1
|
Yu Q, Wang W, Chang J, Li H, Zhang Z, Ke P, Duan L, Zhang L, Zhao Y. Surface-air exchanges of H 2S and SO 2 in an urban wetland in eastern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175701. [PMID: 39179037 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
Wetlands are widely recognized as hot spots for the emission or deposition of biogenic sulfur gases, including hydrogen sulfur (H2S) and sulfur dioxide (SO2), which significantly affect air quality and climate change. With the expansion of urban wetlands, it is critical to know the roles that urban wetlands played in atmospheric H2S and SO2 budget. In this study, the surface-air exchange fluxes of H2S and SO2 were measured by the Dynamic Flux Chamber (DFC) method in a typical urban wetland in eastern China from Sep 2022 to July 2023. It was found that the urban wetland did not have the expected high H2S emission, might be caused by the relatively high pH value and low sulfate concentration in the soil. Although H2S showed emission in the daytime of spring and summer, an overall H2S flux of -0.04 kg S ha-1 yr-1 was observed throughout the year. Meanwhile, the urban wetland presented a net sink of SO2, with a deposition flux of 0.14 kg S ha-1 yr-1. The negative peaks of SO2 flux corresponded to the suddenly elevated SO2 concentration in the ambient air especially in spring and winter. Through linear fitting of SO2 flux and concentration, the concept of SO2 "compensation point" was proposed. The compensation point is the concentration level at which the observed SO2 flux equals zero. The "compensation point" changed with the season and was related to temperature and humidity. The "compensation point" in summer and autumn were larger, being 2.37 ppb and 1.40 ppb, respectively, while they were 1.07 ppb and 0.86 ppb in spring and winter respectively. Our results suggest that the urban wetland expansion may have little risk of increasing air H2S but could act as a significant sink of SO2 with high SO2 concentration in the urban region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse and School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse and School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiale Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse and School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Han Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse and School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zimeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse and School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Piaopiao Ke
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR) / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Lei Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse and School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse and School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lacroix EM, Aeppli M, Boye K, Brodie E, Fendorf S, Keiluweit M, Naughton HR, Noël V, Sihi D. Consider the Anoxic Microsite: Acknowledging and Appreciating Spatiotemporal Redox Heterogeneity in Soils and Sediments. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2023; 7:1592-1609. [PMID: 37753209 PMCID: PMC10519444 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.3c00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions underlie essentially all biogeochemical cycles. Like most soil properties and processes, redox is spatiotemporally heterogeneous. However, unlike other soil features, redox heterogeneity has yet to be incorporated into mainstream conceptualizations of soil biogeochemistry. Anoxic microsites, the defining feature of redox heterogeneity in bulk oxic soils and sediments, are zones of oxygen depletion in otherwise oxic environments. In this review, we suggest that anoxic microsites represent a critical component of soil function and that appreciating anoxic microsites promises to advance our understanding of soil and sediment biogeochemistry. In sections 1 and 2, we define anoxic microsites and highlight their dynamic properties, specifically anoxic microsite distribution, redox gradient magnitude, and temporality. In section 3, we describe the influence of anoxic microsites on several key elemental cycles, organic carbon, nitrogen, iron, manganese, and sulfur. In section 4, we evaluate methods for identifying and characterizing anoxic microsites, and in section 5, we highlight past and current approaches to modeling anoxic microsites. Finally, in section 6, we suggest steps for incorporating anoxic microsites and redox heterogeneities more broadly into our understanding of soils and sediments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily M. Lacroix
- Institut
des Dynamiques de la Surface Terrestre (IDYST), Université de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department
of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Meret Aeppli
- Institut
d’ingénierie de l’environnement (IIE), École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Boye
- Environmental
Geochemistry Group, SLAC National Accelerator
Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Eoin Brodie
- Lawrence
Berkeley Laboratory, Earth and Environmental
Sciences Area, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Scott Fendorf
- Department
of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Marco Keiluweit
- Institut
des Dynamiques de la Surface Terrestre (IDYST), Université de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hannah R. Naughton
- Lawrence
Berkeley Laboratory, Earth and Environmental
Sciences Area, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Vincent Noël
- Environmental
Geochemistry Group, SLAC National Accelerator
Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Debjani Sihi
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dong Y, Yang JL, Zhao XR, Yang SH, Mulder J, Dörsch P, Peng XH, Zhang GL. Soil acidification and loss of base cations in a subtropical agricultural watershed. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 827:154338. [PMID: 35257752 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Soil acidification along with base cations loss degrades soil quality and is a major environmental problem, especially in agroecosystems with extensive nitrogen (N) fertilization. So far, the rates of proton (H+) production and real soil acidification (loss of base cations) remain unclear in subtropical agricultural watersheds. To assess the current status and future risk of soil acidification in subtropical red soil region of China, a two-year monitoring was conducted in a typical agricultural watershed with upland, paddy fields, and orchards where high N fertilizers are applied (320 kg N ha-1 yr-1). H+ production, neutralization and base cations losses were quantified based on the inputs (rainwater, inflow of water, and fertilizer) and outputs (outflow of water, groundwater drainage, and plant uptake) of major elements (K+, Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+, Al3+, NH4+, NO3-, SO42-, Cl-, and H+). The result showed that total H+ production in the watershed was 5152 molc ha-1 yr-1. N transformation was the most important H+ source (68%), followed by excess plant uptake of cations (25%) and H+ deposition (7%). Base cations exchange and weathering of minerals (3842 molc ha-1 yr-1) dominated H+ neutralization, followed by SO42- adsorption (1081 molc ha-1 yr-1), while H+ and Al3+ leaching amounted to 431 molc ha-1 yr-1, only. These results state clearly that despite significant soil acidification, the acidification of surface waters is minor, implying that soils have buffered substantially the net H+ addition. As a result of soil buffering, there was abundant loss of base cations, whose rate is significantly higher than the previously reported weathering rate of minerals in red soils (3842 vs 230-1080 molc ha-1 yr-1). This suggests that the pool of exchangeable base cations is being depleted in the watershed, increasing the vulnerability of the watershed, and posing a serious threat to future recovery of soils from acidification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China,; Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, As N-1432, Norway
| | - Jin-Ling Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Xiao-Rui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Shun-Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Jan Mulder
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, As N-1432, Norway
| | - Peter Dörsch
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, As N-1432, Norway
| | - Xin-Hua Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Gan-Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China,; Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Meng T, Wei Q, Yang Y, Cai Z. The influences of soil sulfate content on the transformations of nitrate and sulfate during the reductive soil disinfestation (RSD) process. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 818:151766. [PMID: 34801506 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The transformations and products of sulfate (SO42-) and nitrate (NO3-), especially the influences of SO42- content on the transformations during RSD process, are unclear. In this study, a series of soil SO42- contents (from 333 to 3000 mg S kg-1) were prepared before RSD treatment. The results indicated that nearly all the cumulative NO3- (>98.6%) was removed and not affected by the soil SO42- content. The 15N recovery results showed that 0.57-1.24% and 2.94-4.59% of NO3- translated into ammonium (NH4+) and organic N, respectively, and high SO42- contents stimulated the processes of NO3- dissimilatory reduction and NO3- immobilization. The soluble SO42- contents decreased by 397-922 mg S kg-1, but the contents of total sulfur, sulfide, and sulfate precipitation varied slightly after RSD, indicating that the decreased SO42- was mainly immobilized into organic sulfur in all soils. In addition, a fraction of decreased SO42- was adsorbed to the soil with a relatively high SO42- content. The leaching of SO42- was high (42.9-602 mg S kg-1) during the RSD process, and the leaching amounts increased with increasing soil SO42- content. In terms of the gases emitted from the transformations of NO3- and SO42-, the cumulative emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) and six sulfurous gases (hydrogen sulfide, carbonyl sulfide, carbon disulfide, methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, and dimethyl disulfide) were in the ranges of 17.1-21.2 mg N kg-1 and 7.78-23.5 μg S kg-1, respectively, during the whole RSD process. The emissions of sulfurous gases were inhibited by high soil SO42- content, but the N2O emissions were unaffected. In conclusion, the soil SO42- content influenced the transformations of NO3- and SO42- during RSD process, and the SO42- leaching and N2O emissions might threaten the environment which should be concerned.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhu Meng
- College of Agriculture Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211106, China.
| | - Qi Wei
- College of Agriculture Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211106, China
| | - Yanju Yang
- School of Geography Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zucong Cai
- School of Geography Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Zhongke Clean Soil (Guangzhou) Technology Service Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ke P, Yu Q, Ge X, Wu W, Kang R, Zhao B, Duan L. Fluxes of H 2S and SO 2 above a subtropical forest under natural and disturbed conditions induced by temporal land-use change. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 811:152084. [PMID: 34906575 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is one of predominant biogenic sulfur gases, influencing aerosol formation and climate change. There is considerable uncertainty of the global budget of H2S due to limited field data, especially in subtropical forests. In addition, an interaction between soil-emitted H2S and ambient sulfur dioxide (SO2) might exist within forest ecosystems. In this study, the aerodynamic gradient method was applied to consecutively measure H2S and SO2 fluxes above a subtropical forest canopy in Southwest China under natural and disturbed conditions induced by temporal land-use changes. The average H2S concentration and flux under natural conditions were 0.79 ± 0.07 ppbv and 0.04 ± 0.01 g S m-2 yr-1, respectively. The emission was larger than that in most croplands and freshwater wetlands. Vegetation emissions might account for about 26% of the total forest H2S emissions at this site. The deposition of SO2 was likely balanced by H2S oxidization under the forest canopy, with the mean concentration and net flux as 1.23 ± 0.11 ppbv and -0.03 ± 0.10 g S m-2 yr-1, respectively. Under disturbed conditions with soils excavation and scattering on the forest floor, simultaneously high emissions of H2S and SO2 were observed above the canopy, reaching 5.78 ± 0.16 and 1.60 ± 0.87 g S m-2 yr-1, respectively. This suggested that land-use change in subtropical forests might lead to release of legacy S in subsoils to the atmosphere in the form of H2S and SO2. Regarding the widely documented large S accumulation and expanding deforestation across subtropical forests, potentially high emissions of H2S and SO2 from subtropical forests should be carefully considered in regional air quality control and forest management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piaopiao Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Xiaodong Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenzhao Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Ronghua Kang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lei Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen D, Wang X, Wang X, Feng K, Su J, Dong J. The mechanism of cadmium sorption by sulphur-modified wheat straw biochar and its application cadmium-contaminated soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 714:136550. [PMID: 31981865 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) pollution in soils has received considerable research attention globally, and sulphur-modified biochar (SBC) could combine the advantages of biochar and the sulphur element for Cd remediation. Biochar from agricultural waste is feasible, which has a low preparation cost. However, there are few studies regarding the effects of the sulphur modification of biochar on the Cd immobilization mechanism. This study aimed to research the Cd immobilization mechanism of pristine wheat straw biochar (BC) and sulphur-modified biochar (SBC), and the Cd immobilization effects of BC and SBC in Cd-contaminated soils. Elemental and SEM analysis confirmed that sulphur was successfully loaded on the pristine biochar. XPS analysis confirmed that there was a considerable discrepancy between adsorption mechanisms of Cd on BC and SBC. In particular, cadmium sorption on BC was due to Cd(OH)2 and CdCO3 precipitation formation and interaction with carbonyl and carboxyl groups, whereas on SBC, sorption was mainly due to CdS and CdHS+ formation and interaction with organic sulphide. In the incubation experiment, SBC and BC additions increased pH value and also reduced the available Cd concentrations in the soil. Compared with the control, the contents of available Cd in soil were significantly decreased by 15.86% ~ 22.10% and 22.72% ~ 27.90%, following treatments with BC and SBC, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dun Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Xiaobing Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing 210095, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Ke Feng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jincheng Su
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Junneng Dong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| |
Collapse
|