance regarding TH times. The thermal pretreatment improves the biodegradability of the solid fraction during anaerobic digestion compensating the loss of the organic matter in the liquid fraction. The produced biogas may feed a combined heat and power (CHP) system, making the process energetically positive in all studied scenarios. In addition, the combination of TH and anaerobic digestion decreased the volume of the waste to be disposed by 59-61%, which is 5-11% higher than that obtained with the traditional treatment of anaerobic digestion process. Specific phototrophic activity tests were performed on the liquid phase using a mixed culture of purple phototrophic bacteria (PPB) that consumed up to 80% of the soluble organics. The assays yielded an average 52% efficiency on specific phototrophic activity (kM) and 62% on biomass yield (YX/S), compared to an optimized growth medium. PPB was also capable of producing polyhydroxyalkanoates, bioH2 and single-cell protein without optimization. Apart from methane, the overall mass balances showed yields up to 150 g of high added-value products per Kg of initial total solids on this proof-of-concept platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis D Allegue
- Group of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Mostoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Puyol
- Group of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Mostoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Melero
- Group of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Mostoles, Madrid, Spain.
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28
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Liu X, Zhai Y, Li S, Wang B, Wang T, Liu Y, Qiu Z, Li C. Hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge: Effect of feed-water pH on hydrochar's physicochemical properties, organic component and thermal behavior. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 388:122084. [PMID: 31972434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of sewage sludge(SS) was carried out at a temperature of 270℃ and a resulting pressure of 7-9 MPa with 2 h. The effect of feed water pH values in the range of 2-12 on hydrochar characteristics, organic component and thermal behavior was evaluated. The result shows that with the pH value increasing, ash content shows a trend of decline, and organic components in the hydrochar become significantly simpler than SS. hydrochar is more beneficial to produce a fatty substance during an acidic environment and alkaline environments favor the formation of N-containing organic compounds and ketone organics, especially in strongly alkaline environments. Compared to the SS, hydrochar burning interval shortened 100℃ and the combustion of hydrochar is more durable. Considering the organic composition and combustion performance of hydrochar, it is found that the hydrochar prepared under 270-5 condition has the best effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmin Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Yunbo Zhai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China.
| | - Shanhong Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Bei Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Tengfei Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Yali Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Zhenzi Qiu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Caiting Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
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29
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Wang P, Liang YN, Zhong Z, Hu X. Nano-hybrid bimetallic Au-Pd catalysts for ambient condition-catalytic wet air oxidation (AC-CWAO) of organic dyes. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.115960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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30
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Mahdy A, Wandera SM, Aka B, Qiao W, Dong R. Biostimulation of sewage sludge solubilization and methanization by hyper-thermophilic pre-hydrolysis stage and the shifts of microbial structure profiles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 699:134373. [PMID: 31677470 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the influence of hyper-thermophilic pre-hydrolysis stage (70 °C) on methane recovery of sewage sludge at 35 °C. In this configuration, the process performance in both temperatures were estimated and the microbial communities were characterized by full-length16S rRNA genes and/or microbial activities. In addition, the appropriate solubilization reaction time was assessed. The results revealed that the higher hydrolysis and acidogenesis activities were achieved with longer reaction time of pretreatment (5 days) and thus higher organic nitrogen conversion and alkalinity were attained. Under appropriate pretreatment reaction time, pretreated sludge was characterized by 65% higher organic matters solubilization and 1.4-fold higher volatile fatty acids (VFAs) concentration compared to raw sludge. The overall methane yield produced under this scenario was 179 L CH4. KgVSin, with 15% of the absolute yield was produced in hydrolysis reactor. 50% reduction in bacteria belong to Firmicurtes was observed at mesophilic reactor and meanwhile the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Cloacimonetes were enhanced. The predominant methanogens in both stages did not change implying adaptation of Methanothermobacter (>62%) to mesophilic condition. However, increasing acetoclastic methanogens up to 30% in mesophilic reactor indicating methane was produced from pretreated sludge mainly through H2- mediated CO2 reduction and partially from acetate cleavage. The results highlight the key role of hyper-thermophilic pre-hydrolysis stage for better stabilization of sewage sludge without further investments in current biogas plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mahdy
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, 44511 Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Simon M Wandera
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Behairy Aka
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, 44511 Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Wei Qiao
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; State R&D Center for Efficient Production and Comprehensive Utilization of Biobased Gaseous Fuels, Energy Authority, National Development, and Reform Committee, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Renjie Dong
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; State R&D Center for Efficient Production and Comprehensive Utilization of Biobased Gaseous Fuels, Energy Authority, National Development, and Reform Committee, Beijing 100083, China
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31
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Yousefifar A, Farid MM, Gapes DJ, Young BR. An improved model for the kinetics of non-oxidative hydrothermal process. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 253:109704. [PMID: 31654926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal processing as a post-treatment technology for sludge has attracted great interest globally as it could reduce the amount of sludge considerably. This experimental study developed a comprehensive kinetic model of cellulose degradation via non-oxidative hydrothermal processing at various temperatures (ranges 180-260 °C). Values of activation energies and pre-exponential factors were determined using chemical oxygen demand (COD)-based lumped concentrations. In this study, a new reaction pathway between solid, soluble matter and gaseous products was proposed which not only enables prediction of solid phase degradation but also can predict the formation of various types of products (in liquid and gas phase) during the reaction time. The results show that the reaction rate of cellulose to liquid products (k1=2.7×109exp(-102810RT)) were fast compared to that of for liquid products to gaseous products (k2=4.4×103exp(-64629RT)). Moreover, the model infers that the major part of solid degradation leads to the formation of the gaseous product with the reaction rate constant of k3=5.7exp(-12905RT). The proposed model can provide an opportunity to predict the performance of the non-oxidative hydrothermal processing of organic solid waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Yousefifar
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Mohammed M Farid
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Daniel J Gapes
- Scion, Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Rotorua, New Zealand.
| | - Brent R Young
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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32
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Fortunatti-Montoya M, Sánchez FA, Hegel PE, Pereda S. Fractionation of glycerol acetates with supercritical CO2. J Supercrit Fluids 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2019.104575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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33
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Gupta D, Mahajani SM, Garg A. Effect of hydrothermal carbonization as pretreatment on energy recovery from food and paper wastes. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 285:121329. [PMID: 31003203 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, food waste (FW) and paper wastes were subjected to hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) with a purpose to improve energy recovery potential. FW is suggested as the suitable feedstock for production of hydrochar (HC) having highest calorific value (29.6 MJ/kg). Carbon content in FW derived HC was increased from 50% to ∼72% whereas energy retention efficiency was found to be 5.74 times of that in FW. Wastewater recovered after HTC of FW was rich in carbohydrates with chemical oxygen demand of ∼56,000 mg/L which may further be subjected to anaerobic treatment for biogas generation. Energy balance calculations showed that the solid and liquid fractions recovered after HTC of FW yielded highest energy output (2950 kJ/kg FW) compared to incineration (2217 kJ/kg FW), anaerobic digestion (2605 kJ/kg) and in-vessel composting. HTC process can be adopted as decentralized facility by institutions where highly moisturized wastes are generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Gupta
- Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - S M Mahajani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Anurag Garg
- Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India.
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34
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Pola L, Collado S, Oulego P, Díaz M. Production of carboxylic acids from the non-lignin residue of black liquor by hydrothermal treatments. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 284:105-114. [PMID: 30927647 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study assesses, for the first time, the use of the non-lignin residue from Kraft black liquor as a renewable source of carboxylic acids. For this purpose, the liquid fraction obtained after separating the lignin from the black liquor by acid precipitation was subjected to different hydrothermal treatments. It was found that the formation of carboxylic acids can be maximized at 190 °C, 70 bar and under an inert atmosphere, with concentrations after 2 h of 29.0 g/l of oxalic acid, 1.8 g/L of malic acid, 10.0 g/L of lactic acid, 4.1 g/L of formic acid, 11.8 g/L of acetic acid and 3.4 g/L of propionic acid. The presence of an oxidizing atmosphere generated a less concentrated, but more purified, stream of acids than that obtained by thermal hydrolysis, simplifying the subsequent downstream processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Pola
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Oviedo, 33071 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Sergio Collado
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Oviedo, 33071 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Paula Oulego
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Oviedo, 33071 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Mario Díaz
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Oviedo, 33071 Oviedo, Spain.
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35
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Svennevik OK, Beck G, Rus E, Westereng B, Higgins M, Solheim OE, Nilsen PJ, Horn SJ. CNash - A novel parameter predicting cake solids of dewatered digestates. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 158:350-358. [PMID: 31055015 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Efficient digestate dewatering is crucial to reduce the volume and transportation cost of solid residues from anaerobic digestion (AD) plants. Large variations in dewatered cake solids have been reported and predictive models are therefore important in design and operation of such plants. However, current predictive models lack validation across several digestion substrates, pre-treatments and full-scale plants. In this study, we showed that thermogravimetric analysis is a reliable prediction model for dewatered cake solids using digestates from 15 commercial full-scale plants. The tested digestates originated from different substrates, with and without the pre-AD thermal hydrolysis process (THP). Moreover, a novel combined physicochemical parameter (C/N•ash) characterizing different digestate blends was identified by multiplying the C/N ratio with ash content of the dried solids. Using samples from 22 full-scale wastewater, food waste and co-waste plants, a linear relationship was found between C/N•ash and predicted cake solids for digestates with and without pre-AD THP. Pre-AD THP improved predicted cake solids by increasing the amount of free water. However, solids characteristics like C/N ratio and ash content had a more profound influence on the predicted cake solids than pre-AD THP and type of dewatering device. Finally, C/N•ash was shown to have a linear relationship to cake solids and reported polymer dose from eight full-scale pre-AD THP plants. In conclusion, we identified the novel parameter C/N•ash which can be used to predict dewatered cake solids regardless of dewatering device and sludge origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oda K Svennevik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway; Cambi Group AS, Asker, Norway
| | - Greeley Beck
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway; NIBIO, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Ester Rus
- Thames Water, Wastewater Innovation, Reading, UK
| | - Bjørge Westereng
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Matthew Higgins
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Svein J Horn
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
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36
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Hii K, Farno E, Baroutian S, Parthasarathy R, Eshtiaghi N. Rheological characterization of thermal hydrolysed waste activated sludge. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 156:445-455. [PMID: 30953843 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Rheological properties are important in the design and operation of sludge-handling process. Despite this, the rheology of sludge in thermal hydrolysis processes (TH) is not well described. In-situ measurements were performed to characterize the flow behaviour of various concentrations (7-13 wt%) of waste activated sludge (WAS) at TH conditions. Equations were presented for predicting in-situ rheological parameters (high-shear viscosity, η∞,i, consistency index, ki, and yield stress, σc,i) under various treatment conditions, which are useful for design of process units. The equations enable convenient estimation of in-situ properties based on ambient rheological measurements. Results suggested that the proportion of sludge solubilization and its rate were unaffected by varying sludge concentration. Thermally treated sludge still exhibited gel-like, viscoelastic characteristics similar to untreated sludge; however, the storage (G') and loss (G") moduli decreased with higher treatment temperatures. Frequency and creep responses were described by a fractional derivatives Kelvin-Voigt (FKV) model, which showed increasing viscous characteristics of treated sludge. These equations can be utilised in CFD models. Results obtained from oscillatory measurements can also approximate steady-shear behaviour by comparing dynamic viscosity, η'(ω), and steady-shear viscosity, η(γ̇), whose values were very similar. This enables convenient estimation of steady-shear behaviour of sludge from oscillatory measurements, which is found to be a non-destructive technique for measuring flow behaviour of highly concentrated sludge. Yield stress can also be predicted from the product of modified Cox-Merz shift factors and storage modulus (G'). Practical engineering implications of the rheological observations were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Hii
- Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, 3001, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ehsan Farno
- Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, 3001, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Saeid Baroutian
- Department of Chemical & Material Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Nicky Eshtiaghi
- Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, 3001, Melbourne, Australia.
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Malhotra M, Garg A. Performance of non-catalytic thermal hydrolysis and wet oxidation for sewage sludge degradation under moderate operating conditions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 238:72-83. [PMID: 30849600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.02.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Land disposal of waste activated sludge pose environmental risks due to the presence of heavy metals, pathogens and organic pollutants. Anaerobic digestion (AD) is one of the preferred treatment methods for sludge treatment. However, sludge hydrolysis is often found the rate-limiting step thereby reducing the biogas generation potential. Therefore, an effort was made to determine the optimum conditions for sludge solubilization by means of hydrothermal pretreatment. In this study, response surface methodology using Box Behnken design approach was used to optimize four hydrothermal reaction variables (i.e., initial pH, time, temperature, and oxidation coefficient) for sludge solubilization and total chemical oxygen demand (tCOD) reduction. Temperature and pH were found to be the most significant parameters. The maximum tCOD reduction and volatile suspended solids solubilization of 58% and 52%, respectively, were obtained at the following optimum conditions: temperature = 180 °C, time = 5 h, pH = 3.3 and oxidation coefficient = 0.5. Under similar conditions and alkaline pH, Maillard's reaction occurs which may have adverse impact on the performance of downstream AD process. The highest NH4+N and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) concentrations were detected in the treated sludge at the optimum conditions. The future studies should be aimed at the recovery of proteins, VFAs and biogas using appropriate methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Malhotra
- Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Anurag Garg
- Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.
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Classification and Disposal Strategy of Excess Sludge in the Petrochemical Industry. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9061186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The excess sludge in the petrochemical industry is large in quantity, complex in composition, and highly harmful, and its rational disposal is of great significance for environmental protection and sustainable development. In the present study, a classification and disposal strategy for the excess sludge in the petrochemical industry is proposed. The strategy first analyzes the dioxin, flammability, corrosivity, reactivity, and leaching properties of the sludge, from which the waste type of the sludge (general waste or hazardous waste) can be determined. Then, methods of disposal can be selected depending on the type of waste and the corresponding risk analysis, enabling rationalized disposal of the sludge. To verify the effectiveness and practicability of the proposed sludge classification and disposal strategy, research on petrochemical excess sludge samples (i.e., Ah, Bl, and Cq) originated from three different regions in China is carried out as a case study. The component analysis of the above three sludge samples revealed that they are all general wastes. In addition, the possibility of employing Cq sludge for landfill, soil modification, and greening mud, as well as the risk of landfill and incineration disposal in solid waste landfills are investigated. Furthermore, natural radioactive elements uranium and thorium in Cq sludge sample are studied. The results show that Cq sludge cannot be used for landfill, soil modification, and greening mud due to excessive arsenic content. The proposed strategy provides a basis for the selection of reasonable petrochemical excess sludge disposal methods.
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Amrullah A, Paksung N, Matsumura Y. Cell structure destruction and its kinetics during hydrothermal treatment of sewage sludge. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-018-0212-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Burgos-Castillo R, Sillanpää M, Brillas E, Sirés I. Removal of metals and phosphorus recovery from urban anaerobically digested sludge by electro-Fenton treatment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 644:173-182. [PMID: 29981517 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rutely Burgos-Castillo
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, FI-50130 Mikkeli, Finland.
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, FI-50130 Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Enric Brillas
- Laboratori d'Electroquímica dels Materials i del Medi Ambient, Departament de Química Física, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignasi Sirés
- Laboratori d'Electroquímica dels Materials i del Medi Ambient, Departament de Química Física, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Zhu Z, Rosendahl L, Toor SS, Chen G. Optimizing the conditions for hydrothermal liquefaction of barley straw for bio-crude oil production using response surface methodology. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 630:560-569. [PMID: 29486447 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present paper examines the conversion of barley straw to bio-crude oil (BO) via hydrothermal liquefaction. Response surface methodology based on central composite design was utilized to optimize the conditions of four independent variables including reaction temperature (factor X1, 260-340°C), reaction time (factor X2, 5-25min), catalyst dosage (factor X3, 2-18%) and biomass/water ratio (factor X4, 9-21%) for BO yield. It was found that reaction temperature, catalyst dosage and biomass/water ratio had more remarkable influence than reaction time on BO yield by analysis of variance. The predicted BO yield by the second order polynomial model was in good agreement with experimental results. A maximum BO yield of 38.72wt% was obtained at 304.8°C, 15.5min, 11.7% potassium carbonate as catalyst and 18% biomass (based on water). GC/MS analysis revealed that the major BO components were phenols and their derivatives, acids, aromatic hydrocarbon, ketones, N-contained compounds and alcohols, which makes it a promising material in the applications of either bio-fuel or as a phenol substitute in bio-phenolic resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Safe Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Lasse Rosendahl
- Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg 9220, Denmark.
| | - Saqib Sohail Toor
- Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg 9220, Denmark
| | - Guanyi Chen
- School of Science, Tibet University, Lhasa 850012, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering/Tianjin Engineering Center of Biomass Gas/Oils, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China.
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Yuan T, Cheng Y, Huang W, Zhang Z, Lei Z, Shimizu K, Utsumi M. Fertilizer potential of liquid product from hydrothermal treatment of swine manure. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 77:166-171. [PMID: 30008406 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Compared with composting, hydrothermal treatment (HTT) technology can dramatically shorten the duration for manure waste treatment. This study firstly investigated the effect of HTT on solubilization of N, P and organics from swine manure, and then evaluated the phytotoxicity of liquid product from hydrothermally treated manure by seed germination test. Results show that 98% of N in manure could be converted into soluble form after HTT at 200 °C for 60 min. Soluble P in hydrothermally treated manure (at 150 °C for 60 min) was 2.7 times that in raw manure. The germination indices (GI) were all greater than 100% when the liquid product (from HTT at 150 °C for 60 min) or its diluted samples being used. Results from this study suggest that HTT could be a promising technology for producing safe and value-added liquid fertilizers from swine manure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Yuan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Yanfei Cheng
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Weiwei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Coal Gasification and Energy Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, No. 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhenya Zhang
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Zhongfang Lei
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan.
| | - Kazuya Shimizu
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Motoo Utsumi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
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Choi JM, Han SK, Lee CY. Enhancement of methane production in anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge by thermal hydrolysis pretreatment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 259:207-213. [PMID: 29554601 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.02.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study was performed to optimize thermal hydrolysis pretreatment (THP) of sewage sludge for enhanced anaerobic digestion (AD). Using the response surface methodology (RSM), the optimal conditions were found 180 °C of reaction temperature and 76 min of reaction time. Through THP under optimal conditions, high molecular substances in sewage sludge such as soluble microbial by-products (SMPs) and extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) were hydrolyzed into low molecular ones without the generation of refractory compounds. The microbial community analysis revealed that relative abundances of Methanomicrobia such as Methanosarcina, Methanosaeta (acetoclastic methanogens), and Methanoculleus (hydrogenotrophic methanogens) in AD with THP were higher than those in conventional AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Min Choi
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Suwon, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi 18323, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Kee Han
- Department of Environmental Health, Korea National Open University, Seoul 03087, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae-Young Lee
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Suwon, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi 18323, Republic of Korea.
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Wet Oxidation of Fine Soil Contaminated with Petroleum Hydrocarbons: A Way towards a Remediation Cycle. ENVIRONMENTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/environments5060069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Yousefifar A, Baroutian S, Farid MM, Gapes DJ, Young BR. Fundamental mechanisms and reactions in non-catalytic subcritical hydrothermal processes: A review. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 123:607-622. [PMID: 28709105 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The management and disposal of solid waste is of increasing concern across the globe. Hydrothermal processing of sludge has been suggested as a promising solution to deal with the considerable amounts of sludge produced worldwide. Such a process not only degrades organic compounds and reduces waste volume, but also provides an opportunity to recover valuable substances. Hydrothermal processing comprises two main sub-processes: wet oxidation (WO) and thermal hydrolysis (TH), in which the formation of various free radicals results in the production of different intermediates. Volatile fatty acids (VFAs), especially acetic acid, are usually the main intermediates which remain as a by-product of the process. This paper aims to review the fundamental mechanism for hydrothermal processing of sludge, and the formation of different free radicals and intermediates therein. In addition, the proposed kinetic models for the two processes (WO and TH) from the literature are reviewed and the advantages and disadvantages of each model are outlined. The effect of mass transfer as a critical component of the design and development of the processes, which has been neglected in most of these proposed models, is also reviewed, and the effect of influencing parameters on the processes' controlling step (reaction or mass transfer) is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Yousefifar
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Saeid Baroutian
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Mohammed M Farid
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Daniel J Gapes
- Scion, Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Rotorua, New Zealand
| | - Brent R Young
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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García M, Urrea JL, Collado S, Oulego P, Díaz M. Protein recovery from solubilized sludge by hydrothermal treatments. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 67:278-287. [PMID: 28601580 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
New alternatives for sludge management have been developed in recent years, with hydrothermal treatments being one of the most attractive ones. Even though many studies have been made on the application of hydrothermal treatments as pre-treatment or end-line technologies for sludge stabilisation and/or minimization, there is a lack of knowledge about the products generated during the process and its characteristics. This information is a crucial step for the assessment of the recovery of valuable products of the sludge, mainly proteins, humic acids and carbohydrates, which can considerably improve the economic balance of the hydrothermal treatment. This work assesses, for the first time, the potential of hydrothermally hydrolysed sludge as renewable source for proteins recovery. For this purpose, firstly, the concentrations and properties of the main soluble biopolymers generated during the hydrothermal treatment, either in presence (wet oxidation, WO) or absence (thermal hydrolysis, TH) of oxygen, were measured, determining the reaction time necessary for a maximum solubilisation. Peak concentrations of 7.7g/l (0.291g/gVSSo) of proteins for WO and 7.2g/l (0.272g/gVSSo) for TH, were achieved at 87min of experiment. Afterwards, different separation methods, usually applied at industrial scale, were assessed for the separation of protein from the hydrolysed sludge, in terms of protein recovery and selectivity. Ammonium sulphate addition was found to be the best separation method, achieving 87% and 86% of protein recovery for TH and WO samples respectively, and the highest selectivity. Although further studies are required in order to achieve complete protein purification, a new perspective in sludge management is now open, by recovering valuable compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel García
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Oviedo, C/ Julián Clavería, s/n. E-33071, Oviedo, Spain
| | - José L Urrea
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Oviedo, C/ Julián Clavería, s/n. E-33071, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Sergio Collado
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Oviedo, C/ Julián Clavería, s/n. E-33071, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Paula Oulego
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Oviedo, C/ Julián Clavería, s/n. E-33071, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Mario Díaz
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Oviedo, C/ Julián Clavería, s/n. E-33071, Oviedo, Spain.
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