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Marangon BB, Castro JDS, Assemany PP, Machado NA, Calijuri ML. Wastewater-grown microalgae biomass as a source of sustainable aviation fuel: Life cycle assessment comparing hydrothermal routes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 360:121164. [PMID: 38768524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The present paper compared, through life cycle assessment (LCA), the production of aviation biofuel from two hydrothermal routes of microalgae cultivated in wastewater. Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) and gasification followed by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (G + FT) were compared. Both routes included biomass production, hydrotreatment for biofuel upgrading, and product fractionation. Secondary data obtained from the literature were used for the cradle-to-gate LCA. G + FT had a higher impact than HTL in the 18 impact categories assessed, with human carcinogenic toxicity exerting the most harmful pressure on the environment. The catalysts were the inputs that caused the most adverse emissions. The solvent used for bio-oil separation also stood out in terms of impacts. In HTL, emissions for global warming were -51.6 g CO2 eq/MJ, while in G + FT, they were 250 g CO2 eq/MJ. At the Endpoint level, HTL resulted in benefits to human health and ecosystems, while G + FT caused environmental damage in these two categories, as well as in the resources category. In the improvement scenarios, besides considering solid, aqueous, and gaseous products as co-products rather than just as waste/emissions, a 20% reduction in catalyst consumption and 90% recovery were applied. Thus, in HTL, 39.47 kg CO2 eq was avoided, compared to 35.44 kg CO2 eq in the base scenario. In G + FT, emissions decreased from 147.55 kg CO2 eq to the capture of 8.60 kg CO2 eq.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Barros Marangon
- Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Viçosa (Universidade Federal de Viçosa/UFV), Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, S/n, Campus Universitario, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Jackeline de Siqueira Castro
- Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Viçosa (Universidade Federal de Viçosa/UFV), Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, S/n, Campus Universitario, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Paula Peixoto Assemany
- Federal University of Lavras (Universidade Federal de Lavras/UFLA), Post-Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Campus Universitario, 37200-900, Lavras, MG, Brazil.
| | - Nádia Almeida Machado
- Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Viçosa (Universidade Federal de Viçosa/UFV), Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, S/n, Campus Universitario, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Maria Lúcia Calijuri
- Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Viçosa (Universidade Federal de Viçosa/UFV), Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, S/n, Campus Universitario, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil.
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Kumari S, Kumari S, Singh A, Pandit PP, Sankhla MS, Singh T, Singh GP, Lodha P, Awasthi G, Awasthi KK. Employing algal biomass for fabrication of biofuels subsequent to phytoremediation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2022; 25:941-955. [PMID: 36222270 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2022.2122927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
An alga belongs to the multi-pertinent group which can add to a significant sector of environment. They show a prevailing gathering of microorganisms for bioremediation due to their significant capacity to inactivate toxic heavy metals. It can easily absorb or neutralize the toxicity of heavy metals from water and soil through phytoremediation. Biosorption is a promising innovation that focuses on novel, modest, and exceptionally successful materials to apply in phytoremediation technology. Furthermore, algal biomass can be used for biofuel generation after phytoremediation using thermochemical or biological transformation processes. The algal components get affected by heavy metals during phytoremediation, but with the help of different techniques, these are yield efficient. The extreme lipid and mineral substances of microalgae have been proven helpful for biofuel manufacturing and worth extra products. Biofuels produced are bio-oil, biodiesel, bioethanol, biogas, etc. The reuse capability of algae can be utilized toward ecological manageability and economic facility. In this review article, the reuse and recycling of algal biomass for biofuel production have been represented. This novel technique has numerous benefits and produces eco-friendly and economically beneficial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Kumari
- Department of Forensic Science, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, India
| | - Surbhi Kumari
- Department of Forensic Science, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, India
| | - Apoorva Singh
- Department of Forensic Science, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, India
| | - Pritam P Pandit
- Department of Forensic Science, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, India
| | | | - Tanvi Singh
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Payal Lodha
- Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Garima Awasthi
- Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
- Department of Life Sciences, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, India
| | - Kumud Kant Awasthi
- Department of Life Sciences, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, India
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3
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Green algae to green fuels: Syngas and hydrochar production from Ulva lactuca via sub-critical water gasification. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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4
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Kumar A, Reddy SN. Hydrothermal treatment of metal impregnated biomass for the generation of H 2 and nanometal carbon hybrids. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 205:112536. [PMID: 34896086 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The nanocatalyst impregnation onto the biomass matrix has gained importance in enhancing the H2 yield and overcoming the catalyst deactivation problems. In-situ catalytic gasification of Ru/Fe-impregnated sugarcane bagasse and citrus limetta (mosambi peels) were examined and compared with their raw biomass at subcritical and supercritical water conditions. Bagasse having a higher amount of lignocellulosic content produces a maximum yield of H2 over moambi peels. Besides, Ru and Fe nano-metal carbon hybrids with crystalline sizes between 10 and 25 nm were formed during in-situ hydrothermal gasification. The performance of hydrothermal gasification based on hydrogen yield was studied, and it relatively follows the order as temperature, nanoparticle composed, metal loading onto biomass matrix, type of catalyst, and biomass used. At the maximum operating temperature of 600 °C, B: W ratio 1:10 for the resident time of 60 min, highest H2 yield of 12.75 ± 0.17 and 11.20 ± 0.13 mmol/g attained for Ru and Fe impregnated bagasse with the CGE of 72.28 ± 2.17% and 67.08 ± 1.97% respectively. At similar operating conditions, H2 yields of 8.75 ± 0.18 and 8.13 ± 0.16 mmol/g were achieved with the CGE of 62.4 ± 1.91% and 53.7 ± 1.66% for Ru and Fe impregnated mosambi peels, respectively. Based on the H2 and CH4 production, Ru shows the highest performance than Fe catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sivamohan N Reddy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India.
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5
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Tiong L, Komiyama M. Statistical Analysis of Microalgae Supercritical Water Gasification: Reaction Variables, Catalysis and Reaction Pathways. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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6
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Biocrude Production from Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Chlorella: Thermodynamic Modelling and Reactor Design. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14206602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hydrothermal liquefaction can directly and efficiently convert wet biomass into biocrude with a high heating value. We developed a continuous hydrothermal liquefaction model via Aspen Plus to explore the effects of moisture content of Chlorella, reaction pressure and temperature on thermodynamic equilibrium yields, and energy recoveries of biocrude. We also compared the simulated biocrude yield and energy recoveries with experiment values in literature. Furthermore, vertical and horizontal transportation characteristics of insoluble solids in Chlorella were analyzed to determine the critical diameters that could avoid the plugging of the reactor at different flow rates. The results showed that the optimum moisture content, reaction pressure, and reaction temperature were 70–90 wt%, 20 MPa, and 250–350 °C, respectively. At a thermodynamic equilibrium state, the yield and the energy recovery of biocrude could be higher than 56 wt% and 96%, respectively. When the capacity of the hydrothermal liquefaction system changed from 100 to 1000 kg·h−1, the critical diameter of the reactor increased from 9 to 25 mm.
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7
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Leong YK, Chen WH, Lee DJ, Chang JS. Supercritical water gasification (SCWG) as a potential tool for the valorization of phycoremediation-derived waste algal biomass for biofuel generation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 418:126278. [PMID: 34098259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phycoremediation is an emerging technology, where algae-based processes were used to effectively remove nutrients, organic wastes, and toxic heavy metals from the polluted environment. The waste algal biomass obtained after phycoremediation, which may contain residual hazardous materials, could still be used as feedstock to produce biofuels/bioenergy preferably through thermochemical conversion technology. This review proposes a synergistic approach by utilizing the phycoremediation-derived algal biomass (PCDA) as feedstock for efficient hazardous waste treatment and clean energy generation via supercritical water gasification (SCWG). The review provides an in-depth study of catalytic, non-catalytic, and continuous SCWG of algal biomass, aiming to lay out the foundations for future study. In addition, the concepts of heat integration as well as water, nutrient, and CO2 recycling were introduced for a sustainable algae-to-biofuel process, which significantly enhances the overall energy and material efficiency of SCWG. The production of biofuel from algal biomass via other advanced gasification technologies, such as integration with other thermochemical conversion techniques, co-gasification, chemical looping gasification (CLG), and integrated gasification and combined cycle (IGCC) were also discussed. Furthermore, the discussion of kinetics and thermodynamics models, as well as life cycle and techno-economic assessments, appear to provide insights for future commercial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoong Kit Leong
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsin Chen
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung 411, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Duu-Jong Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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8
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Das P, V P C, Mathimani T, Pugazhendhi A. A comprehensive review on the factors affecting thermochemical conversion efficiency of algal biomass to energy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 766:144213. [PMID: 33418252 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Algae are one of the most viable feedstock options that can be converted into different bioenergies viz., bioethanol, biobutanol, biodiesel, biomethane, biohydrogen, etc. owing to their renewable, sustainable and economic credibility features. Algal biomass to fuel biorefining process is generally classified into three categories as chemical, biochemical and thermochemical methods. The present article aims to provide a state-of-the-art review on the factors affecting the thermochemical conversion process of algal biomass to bioenergy. Further, reaction conditions of each techniques (torrefaction, pyrolysis, gasification and hydrothermal process) influence biochar, bio-oil and syngas yield were discussed. Reaction parameters or factors such as reactor temperature, residence time, pressure, biomass load/feedstock composition, catalyst addition and carrier gas flow affecting process efficiency in terms of product yield and quality were spotlighted and extensively discussed with copious literature. It also presents the novel insights on production of solid (char), liquid (bio-oil) and gaseous (syngas) biofuel through torrefaction, pyrolysis and gasification, respectively. It is found that the energy intensive drying was more efficient mode involved in thermochemical process for wet algal biomass. However other modes of thermochemical process were having unique feature on improving the product yield and quality. Among the various factors, reaction temperature and residence time were relatively more important factors which affected the process efficiency. The other factors signposted in this review will lay a roadmap to researchers to choose an optimal thermochemical conditions for high quality end product. Lastly, the perspectives and challenges in thermochemical conversion algae biomass to biofuels were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Das
- Mechanical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal, Telangana 506004, India
| | - Chandramohan V P
- Mechanical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal, Telangana 506004, India.
| | - Thangavel Mathimani
- Department of Energy and Environment, National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli, Tiruchirappalli 620 015, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arivalagan Pugazhendhi
- Innovative Green Product Synthesis and Renewable Environment Development Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
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9
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Das P, V P C, Mathimani T, Pugazhendhi A. Recent advances in thermochemical methods for the conversion of algal biomass to energy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 766:144608. [PMID: 33421791 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Thermochemical techniques are being operated for the complete conversion of diverse biomasses to biofuels. Among the feedstocks used for thermochemical processes, algae are the promising biomass sources owing to their advantages over other feedstocks such as biomass productivity, renewability and sustainability. Due to several advantages, algal biomass is considered as a source for third generation biofuel. This review work aims to provide a state-of-the-art on the most commonly used thermochemical methods namely torrefaction, pyrolysis, and gasification processes. Furthermore, the production of biofuels from algal biomass was comprehensively articulated. Different algal strains used in thermochemical techniques and their conditions of operation were compared and discussed. The yield and quality of solid (char), liquid (bio-oil) and gaseous (syngas) products obtained through thermochemical methods were reviewed and analysed to understand the efficacy of each technique. End product percentage, quality and advantages of the torrefaction, pyrolysis, and gasification were summarized. It is found that the biofuel produced from the torrefaction process was easy to store and deliver and had higher utilization efficiency. Among the existing thermochemical methods, the pyrolysis process was widely used for the complete conversion of algal biomass to bio-oil or char. This study also revealed that the gasification (supercritical) method was the most energy efficient process for conversion of wet algal biomass. The reactor used in the thermochemical process and its subprocess was also highlighted. This study revealed that the fixed bed reactor was suitable for small scale production whereas the fluidized bed reactor could be scaled up for industrial production. In addition to that environmental impacts of the products were also spotlighted. Finally, the perspectives and challenges of algal biomass to bioenergy conversion were addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Das
- Mechanical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal, Telangana 506004, India
| | - Chandramohan V P
- Mechanical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal, Telangana 506004, India.
| | - Thangavel Mathimani
- Department of Energy and Environment, National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli, Tiruchirappalli 620 015, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arivalagan Pugazhendhi
- Innovative Green Product Synthesis and Renewable Environment Development Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
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10
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Arun J, Gopinath KP, Sivaramakrishnan R, SundarRajan P, Malolan R, Pugazhendhi A. Technical insights into the production of green fuel from CO 2 sequestered algal biomass: A conceptual review on green energy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 755:142636. [PMID: 33065504 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Algae a promising energy reserve due to its adaptability, cheap source, sustainability and it's growth ability in wastewater with efficient sequestration of industrial carbon dioxide. This review summarizes the pathways available for biofuel production from carbon sequestered algae biomass. In this regard, this review focuses on microalgae and its cultivation in wastewater with CO2 sequestration. Conversion of carbon sequestered biomass into bio-fuels via thermo-chemical routes and its engine emission properties. Energy perspective of green gaseous biofuels in near future. This review revealed that algae was the pre-dominant CO2 sequester than terrestrial plants in an eco-friendly and economical way with simultaneous wastewater remediation. Hydrothermal liquefaction of algae biomass was the most preferred mode for biofuel generation than pyrolysis due to high moisture content. The algae based fuels exhibit less greenhouse gases emission and higher energy value. This review helps the researchers, environmentalists and industrialists to evaluate the impact of algae based bio-energy towards green energy and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayaseelan Arun
- Center for Waste Management - 'International Research Centre', Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Jeppiaar Nagar (OMR), Chennai 600 119, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | | | - Ramachandran Sivaramakrishnan
- Laboratory of Cyanobacterial Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - PanneerSelvam SundarRajan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam 603110, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajagopal Malolan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam 603110, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arivalagan Pugazhendhi
- Innovative Green Product Synthesis and Renewable Environment Development Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
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11
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Raheem A, Cui X, Mangi FH, Memon AA, Ji G, Cheng B, Dong W, Zhao M. Hydrogen-rich energy recovery from microalgae (lipid-extracted) via steam catalytic gasification. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.102102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Xie LF, Xu YP, Shi XL, Wang F, Duan PG, Li SC. Hydrotreating the distillate fraction of algal biocrude with used engine oil over Pt/C for production of liquid fuel. Catal Today 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2019.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Sztancs G, Juhasz L, Nagy BJ, Nemeth A, Selim A, Andre A, Toth AJ, Mizsey P, Fozer D. Co-Hydrothermal gasification of Chlorella vulgaris and hydrochar: The effects of waste-to-solid biofuel production and blending concentration on biogas generation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 302:122793. [PMID: 32007846 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates enhanced biogas production via co-Hydrothermal gasification (co-HTG) of wet Chlorella vulgaris biomass and hydrochar (HC). Hydrothermal carbonization was applied to valorize struvite containing waste microalgae stream into solid bio-fuel with improved combustion properties. The effects of HC quality and mixing ratio are investigated on biogas yield, composition and carbon conversion ratio. The results show that the application of blending components promotes H2, CH4 formation and selectivity in hydrothermal gasification. The total co-HTG gas yield is increased from 19.13 to 46.95 mol kg-1 at 650 °C and 300 bar by applying 5 wt% HC blending concentration and reduced level of volatile matter content (24.61 wt%). The obtained high hydrogen, methane yields and carbon conversion ratio (19.49, 2.98 mol kg-1, 82.31%, respectively) indicate effective hydrothermal upgrading potentials in case of wet and waste biomass feedstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Sztancs
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Process Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lilla Juhasz
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Process Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balazs Jozsef Nagy
- Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Aron Nemeth
- Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Asmaa Selim
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Process Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anita Andre
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Process Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andras Jozsef Toth
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Process Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Mizsey
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Process Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Fine Chemicals and Environmental Technology, University of Miskolc, Miskolc, Hungary
| | - Daniel Fozer
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Process Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary.
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14
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Soares RB, Martins MF, Gonçalves RF. A conceptual scenario for the use of microalgae biomass for microgeneration in wastewater treatment plants. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 252:109639. [PMID: 31586744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are a potential source of biomass for the production of energy, which is why the amount of research on this topic has increased in recent years. This work describes the state of the art of microalgae production from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), its potential to generate electricity and the scale in which it is possible. The methodology used was a systematic review of the gasification of microalgae from 49 articles selected. Based on the review, a conceptual scenario for microgeneration in WWTP using as feedstock microalgae for thermal gasification was developed. The most consistent assumptions for a real scale microgeneration are microalgae production in open ponds using domestic sewage as a nutritional medium; the use of the flocculation process in process of harvesting; microalgae to energy through thermal gasification process using a downdraft gasifier. Considering a WWTP with a 3000 m3/d flux capacity, 860 kg/d of dry microalgae biomass might be produced. For which, gasification has a production potential of 0.167 kWh/m3 of treated sewage, but the energy balance is compromised by the drying process. However, when the biogas produced in anaerobic treatment enter in the model, it is possible to add a surplus of electricity of 0.14 kWh/m3 of treated sewage. Finally, a cost estimate is made for the acquisition of drying and gasification-electricity generation systems. For this scenario, the results suggest that the investments may be financially returned after five years, with additional potential for further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Barroso Soares
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Full Address: Avenida Fernando Ferrari, 514, Goiabeiras, CEP 29075-910, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil; Federal Institute of Education of Espírito Santo, Full Address: Avenida Min. Salgado Filho, 1000, Soteco, CEP 29106-010, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, Brazil.
| | - Marcio Ferreira Martins
- Laboratory of Combustion and Combustible Matter (LCC), PPGEM, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Full Address: Avenida Fernando Ferrari, 514, Goiabeiras, CEP 29075-910, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil.
| | - Ricardo Franci Gonçalves
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Full Address: Avenida Fernando Ferrari, 514, Goiabeiras, CEP 29075-910, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil.
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15
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Intrinsic Kinetics Study of Biogas Methanation Coupling with Water Gas Shift over Re-Promoted Ni Bifunctional Catalysts. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9050422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The intrinsic kinetics of biogas methanation coupling with water gas shift over Re-promoted Ni bifunctional catalysts were investigated in this study. The catalysts were prepared through co-impregnation of Ni and Re precursors on the H2O2-modified manganese sand. The experiments were performed in a fixed bed reactor under the assorted reaction conditions of 300–400 °C, 0.1–0.3 MPa, and a 0.6–1.0 H2/CO ratio. The effect of gas internal and external diffusion on the performance of methanation coupling with water gas shift was examined by changing catalyst particle size and gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) and further verified by the Weisz–Prater and Mears criterion, respectively. It was found that the internal and external diffusions were eliminated when the catalyst particle size was 12–14 meshes and GHSV was 2000 h−1. Three kinetics models including the empirical model (EM), synergetic model (SM), and independent model (IM) were proposed, and 25 sets of experimental data were obtained to solve the model parameters. By mathematical fitting and analysis, it was discovered that the fitting situation of the three kinetics models was in the order of EM > SM > IM, among which EM had the highest fitting degree of 99.7% for CH4 and 99.9% for CO2 with the lowest average relative error of 8.9% for CH4 and 8.7% for CO2. The over 30% of average relative error for CO2 in IM might exclude the possibility of the Langmuir–Hinshelwood water gas shift mechanism in the real steps of biogas methanation coupling with water gas shift over Re-promoted Ni catalysts.
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16
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Zhang J, Dasgupta A, Chen Z, Xu D, Savage PE, Guo Y. Supercritical water gasification of phenol over Ni-Ru bimetallic catalysts. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 152:12-20. [PMID: 30660094 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Incorporating Ru in a Ni catalyst for gasification of phenol in supercritical water at 450 °C and 30 min promoted formation of cyclohexanol via hydrogenation, which is a key step toward gasification. Both Ni and Ni-Ru catalysts were effective to reduce the formation of cyclohexanone and oligomerization products, compared with the case with no catalyst. H2 and CH4 yields increased as the Ru/Ni ratio increased, as did the carbon and hydrogen yields in the gas phase products. The Ni80Ru20/Al2O3 catalyst provided good gasification performance and it exhibits Ru (101), Ru (100) and Ni (111) facets and evidence of overlaid bimetallic particles. DFT calculations show that the presence of Ru (either as pure Ru or as a Ni-Ru alloy) reduces the energy barrier for phenol hydrogenation by close to 0.2 eV relative to pure Ni, and that the energy barrier is not as largely affected by the amount of Ru present, provided it is non-zero.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, PR China
| | - Anish Dasgupta
- Pennsylvania State University, Department of Chemical Engineering, University Park, PA, 16802, United States
| | - Zhifeng Chen
- Pennsylvania State University, Department of Chemical Engineering, University Park, PA, 16802, United States
| | - Donghai Xu
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, PR China
| | - Phillip E Savage
- Pennsylvania State University, Department of Chemical Engineering, University Park, PA, 16802, United States
| | - Yang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, PR China; Pennsylvania State University, Department of Chemical Engineering, University Park, PA, 16802, United States.
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