U.S. nationwide reconnaissance of ten infrequently monitored antibiotics in municipal biosolids

Comprehensive tetracycline, ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole toxicity evaluation to earthworm Dendrobaena veneta through life-cycle, behavioral and biochemical parameters

Veterinary antibiotics are widely spread in the environment, however, the knowledge about their impact on soil key species is still limited. This study evaluated the short-term and long-term effects of tetracycline (TC), ciprofloxacin (CIP) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) (1-500 mg kg) on earthworm Dendrobaena veneta by measuring multiple parameters (survival, growth, reproduction, behavior and biochemical responses). Neither antibiotic induced acute toxicity and low mortality was observed after chronic exposure. TC and CIP had a negligible effect on the earthworm's weight from the 6th week of exposure, SMX inhibited the earthworm growth when was present in the range of 50-500 mg kg-1. In parallel, SMX reduced earthworm reproduction at environmentally relevant concentrations. Antibiotics altered superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) and gluthathione-S-transferase (GST) activities and induced lipid peroxidation. Overall, earthworms showed no apparent acute response at environmentally relevant concentrations except for avoidance behavior; after long-term exposure earthworms experienced biochemical, physiological, and reproductive impairments and reduced survival at high soil contamination.

Diversity of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes expressed in Class A biosolids and biosolids-amended soil as revealed by metatranscriptomic analysis

Class A biosolids is a treated sewage sludge, commonly applied to agricultural fields, home lawns/gardens, golf courses, forests, and remediation sites around the world. This practice is of public and agricultural concern due to the possibility that biosolids contain antibiotic-resistant bacteria and fungal pathogens that could persist for extended periods in soil. This possibility was determined by metatranscriptomic analysis of virulence, antibiotic resistance, and plasmid conjugation genes, a Class A biosolids, organically managed soil, and biosolids-amended soil under realistic conditions. Biosolids harbored numerous transcriptionally active pathogens, antibiotic resistance genes, and conjugative genes that annotated mostly to Gram-positive pathogens of animal hosts. Biosolids amendment to soil significantly increased the expression of virulence genes by numerous pathogens and antibiotic-resistant genes that were strongly associated with biosolids. Biosolids amendment also significantly increased the expression of virulence genes by native soil fungal pathogens of plant hosts, which suggests higher risks of crop damage by soil fungal pathogens in biosolids-amended soil. Although results are likely to be different in other soils, biosolids, and microbial growth conditions, they provide a more holistic, accurate view of potential health risks associated with biosolids and biosolids-amended soils than has been achievable with more selective cultivation and PCR-based techniques.

Cometabolic biodegradation of antibiotics by ammonia oxidizing microorganisms during wastewater treatment processes

Studies on antibiotic removal during wastewater treatment processes are crucial since their release into the environment could bring potential threats to human health and ecosystem. Cometabolic biodegradation of antibiotics by ammonia oxidizing microorganisms (AOMs) has received special attentions due to the enhanced removal of antibiotics during nitrification processes. However, the interactions between antibiotics and AOMs are less well-elucidated. In this review, the recent research proceedings on cometabolic biodegradation of antibiotics by AOMs were summarized. Ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB), ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA) and complete ammonia oxidizers (comammox) played significant roles in both nitrification and cometabolic biodegradation of antibiotics. Antibiotics at varying concentrations might pose inhibiting or stimulating effect on AOMs, influencing the microbial activity, community abundance and ammonia monooxygenase subunit A gene expression level. AOMs-induced cometabolic biodegradation products were analyzed as well as the corresponding pathways for each type of antibiotics. The effects of ammonium availability, initial antibiotic concentration, sludge retention time and temperature were assessed on the cometabolic biodegradation efficiencies of antibiotics. This work might provide further insights into the fate and removal of antibiotics during nitrification processes.

Effects of three antibiotics on growth and antioxidant response of Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Anabaena cylindrica

Antibiotics are essential for treatments of bacterial infection and play important roles in the fields of aquaculture and animal husbandry. Antibiotics are accumulated in water and soil due to the excessive consumption and incomplete treatment of antibiotic wastewater. The accumulation of antibiotics in ecological systems leads to global environmental risks. The toxic effects of spiramycin (SPI), tigecycline (TGC), and amoxicillin (AMX) on Chlorella pyrenoidesa and Anabaena cylindrica were evaluated based on growth inhibition experiments, and determinations of ROS production and antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde). Half maximal effective concentrations (EC50) of TGC, SPI, and AMX for A. cylindrica were 62.52 μg/L, 38.40 μg/L, and 7.66 mg/L, respectively. Those were 6.20 mg/L, 4.58 mg/L, and > 2 g/L for C. pyrenoidesa, respectively. It was shown that A. cylindrica was much more sensitive to these antibiotics than C. pyrenoidesa. In addition, EC50 values of SPI and TGC were lower than that of AMX. It was indicated that SPI and TGC had higher toxic than AMX to C. pyrenoidesa and A. cylindrica. The current study is helpful to evaluating possible ecological risks of TGC, SPI, and AMX by green microalgae and cyanobacteria.

An Evidence Synthesis of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) in the Environment: Imbalances among Compounds, Sewage Treatment Techniques, and Ecosystem Types

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) garner increasing attention globally for both their usefulness as indicators of human waste and their potency as emerging organic toxicants. Three decades of rapid increase in PPCP study combined with an increasing number of PPCPs on the global market have created an opportunity (1) to review trends in diversity of compounds, sewage treatment techniques (STTs), and ecosystems investigated as well as (2) to identify knowledge gaps in the literature. We conducted a quantitative evidence synthesis of 6517 abstracts from primary articles in the environmental PPCP literature by examining relative abundance of specific PPCP classes, STTs, and ecosystem types. Our results demonstrate that non-prescription drugs and antibiotics dominated PPCP abstracts, appearing in 51% and 39% of reviewed abstracts, respectively, in comparison to hormones (18%), prescription drugs (18%), fragrances (0.3%), and antioxidants (0.0%), which can all elicit physiological and ecological responses even at low concentrations. References to centralized STTs (e.g., activated sludge, 37%) were more frequent than decentralized STTs (e.g., septic, 2%), despite decentralized STTs being common and frequently high impact sources of sewage pollution worldwide. Freshwater lotic systems (63%) were more prevalent than freshwater lentic (24%) and terrestrial (20%) systems. This discrepancy is notable because the longer residence times of lentic and terrestrial systems may enable PPCPs to concentrate and thus increase risk of biological consequences. These results highlight distinct opportunities to address knowledge gaps in the environmental PPCP literature, including underrepresented compounds (e.g., fragrances), sewage treatment techniques (e.g., septic systems), and ecosystem types (e.g., lakes).

Health effects associated with wastewater treatment, reuse, and disposal

This paper highlights the review of scientific literature published in the year 2018 on issues related to health risks associated with human and the general environment on the reuse of wastewater, treatment as well as disposal. The literature review on the above issues divided into number of sections, and these sections include management of wastewater, wastewater reuse with focus on microbial hazards, and chemical hazards. Further, the review also provides some recent research related to wastewater treatment plants, disposal of wastewater, sludge, and biosolids management. PRACTITIONER POINTS: This paper highlights the review of scientific literature published in the year 2018. Review provide issues related to health risks associated with human and the general environment on the reuse of wastewater, treatment as well as disposal. Literature review covers selected papers relevant to the topic.

Biosolids and sludge management

The advancements in the field of sludge and biosolids have been made over the past year. This review outlines the major contributions of researchers that have been published in peer-reviewed journals and conference proceedings throughout 2018. The review is organized in sections including regulatory developments and market analysis; analysis and quantification of characteristics including microconstituents and metals; treatment advances for the conversion of sludge to biosolids including pretreatment and sludge minimization, conditioning and dewatering, digestion, composting, and innovative technologies; product development and reuse including adsorbents and thermal products, agricultural and other uses, and innovative uses; odor and air emissions; and energy factors. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Summary of advances in the field of residuals and biosolids research in 2018. This review outlines the major contributions of researchers that have been published in peer-reviewed journals and conference proceedings. Topics covered range from regulation to innovation.

Insights into the Fate and Removal of Antibiotics in Engineered Biological Treatment Systems: A Critical Review

Antibiotics, the most frequently prescribed drugs of modern medicine, are extensively used for both human and veterinary applications. Antibiotics from different wastewater sources (e.g., municipal, hospitals, animal production, and pharmaceutical industries) ultimately are discharged into wastewater treatment plants. Sorption and biodegradation are the two major removal pathways of antibiotics during biological wastewater treatment processes. This review provides the fundamental insights into sorption mechanisms and biodegradation pathways of different classes of antibiotics with diverse physical-chemical attributes. Important factors affecting sorption and biodegradation behavior of antibiotics are also highlighted. Furthermore, this review also sheds light on the critical role of extracellular polymeric substances on antibiotics adsorption and their removal in engineered biological wastewater treatment systems. Despite major advancements, engineered biological wastewater treatment systems are only moderately effective (48-77%) in the removal of antibiotics. In this review, we systematically summarize the behavior and removal of different antibiotics in various biological treatment systems with discussion on their removal efficiency, removal mechanisms, critical bioreactor operating conditions affecting antibiotics removal, and recent innovative advancements. Besides, relevant background information including antibiotics classification, physical-chemical properties, and their occurrence in the environment from different sources is also briefly covered. This review aims to advance our understanding of the fate of various classes of antibiotics in engineered biological wastewater treatment systems and outlines future research directions.

The impact of municipal sewage sludge stabilization processes on the abundance, field persistence, and transmission of antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes to vegetables at harvest

Biosolids were obtained from four Ontario municipalities that vary in how the sewage sludge is treated. These included a Class B biosolids that was anaerobically digested, a Class A biosolids that were heat treated and pelletized (Propell), and two Class A biosolids that were stabilized using either the N-Viro (N-Rich) or Lystek (LysteGro) processes. Viable enteric indicator or pathogenic bacteria in the biosolids were enumerated by plate count, gene targets associated with antibiotic resistance or horizontal gene transfer were detected by PCR, and a subset of these gene targets were quantified by qPCR. Following application at commercial rates to field plots, the persistence of enteric bacteria and gene targets in soil was followed during the growing season. Carrots, radishes and lettuce were sown into the amended and unamended control plots, and the diversity and abundance of gene targets they carried at harvest determined. All three Class A biosolids carried fewer and less abundant antibiotic resistance genes than did the Class B biosolids, in particular the very alkaline N-Viro product (N-Rich). Following application, some gene targets (e.g. int1, sul1, strA/B, aadA) that are typically associated with mobile gene cassettes remained detectable throughout the growing season, whereas others (e.g. ermB, ermF, bla_OXA20) that are not associated with cassettes became undetectable within three weeks or less. At harvest a larger number of gene targets were detected on the carrots and radishes than in the lettuce. Overall, land application of Class A biosolids will entrain fewer viable bacteria and genes associated with antibiotic resistance into crop ground than will amendment with Class B biosolids.

Synthesis and application of Bi2WO6for the photocatalytic degradation of two typical fluoroquinolones under visible light irradiation

Bismuth tungstate was successfully synthesized in a shorter duration by a method combining ultrasonic solvothermal treatment and high-temperature calcination.