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Borrull E, Mestre M, Marrasé C, Gasol JM, Sala MM. Patterns of prokaryotic activity along the marine planktonic matter continuum. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:173921. [PMID: 38906291 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Prokaryotic abundance and activity are commonly assessed by dividing them into two size-fractions: free-living and attached to particles. Nevertheless, organic matter, essential for the growth of heterotrophic prokaryotes, is present in the environment in a continuum of sizes, from purely dissolved to large particles. Therefore, defining the activity of the prokaryotic community would be more accurate by considering all the distinct size fractions. To achieve this, we measured prokaryotic abundance (PA), heterotrophic prokaryotic activity (as leucine incorporation) and extracellular enzyme activities at a coastal site in the NW Mediterranean Sea. We conducted measurements in both bulk seawater and size fractionated samples sequentially passing through 5 different filter types: 0.2-0.8-3-5-10 μm pore size. Our results indicate that the fraction <0.8 μm contained the highest percentage of cells (91.6 ± 1.1 %) and leucine incorporation rates (72.2 ± 3.5 %). Most of the extracellular enzyme activity appeared in the dissolved fraction (<0.2 μm; 19.8-79.4 %), yet the specific activity of the enzymes (per cell activity) was 100-1000 times higher in the particulate (>0.8 μm) than in the free-living (0.2-0.8 μm) fraction. The size fraction with highest specific activities for leucine incorporation and most of the enzyme activities (β-glucosidase, esterase, Leu-aminopeptidase and alkaline phosphatase) was the 5-10 μm fraction. In contrast, the higher specific chitobiase activity in the >10 μm fraction, suggests that the prokaryotic community colonizing large particles might be more specialized in the hydrolysis of organic matter of zooplanktonic origin than the community colonizing smaller particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Encarna Borrull
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC. Pg Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, E08003 Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Mireia Mestre
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC. Pg Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, E08003 Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Cèlia Marrasé
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC. Pg Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, E08003 Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Josep M Gasol
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC. Pg Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, E08003 Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - M Montserrat Sala
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC. Pg Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, E08003 Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain.
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Ferrera I, Auladell A, Balagué V, Reñé A, Garcés E, Massana R, Gasol JM. Seasonal and interannual variability of the free-living and particle-associated bacteria of a coastal microbiome. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2024; 16:e13299. [PMID: 39081120 PMCID: PMC11289420 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
Marine microbial communities differ genetically, metabolically, and ecologically according to their lifestyle, and they may respond differently to environmental changes. In this study, we investigated the seasonal dynamics of bacterial assemblies in the free-living (FL) and particle-associated (PA) fractions across a span of 6 years in the Blanes Bay Microbial Observatory in the Northwestern Mediterranean. Both lifestyles showed marked seasonality. The trends in alpha diversity were similar, with lower values in spring-summer than in autumn-winter. Samples from both fractions were grouped seasonally and the percentage of community variability explained by the measured environmental variables was comparable (32% in FL and 31% in PA). Canonical analyses showed that biotic interactions were determinants of bacterioplankton dynamics and that their relevance varies depending on lifestyles. Time-decay curves confirmed a high degree of predictability in both fractions. Yet, 'seasonal' Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs) (as defined by Lomb Scargle time series analysis) in the PA communities represented 46% of the total relative abundance while these accounted for 30% in the FL fraction. These results demonstrate that bacteria inhabiting both fractions exhibit marked seasonality, highlighting the importance of accounting for both lifestyles to fully comprehend the dynamics of marine prokaryotic communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Ferrera
- Department of Marine Biology and OceanographyInstitut de Ciències del Mar (ICM‐CSIC)BarcelonaCataloniaSpain
- Centro Oceanográfico de Málaga, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO‐CSIC)MálagaSpain
| | - Adrià Auladell
- Department of Marine Biology and OceanographyInstitut de Ciències del Mar (ICM‐CSIC)BarcelonaCataloniaSpain
- Present address:
Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (IBE‐UPF‐CSIC)BarcelonaCataloniaSpain
| | - Vanessa Balagué
- Department of Marine Biology and OceanographyInstitut de Ciències del Mar (ICM‐CSIC)BarcelonaCataloniaSpain
| | - Albert Reñé
- Department of Marine Biology and OceanographyInstitut de Ciències del Mar (ICM‐CSIC)BarcelonaCataloniaSpain
| | - Esther Garcés
- Department of Marine Biology and OceanographyInstitut de Ciències del Mar (ICM‐CSIC)BarcelonaCataloniaSpain
| | - Ramon Massana
- Department of Marine Biology and OceanographyInstitut de Ciències del Mar (ICM‐CSIC)BarcelonaCataloniaSpain
| | - Josep M. Gasol
- Department of Marine Biology and OceanographyInstitut de Ciències del Mar (ICM‐CSIC)BarcelonaCataloniaSpain
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Guo S, Wu Y, Zhu M, Sun X. Concentrations of transparent exopolymer particles (TEPs) and their role in the carbon export in the South China Sea and western tropical North Pacific. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 179:105699. [PMID: 35839746 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The role of TEPs in the carbon cycle remains inadequately understood in oligotrophic tropical oceans. This study investigates TEP concentrations, distributions, sinking behavior and fluxes in the oligotrophic South China Sea (SCS) and western tropical North Pacific (WTNP). The results suggested that TEPs levels were relatively low [< 60 μg Xeq. L-1 (μg xanthan gum equivalent per liter)] in both regions, and they were higher in the epipelagic layer than in deeper layers. TEP concentrations correlated significantly positively with Chl a and picophytoplankton biomass, and TEP-associated carbon contributed significantly to particulate organic carbon (POC) pool in the SCS and WTNP. The sinking flux of TEPs constituted a mean of 61% of the total POC flux in the SCS and 46% in the WTNP, highlighting their important role in carbon export in these areas. Generally, this study should provide good insight into the role TEPs play in the carbon cycle in oligotrophic tropical oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujin Guo
- Jiaozhou Bay National Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, PR China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, PR China
| | - Ying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 201100, PR China
| | - Mingliang Zhu
- Jiaozhou Bay National Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, PR China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, PR China
| | - Xiaoxia Sun
- Jiaozhou Bay National Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, PR China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China.
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Malits A, Boras JA, Balagué V, Calvo E, Gasol JM, Marrasé C, Pelejero C, Pinhassi J, Sala MM, Vaqué D. Viral-Mediated Microbe Mortality Modulated by Ocean Acidification and Eutrophication: Consequences for the Carbon Fluxes Through the Microbial Food Web. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:635821. [PMID: 33935996 PMCID: PMC8079731 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.635821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic carbon emissions are causing changes in seawater carbonate chemistry including a decline in the pH of the oceans. While its aftermath for calcifying microbes has been widely studied, the effect of ocean acidification (OA) on marine viruses and their microbial hosts is controversial, and even more in combination with another anthropogenic stressor, i.e., human-induced nutrient loads. In this study, two mesocosm acidification experiments with Mediterranean waters from different seasons revealed distinct effects of OA on viruses and viral-mediated prokaryotic mortality depending on the trophic state and the successional stage of the plankton community. In the winter bloom situation, low fluorescence viruses, the most abundant virus-like particle (VLP) subpopulation comprising mostly bacteriophages, were negatively affected by lowered pH with nutrient addition, while the bacterial host abundance was stimulated. High fluorescence viruses, containing cyanophages, were stimulated by OA regardless of the nutrient conditions, while cyanobacteria of the genus Synechococcus were negatively affected by OA. Moreover, the abundance of very high fluorescence viruses infecting small haptophytes tended to be lower under acidification while their putative hosts' abundance was enhanced, suggesting a direct and negative effect of OA on viral-host interactions. In the oligotrophic summer situation, we found a stimulating effect of OA on total viral abundance and the viral populations, suggesting a cascading effect of the elevated pCO2 stimulating autotrophic and heterotrophic production. In winter, viral lysis accounted for 30 ± 16% of the loss of bacterial standing stock per day (VMMBSS) under increased pCO2 compared to 53 ± 35% in the control treatments, without effects of nutrient additions while in summer, OA had no significant effects on VMMBSS (35 ± 20% and 38 ± 5% per day in the OA and control treatments, respectively). We found that phage production and resulting organic carbon release rates significantly reduced under OA in the nutrient replete winter situation, but it was also observed that high nutrient loads lowered the negative effect of OA on viral lysis, suggesting an antagonistic interplay between these two major global ocean stressors in the Anthropocene. In summer, however, viral-mediated carbon release rates were lower and not affected by lowered pH. Eutrophication consistently stimulated viral production regardless of the season or initial conditions. Given the relevant role of viruses for marine carbon cycling and the biological carbon pump, these two anthropogenic stressors may modulate carbon fluxes through their effect on viruses at the base of the pelagic food web in a future global change scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Malits
- Biological Oceanography Laboratory, Austral Center for Scientific Research (CONICET), Ushuaia, Argentina
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julia A. Boras
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vanessa Balagué
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Calvo
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep M. Gasol
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Marine Ecosystems Research, School of Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Cèlia Marrasé
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Pelejero
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jarone Pinhassi
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Maria Montserrat Sala
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolors Vaqué
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
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Ortega-Retuerta E, Devresse Q, Caparros J, Marie B, Crispi O, Catala P, Joux F, Obernosterer I. Dissolved organic matter released by two marine heterotrophic bacterial strains and its bioavailability for natural prokaryotic communities. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:1363-1378. [PMID: 33185969 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Marine heterotrophic prokaryotes (HP) play a key role in organic matter processing in the ocean; however, the view of HP as dissolved organic matter (DOM) sources remains underexplored. In this study, we quantified and optically characterized the DOM produced by two single marine bacterial strains. We then tested the availability of these DOM sources to in situ Mediterranean Sea HP communities. Two bacterial strains were used: Photobacterium angustum (a copiotrophic gammaproteobacterium) and Sphingopyxis alaskensis (an oligotrophic alphaproteobacterium). When cultivated on glucose as the sole carbon source, the two strains released from 7% to 23% of initial glucose as bacterial derived DOM (B-DOM), the quality of which (as enrichment in humic or protein-like substances) differed between strains. B-DOM induced significant growth and carbon consumption of natural HP communities, suggesting that it was partly labile. However, B-DOM consistently promoted lower prokaryotic growth efficiencies than in situ DOM. In addition, B-DOM changed HP exoenzymatic activities, enhancing aminopeptidase activity when degrading P. angustum DOM, and alkaline phosphatase activity when using S. alaskensis DOM, and promoted differences in HP diversity and composition. DOM produced by HP affects in situ prokaryotic metabolism and diversity, thus changing the pathways for DOM cycling (e.g. respiration over biomass production) in the ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ortega-Retuerta
- CNRS/Sorbonne Université, UMR7621 Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne, Banyuls sur Mer, France
| | - Quentin Devresse
- CNRS/Sorbonne Université, UMR7621 Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne, Banyuls sur Mer, France.,Geomar Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany
| | - Jocelyne Caparros
- CNRS/Sorbonne Université, UMR7621 Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne, Banyuls sur Mer, France
| | - Barbara Marie
- CNRS/Sorbonne Université, UMR7621 Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne, Banyuls sur Mer, France
| | - Olivier Crispi
- CNRS/Sorbonne Université, UMR7621 Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne, Banyuls sur Mer, France
| | - Philippe Catala
- CNRS/Sorbonne Université, UMR7621 Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne, Banyuls sur Mer, France
| | - Fabien Joux
- CNRS/Sorbonne Université, UMR7621 Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne, Banyuls sur Mer, France
| | - Ingrid Obernosterer
- CNRS/Sorbonne Université, UMR7621 Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne, Banyuls sur Mer, France
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von Jackowski A, Grosse J, Nöthig EM, Engel A. Dynamics of organic matter and bacterial activity in the Fram Strait during summer and autumn. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2020; 378:20190366. [PMID: 32862814 PMCID: PMC7481659 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2019.0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The Arctic Ocean is considerably affected by the consequences of global warming, including more extreme seasonal fluctuations in the physical environment. So far, little is known about seasonality in Arctic marine ecosystems in particular microbial dynamics and cycling of organic matter. The limited characterization can be partially attributed to logistic difficulties of sampling in the Arctic Ocean beyond the summer season. Here, we investigated the distribution and composition of dissolved organic matter (DOM), gel particles and heterotrophic bacterial activity in the Fram Strait during summer and autumn. Our results revealed that phytoplankton biomass influenced the concentration and composition of semi-labile dissolved organic carbon (DOC), which strongly decreased from summer to autumn. The seasonal decrease in bioavailability of DOM appeared to be the dominant control on bacterial abundance and activity, while no temperature effect was determined. Additionally, there were clear differences in transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) and Coomassie Blue stainable particles (CSP) dynamics. The amount of TEP and CSP decreased from summer to autumn, but CSP was relatively enriched in both seasons. Our study therewith indicates clear seasonal differences in the microbial cycling of organic matter in the Fram Strait. Our data may help to establish baseline knowledge about seasonal changes in microbial ecosystem dynamics to better assess the impact of environmental change in the warming Arctic Ocean. This article is part of the theme issue 'The changing Arctic Ocean: consequences for biological communities, biogeochemical processes and ecosystem functioning'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Grosse
- GEOMAR Helmholz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Nöthig
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Anja Engel
- GEOMAR Helmholz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Mestre M, Höfer J, Sala MM, Gasol JM. Seasonal Variation of Bacterial Diversity Along the Marine Particulate Matter Continuum. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1590. [PMID: 32793139 PMCID: PMC7385255 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal dynamics of ocean prokaryotic communities in the free-living fraction have been widely described, but less is known about the seasonality of prokaryotes inhabiting marine particles. We describe the seasonality of bacterial communities in the particulate matter continuum by sampling monthly over two years in a temperate oligotrophic coastal ecosystem and using a serial filtration (including six size-fractions spanning from 0.2 to 200 μm). We observed that bacterial communities in the particulate matter continuum had annual changes following harmonic seasonal oscillations, where alpha, beta, and gamma diversity increased during the warm period and decreased during the cold period. Communities in each size-fraction changed gradually over time, being the communities in larger size-fractions the ones with stronger annual changes. Annual community changes were driven mainly by day length and sea surface temperature, and each size-fraction was additionally affected by other variables (e.g., smaller size-fractions by dissolved PO4 and larger size-fractions by turbidity). While some taxonomic groups mantained their preference for a given size fraction during most of the year, others varied their distribution into different size fractions over time, as e.g., SAR11, which increased its presence in particles during the cold period. Our results indicate that the size-fractionation scheme provides novel seasonal patterns that are not possible to unveil by analyzing only free-living bacteria, and that help to better understand the temporal dynamics of prokaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Mestre
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Sur-Austral, Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Centro FONDAP de Investigación en Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Juan Höfer
- Escuela de Ciencias del Mar, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - M Montserrat Sala
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep M Gasol
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,Centre for Marine Ecosystem Research, School of Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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Transparent Exopolymer Particle (TEPs) Dynamics and Contribution to Particulate Organic Carbon (POC) in Jaran Bay, Korea. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12041057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Transparent exopolymer particles (TEPs) are defined as acidic polysaccharide particles and they are influenced by various biotic and abiotic processes that play significant roles in marine biogeochemical cycles. However, little information on their monthly variation, relationship and contribution to particulate organic carbon (POC) is currently available particularly in coastal regions. In this study, the water samples were collected monthly to determine TEP concentrations and POC concentrations in a southern coastal region of Korea, Jaran Bay from April 2016 to March 2017. The TEP concentrations varied from 26.5 to 1695.4 μg Xeq L−1 (mean ± standard deviation (S.D.) = 215.9 ± 172.2 μg Xeq L−1) and POC concentrations ranged from 109.9 to 1201.9 μg L−1 (mean ± S.D. = 399.1 ± 186.5 μg L−1) during our observation period. Based on the 13C stable isotope tracer technique, monthly carbon uptake rates of phytoplankton ranged from 3.0 to 274.1 mg C m−2 h−1 (mean ± S.D. = 34.5 ± 45.2 mg C m−2 h−1). The cross-correlation analysis showed a lag-time of 2 months between chlorophyll a and TEP concentrations (r = 0.86, p < 0.01; Pearson’s correlation coefficient). In addition, we observed a 2 month lag-phased correlation between TEP concentrations and primary production (r = 0.73, p < 0.05; Pearson’s correlation coefficient). In Jaran Bay, the TEP contribution was as high as 78.0% of the POC when the TEP-C content was high and declined to 2.4% of the POC when it was low. These results showed that TEP-C could be a significant contributor to the POC pool in Jaran Bay.
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