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Wang L, Liu R, Zhou Y, Yuan P, Liu X, Gao H. Mass transfer characteristics of chiral pharmaceuticals on membrane used for polar organic chemical integrative sampler. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 136:670-681. [PMID: 37923475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Passive sampling technology has good application prospects for monitoring trace pollutants in aquatic environments. Further research on the sampling mechanism of this technology is essential to improve the measurement accuracy and extend the application scope of this approach. In this study, adsorption and permeation experiments were performed to investigate the sorption and mass transfer properties of five chiral pharmaceuticals at the enantiomeric level on polyethersulfone (PES) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membranes used in a polar organic chemical integrative sampler. Batch adsorption experiments showed that the PES membrane had an adsorption phenomenon for most selected pollutants and an insignificant sorption behavior was observed for all selected pharmaceuticals on the PTFE membrane except for R(S)-fluoxetine. The diffusion coefficients of selected pharmaceuticals onto the PTFE membrane were approximately one order of magnitude higher than those onto the PES membrane. The permeation experiment indicated that under different hydraulic conditions, the change of the relative pollutant concentration through the PTFE membrane for the composite pollutant system was more obvious than that for the single pollutant system, and mass transfer hysteresis exists for both contaminant systems through PES membranes. Using the first-order equation or 3-component model to estimate the overall mass transfer coefficients, the results showed that the overall mass transfer coefficient values of pollutants in the composite pollutant system onto both membranes were higher than those in the single pollutant system. This parameter was mainly influenced by the synergistic effects of the multi-analyte interaction and diminished water boundary layers during the mass transfer process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Wang
- College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100018, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Ruixia Liu
- College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100018, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Youya Zhou
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Peng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Hongjie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China
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2
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Šauer P, Vrana B, Escher BI, Grabic R, Toušová Z, Krauss M, von der Ohe PC, König M, Grabicová K, Mikušová P, Prokeš R, Sobotka J, Fialová P, Novák J, Brack W, Hilscherová K. Bioanalytical and chemical characterization of organic micropollutant mixtures in long-term exposed passive samplers from the Joint Danube Survey 4: Setting a baseline for water quality monitoring. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 178:107957. [PMID: 37406370 PMCID: PMC10445204 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring methodologies reflecting the long-term quality and contamination of surface waters are needed to obtain a representative picture of pollution and identify risk drivers. This study sets a baseline for characterizing chemical pollution in the Danube River using an innovative approach, combining continuous three-months use of passive sampling technology with comprehensive chemical (747 chemicals) and bioanalytical (seven in vitro bioassays) assessment during the Joint Danube Survey (JDS4). This is one of the world's largest investigative surface-water monitoring efforts in the longest river in the European Union, which water after riverbank filtration is broadly used for drinking water production. Two types of passive samplers, silicone rubber (SR) sheets for hydrophobic compounds and AttractSPETM HLB disks for hydrophilic compounds, were deployed at nine sites for approximately 100 days. The Danube River pollution was dominated by industrial compounds in SR samplers and by industrial compounds together with pharmaceuticals and personal care products in HLB samplers. Comparison of the Estimated Environmental Concentrations with Predicted No-Effect Concentrations revealed that at the studied sites, at least one (SR) and 4-7 (HLB) compound(s) exceeded the risk quotient of 1. We also detected AhR-mediated activity, oxidative stress response, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-mediated activity, estrogenic, androgenic, and anti-androgenic activities using in vitro bioassays. A significant portion of the AhR-mediated and estrogenic activities could be explained by detected analytes at several sites, while for the other bioassays and other sites, much of the activity remained unexplained. The effect-based trigger values for estrogenic and anti-androgenic activities were exceeded at some sites. The identified drivers of mixture in vitro effects deserve further attention in ecotoxicological and environmental pollution research. This novel approach using long-term passive sampling provides a representative benchmark of pollution and effect potentials of chemical mixtures for future water quality monitoring of the Danube River and other large water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Šauer
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Branislav Vrana
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Beate I Escher
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Cell Toxicology, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Environmental Toxicology, Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Roman Grabic
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Toušová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Krauss
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter C von der Ohe
- UBA - German Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt), Wörlitzer Platz 1, D-06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Maria König
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Cell Toxicology, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kateřina Grabicová
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Mikušová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Prokeš
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic; Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Belidla 986/4a, 60300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromír Sobotka
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Fialová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Novák
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Werner Brack
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Goethe University Frankfurt, Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Klára Hilscherová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic.
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3
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Römerscheid M, Paschke A, Schneider S, Blaha M, Harzdorf J, Schüürmann G. Calibration of the Chemcatcher® passive sampler and derivation of generic sampling rates for a broad application in monitoring of surface waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 871:161936. [PMID: 36746283 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We determined sampling rates for 34 pesticides, five pesticide transformation products, and 34 pharmaceutical compounds with the Chemcatcher (CC) passive sampler in a laboratory-based continuous-flow system at 40 cm/s and ambient temperature. Three different sampling phases were used: styrene divinylbenzene disks (SDB-XC), styrene divinylbenzene reversed phase sulfonate disks (SDB-RPS), and hydrophilic lipophilic balance disks (HLB), in all cases covered with a diffusion-limiting polyethersulfone membrane. The measured sampling rates range from 0.007 L/d to 0.193 L/d for CC with SDB-XC (CC-XC), from 0.055 L/d to 0.796 L/d for CC with SDB-RPS (CC-RPS), and from 0.018 L/d to 0.073 L/d for CC equipped with HLB (CC-HLB). Comparison with sampling rates from literature enabled to derive generic sampling rates that can be used for compounds with unknown uptake kinetics such as transformations products and new compounds of interest. Field trial results demonstrate that the presently derived generic sampling rates are suitable for estimating time-weighted average concentrations within reasonable uncertainty limits. In this way, Chemcatcher passive sampling can be applied approximately to a broad range of solutes without the need for deriving compound-specific sampling rates, which enable compliance checks against environmental quality standards and further risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Römerscheid
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
| | - Albrecht Paschke
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Selma Schneider
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maximilian Blaha
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Harzdorf
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gerrit Schüürmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
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Gao X, Qin L, Li S, Jiang L, Zhou Q, Xu Y, Ma M, Chen C. Passive sampling of diverse pesticides in water by hydrophilic-lipophilic balance sorbent-embedded cellulose acetate membrane: Kinetics, equilibrium partitioning and field application. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 866:161391. [PMID: 36621486 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are useful products for agriculture and human life, but they are often released into surface waters and are hazardous to aquatic ecosystems. Pesticides monitoring in surface waters is challenging due to the great variety, ultratrace levels and nonpoint source pollution of pesticides; however, continuous passive sampling may be conducive to solving these problems. This work evaluated the performance of a newly developed passive sampler (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance sorbent-embedded cellulose acetate membrane, HECAM) for six types of currently used/present pesticides. The uptake kinetics and equilibrium partitioning of nineteen pesticides in different dissolved concentrations were studied by dynamic accumulation and equilibrium partitioning experiments, respectively. In the dynamic accumulation experiments, pesticides gradually accumulated in the HECAM and followed a first-order kinetic model. The same type of pesticides had roughly comparable accumulation concentrations. The estimated uptake rate constants ranged from 1.04 to 13.5 L g-1 d-1, and sampling rates ranged from 0.02 to 0.31 L d-1 for the pesticides in the HECAM (size of 2 cm × 3 cm). Pesticide accumulation concentrations in the HECAM increased linearly with increasing dissolved concentrations, which means that varying concentrations can also be monitored by the HECAM. In the equilibrium partitioning experiments, the pesticide partitioning behavior at varying dissolved concentrations can be described by the Freundlich model. The calculated equilibrium partition coefficients (log KD) for pesticides ranged from 3.32 to 4.54, and different pesticide types showed different changes with log Kow. Comparable results were found when estimating chemical equilibrium partition coefficients by the dynamic accumulation and equilibrium partitioning methods. Field deployment of the HECAM in river waters resulted in the detection of four pesticides, and the measured results were comparable to those of active sampling coupled with liquid-liquid extraction. These results suggest that the HECAM would be a promising strategy for simultaneously monitoring diverse pesticides in waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China
| | - Lei Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China
| | - Shuangying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China
| | - Liushan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China
| | - Qingxiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China.
| | - Yiping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Mei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Chunmao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China
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MacKeown H, Benedetti B, Scapuzzi C, Di Carro M, Magi E. A Review on Polyethersulfone Membranes in Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Samplers: Preparation, Characterization and Innovation. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022:1-17. [PMID: 36263980 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2131374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The membranes in polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) enclose the receiving sorbent and protect it from coming into direct contact with the environmental matrix. They have a crucial role in extending the kinetic regime of contaminant uptake, by slowing down their diffusion between the water phase and the receiving phase. The drive to improve passive sampling requires membranes with better design and enhanced performances. In this review, the preparation of standard polyethersulfone (PES) membranes for POCIS is presented, as well as methods to evaluate their composition, morphology, structure, and performance. Generally, only supplier-related morphological and structural data are provided, such as membrane type, thickness, surface area, and pore diameter. The issues related to the use of PES membranes in POCIS applications are exposed. Finally, alternative membranes to PES in POCIS are also discussed, although no better membrane has yet been developed. This review highlights the urge for more membrane characterization details and a better comprehension of the mechanisms which underlay their behavior and performance, to improve membrane selection and optimize passive sampler development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry MacKeown
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Barbara Benedetti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Scapuzzi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marina Di Carro
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Emanuele Magi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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6
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Becskereki G, Horvai G, Tóth B. Adsorption of Hydrophobic Ions on Environmentally Relevant Sorbents. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153167. [PMID: 35956682 PMCID: PMC9371215 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental monitoring and remediation often requires the collection of harmful substances from aqueous solutions. Absorption with solids is a useful technique for binding such substances even at very low concentration levels. Many of these contaminants are weak acids or bases. Some novel, nonionic polymeric sorbents, such as hypercrosslinked polymers or polymers with balanced hydrophilic-lipophilic properties (HLB) have been found to bind weak acids and bases with high distribution coefficients even at pH values where these compounds are almost completely ionized (typically near pH 7). To understand this phenomenon and its practical consequences, we have experimentally studied the adsorption of ionizable weak acids and bases as a function of pH and ionic strength on a the OASIS® HLB sorbent. Not surprisingly, the ionic forms of the weak acids and bases were found to be much less bound in the aqueous solution than their neutral forms. In spite of this, OASIS® HLB binds weak acids and bases around pH 7 considerably better than typical hydrophobic sorbents. The high overall distribution coefficients around pH 7 could be explained by two factors. One is that on OASIS® HLB, and on some other novel polymeric sorbents, the binding constant of the moderately hydrophobic neutral form is on the order of 100,000, i.e., much higher than on typical hydrophobic sorbents. Thus, even if the proportion of the neutral form in solution is only around 1% near pH 7, the adsorption of the neutral form is still significant. On the other hand, the binding of the apparently hydrophilic ionized forms occurs with distribution coefficients well above 100. The distribution coefficient of the ionic form appears to depend on ionic strength and the presence of competing ions. Adsorption of the ionic forms is found to be very similar to the adsorption of ionic surfactants. The pH dependence of the total adsorption of neutral and ionic forms together, is found to be steep around pH 7, and therefore the varying pH of natural waters may strongly influence the binding efficiency in practical applications, such as the collection (concentration) of contaminants or their passive sampling.
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Renaud JB, Sabourin L, Hoogstra S, Helm P, Lapen DR, Sumarah MW. Monitoring of Environmental Contaminants in Mixed-Use Watersheds Combining Targeted and Nontargeted Analysis with Passive Sampling. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:1131-1143. [PMID: 34407230 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the environmental fate, transport, and occurrence of pesticides and pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments is of utmost concern to regulators. Traditionally, monitoring of environmental contaminants in surface water has consisted of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analyses for a set of targeted compounds in discrete samples. These targeted approaches are limited by the fact that they only provide information on compounds within a target list present at the time and location of sampling. To address these limitations, there has been considerable interest in suspect screening and nontargeted analysis (NTA), which allow for the detection of all ionizable compounds in the sample with the added benefit of data archiving for retrospective mining. Even though NTA can detect a large number of contaminants, discrete samples only provide a snapshot perspective of the chemical disposition of an aquatic environment at the time of sampling, potentially missing episodic events. We evaluated two types of passive chemical samplers for nontargeted analysis in mixed-use watersheds. Nontargeted data were processed using MS-DIAL to screen against our in-house library and public databases of more than 1300 compounds. The data showed that polar organic chemicals integrative samplers (POCIS) were able to capture the largest number of analytes with better reproducibility than organic compound-diffusive gradients in thin film (o-DGT), resulting from the greater amount of binding sorbent. We also showed that NTA combined with passive sampling gives a more representative picture of the contaminants present at a given site and enhances the ability to identify the nature of point and nonpoint pollution sources and ecotoxicological impacts. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1131-1143. © 2021 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry © 2021 SETAC. Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin B Renaud
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lyne Sabourin
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shawn Hoogstra
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Helm
- Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David R Lapen
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark W Sumarah
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada
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Unravelling the role of membrane pore size in polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) to broaden the polarity range of sampled analytes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:1963-1972. [PMID: 35028687 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03832-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) are widely used in their standard configuration for sampling contaminants in water bodies. A wider polyethersulfone (PES) membrane pore size was employed in POCIS exposed in a static calibration experiment to investigate the uptake of 21 emerging contaminants ranging from hydrophilic (perfluoroalkyl compounds, xanthines, an artificial sweetener) to more hydrophobic compounds (pharmaceuticals, oestrogens, UV filters). Compared to standard POCIS with 0.1-µm pore size PES membranes, the POCIS with 5-µm pore size PES membranes did not increase sampling rates for compounds of relatively low and mid-hydrophobicity. However, the uptake of more hydrophobic and anionic compounds, which either poorly diffuse through or are retained within the standard 0.1-µm PES membrane, showed a marked increase. This led to the first ever recorded sampling rates for triclosan (0.249 L day-1) and two UV filters (0.075-0.123 L day-1). Based on these results, more attention should be placed on the choice of the appropriate membrane for each POCIS application. The most suitable configuration depends on the studied compound physico-chemical characteristics-such as the polarity and the compound membrane-to-sorbent partitioning coefficient-but also on the site conditions (deployment time, fouling, flow variations, et.).
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Vanryckeghem F, Huysman S, Smedes F, Van Langenhove H, Vanhaecke L, Demeestere K. A Simple Teabag Equilibrium Passive Sampler using hydrophilic divinylbenzene sorbent for contaminants of emerging concern in the marine environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 777:146055. [PMID: 33684757 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A promising concept for sampling contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) using a home-made Simple Teabag Equilibrium Passive Sampler (STEPS) containing hydrophilic divinylbenzene (h-DVB) sorbent is presented and evaluated for application in estuarine systems. The uptake of a multi-class mixture of CECs with a broad polarity range (Log P ranging from -0.1 to 9.9) was investigated in static exposure batch experiments. Sampling rates (Rs) and equilibrium partitioning coefficients (Ksw) were determined for up to 74 CECs. Fast uptake (Rs = 0.3-12 L d-1) was noticed and the STEPS attained equilibrium partitioning after 1 to 2 weeks of exposure, with Log Ksw ranging from 4.1 to 6.5 L kg-1. Field application of this novel h-DVB containing STEPS, followed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry, revealed the presence of up to 40 steroidal hormones, (alkyl)phenols, phthalates, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and pesticides in the Belgian Part of the North Sea. The measured trace concentrations (from 0.003 ng L-1 to 1.9 μg L-1) and good precision (average RSD < 30%, n = 3) demonstrate the STEPS as fit-for-purpose for micropollutant analysis in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Vanryckeghem
- Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Research Group Environmental Organic Chemistry and Technology (EnVOC), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steve Huysman
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis (LCA), Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Foppe Smedes
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Sciences, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Herman Van Langenhove
- Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Research Group Environmental Organic Chemistry and Technology (EnVOC), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lynn Vanhaecke
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis (LCA), Merelbeke, Belgium; Queen's University, Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Kristof Demeestere
- Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Research Group Environmental Organic Chemistry and Technology (EnVOC), Ghent, Belgium.
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Caban M, Lis H, Stepnowski P. Limitations of Integrative Passive Samplers as a Tool for the Quantification of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment - A Critical Review with the Latest Innovations. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1386-1407. [PMID: 33673780 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1881755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This review starts with a presentation of the theory of kinetic uptake by passive sampling (PS), which is traditionally used to distinguish between integrative and equilibrium samplers. Demonstrated limitations of this model for the passive sampling of pharmaceuticals from water were presented. Most notably, the contribution of the protective membrane in the resistance to mass transfer of lipophilic analytes and the well documented effect of external parameters on sampling rates contributed to the greatest uncertainty in PS application. The diffusion gradient in thin layer (DGT) technique seems to reduce the effect of external parameters (e.g., flow rate) to some degree. The laboratory-determined integrative uptake periods over defined sampler deployments was compared, and the discrepancy found suggests that the most popular Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS) could in some cases utilized as an equilibrium sampler. This assertion is supported by own calculations for three pharmaceuticals with extremely different lipophilic characters. Finally, the reasons performance reference compounds (PRCs) are not recommended for the reduction in uncertainty of the TWAC found by adsorptive samplers were presented. It was concluded that techniques of passive sampling of pharmaceuticals need a new uptake model to fit the current situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Caban
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Hanna Lis
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
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11
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Ahkola H, Lindholm-Lehto P, Perkola N, Välitalo P, Meriläinen P, Mäenpää K, Stelzer JAA, Heiskanen I, Järvistö J, Nuutinen J, Leppänen MT. A preliminary study on the ecotoxic potency of wastewater treatment plant sludge combining passive sampling and bioassays. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 758:143700. [PMID: 33257078 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludge is an inevitable byproduct produced in wastewater treatment. Reusing nutrient-rich sludge will diminish the amount of waste ending in soil dumping areas and will promote circular economy. However, during sewage treatment process, several potentially harmful organic chemicals are retained in sludge, but proving the safety of processed sludge will promote its more extensive use in agriculture and landscaping. Environmental risk assessment of sludge requires new methods of characterizing its suitability for various circular economy applications. Bioavailable and bioaccessible fractions are key variables indicating leaching, transport, and bioaccumulation capacity. Also, sludge treatments have a significant effect on chemical status and resulting environmental risks. In this study, the concentrations of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), triclosan (TCS), triclocarban (TCC), methyl triclosan (mTCS), and selected active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) were determined in different sludge treatments and fractions. Passive samplers were used to characterize the bioavailable and bioaccessible fractions, and the sampler extracts along the sludge and filtrate samples were utilized in the bioassays. The TCS and PAH concentrations did not decrease as the sludge was digested, but the contents diminished after composting. Also, mTCS concentration decreased after composting. The API concentrations were lower in digested sludge than in secondary sludge. Digested sludge was toxic for Aliivibrio fischeri, but after composting, toxicity was not observed. However, for Daphnia magna, passive sampler extracts of all sludge treatments were either acutely (immobility) or chronically (reproduction) toxic. Secondary and digested sludge sampler extracts were cytotoxic, and secondary sludge extract was also genotoxic. The measured chemical concentration levels did not explain the toxicity of the samples based on the reported toxicity thresholds. Bioassays and sampler extracts detecting bioavailable and bioaccessible contaminants in sludge are complementing tools for chemical analyses. Harmonization of these methodswill help establish scientifically sound regulative thresholds for the use of sludge in circular economy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Ahkola
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), P.O.Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Petra Lindholm-Lehto
- Aquatic Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Survontie 9A, FI-40500 Jyväskylä, Finland; University of Jyväskylä, FI-40500 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Noora Perkola
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), P.O.Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pia Välitalo
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), P.O.Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland; Aalto University, Tietotie 1E, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Päivi Meriläinen
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), P.O.Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland; Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O.Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kimmo Mäenpää
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 2, P.O.Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Julio Alberto Alegre Stelzer
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), P.O.Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland; University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ilse Heiskanen
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), P.O.Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Järvistö
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), P.O.Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Nuutinen
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), P.O.Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti T Leppänen
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), P.O.Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland
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12
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Jeong Y, Kwon HA, Jeon HP, Schäffer A, Smith K. Quantitative evaluation of polyethersulfone and polytetrafluoroethylene membrane sorption in a polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115224. [PMID: 32698120 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The lag effect in the polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) equipped with a polyethersulfone (PES) membrane (POCIS-PES) is a potential limitation for its application in water environments. In this study, a POCIS with a poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) membrane (POCIS-PTFE) was investigated for circumventing membrane sorption in order to provide more reliable concentration measurements of organic contaminants. Sampler characteristics such as sampling rates (RS) and sampler-water partition coefficients (KSW) were similar for POCIS-PES and POCIS-PTFE, indicating that partitioning into Oasis HLB as the receiving phase dominates the overall partitioning from the aqueous phase to the POCIS. Membrane sorption was quantified in both laboratory and field experiments. Although POCIS-PTFE showed minor membrane sorption, the PTFE membranes were not robust enough to prevent changes in the sorption of the pollutants to the inner Oasis HLB sorbent due to biofouling. This was reflected in significant ionization effects in the electrospray ionization (ESI) source during the LC-MS/MS analysis. Despite clear differences in the ionization effects, the two POCISs types provided similar time-weighted average (CTWA) concentrations after a two-week passive sampling campaign in surface water and the outflow of a wastewater treatment plant. This study contributes to a more detailed understanding of POCIS application by providing a quantitative evaluation of membrane sorption and its associated effects in the laboratory and field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonah Jeong
- Environmental Safety Group, KIST Europe, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Campus E7.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany; Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52076, Aachen, Germany; Department of Land, Water and Environment Research, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, Goyangdaero 283, Goyang-si, 10223, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun-Ah Kwon
- Environmental Safety Group, KIST Europe, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Campus E7.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany; Division of Energy & Environment Technology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Pyo Jeon
- Environmental Safety Group, KIST Europe, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Campus E7.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Andreas Schäffer
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52076, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kilian Smith
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52076, Aachen, Germany; Department of Water, Environment, Construction and Safety, University of Applied Sciences Magdeburg-Stendal, Breitscheidstr. 2, 39114, Magdeburg, Germany
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13
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Sampling Rate of Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS): Influence Factors and Calibration Methods. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10165548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
As a passive sampling device, the polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) has the characteristics of simple operation, safety, and reliability for assessing the occurrence and risk of persistent and emerging trace organic pollutants. The POCIS, allowing for the determination of time-weighted average (TWA) concentration of polar organic chemicals, exhibits good application prospects in aquatic environments. Before deploying the device in water, the sampling rate (Rs), which is a key parameter for characterizing pollutant enrichment, should be determined and calibrated accurately. However, the Rs values strongly depend on experimental hydrodynamic conditions. This paper provides an overview of the current situation of the POCIS for environmental monitoring of organic pollutants in an aquatic system. The principle and theory of the POCIS are outlined. In particular, the effect factors such as the ambient conditions, pollutant properties, and device features on the Rs are analyzed in detail from aspects of impact dependence and mechanisms. The calibration methods of the Rs under laboratory and in situ conditions are summarized. This review offers supplementary information on comprehensive understanding of mechanism and application of the POCIS. Nevertheless, the Rs were impacted by a combined effect of solute–sorbent–membrane–solution, and the influence extent of each variable was still unclear. On this basis, the ongoing challenges are proposed for the future application of the POCIS in the actual environment, for instance, the need for this device to be improved in terms of quantitative methods for more accurate measurement of the Rs.
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14
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Xue J, Zhu X, Liu Z, Hua R, Wu X. Using silicone rubber and polyvinylchloride as equilibrium passive samplers for rapid and sensitive monitoring of pyrethroid insecticides in aquatic environments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 728:138797. [PMID: 32339841 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Passive sampling to regularly identify the occurrence of pyrethroid insecticides in urban streams is a crucial work of risk management with respect to intrinsic toxicity of pyrethroids to aquatic organisms. Polymeric films, based on an equilibrium sampling principle, have found increasing use as passive samplers for hydrophobic contaminants. Herein, we investigated two thin-film samplers, namely silicone rubber (SR) and polyvinylchloride (PVC), compatible with a suite of 8 pyrethroids, for measuring freely dissolved concentrations (Cfree) in water. The characteristics of SR and PVC samplers were estimated in terms of equilibrium partitioning coefficients (Kf) with log units of 3.90-4.67 and sampling rates (Rs) of 0.011-0.016 L/h. The parameters were correlated positively with octanol-water partition coefficients of the compounds, whereas independent on water solubility. A strong agreement between Cfree obtained from the two samplers was observed in a range of 0.1-10 μg/L for pyrethroids under laboratory simulated conditions. Both of SR and PVC were confirmed as equilibrium samplers with faster sampling rates of pyrethroids that equilibrated on films within only one week, and higher accumulation at factors of 5.3-12.5 and 1.5-2.4 compared to a performance reference compound (PRC)-preload sampler. Additionally, the comparable results of the two passive sampling methods in multiple field applications indicated that the direct deployment of the two samplers without PRCs calibration can provide reliable assessment of trace concentrations. This study demonstrated the routine utilization of SR and PVC as promising tools for rapid and sensitive in-situ monitoring of pyrethroids, and indicators for the bioavailability against total chemical concentrations in variable aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Xue
- College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, Hefei 230036, PR China.
| | - Xianbin Zhu
- College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, Hefei 230036, PR China
| | - Zikun Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, Hefei 230036, PR China
| | - Rimao Hua
- College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, Hefei 230036, PR China
| | - Xiangwei Wu
- College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, Hefei 230036, PR China
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15
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Qian J, Martinez A, Marek RF, Nagorzanski MR, Zhi H, Furlong ET, Kolpin DW, LeFevre GH, Cwiertny DM. Polymeric Nanofiber-Carbon Nanotube Composite Mats as Fast-Equilibrium Passive Samplers for Polar Organic Contaminants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:6703-6712. [PMID: 32343558 PMCID: PMC7665838 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
To improve the performance of polymeric electrospun nanofiber mats (ENMs) for equilibrium passive sampling applications in water, we integrated two types of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs; with and without surface carboxyl groups) into polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and polystyrene (PS) ENMs. For 11 polar and moderately hydrophobic compounds (-0.07 ≤ logKOW ≤ 3.13), 90% of equilibrium uptake was achieved in under 0.8 days (t90% values) in nonmixed ENM-CNT systems. Sorption capacity of ENM-CNTs was between 2- and 50-fold greater than pure polymer ENMs, with equilibrium partition coefficients (KENM-W values) ranging from 1.4 to 3.1 log units (L/kg) depending on polymer type (hydrophilic PAN or hydrophobic PS), CNT loading (i.e., values increased with weight percent (wt %) of CNTs), and CNT type (i.e., greater uptake with carboxylated CNTs composites). During field deployment at Muddy Creek in North Liberty, Iowa, optimal ENM-CNTs (PAN with 20 wt % carboxylated CNTs) yielded atrazine concentrations in surface water with a 40% difference relative to analysis of a same-day grab sample. We also observed a mean percent difference of 30 (±20)% when comparing ENM-CNT sampler results to grab sample data collected within 1 week of deployment. With their rapid, high capacity uptake and small material footprint, ENM-CNT equilibrium passive samplers represent a promising alternative to complement traditional integrative passive samplers while offering convenience over large volume grab sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Qian
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City IA, 52242
| | - Andres Martinez
- IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Rachel F. Marek
- IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Matthew R. Nagorzanski
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Hui Zhi
- IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Edward T. Furlong
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Water Quality Laboratory, Denver, Colorado 80225
| | - Dana W. Kolpin
- U.S. Geological Survey, Central Midwest Water Science Center, Iowa City, IA 52240
| | - Gregory H. LeFevre
- IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - David M. Cwiertny
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City IA, 52242
- IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Center for Health Effects of Environmental Contamination, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Public Policy Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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16
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Djomte VT, Chen S, Chambliss CK. Effects of suspended sediment on POCIS sampling rates. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 241:124972. [PMID: 31610458 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Effects of chemical uptake onto polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) exposed to total suspended solid (TSS) sediment concentrations of 0 and 3600 ppm were investigated for 12 pesticides at constant concentration, temperature, and flow velocity. The effects of sediment exposure on POCIS uptake were negligible for compounds with polyethersulfone-water partition coefficients greater than three (i.e., log KPESW > 3). However, significant effects were observed for 3 of 12 compounds tested, and the maximum effect was an approximate 4-fold increase in sampling rate for the sediment experiment relative to the control. Effects of sediment on the pesticide distribution between polyethersulfone (PES) membranes and Oasis HLB sorbent were also investigated. The fraction of pesticide accumulated on PES membranes was relatively low for most compounds and ranged from 0 to 33%. In contrast, four compounds with higher affinity for PES accumulated preferentially on the membranes (fraction ranging from 64 to 96%), suggesting that a sampling rate derived from the additive contribution of membrane extraction and the more typical extraction of analytes from HLB sorbent would improve the sensitivity of sampling rate estimations for these compounds. However, for these same compounds, the combined sampling rate, Rs (HLB + PES), was considerably more susceptible to a sediment effect than the traditional sampling rate determination, relying solely on extraction from HLB sorbent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunmao Chen
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - C Kevin Chambliss
- Baylor University, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Waco, TX, USA.
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17
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Taylor AC, Fones GR, Vrana B, Mills GA. Applications for Passive Sampling of Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants in Water—A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 51:20-54. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2019.1675043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam C. Taylor
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Gary R. Fones
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Branislav Vrana
- Faculty of Science, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Graham A. Mills
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
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18
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Huysman S, Vanryckeghem F, De Paepe E, Smedes F, Haughey SA, Elliott CT, Demeestere K, Vanhaecke L. Hydrophilic Divinylbenzene for Equilibrium Sorption of Emerging Organic Contaminants in Aquatic Matrices. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:10803-10812. [PMID: 31378062 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophilic divinylbenzene (DVB) (Bakerbond) has surfaced as a promising sorbent for active sampling of analytes from aqueous matrices over a very broad polarity range. Given this, hydrophilic DVB may likewise offer potential for passive sampling, if sorbent/water partitioning coefficients (Ksw) were to be available. In this work, static exposure batch experiments were performed to quantitatively study the equilibrium sorption of 131 environmentally relevant organic contaminants (P values ranging from -1.30 to 9.85) on hydrophilic DVB. The superior affinity of hydrophilic DVB, as compared to Oasis HLB, for compounds with a broad polarity range was confirmed by functional Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman characterization, demonstrating the presence of carboxyl moieties. Concentration effects were studied by increasing compound concentrations in mixture experiments and resulted in the steroidal endocrine disrupting compounds in higher Ksw, while lower Ksw were obtained for the (alkyl)phenols, personal care products, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and phthalates. Nevertheless, Ksw remained constant in the said design for equilibrium water concentrations at environmentally relevant seawater levels. An independent analysis of thermodynamic parameters (change in enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy) revealed the nature of the main partitioning processes. While polar (log P < 4) compounds were mainly served by physisorption, nonpolar (log P > 4) compounds also exhibited binding by multiple hydrogen bonding. In conclusion, this research facilitates the future application of hydrophilic DVB for active as well as passive sampling in the analysis of organic contaminants for monitoring purposes and for toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Huysman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis (LCA) , Ghent University , Merelbeke 9820 , Belgium
| | - Francis Vanryckeghem
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Research Group Environmental Organic Chemistry and Technology (EnVOC) , Ghent University , Ghent B-9000 , Belgium
| | - Ellen De Paepe
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis (LCA) , Ghent University , Merelbeke 9820 , Belgium
| | - Foppe Smedes
- Faculty of Sciences, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment , Masaryk University , Brno 601 77 , Czech Republic
| | - Simon A Haughey
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences , Queen's University , Belfast BT7 1NN , Northern Ireland
| | - Christopher T Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences , Queen's University , Belfast BT7 1NN , Northern Ireland
| | - Kristof Demeestere
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Research Group Environmental Organic Chemistry and Technology (EnVOC) , Ghent University , Ghent B-9000 , Belgium
| | - Lynn Vanhaecke
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis (LCA) , Ghent University , Merelbeke 9820 , Belgium
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences , Queen's University , Belfast BT7 1NN , Northern Ireland
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19
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Jeong Y, Schäffer A, Smith K. A comparison of equilibrium and kinetic passive sampling for the monitoring of aquatic organic contaminants in German rivers. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 145:248-258. [PMID: 30142522 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The performances of an equilibrium and a kinetic passive sampler for monitoring a range of organic contaminants (Log KOW from -0.03 to 6.26) were evaluated in the effluent of a wastewater treatment plant, the receiving river Saar as well as the river Mosel in Germany. The polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) and a new mixed polymer sampler (MPS) were selected as kinetic and equilibrium passive samplers, respectively. Concentrations were described in terms of a time-weighted average concentration (CTWA) from the POCIS measurements and as an equilibrium concentration from the MPS (CEquil-MPS) and POCIS membrane (CEquil-PES) analyses. Twenty-seven compounds could be detected, including eight priority substances of the EU Water Framework Directive. Both sampler types detected a similar range of compounds in the low ng/L to μg/L range, with a high proportion of pharmaceuticals being detected at all sampling sites. To account for uncertainty in the POCIS sampling rates, a range in CTWA was estimated by applying low and high sampling rates. For the compounds that were detected in the POCIS this range was within a factor of 3.5. Interestingly, the MPS extracts showed lower ionisation artefacts than the POCIS extracts during the LC-MS/MS analysis. Finally, total water concentrations (CTotal) were estimated from the dissolved concentrations, literature organic carbon partition coefficients (KOC) and the total organic carbon levels measured in the rivers. For the compounds in this study, negligible differences between CTotal and the passive sampler-derived dissolved concentrations were found with a maximum difference of 15% for diclofenac. Overall, this study demonstrated that the parallel application of kinetic and equilibrium passive samplers can improve the description of water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonah Jeong
- Environmental Safety Group, KIST Europe, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Campus E7.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany; Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52076, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Schäffer
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52076, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kilian Smith
- Environmental Safety Group, KIST Europe, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Campus E7.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
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