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Gao J, Zhao G. Potentials of using dietary plant secondary metabolites to mitigate nitrous oxide emissions from excreta of cattle: Impacts, mechanisms and perspectives. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 9:327-334. [PMID: 35647327 PMCID: PMC9118128 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas as well as the key component depleting the ozone sphere of the earth. Cattle have high feed and water intakes and excrete large amounts of urine and feces. N2O can be produced from cattle excreta during storage and use as fertilizer. Mitigating the N2O emissions from cattle excreta during production is important for protecting the environment and the sustainable development of the cattle industry. Feeding cattle with low-protein diets increases N utilization rates, decreases N excretion and consequently reduces N2O emissions. However, this approach cannot be applied in the long term because of its negative impact on animal performance. Recent studies showed that dietary inclusion of some plant secondary metabolites such as tannins, anthocyanins, glucosinolates and aucubin could manipulate the N excretion and the urinary components and consequently regulate N2O emissions from cattle excreta. This review summarized the recent developments in the effects of dietary tannins, anthocyanins and glucosinolates on the metabolism of cattle and the N2O emissions from cattle excreta and concluded that dietary inclusion of tannins or anthocyanins could considerably reduce N2O emissions from cattle excreta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Guangyong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, China
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Gao J, Cheng B, Sun Y, Zhao Y, Zhao G. Effects of dietary inclusion with rapeseed cake containing high glucosinolates on nitrogen metabolism and urine nitrous oxide emissions in steers. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 8:204-215. [PMID: 34977389 PMCID: PMC8685989 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Two consecutive trials were conducted to investigate the effects of glucosinolates (GLS) in rapeseed cake (RSC) on nitrogen (N) metabolism and urine nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions in steers. In trial 1, 8 steers and 4 levels of RSC, i.e. 0, 2.7%, 5.4% and 8.0% dry matter (DM) (0, 6.0, 12.1, 18.1 μmol GLS/g DM) were allocated in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square. In trial 2, the static incubation technique was used for measuring the N2O emissions of the urine samples collected from trial 1. The results of trial 1 indicated that dietary inclusion of RSC decreased the digested N and increased the fecal N excretion (P < 0.01), whereas it did not affect the urinary N excretion, total N excretion and N retention (P > 0.10). Dietary inclusion of RSC decreased the urinary excretion of urea while it increased allantoin, total purine derivatives, the predicted rumen microbial N flow and thiocyanate (SCN) (P < 0.05). Dietary inclusion of RSC did not affect the plasma triiodothyronine and thyroxine while it down-regulated the plasma relative concentrations of 4-aminohippuric acid, 3α,7α-dihydroxycoprostanic acid, phosphatidylserine (14:0/16:0), 6β-hydroxyprogesterone, pyrrhoxanthinol, tatridin B, mandelonitrile rutinoside, taraxacoside (P < 0.05), and up-regulated hypoglycin B, neuromedin N (1-4), dhurrin, 5-deoxykievitone (P < 0.01). The results of trial 2 indicated that dietary RSC increased the steer urine N2O-N fluxes, the ratio of N2O-N to N application and the estimated steer urine N2O-N emissions (P < 0.01). A close correlation was found between the estimated steer urine N2O-N emissions and the output of urinary SCN (P < 0.001). In conclusion, dietary RSC increased the fecal N excretion, whereas it did not affect the urinary N excretion and the N retention rate in steers. Dietary RSC increased rather than decreased the urine N2O-N emissions even though it decreased the urinary excretion of urea. The SCN excreted in urine could be the major factor in increasing the urine N2O-N emissions. Whether other metabolites excreted into urine from RSC have an impact on the urine N2O-N emissions in steers needs to be investigated in the future.
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Adhikari KP, Chibuike G, Saggar S, Simon PL, Luo J, de Klein CAM. Management and implications of using nitrification inhibitors to reduce nitrous oxide emissions from urine patches on grazed pasture soils - A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 791:148099. [PMID: 34139500 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Livestock urine patches are the main source of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions in pastoral system, and nitrification inhibitors (NIs) have been widely investigated as a N2O mitigation strategy. This study reviews the current understanding of the effect of NIs use on N2O emissions from urine patches, including the factors that affect their efficacy, as well as the unintended consequences of NIs use. It brings together the fundamental aspects of targeted management of urine patches for reducing N2O emissions involving inhibitors. The available literature of 196 datasets indicates that dicyandiamide (DCD), 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP), and 2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl) pyridine (nitrapyrin) reduced N2O emissions from urine patches by 44 ± 2%, 28 ± 38% and 28 ± 5%, (average ± s.e.), respectively. DCD also increased pasture dry matter and nitrogen (N) uptake by 13 ± 2% and 15 ± 3%, (average ± s.e.), respectively. The effect of DMPP and nitrapyrin on pasture dry matter and N uptake, assessed in only one study, was not significant. It also suggests that harmonizing the timing of inhibitor use with urine-N transformation increase the efficacy of NIs. No negative impacts on non-targeted soil and aquatic organisms have been reported with the recommended rate of DCD applied to urine and recommended applications of DMPP and nitrapyrin for treated mineral fertilisers and manures. However, there was evidence of the presence of small amounts of DCD residues in milk products as a result of its use on livestock grazed pasture. DMPP and nitrapyrin can also enter the food chain via grazing livestock. The study concludes that for the use of NIs in livestock grazed systems, research is needed to establish acceptable maximum residue level (MRL) of NIs in soil, plant, and animal products, and develop technologies that optimise physical mixing between NIs and urine patches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal P Adhikari
- Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Grace Chibuike
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Surinder Saggar
- Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Priscila L Simon
- Invermay Agricultural Centre, AgResearch Ltd, Mosgiel 9053, New Zealand
| | - Jiafa Luo
- Ruakura Agricultural Centre, AgResearch Ltd, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
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Krol DJ, Forrestal PJ, Wall D, Lanigan GJ, Sanz-Gomez J, Richards KG. Nitrogen fertilisers with urease inhibitors reduce nitrous oxide and ammonia losses, while retaining yield in temperate grassland. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 725:138329. [PMID: 32278178 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen fertilisation, although a cornerstone of modern agricultural production, negatively impacts the environment through gaseous losses of nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas (GHG), and ammonia (NH3), a known air pollutant. The aim of this work was to assess the feasibility of urea treated with urease inhibitors to reduce gaseous N losses in temperate grassland, while maintaining or improving productivity compared to conventional fertiliser formulations. Urease inhibitors were N-(n-butyl)-thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) (urea + NBPT) and N-(n-propyl)-thiophosphoric triamide (NPPT) (urea+ NBPT + NPPT), while conventional fertilisers were urea and calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN). N2O emission factors were 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.09% and 0.58% from urea + NBPT, urea, urea + NBPT + NPPT and CAN, respectively, with CAN significantly higher than all the urea formulations, which were not significantly different from each other. Ammonia loss measured over one fertiliser application was significantly larger from urea, at 43%, compared with other formulations at 13.9%, 13.8% and 5.2% from urea + NBPT, urea + NBPT + NPPT and CAN, respectively. Changing fertiliser formulation had no significant impact on grass yield or N uptake in four out of five harvests. In the last harvest urea + NBPT significantly out-yielded urea, but not CAN or urea + NBPT + NPPT. Overall, urea treated with either one or both urease inhibitors significantly reduced emissions of N2O and NH3, while preserving yield quantity and quality. Therefore, changing fertiliser formulation to these products should be encouraged as a strategy to reduce GHG and air pollution from agricultural practices in temperate climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Krol
- Teagasc, Environment, Soils Land-Use Department, Johnstown Castle, Co. Wexford, Ireland.
| | - P J Forrestal
- Teagasc, Environment, Soils Land-Use Department, Johnstown Castle, Co. Wexford, Ireland
| | - D Wall
- Teagasc, Environment, Soils Land-Use Department, Johnstown Castle, Co. Wexford, Ireland
| | - G J Lanigan
- Teagasc, Environment, Soils Land-Use Department, Johnstown Castle, Co. Wexford, Ireland
| | - J Sanz-Gomez
- BASF SE, Agricultural Solutions, Limburgerhof, Germany
| | - K G Richards
- Teagasc, Environment, Soils Land-Use Department, Johnstown Castle, Co. Wexford, Ireland
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Padilla FM, Gallardo M, Manzano-Agugliaro F. Global trends in nitrate leaching research in the 1960-2017 period. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 643:400-413. [PMID: 29940451 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate leaching is the process whereby the nitrate (NO3-) anion moves downwards in the soil profile with soil water. Nitrate leaching is commonly associated with chemical nitrogen (N) fertilizers used in agriculture. Nitrate leaching from different sources and contamination of surface and groundwater is a global phenomenon that has prompted social and political pressure to reduce nitrate leaching and contamination of water bodies. This bibliometric study analyzed global trends in nitrate leaching research. The results showed a rising interest in the last decades in this topic; given the growth tendency over the last years, it was envisaged that the importance on nitrate leaching research will continue increasing in the future. Knowledge on nitrate leaching was mostly disseminated through scientific publications (90% of total documents recovered), both as journal articles and reviews, classified in the Scopus database in the Agricultural, Biological and Environmental Sciences areas. Most publications dealt with soil nitrogen losses from agroecosystems and farmlands and the associated impact on the environment; they were published in journals with a focus on the influence of anthropogenic and soil-crop-animal systems in the environment, and on how such changes in the environment impact agroecosystems. Most documents published on nitrate leaching were indisputably from the United States, followed by China, the United Kingdom and Germany. An analysis of the main keywords showed an overall dominance of the soil nitrogen cycle, fertilizer use in agriculture and water quality aspects. The evolution of main crop species involved in nitrate leaching research showed a rising relevance of research conducted with maize, wheat and grasses from 1990 onwards. The most productive institutions in terms of number of documents dealing with nitrate leaching research, h-index and total citations, were located in the United States, China and the Netherlands. The United States Department of Agriculture stood out, followed by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Wageningen University and Research. There were clusters of institutions with intercontinental interaction, on nitrate leaching research, between institutions from Europe, Asia and South and North America. Overall, this study has highlighted, from a bibliometric perspective, the rising concern on nitrate leaching. Progress in this field has been made particularly on the impact of the soil-plant-animal system on the environment and agroecosystems, and on fundamental and applied aspects of plant-soil interactions with an emphasis in cropping systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco M Padilla
- Department of Agronomy, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain; CIAIMBITAL Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agrifood Biotechnology, ceiA3 Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
| | - Marisa Gallardo
- Department of Agronomy, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain; CIAIMBITAL Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agrifood Biotechnology, ceiA3 Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
| | - Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro
- Department of Engineering, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain; CIAIMBITAL Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agrifood Biotechnology, ceiA3 Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain.
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Chadwick DR, Cardenas LM, Dhanoa MS, Donovan N, Misselbrook T, Williams JR, Thorman RE, McGeough KL, Watson CJ, Bell M, Anthony SG, Rees RM. The contribution of cattle urine and dung to nitrous oxide emissions: Quantification of country specific emission factors and implications for national inventories. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 635:607-617. [PMID: 29679833 PMCID: PMC6024564 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Urine patches and dung pats from grazing livestock create hotspots for production and emission of the greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide (N2O), and represent a large proportion of total N2O emissions in many national agricultural greenhouse gas inventories. As such, there is much interest in developing country specific N2O emission factors (EFs) for excretal nitrogen (EF3, pasture, range and paddock) deposited during gazing. The aims of this study were to generate separate N2O emissions data for cattle derived urine and dung, to provide an evidence base for the generation of a country specific EF for the UK from this nitrogen source. The experiments were also designed to determine the effects of site and timing of application on emissions, and the efficacy of the nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide (DCD) on N2O losses. This co-ordinated set of 15 plot-scale, year-long field experiments using static chambers was conducted at five grassland sites, typical of the soil and climatic zones of grazed grassland in the UK. We show that the average urine and dung N2O EFs were 0.69% and 0.19%, respectively, resulting in a combined excretal N2O EF (EF3), of 0.49%, which is <25% of the IPCC default EF3 for excretal returns from grazing cattle. Regression analysis suggests that urine N2O EFs were controlled more by composition than was the case for dung, whilst dung N2O EFs were more related to soil and environmental factors. The urine N2O EF was significantly greater from the site in SW England, and significantly greater from the early grazing season urine application than later applications. Dycandiamide reduced the N2O EF from urine patches by an average of 46%. The significantly lower excretal EF3 than the IPCC default has implications for the UK's national inventory and for subsequent carbon footprinting of UK ruminant livestock products.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Chadwick
- School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK.
| | - L M Cardenas
- Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Devon EX20 2SB, UK
| | - M S Dhanoa
- Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Devon EX20 2SB, UK
| | - N Donovan
- Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Devon EX20 2SB, UK
| | | | - J R Williams
- ADAS Boxworth, Battlegate Rd., Cambridge CB23 4NN, UK
| | - R E Thorman
- ADAS Boxworth, Battlegate Rd., Cambridge CB23 4NN, UK
| | - K L McGeough
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, 18a, Newforge Lane, BT9 5PX, Belfast, UK
| | - C J Watson
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, 18a, Newforge Lane, BT9 5PX, Belfast, UK
| | - M Bell
- Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - S G Anthony
- ADAS Wolverhampton, Titan 1 offices, Coxwell Avenue, Wolverhampton Science Park, Wolverhampton WV10 9RT, UK
| | - R M Rees
- Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
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