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Nguyen TD, Itayama T, Tran QV, Dao TS, Iqbal MS, Pham TL. Ecotoxicity of the fluoroquinolone antibiotic delafloxacin to the water flea Simocephalus vetulus and its offspring under the influence of calcium modulation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 923:171450. [PMID: 38438028 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Delafloxacin (DFX), one of the latest additions to the fluoroquinolone antibiotics, is gaining heightened recognition in human therapy due to its potential antibacterial efficacy in a wide range of applications. Concerns have arisen regarding its presence in the environment and its potential interactions with multivalent metals, such as calcium (Ca). The present study investigated the trans- and multigenerational effects of environmentally projected concentrations of DFX (100-400 μg DFX L-1) on individual- and population-level responses of parental S. vetulus (F0) and its descendants (F1) under normal (26 mg L-1) and high (78 mg L-1) Ca conditions. Exposure of the F0 generation to DFX under the normal Ca condition resulted in reduced juvenile body length (JBL), increased age-specific survival rate (lx), indicating prolonged developmental time, reduced age-specific fecundity rate (mx), and decreased population growth rate (rm). Under the high Ca condition, JBL, mx, and rm were adversely affected. Transgenerational effects of DFX existed, as F1 individuals exhibited persistent suppressions in at least one endpoint under both Ca conditions even after being transferred to a clear medium. Continuous exposure of the F1 generation to DFX had negative impacts on JBL, mx, and rm under the normal Ca condition, and on JBL and rm under the high Ca condition. However, cumulative effects were not observed, suggesting the potential development of tolerance to DFX in the F1 organisms. These findings suggest that DFX is a harmful compound for the non-target model organism S. vetulus and reveal a potential antagonism between DFX and Ca. Nevertheless, the interaction between other (fluoro)quinolones and Ca remains unclear, necessitating further research to establish this phenomenon more comprehensively, including understanding the interaction mechanism in ecotoxicological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan-Duc Nguyen
- Department of Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki City, Japan; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Protection, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
| | - Tomoaki Itayama
- Department of Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki City, Japan
| | - Quang Vinh Tran
- Asian Centre for Water Research (CARE), Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Thanh-Son Dao
- Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | | | - Thanh Luu Pham
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi City, Viet Nam; Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
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Rogalski MA, Baker ES, Benadon CM, Tatgenhorst C, Nichols BR. Lake water chemistry and local adaptation shape NaCl toxicity in Daphnia ambigua. Evol Appl 2024; 17:e13668. [PMID: 38524683 PMCID: PMC10960079 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing application of road deicing agents (e.g., NaCl) has caused widespread salinization of freshwater environments. Chronic exposure to toxic NaCl levels can impact freshwater biota at genome to ecosystem scales, yet the degree of harm caused by road salt pollution is likely to vary among habitats and populations. The background ion chemistry of freshwater environments may strongly impact NaCl toxicity, with greater harm occurring in ion-poor, soft water conditions. In addition, populations exposed to salinization may evolve increased NaCl tolerance. Notably, if organisms are adapted to the water chemistry of their natal environment, toxicity responses may also vary among populations in a given test medium. We examined the potential for this evolutionary and environmental context to interact in shaping NaCl toxicity with a pair of laboratory reciprocal transplant toxicity experiments, using natural populations of the water flea Daphnia ambigua collected from three lakes that vary in ion availability and composition. We observed a strong effect of the lake water environment on NaCl toxicity in both trials. NaCl caused a much greater decline in reproduction and r in lake water from a low-ion/calcium-poor environment (20 μS/cm specific conductance; 1.7 mg/L Ca2+) compared with water from both a Ca2+-rich lake (55 μS/cm; 7.2 mg/L Ca2+) and an ion-rich coastal lake (420 μS/cm; 3.4 mg/L Ca2+). Daphnia from this coastal lake were most robust to the effects of NaCl on reproduction and r. A significant interaction between the population and lake water environment shaped survival in both trials, suggesting that local adaptation to the test waters used may have contributed to toxicity responses. Our findings that the lake water environment, adaptation to that environment, and adaptation to a contaminant of interest may shape toxicity demonstrate the importance of considering environmental and biological complexity in mitigating pollution impacts.
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Venâncio C, Ribeiro R, Lopes I. Pre-exposure to seawater or chloride salts influences the avoidance-selection behavior of zebrafish larvae in a conductivity gradient. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 334:122126. [PMID: 37390916 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
The risk assessment of freshwater salinization is constructed around standard assays and using sodium chloride (NaCl), neglecting that the stressor is most likely a complex mixture of ions and the possibility of prior contact with it, triggering acclimation mechanisms in the freshwater biota. To date, as far as we are aware of, no information has been generated integrating both acclimation and avoidance behavior in the context of salinization, that may allow these risk assessments upgrading. Accordingly, 6-days-old Danio rerio larvae were selected to perform 12-h avoidance assays in a non-confined 6-compartment linear system to simulate conductivity gradients using seawater (SW) and the chloride salts MgCl2, KCl, and CaCl2. Salinity gradients were established from conductivities known to cause 50% egg mortality in a 96-h exposure (LC50,96h,embryo). The triggering of acclimation processes, which could influence organisms' avoidance-selection under the conductivity gradients, was also studied using larvae pre-exposed to lethal levels of each salt or SW. Median avoidance conductivities after a 12-h of exposure (AC50,12h), and the Population Immediate Decline (PID) were computed. All non-pre-exposed larvae were able to detect and flee from conductivities corresponding to the LC50,96h,embryo, selecting compartments with lower conductivities, except for KCl. The AC50,12h and LC50,96h overlapped for MgCl2 and CaCl2, though the former is considered as more sensitive as it was obtained in 12 h of exposure. The AC50,12h for SW was 1.83-fold lower than the LC50,96h, thus, reinforcing the higher sensitivity of the parameter ACx and its adequacy for risk assessment frameworks. The PID, at low conductivities, was solely explained by the avoidance behavior of non-pre-exposed larvae. Larvae pre-exposed to lethal levels of salt or SW were found to select higher conductivities, except for MgCl2. Results indicated that avoidance-selection assays are ecologically relevant and sensitive tools to be used in risk assessment processes. Stressor pre-exposure influenced organisms' avoidance-selection behavior under conductivity gradients, suggesting that under salinization events organisms may acclimate, remaining in altered habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Venâncio
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Rui Ribeiro
- Centre for Functional Ecology (CFE), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isabel Lopes
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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Lyberger K, Schoener TW. Differential genotype response to increased resource abundance helps explain parallel evolution of Daphnia populations in the wild. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9896. [PMID: 36937075 PMCID: PMC10015367 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Under controlled laboratory conditions, previous studies have shown that selection can produce repeatable evolutionary trajectories. Yet, the question remains for many of these studies if, given identical starting populations, evolution in the wild proceeds in a non-random direction. In the present study, we investigated the extent to which rapid evolution in the wild is parallel by monitoring the genetic composition of replicate populations of Daphnia in field mesocosms containing two clonal genotypes. We found parallel changes across all nine mesocosms, in which the same genotype increased in frequency. To probe whether genotype-specific response to resource abundance could have led to this frequency change, we conducted a life-history assay under high-resource abundance and low-resource abundance. We found that resource exploitation differed by genotype, in that, while one genotype (the winner in the field mesocosms) was more fit than the other genotype at high resources, the other genotype performed slightly better at low resources. We suspect that levels of resource abundance found in the summer field mesocosms had values in which the genotype better with abundant resources had the advantage. These findings suggest that variation in certain traits associated with resource acquisition can drive genotype frequency change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Lyberger
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, Center for Population BiologyUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Thomas W. Schoener
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, Center for Population BiologyUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
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Gabriel A, Venâncio C, Sousa JP, Leston S, Ramos F, Soares AMVM, Lopes I. Soil pH matters in the ecotoxicity of Basamid® to freshwater microalgae and macrophytes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:160165. [PMID: 36379344 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Intensive agriculture along with the use of agrochemicals has been associated with low soil fertility, soil erosion, and soil acidity. Management of soil pH through liming is a common practice in agriculture to increase soil fertility and nutrient availability. When altering soil pH, different chemical reactions occur depending on soil composition and agrochemicals presence. Basamid® is a fumigant used worldwide targeting soil nematodes, fungi, and weeds in diverse crops, that can reach freshwater ecosystems by leaching through the soil layers. The major goal of this work was to assess the influence of soil pH in the toxicity of Basamid® eluates to the microalgae Raphidocelis subcapitata and the duckweed Lemna minor. For this, eluates were prepared from soils with different pH (5.5, 6.5 and 7.5), contaminated with the recommended dose of Basamid® corresponding to 145.7 mg of dazomet/Kg soil. Soil was amended with calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Raphidocelis subcapitata and L. minor were exposed to the eluates during 72 h and 7 days respectively, and multiple endpoints were assessed: growth rate, biomass, pigment as chlorophyl content and cell damage. Results showed that soil pH can influence the performance of the tested species and also be a major factor in influencing Basamid®'s toxicity. However, a clear pattern of the influence of soil pH on Basamid®'s toxicity was not observed and was species dependent. For R. subcapitata lower soil pHs induced higher toxicity of Basamid®'s to the algae [ED50 for growth rate: 30 % (confidence limits-CL: 22.8-37.2) for soil pH 5.5; >100 % for soil pH 6.5 and pH 7.5], while for L. minor the opposite was observed [ED50 for number of fronds: 27.2 % (CL: 22.8-31.6) for pH 5.5; 20.3 % (CL: 10.0-30.6) for pH 6.5 and 10.7 % (CL: 6.3-15.1)]. Overall, these results showed that leachates of Basamid® through soils, at recommended doses, can have a severe impact on aquatic systems, with or without the influence of abiotic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonieta Gabriel
- CESAM & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cátia Venâncio
- CESAM & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - José Paulo Sousa
- CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sara Leston
- CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV - R. D. Manuel II, Apartado, 55142 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Ramos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV - R. D. Manuel II, Apartado, 55142 Porto, Portugal
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- CESAM & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Isabel Lopes
- CESAM & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Jemec Kokalj A, Fišer Ž, Dolar A, Novak S, Drobne D, Bračko G, Fišer C. Screening of NaCl salinity sensitivity across eight species of subterranean amphipod genus Niphargus. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 236:113456. [PMID: 35395599 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Secondary salinization of freshwater is becoming a growing environmental problem. Currently, there is few data available on the effects of salinisation on subterranean crustaceans that are vital for the maintenance of groundwater ecosystem functioning. In this study, the sensitivity of subterranean Niphargus amphipods to NaCl was investigated. We expected that cave-dwelling species would be more sensitive as surface-subterranean boundary species. Eight ecologically different Niphargus species were tested: four live at the boundary between the surface and subterranean ecosystems (N. timavi, N. krameri, N. sphagnicolus, N. spinulifemur), three live in cave streams (N. stygius, N. scopicauda, N. podpecanus), and one species (N. hebereri) lives in anchialine caves and wells. The organisms were exposed to five concentrations of NaCl for 96 h and afterwards the immobility, mortality, and electron transfer system (ETS) activity (a measure for metabolic rate of animals) were evaluated. As expected, the most tolerant species was N. hebereri dwelling in naturally high-salinity habitat. However, contrary to our expectations, the species collected at the surface-subterranean boundary were more sensitive as cave stream species when their immobility and mortality were assessed. Interestingly, the majority of Niphargus tested were more NaCl tolerant as can be deduced from currently available data for subterranean and surface crustaceans. We could not observe a clear trend in ETS activity changes between groups of surface-subterranean boundary and cave streams species after exposure to NaCl stress, but it appears that osmotic stress-induced metabolic rate changes are species-specific. This study shows that amphipods Niphargus can be a valuable subterranean environmental research model and further ecotoxicity research is of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Jemec Kokalj
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Žiga Fišer
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andraž Dolar
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sara Novak
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damjana Drobne
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Bračko
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Cene Fišer
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Ishimota M, Kodama M, Tomiyama N. Possible enzymatic mechanism underlying chemical tolerance and characteristics of tolerant population in Scapholeberis kingi. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:18989-19002. [PMID: 34705208 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17071-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To determine the potential effects of pesticides on aquatic organisms inhabiting a realistic environment, we explored the characteristics and mechanisms of chemical tolerance in Scapholeberis kingi(Cladocera). We established a chemical-tolerant population via continuous exposure to pirimicarb, an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, and examined the effects of pirimicarb concentration on the intrinsic growth rates (r) of tolerant cladocerans. We also explored the association between r and feeding rate and tested the involvement of antioxidant enzymes [peroxidase (PO) and superoxide dismutase] and AChE in pirimicarb sensitivity. S. kingi was continuously exposed to lethal and sublethal pirimicarb concentrations (0, 2.5, 5, and 10 µg/L) for 15 generations, and changes (half maximal effective concentration at 48 h, 48 h-EC50) in chemical sensitivity were investigated. In the F14 generation, the sensitivity of the 10 µg/L group was three times lower than that of the control group, suggesting the acquisition of chemical tolerance. Moreover, r was significantly and negatively correlated with 48 h-EC50, suggesting a fitness cost for tolerance. Surprisingly, there was no significant correlation between r and feeding rate. There was a weak but significant positive correlation between each enzyme activity and the 48 h-EC50 value (p < 0.05). Thus, oxidative stress regulation and enhanced AChE may be involved in the acquisition of chemical tolerance in cladocerans. These findings will help elucidate the characteristics and mechanisms of chemical tolerance in aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ishimota
- Laboratory of Residue Analysis II, Chemistry Division, The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Uchimoriya-machi, Joso-shi, 4321, Ibaraki, 303-0043, Japan.
| | - Mebuki Kodama
- Laboratory of Residue Analysis II, Chemistry Division, The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Uchimoriya-machi, Joso-shi, 4321, Ibaraki, 303-0043, Japan
| | - Naruto Tomiyama
- Laboratory of Residue Analysis II, Chemistry Division, The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Uchimoriya-machi, Joso-shi, 4321, Ibaraki, 303-0043, Japan
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Venâncio C, Ribeiro R, Lopes I. Seawater intrusion: an appraisal of taxa at most risk and safe salinity levels. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 97:361-382. [PMID: 34626061 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Seawater intrusion into low-lying coastal ecosystems carries environmental risks. Salinity levels at these coastal ecosystems may vary substantially, causing ecological effects from mortality to several sublethal endpoints, such as depression of rates of feeding, somatic growth, or reproduction. This review attempts to establish safe salinity levels for both terrestrial and freshwater temperate ecosystems by integrating data available in the literature. We have four specific objectives: (i) to identify the most sensitive ecological taxa to seawater intrusion; (ii) to establish maximum acceptable concentrations-environmental quality standards (MAC-EQSs) for sea water (SW) from species sensitivity distributions (SSDs); (iii) to compile from the literature examples of saline intrusion [to be used as predicted environmental concentrations (PECs)] and to compute risk quotients for the temperate zone; and (iv) to assess whether sodium chloride (NaCl) is an appropriate surrogate for SW in ecological risk assessments by comparing SSD-derived values for NaCl and SW and by comparing these with field data. Zooplankton, early life stages of amphibians and freshwater mussels were the most sensitive ecological receptors for the freshwater compartment, while soil invertebrates were the most sensitive ecological receptors for the terrestrial compartment. Hazard concentration 5% (HC5 ) values, defined as the concentration (herein measured as conductivity) that affects (causes lethal or sublethal effects) 5% of the species in a distribution, computed for SW were over 22 and 40 times lower than the conductivity of natural SW (≈ 52 mS/cm) for the freshwater and soil compartment, respectively. This sensitivity of both compartments means that small increments in salinity levels or small SW intrusions might represent severe risks for low-lying coastal ecosystems. Furthermore, the proximity between HC5 values for the soil and freshwater compartments suggests that salinized soils might represent an additional risk for nearby freshwater systems. This sensitivity was corroborated by the derivation of risk quotients using real saline intrusion examples (PECs) collected from the literature: risk was >1 in 34 out of 37 examples. By contrast, comparisons of HC5 values obtained from SSDs in field surveys or mesocosm studies suggest that natural communities are more resilient to salinization than expected. Finally, NaCl was found to be slightly more toxic than SW, at both lethal and sublethal levels, and, thus, is suggested to be an acceptable surrogate for use in risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Venâncio
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Functional Ecology, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra, 3000-456, Portugal
| | - Rui Ribeiro
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Functional Ecology, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra, 3000-456, Portugal
| | - Isabel Lopes
- CESAM & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
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Venâncio C, Pereira R, Lopes I. The influence of salinization on seed germination and plant growth under mono and polyculture. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 260:113993. [PMID: 32000022 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.113993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sea level rise induced-salinization is lowering coastal soils productivity. In order to assess the effects that increased salinity may provoke in terrestrial plants, using as model species: Trifolium pratense, Lolium perenne, Festuca arundinacea and Vicia sativa, two specific objectives were targeted: i) to determine the sensitivity of the selected plant species to increased salinity (induced by seawater-SW or by NaCl, proposed as a surrogate of SW) and, ii) to assess the influence of salinization in total biomass under different agricultural practices (mono- or polycultures). The four plant species exhibited a higher sensitivity to NaCl than to SW. Festuca arundinacea was the most tolerant species to NaCl (EC50,seed germination and EC50,growth of 18.6 and 10.5 mScm-1, respectively). The other three species presented effective conductivities in the same order of magnitude and, in general, with 95% confidence limits overlapping. Soil moistened with SW caused no significant adverse effects on seed germination and growth of L. perenne. Similar to NaCl, the other three species, in general, presented a similar sensitivity to SW exposure with EC50,seed germination and EC50,growth within the same order of magnitude and with confidence limits overlapping. The agricultural practice (mono-vs polyculture) showed some influence on the biomass of each plant species. When considering total productivity, for aerial and root biomass, it was higher in control comparatively to salinization conditions. Under salinization stress, the practice of polyculture was associated with a higher aerial and root total biomass than monocultures (for instance with combinations with T. pratense and F. arundinacea).Results suggest that the effects of salinity stress on total productivity may be minimized under agricultural practices of polyculture. Thus, this type of cultures should be encouraged in low-lying coastal ecosystems that are predicted to suffer from salinization caused by seawater intrusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Venâncio
- Centre for Functional Ecology (CFE), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Ruth Pereira
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre & Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Lopes
- Department of Biology & CESAM, Campus de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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Bownik A. Physiological endpoints in daphnid acute toxicity tests. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 700:134400. [PMID: 31689654 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Daphnids are freshwater crustaceans used in toxicity tests. Although lethality and immobilisation are the most commonly used endpoints in those tests, more sensitive parameters are required for determination of sublethal acute effects of toxicants. The use of various physiological endpoints in daphnids is considered as a low-cost and simple alternative that meets the 3R's rule (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) criteria. However, currently there is no review-based evaluation of their applicability in toxicity testing. This paper presents the results on the most commonly determined physiological parameters of Daphnia in ecotoxicological studies and human drug testing, such as feeding activity, thoracic limb movement, heart rate, cardiac area, respiratory activity, compound eye, mandible movements and post-abdominal claw contractions. Furthermore, their applicability as promising endpoints in the assessment of water quality or drug testing is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Bownik
- Department of Hydrobiology and Protection of Ecosystems, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Dobrzańskiego 37, 20-262 Lublin, Poland.
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Araujo GS, Abessa DMS, Soares AMVM, Loureiro S. Multi-generational exposure to Pb in two monophyletic Daphnia species: Individual, functional and population related endpoints. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 173:77-85. [PMID: 30769206 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To better evaluate chemical damage in chronically contaminated habitats, a nine-generational exposure to Lead (Pb) was done with two monophyletic Daphnia species, from temperate (Daphnia magna) and tropical (Daphnia similis) environments. The multi-generational test consisted generally of a continuous Pb exposed set of organisms, plus an extra control set running simultaneously. To assess daphnids recovery after Pb exposure, some organisms from the sixth generation were transferred to clean media for three extra generations (recovery period; F6 to F9), while others were keep Pb exposed. All setups (control, Pb exposure and recovery period) were submitted to two different dietary regimes, the standard (3 × 105 cells/mL) and restricted food (1.5 × 105 cells/mL) regimes. To evaluate the effects of generational Pb exposure and food regimes, individual, functional and population related endpoints were assessed (number of offspring, body length and rate of population increase (r) and feeding rate (FR)). The tests were conducted on the first (F0) and last generations (F9). No differences were shown on number of offspring and feeding among F9 control and continuous Pb exposed D. magna, although a higher r was shown for F9 Pb exposed organisms. F9 Pb exposed D. similis also presented a higher r than F9 control, however, lethality was induced at high Pb exposure levels. At food restriction the patterns were opposite and D. magna died at high Pb exposure while Pb exposed D. similis was the only setup (compared to control and recovery period) to survive at high Pb exposure levels. Regarding the recovery period, D. magna (standard food) did not cope well with the Pb re-exposure and lethality was induced, while D. similis indicate a decreased Pb sensitivity (only setup that survived high Pb exposure levels). Under food restriction, both species presented a decreased Pb sensitivity and consequent failed recovery (possibly due to epigenetic changes). Both species presented similar patterns regarding generations. Organisms from F0 presented enhanced reproductive outputs in comparison to F9 and the contrary occurred to the FR (even in control organisms). Data show an acclimation under a generational Pb exposure, which could increase the population of adapted organisms in natural habitats. And, since there was not a full recovery after three generations in clean media, an indication of epigenetic changes for both species may also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Araujo
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal.
| | - D M S Abessa
- NEPEA, Campus do Litoral Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, CP 11330-900 São Vicente, SP, Brazil
| | - A M V M Soares
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - S Loureiro
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
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Venâncio C, Castro BB, Ribeiro R, Antunes SC, Lopes I. Sensitivity to salinization and acclimation potential of amphibian (Pelophylax perezi) and fish (Lepomis gibbosus) models. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 172:348-355. [PMID: 30731265 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Predictions of the International Panel for Climate Changes on sea level rise foresee that the number of coastal regions impacted with salinization will increase in a near future. The present work intended to evaluate the sensitivity to salinization of two freshwater vertebrate species (the frog Pelophylax perezi and the fish Lepomis gibbosus) and their ability to acclimate to this stressor. For this, three specific objectives were targeted: (i) to assess if NaCl may be used as a safe surrogate for risk assessment of seawater (SW) intrusion for freshwater vertebrates; (ii) to evaluate the sensitivity of two freshwater vertebrate models to increased salinity (both due to NaCl or SW); (iii) to determine the capacity of the studied species to acclimate to low levels of salinization. To assess specific objectives (i) and (ii), organisms were exposed to serial concentrations of NaCl or SW dilutions. To assess the capacity of acclimation of both species to salinization, organisms were exposed to low serial concentrations of NaCl during the embryonic development or for a period of two months, respectively, and their sensitivity to NaCl was re-evaluated after this period. Results showed that fish juveniles were more tolerant (96-h LC50 of 21.3 mS cm-1 for NaCl and 23.6 mS cm-1 for SW) than frog embryos (96-h LC50 of 10.7 mS cm-1 for NaCl and 10.7 mS cm-1 for SW) and tadpoles (96-h LC50 of 19.4 mS cm-1 for NaCl and 8.72 mS cm-1 for SW). The fish was able to cope with conductivities of almost one third of SW conductivity, while effect conductivities computed for the amphibian were much lower than SW conductivity (≈ 52 mS cm-1). The two-fold difference between the sensitivity of the two tested species reinforces the idea that ecological risk assessment for amphibians based on fish toxicity data may underestimate the risk to the former. Acclimation to low levels of salinity caused an increase in tolerance to salinization in P. perezi tadpoles but not in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Venâncio
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - B B Castro
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - R Ribeiro
- CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - S C Antunes
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences & CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - I Lopes
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Venâncio C, Castro BB, Ribeiro R, Antunes SC, Abrantes N, Soares AMVM, Lopes I. Sensitivity of freshwater species under single and multigenerational exposure to seawater intrusion. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 374:20180252. [PMID: 30509925 PMCID: PMC6283950 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Salinization of coastal freshwater ecosystems is already occurring in some regions of the world. This phenomenon raises serious concerns on the protection of coastal freshwater ecosystems, since many of them support and shelter a large number of species and are considered hotspots of biodiversity. This work intended to assess the adverse effects that salinization, caused by the intrusion of seawater (SW), may pose to freshwater organisms. In this study, three specific goals were addressed: (i) to assess if sodium chloride (NaCl) may be used as a surrogate of natural SW at early-stages of risk assessment; (ii) to identify the most sensitive freshwater species to salinity NaCl; and (iii) to determine if increased tolerance to salinity may be acquired after multigenerational exposure to low levels of salinization (induced with NaCl). A total of 12 standard monospecific bioassays were carried out by exposing organisms from different taxonomic groups (Cyanobacteria: one species, Tracheophyta: two species, Rotifera: one species, Arthropoda: two species and Mollusca: one species) to a series of concentrations of NaCl (ranging from 0.95 to 22.8 mS cm-1) or dilutions of SW (ranging from 1.70 to 52.3 mS cm-1). In general, NaCl exerted similar or higher toxicity than SW, both at lethal and sublethal levels, suggesting that it may be proposed as a protective surrogate of SW for first tiers of salinization risk assessment. Among all tested species, the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, the daphnid Daphnia longispina and the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis were the most sensitive taxa to salinization (EC50 ≤ 4.38 mS cm-1). Given their position at the basis of the food web, it is suggested that small increments of salinity may be enough to induce structural changes in freshwater communities or induce changes in trophic relations. No clear evidences of increased tolerance after multigenerational exposure to low levels of salinity were found.This article is part of the theme issue 'Salt in freshwaters: causes, ecological consequences and future prospects'.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Venâncio
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - B B Castro
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - R Ribeiro
- CFE-Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - S C Antunes
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - N Abrantes
- Department of Environment and Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - A M V M Soares
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - I Lopes
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Jeremias G, Barbosa J, Marques SM, Asselman J, Gonçalves FJM, Pereira JL. Synthesizing the role of epigenetics in the response and adaptation of species to climate change in freshwater ecosystems. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:2790-2806. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - João Barbosa
- Department of Biology; University of Aveiro; Aveiro Portugal
| | - Sérgio M. Marques
- Department of Biology; University of Aveiro; Aveiro Portugal
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies; University of Aveiro; Aveiro Portugal
| | - Jana Asselman
- Laboratory for Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology (GhEnToxLab); Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Fernando J. M. Gonçalves
- Department of Biology; University of Aveiro; Aveiro Portugal
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies; University of Aveiro; Aveiro Portugal
| | - Joana L. Pereira
- Department of Biology; University of Aveiro; Aveiro Portugal
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies; University of Aveiro; Aveiro Portugal
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