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Liu J, Lu H, Wu L, Kerr PG, Wu Y. Interactions between periphytic biofilms and dissolved organic matter at soil-water interface and the consequent effects on soil phosphorus fraction changes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 801:149708. [PMID: 34438149 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays vital roles in carbon and other nutrient transformation at soil-water interfaces (SWI) in paddy fields. It is associated with the growth and withering of periphytic biofilms. However, the interactions between DOM and periphytic biofilms remain largely unknown. In this study, a microcosm experiment with different initial DOM contents elucidated that the biomass, and biomass nitrogen and phosphorus contents were greatly influenced by humic-like substances (C2 and C3), while the growth of periphytic biofilms increased the contents of humic-like (C1 and C2) and tryptophan-like substances (C5) in soil. Moreover, the decomposition of periphytic biofilms significantly increased soil pH, DOM, C2, C3 and C5 contents, but caused decrease in Eh, with consequent reduce in water soluble phosphorus (WSP) and release of algal available phosphorus (AAP). Results from this study revealed how DOM interacts with periphytic biofilms and the consequent effects on changes of bioactive phosphorus fractions, and provide practical information for designing periphytic biofilm based biofertilizer from the perspective of soil DOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzhuo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China; Zigui Three Gorges Reservoir Ecosystem, Observation and Research Station of Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of China, Yichang 443605, China.
| | - Haiying Lu
- Salt-soil Agricultural Center, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in the Lower Reaches of Yangtze River Plain, Institute of Agricultural Resource and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agriculture Sciences, 50 Zhongling Road, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Lirong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Philip G Kerr
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Boorooma St., Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - Yonghong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China; Zigui Three Gorges Reservoir Ecosystem, Observation and Research Station of Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of China, Yichang 443605, China
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2
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Liu J, Zhou Y, Sun P, Wu Y, Dolfing J. Soil Organic Carbon Enrichment Triggers In Situ Nitrogen Interception by Phototrophic Biofilms at the Soil-Water Interface: From Regional Scale to Microscale. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:12704-12713. [PMID: 34472334 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phototrophic biofilms are easy to grow at sediment/soil-water interfaces (SWIs) in shallow aquatic ecosystems and greatly impact nutrient biogeochemical cycles. However, the pathways by which they contribute to nitrogen interception and interact with sediment/soil remains largely unknown. Here, we conducted a field investigation in paddy fields in various regions of China and found that nitrogen immobilized in biofilm biomass significantly positively correlated with soil organic carbon (SOC) content. A microcosm experiment showed that this was due to increased bacterial and algal diversity, biomass accumulation, and inorganic nitrogen assimilation at high SOC, especially high dissolved organic carbon (DOC) levels. The metatranscriptomics results further verified that many KO groups of PSII, PSI, AP, and PC in antenna proteins and glutamate synthesis were distinctly expressed at elevated SOC and DOC levels. Our results elucidated the effects and possible pathways of how SOC enrichment triggers photosynthesis and nitrogen immobilization by phototrophic biofilms. The results will provide meaningful information for in situ nitrogen interception by using phototrophic biofilms at the SWI in human-made wetlands to change internal nitrogen cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzhuo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China
- Zigui Three Gorges Reservoir Ecosystem, Observation and Research Station of Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of China, Yichang 443605, China
| | - Yanmin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China
- Zigui Three Gorges Reservoir Ecosystem, Observation and Research Station of Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of China, Yichang 443605, China
| | - Pengfei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China
- Zigui Three Gorges Reservoir Ecosystem, Observation and Research Station of Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of China, Yichang 443605, China
| | - Yonghong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China
- Zigui Three Gorges Reservoir Ecosystem, Observation and Research Station of Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of China, Yichang 443605, China
| | - Jan Dolfing
- Faculty of Energy and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8QH, United Kingdom
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Cai S, Wang H, Tang J, Tang X, Guan P, Li J, Jiang Y, Wu Y, Xu R. Feedback mechanisms of periphytic biofilms to ZnO nanoparticles toxicity at different phosphorus levels. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:125834. [PMID: 33873034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The increasing use of nanoparticles (NPs) has raised concerns about their potential environmental risks. Many researches on NPs focused on the toxicity mechanism to microorganisms, but neglect the toxicity effects in relation to nutritional conditions. Here, we evaluated the interactive effects of zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs and phosphorus (P) levels on the bacterial community and functioning of periphytic biofilms. Results showed that long-term exposure to ZnO NPs significantly reduced alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) of periphytic biofilms just in P-limited conditions. Co-occurrence network analysis indicated that ZnO NPs exposure reduced network complexity between bacterial taxa in P-limited conditions, while the opposite trend was observed in P-replete conditions. Correlation analysis and random forest modeling suggested that excessive Zn2+ released and high reactive oxygen species (ROS) production might be mainly responsible for the inhibition of APA induced by ZnO NPs under P-limited conditions, while adjustment of bacterial diversity and improvement of keystone taxa cooperation were the main mechanisms in maintaining APA when subjected to weak toxicity of ZnO NPs in P-replete conditions. Taken together, our results provide insights into the biological feedback mechanism involved in ZnO NPs exposure on the ecological function of periphytic biofilms in different P nutritional conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Haotian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiufeng Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Peng Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiuyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Yuji Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Yonghong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Renkou Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Sun P, Gao M, Sun R, Wu Y, Dolfing J. Periphytic biofilms accumulate manganese, intercepting its emigration from paddy soil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 411:125172. [PMID: 33858112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) in acidic paddy soil has large potential in emigrating from the soil and pollute adjacent ecosystems. Single microorganisms modulate the biogeochemistry process of Mn via redox reactions, while the roles of microbial aggregates (e.g. periphytic biofilm) in modulating its biogeochemical cycle is poorly constrained. Here we collected a series of periphytic biofilms from acidic paddy fields in China to explore how periphytic biofilm regulates Mn behavior in paddy fields. We found that periphytic biofilms have large Mn accumulation potential: Mn contents in periphytic biofilm ranged from 176 ± 38 to 797 ± 271 mg/kg, which were 1.2-4.5 folds higher than that in the corresponding soils. Field experiments verified the Mn accumulation potential, underlining the biofilms function as natural barriers to intercept Mn emigrating from soil. Extracellular polymeric substances, especially the protein component, mediated adsorption was the main mechanism behind Mn accumulation by periphytic biofilm. Microorganisms in periphytic biofilms in general appeared to have inhibitory effects on Mn accumulation. Climatic conditions and nutrients in floodwater and soil affect the microorganisms, thus indirectly affecting Mn accumulation in periphytic biofilms. This study provides quantitative information on the extent to which microbial aggregates modulate the biogeochemistry of Mn in paddy fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Sun
- Zigui Ecological Station for Three Gorges Dam Project, State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Mengning Gao
- Zigui Ecological Station for Three Gorges Dam Project, State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Zigui Ecological Station for Three Gorges Dam Project, State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yonghong Wu
- Zigui Ecological Station for Three Gorges Dam Project, State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China; College of Hydraulic & Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, China.
| | - Jan Dolfing
- Faculty Energy and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8QH, UK
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Ko C, Asano S, Lin M, Ikeya T, Peralta EM, Triño EMC, Uehara Y, Ishida T, Iwata T, Tayasu I, Okuda N. Rice paddy irrigation seasonally impacts stream benthic macroinvertebrate diversity at the catchment level. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chia‐Ying Ko
- Institute of Fisheries Science National Taiwan University No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road Taipei10617Taiwan
- Department of Life Science National Taiwan University No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road Taipei10617Taiwan
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology National Taiwan University No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road Taipei10617Taiwan
| | - Satoshi Asano
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature 457‐4, Motoyama, Kamigamo Kyoto603‐8047Japan
| | - Meng‐Ju Lin
- Institute of Fisheries Science National Taiwan University No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road Taipei10617Taiwan
| | - Tohru Ikeya
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature 457‐4, Motoyama, Kamigamo Kyoto603‐8047Japan
| | - Elfritzson M. Peralta
- Department of Biological Sciences College of Science and Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences University of Santo Tomas España Boulevard Manila1015Philippines
| | - Ellis Mika C. Triño
- Department of Biological Sciences College of Science and Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences University of Santo Tomas España Boulevard Manila1015Philippines
| | - Yoshitoshi Uehara
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature 457‐4, Motoyama, Kamigamo Kyoto603‐8047Japan
| | - Takuya Ishida
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering Hiroshima University 1‐7‐1 Kagamiyama Higashi‐Hiroshima Hiroshima739‐8521Japan
| | - Tomoya Iwata
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Yamanashi 4‐4‐37 Takeda Kofu400‐8510Japan
| | - Ichiro Tayasu
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature 457‐4, Motoyama, Kamigamo Kyoto603‐8047Japan
| | - Noboru Okuda
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature 457‐4, Motoyama, Kamigamo Kyoto603‐8047Japan
- Research Center for Inland Seas Kobe University Nada Ward Kobe657‐8501Japan
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Sun R, Xu Y, Wu Y, Tang J, Esquivel-Elizondo S, Kerr PG, Staddon PL, Liu J. Functional sustainability of nutrient accumulation by periphytic biofilm under temperature fluctuations. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2021; 42:1145-1154. [PMID: 31437081 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2019.1659422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Temperature can fluctuate widely between different seasons, and this may greatly impact many biological processes. However, little is known about its influence on the functioning of benthic microbial communities. Here we investigated the nutrient accumulation capability of periphytic biofilm under temperature fluctuations (17-35°C). Periphytic biofilm maintained the same nutrient accumulation capacity after experiencing the 'warming-hot-cooling' temperature fluctuation under both lab and outdoor conditions as those without temperature disturbance. In response to temperature increase, both community composition and species richness changed greatly and the increase in biodiversity was identified as being the underlying mechanism boosting the sustainable function in nutrient accumulation, indicating zero net effects of community changes. These findings provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of how benthic microbial communities adapt to temperature fluctuations to maintain nutrient accumulation capacity and elucidate that periphytic biofilm plays important roles in influencing nutrient cycling in aquatic ecosystems under temperature changes such as seasonal fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Sun
- Zigui Ecological Station for Three Gorges Dam Project, State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Xu
- Zigui Ecological Station for Three Gorges Dam Project, State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghong Wu
- Zigui Ecological Station for Three Gorges Dam Project, State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Tang
- Zigui Ecological Station for Three Gorges Dam Project, State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Sofia Esquivel-Elizondo
- Department of Microbiome Science, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Philip G Kerr
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia
| | - Philip L Staddon
- School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
- Department of Environmental Science, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Junzhuo Liu
- Zigui Ecological Station for Three Gorges Dam Project, State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Li JY, Deng KY, Cai SJ, Lu HL, Xu RK. Periphyton has the potential to increase phosphorus use efficiency in paddy fields. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 720:137711. [PMID: 32325605 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The phosphorus (P) supply is mismatched with rice demand in the early and late stages of rice growth, which primarily results in low P use efficiency and high environmental risk. In recent years, the use of the natural periphyton in nutrient regulation in paddy fields has attracted much research interest. However, a mechanistic understanding of the action of periphyton on P biogeochemical cycling during the pivotal stages of rice growth has received little attention. In this study, the influence of periphyton proliferation on the soil surface and its consequential decomposition on P migration and bioavailability were investigated in two paddy soils using two microcosm experiments. The results showed that periphyton rapidly accumulated fertilizer P when it proliferated on the soil surface under favorable light condition, which led to more fertilizer P being stored on the soil surface and less P being fixed by soil particles or transported via runoff into the water bodies. The decomposition of periphyton under unfavorable light condition not only increased soil soluble reactive P, but also increased the amount of easily available P species, such as labile P, AlP, FeP, and mobilized OP. Thus, periphyton colonizing the soil surface in the early stage of rice growth could act as a P sink and decrease the P environmental risk, and its decomposition in the late stage of rice growth could act as a P source and activator. Phosphorus bioavailability regulated by periphyton could be synchronous with rice needs. Thus, periphyton has the potential to increase P use efficiency in paddy fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiu-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 21008, China.
| | - Kai-Ying Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 21008, China
| | - Shu-Jie Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 21008, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Hai-Long Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 21008, China
| | - Ren-Kou Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 21008, China
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Liu J, Sun P, Sun R, Wang S, Gao B, Tang J, Wu Y, Dolfing J. Carbon-nutrient stoichiometry drives phosphorus immobilization in phototrophic biofilms at the soil-water interface in paddy fields. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 167:115129. [PMID: 31581034 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phototrophic biofilms are distributed widely at the sediment/soil-water interfaces (SWI) in paddy fields, where they immobilize phosphorus, thereby reducing its runoff loss. However, how soil carbon, nutrient availability and nutrient ratios drive the phototrophic biofilm community and its contribution to phosphorus cycling is largely unknown. A large scale field investigation in Chinese paddy fields reported here shows that soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil total nitrogen (STN) contents rather than soil total phosphorus (STP) triggered phosphorus immobilization of paddy biofilms, as they changed algal diversity and EPS production. High C: P and N: P ratios favored phosphorus immobilization in biofilm biomass via increasing the abundance of green algae. The C: N ratio on the other hand had only a weak effect on phosphorus immobilization, being counteracted by SOC or STN. Results from this study reveal how the in-situ interception of phosphorus in paddy fields is driven by soil carbon, nutrient availability and nutrient ratios and provide practical information on how to reduce runoff losses of phosphorus by regulating SOC and STN contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzhuo Liu
- Zigui Ecological Station for Three Gorges Dam Project, State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Pengfei Sun
- Zigui Ecological Station for Three Gorges Dam Project, State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Zigui Ecological Station for Three Gorges Dam Project, State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China; College of Agricultural Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Sichu Wang
- Zigui Ecological Station for Three Gorges Dam Project, State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China; College of Agricultural Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bo Gao
- Zigui Ecological Station for Three Gorges Dam Project, State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China; College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forest University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Jun Tang
- Zigui Ecological Station for Three Gorges Dam Project, State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yonghong Wu
- Zigui Ecological Station for Three Gorges Dam Project, State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Jan Dolfing
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
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