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Tian F, Lu J, Qiao C, Wang C, Pang T, Guo L, Li J, Pang R, Xie H. Effects of storage and processing on the residual distribution and behavior of five preservatives and their metabolites in pomegranate. Food Chem 2024; 455:139905. [PMID: 38833870 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Pomegranate are often treated with preservatives during storage. This study investigated the effects of storage and food processing on the residual behavior of the five commonly used preservatives (prochloraz, thiophanate-methyl, pyrimethanil, imazalil, and difenoconazole) and their metabolites in pomegranate and its products. The LOQs for all target compounds were 0.001 mg kg-1. The residue levels of five preservatives in the calyx was highest, followed by the peel, stalk, septum, umbilicus, and seed. For the migration ability, the five preservatives from pomegranate peel to seed was negatively correlated with their octanol/water partition coefficients. The processing factors of each procedures of juice, wine, vinegar, and pectin processing were <1. Nevertheless, the PF values in drying peel during the overall process ranged from 1.26 to 4.09. Hence, it is worth noting that consumption of pomegranate essential oil and drying peel may pose a potential risk to the health of consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fajun Tian
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; Zhongyuan Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453514, China.
| | - Junfeng Lu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Chengkui Qiao
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; Zhongyuan Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453514, China
| | - Caixia Wang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Tao Pang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Linlin Guo
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; Zhongyuan Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453514, China
| | - Jun Li
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Rongli Pang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; Zhongyuan Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453514, China
| | - Hanzhong Xie
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China.
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Yang SH, Choi H. Insecticides chlorantraniliprole and flubendiamide in Aster scaber: Dissipation kinetics, processing effects, and risk assessment. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33216. [PMID: 39022020 PMCID: PMC11252733 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The residue characteristics, processing effects of washing and drying, and dietary risks of chlorantraniliprole (CAP) and flubendiamide (FBD) to Koreans were investigated using Aster scaber in a greenhouse. Following foliar application, the initial FBD residues were 3-10 times higher than those of CAP. However, the biological half-lives were similar at 6.0-8.3 and 6.8-9.9 days for CAP and FBD, respectively. The pre-harvest residue limits (PHRLs) 7 days before harvest, derived from the dissipation rates and maximum residue limits, were 12.2 and 33.2 mg/kg for CAP and FBD, respectively. For the removal of CAP and FBD from A. scaber, washing with a neutral detergent was more effective than running under or dipping in tap water (86.5 % and 66.2 %, respectively). Processing factors in fields I and II were 2.6 and 5.1 for CAP and 2.0 and 5.7 for FBD, respectively. Drying removal efficiencies in fields I and II averaged 46.4 % and 52.3 % for CAP and 48.4 % and 49.2 % for FBD, respectively. Chronic health risk assessments indicated that dietary exposure to CAP and FBD is acceptable for Korean health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hyun Yang
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan, 54538, Republic of Korea
- Healthcare Advanced Chemical Research Institute, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Center, Hwasun, 58141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Choi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan, 54538, Republic of Korea
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Gong C, Chen S, Tang Y, Chen H, Xie J, Lv Y, Shen Z, Zhu Y, Wang S, Ge RS, Zhao J. Effects of organochlorine pesticides on human and rat 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 activity: Structure-activity relationship and in silico docking analysis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 240:106510. [PMID: 38508472 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2024.106510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the effect of 11 organochlorine pesticides on human and rat 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (17β-HSD1) in human placental and rat ovarian microsome and on estradiol production in BeWo cells. The results showed that the IC50 values for endosulfan, fenhexamid, chlordecone, and rhothane on human 17β-HSD1 were 21.37, 73.25, 92.80, and 117.69 μM. Kinetic analysis revealed that endosulfan acts as a competitive inhibitor, fenhexamid as a mixed/competitive inhibitor, chlordecone and rhothane as a mixed/uncompetitive inhibitor. In BeWo cells, all insecticides except endosulfan significantly decreased estradiol production at 100 μM. For rats, the IC50 values for dimethomorph, fenhexamid, and chlordecone were 11.98, 36.92, and 109.14 μM. Dimethomorph acts as a mixed inhibitor, while fenhexamid acts as a mixed/competitive inhibitor. Docking analysis revealed that endosulfan and fenhexamid bind to the steroid-binding site of human 17β-HSD1. On the other hand, chlordecone and rhothane binds to a different site other than the steroid and NADPH-binding site. Dimethomorph binds to the steroid/NADPH binding site, and fenhexamid binds to the steroid binding site of rat 17β-HSD1. Bivariate correlation analysis showed a positive correlation between IC50 values and LogP for human 17β-HSD1, while a slight negative correlation was observed between IC50 values and the number of HBA. ADMET analysis provided insights into the toxicokinetics and toxicity of organochlorine pesticides. In conclusion, this study identified the inhibitory effects of 3-4 organochlorine pesticides and binding mechanisms on human and rat 17β-HSD1, as well as their impact on hormone production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaochao Gong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Sailing Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yunbing Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Huiqian Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Jianghuan Xie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yanning Lv
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Zhefan Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yang Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Shaowei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Male Health and Environment of Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325000, China.
| | - Junzhao Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
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Tao H, Fang C, Xiao Y, Jin Y. The toxicity and health risk of chlorothalonil to non-target animals and humans: A systematic review. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:142241. [PMID: 38705408 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Chlorothalonil (CTL), an organochloride fungicide applied for decades worldwide, has been found to be present in various matrixes and even accumulates in humans or other mammals through the food chain. Its high residue and diffusion in the environment have severely affected food security and public health. More and more research has considered CTL as a possible toxin to environmental non-target organisms, via influencing multiple systems such as metabolic, developmental, endocrine, genetic, and reproductive pathways. Aquatic organisms and amphibians are the most vulnerable species to CTL exposure, especially during the early period of development. Under experimental conditions, CTL can also have toxic effects on rodents and other non-target organisms. As for humans, CTL exposure is most often reported to be relevant to allergic reactions to the skin and eyes. We hope that this review will improve our understanding of the hazards and risks that CTL poses to non-target organisms and find a strategy for rational use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaping Tao
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chanlin Fang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Yingping Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China.
| | - Yuanxiang Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China.
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Jankowska M, Hrynko I, Rutkowska E, Łozowicka B. Dissipation, processing factors and dietary risk assessment of the bioinsecticide abamectin in herbal plants belonging to Lamiaceae family from open field to herbal tea infusion. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:142159. [PMID: 38679175 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Abamectin, the mixture of avermectin B1a and B1b, is widely used as a bioinsecticide and is an alternative to chemical pest control from insects. To our knowledge, its behaviour is not fully recognized, especially in herbs. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the environmental fate of abamectin in herbal plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family, its dissipation in open field studies laboratory processing treatments and dietary risk assessment. Three medicinally and culinary important species of herbs: Melissa officinalis L., Mentha × piperita L. and Salvia L. were treated with single and double dose than recommended on the label during their cultivation (BBCH 11-29). Residues were monitored using the QuEChERS method followed by the LC-MS/MS. The dissipation pattern of the sum of avermectin B1a and B1b and their persistence were observed 14 d after spraying. Abamectin decline was very rapid in plants and followed the first-order kinetics model. The half-life (t1/2) was in the range of 0.96-1.08 d (single dose) and 0.93-1.02 d (double dose). The pre-harvest intervals (decrease to the level of 0.01 mg kg-1) were 7.29-7.92 d at single and 7.99-8.64 d at double dose application. Herbal infusion preparation in previously washed and dried mint, lemon balm and sage leaves was the key processing step in the removal of abamectin residues. The reduction of initial deposits after single dose treatment was noted up to 65% (PF = 0.35-0.67) and up to 79% after double dose application (PF = 0.21-0.72) in herbal tea. Acute risk assessment of children and adults for the highest residues in EFSA PRIMo model at single and double dose expressed as hazard quotients (HQ) were <1, indicating no risk to humans via consumption of the herbal products. The data provide a better understanding of abamectin behaviour in herbal plants and can help assure herbs' safety for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Jankowska
- Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Chelmonskiego Str. 22, Bialystok, 15-195, Poland.
| | - Izabela Hrynko
- Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Chelmonskiego Str. 22, Bialystok, 15-195, Poland
| | - Ewa Rutkowska
- Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Chelmonskiego Str. 22, Bialystok, 15-195, Poland
| | - Bożena Łozowicka
- Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Chelmonskiego Str. 22, Bialystok, 15-195, Poland
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6
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Doménech E, Martorell S. Review of the Terminology, Approaches, and Formulations Used in the Guidelines on Quantitative Risk Assessment of Chemical Hazards in Food. Foods 2024; 13:714. [PMID: 38472827 DOI: 10.3390/foods13050714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews the published terminology, mathematical models, and the possible approaches used to characterise the risk of foodborne chemical hazards, particularly pesticides, metals, mycotoxins, acrylamide, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The results confirmed the wide variability of the nomenclature used, e.g., 28 different ways of referencing exposure, 13 of cancer risk, or 9 of slope factor. On the other hand, a total of 16 equations were identified to formulate all the risk characterisation parameters of interest. Therefore, the present study proposes a terminology and formulation for some risk characterisation parameters based on the guidelines of international organisations and the literature review. The mathematical model used for non-genotoxic hazards is a ratio in all cases. However, the authors used the probability of cancer or different ratios, such as the margin of exposure (MOE) for genotoxic hazards. For each effect studied per hazard, the non-genotoxic effect was mostly studied in pesticides (79.73%), the genotoxic effect was mostly studied in PAHs (71.15%), and both effects were mainly studied in metals (59.4%). The authors of the works reviewed generally opted for a deterministic approach, although most of those who assessed the risk for mycotoxins or the ratio and risk for acrylamide used the probabilistic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Doménech
- Instituto Universitario de Ingeniería de Alimentos Food-UPV, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Sebastián Martorell
- MEDASEGI Research Group, Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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Fabjanowicz M, Różańska A, Abdelwahab NS, Pereira-Coelho M, Haas ICDS, Madureira LADS, Płotka-Wasylka J. An analytical approach to determine the health benefits and health risks of consuming berry juices. Food Chem 2024; 432:137219. [PMID: 37647705 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Food products composition analysis is a prerequisite for verification of product quality, fulfillment of regulatory enforcements, checking compliance with national and international food standards, contracting specifications, and nutrient labeling requirements and providing quality assurance for use of the product for the supplementation of other foods. These aspects also apply to the berry fruit and berry juice. It also must be noted that even though fruit juices are generally considered healthy, there are many risks associated with mishandling both fruits and juices themselves. The review gathers information related with the health benefits and risk associated with the consumption of berry fruit juices. Moreover, the focus was paid to the quality assurance of berry fruit juice. Thus, the analytical methods used for determination of compounds influencing the sensory and nutritional characteristics of fruit juice as well as potential contaminants or adulterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Fabjanowicz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Anna Różańska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Nada S Abdelwahab
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Marina Pereira-Coelho
- Departament of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Des. Vitor Lima Av., Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Isabel Cristina da Silva Haas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Admar Gonzaga Rd., 1346, Itacorubi, 88034-001 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Justyna Płotka-Wasylka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; BioTechMed Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
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Tian F, Qiao C, Wang C, Pang T, Guo L, Li J, Pang R, Xie H. Dissipation, residues, and evaluation of processing factor for spirotetramat and its formed metabolites during kiwifruit growing, storing, and processing. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:6277-6287. [PMID: 38147257 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31639-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Spirotetramat is widely used around the world to control sucking pests and may form in agricultural products. In the current study, the dissipation, residues, and evaluation of processing factor (PF) for spirotetramat and its formed metabolites were investigated during kiwifruit growing, storing, and processing. The residue analysis method was established based on high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) combined with a QuEChERS method to detect the residues of spirotetramat and its metabolites in kiwifruit and its processed products. The method provided recoveries of 74.7-108.7%, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 0.6-13.1%. The LOQs of spirotetramat and its four metabolites were 1 μg kg-1. The degradation of spirotetramat was best fitted for the first-order kinetics model with a half-life of 9.90-10.34 days in the field and 24.75-30.13 days during storage. Residues of spirotetramat and its formed metabolites in kiwifruit would not pose dietary risk to consumers. Moreover, the peeling and fermentation were the highest removal efficiency for the spirotetramat and its formed metabolite residues during processing. The PF values calculated after each individual process were < 1, indicating a significant reduction of residues in different processing processes of kiwifruit. The spirotetramat was degraded during kiwifruit wine-making process with half-lives of 3.36-4.91 days. B-enol and B-keto were the main metabolites detected in kiwifruit and its processed products. This study revealed the residues of spirotetramat and its formed metabolites in kiwifruit growing, storing, and processing, which helps provide reasonable data for studying the dietary risk factors of kiwifruits and products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fajun Tian
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China.
| | - Chengkui Qiao
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
| | - Caixia Wang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
| | - Tao Pang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
| | - Linlin Guo
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
| | - Jun Li
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
| | - Rongli Pang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
| | - Hanzhong Xie
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
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9
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Zhang Y, Li Z, Jiao B, Zhao Q, Wang C, Cui Y, He Y, Li J. Determination, Quality, and Health Assessment of Pesticide Residues in Kumquat in China. Foods 2023; 12:3423. [PMID: 37761133 PMCID: PMC10528158 DOI: 10.3390/foods12183423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pesticide residues in kumquat fruits from China, and the quality and chronic/acute intake risks in Chinese consumers, were assessed using the QuEChERS procedure and UHPLC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS methods. Our 5-year monitoring and survey showed 90% of the 573 samples of kumquat fruits collected from two main production areas contained one or multiple residual pesticides. Overall, 30 pesticides were detected, including 16 insecticides, 7 fungicides, 5 acaricides, and 2 plant growth modulators, of which 2 pesticides were already banned. Two or more residual pesticides were discovered in 81% of the samples, and pesticide residues in 9.4% of the samples surpassed the MRLs, such as profenofos, bifenthrin, triazophos, avermectin, spirodiclofen, difenoconazole, and methidathion. The major risk factors on the safety of kumquat fruits before 2019 were profenofos, bifenthrin, and triazophos, but their over-standard frequencies significantly declined after 2019, which was credited to the stricter supervision and management policies by local governments. Despite the high detection rates and multi-residue occurrence of pesticides in kumquat fruits, about 81% of the samples were assessed as qualified. Moreover, the accumulative chronic diet risk determined from ADI is very low. To better protect the health of customers, we shall formulate stricter organic phosphorus pesticide control measures and stricter use guidelines, especially for methidathion, triazophos, chlorpyrifos, and profenofos. This study provides potential data for the design of kumquat fruit quality and safety control guidelines and for the reduction in health risks to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohai Zhang
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; (Z.L.); (B.J.); (Q.Z.); (C.W.); (Y.C.); (Y.H.); (J.L.)
- Quality Supervision and Testing Center for Citrus and Seedling, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 400712, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 400712, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Citrus Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 400712, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Zhixia Li
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; (Z.L.); (B.J.); (Q.Z.); (C.W.); (Y.C.); (Y.H.); (J.L.)
- Quality Supervision and Testing Center for Citrus and Seedling, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 400712, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 400712, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Citrus Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 400712, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Bining Jiao
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; (Z.L.); (B.J.); (Q.Z.); (C.W.); (Y.C.); (Y.H.); (J.L.)
- Quality Supervision and Testing Center for Citrus and Seedling, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 400712, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 400712, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Citrus Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 400712, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Qiyang Zhao
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; (Z.L.); (B.J.); (Q.Z.); (C.W.); (Y.C.); (Y.H.); (J.L.)
- Quality Supervision and Testing Center for Citrus and Seedling, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 400712, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 400712, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Citrus Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 400712, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Chengqiu Wang
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; (Z.L.); (B.J.); (Q.Z.); (C.W.); (Y.C.); (Y.H.); (J.L.)
- Quality Supervision and Testing Center for Citrus and Seedling, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 400712, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 400712, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Citrus Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 400712, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Yongliang Cui
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; (Z.L.); (B.J.); (Q.Z.); (C.W.); (Y.C.); (Y.H.); (J.L.)
- Quality Supervision and Testing Center for Citrus and Seedling, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 400712, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 400712, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Citrus Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 400712, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Yue He
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; (Z.L.); (B.J.); (Q.Z.); (C.W.); (Y.C.); (Y.H.); (J.L.)
- Quality Supervision and Testing Center for Citrus and Seedling, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 400712, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 400712, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Citrus Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 400712, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Jing Li
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; (Z.L.); (B.J.); (Q.Z.); (C.W.); (Y.C.); (Y.H.); (J.L.)
- Quality Supervision and Testing Center for Citrus and Seedling, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 400712, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 400712, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Citrus Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 400712, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
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10
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Maleki NS, Shakerkhatibi M, Dolatkhah M, Safari GH. Cumulative health risk assessment of pesticide residues in apple products in the Northwest of Iran using Monte Carlo simulation. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:992-1010. [PMID: 37428849 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2232876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables cause serious health issues, especially among children. This research was carried out to monitor and evaluate the risks of organophosphate pesticide residues in Maragheh County apple products from 2020. The Monte Carlo Simulation approach (MCS) was used to evaluate the non-cancerous effects of exposure to pesticide residues in adults and children. Apple samples were taken every two weeks at the Maragheh central market during the summer and fall months. In this study, seventeen pesticide residues in 30 apple samples were estimated using a modified QuECheRS extraction technique coupled with GC/MS. Of the seventeen organophosphate pesticides, thirteen were identified as pesticide residues (76.47%). The highest concentration found in the apple samples was associated with chlorpyrifos pesticide at 1.05 mg/kg. Pesticide residues exceeding the maximum residue limits (MRLs) were found in 100% of apple specimens, and more than 75% of the samples contained ten or more pesticide residues. Approximately 45%-80% of pesticide residues on apple samples were removed after washing and peeling. Chlorpyrifos pesticide had the highest health quotient (HQ) for men, women, and children with values of 0.046, 0.054, and 0.23, respectively. Cumulative risk assessment (CRA) of non-carcinogenic effects indicates that there is no significant health risk in the adult age group from apple consumption (HI < 1). Nevertheless, children are at high non-cancer risk from eating unwashed apples (HI = 1.3). This finding shows that high levels of pesticide residues in apple samples, especially unwashed apples, can be a serious concern for the health of children. To better protect consumer health, continuous and regular monitoring, strict regulations, training, and awareness of farmers, especially control pre-harvest interval (PHI) is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Soheili Maleki
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shakerkhatibi
- Health and Environment Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehran Dolatkhah
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Gholam Hossein Safari
- Health and Environment Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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11
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Hrynko I, Kaczyński P, Łuniewski S, Łozowicka B. Removal of triazole and pyrethroid pesticides from wheat grain by water treatment and ultrasound-supported processes. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 333:138890. [PMID: 37182706 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A simple way to reduce pesticides in cereal grains is to use washing methods. The challenge of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of reduction of 3 triazole fungicides (difenoconazole, tebuconazole, tetraconazole) and 3 pyrethroid insecticides (beta-cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin) commonly used in wheat protection. Four different pre-washing methods (hot and cold water washing, twice water, and ultrasound-supported washing) were evaluated. The processing factor (PF) was calculated based on the concentration of pesticides determined by LC-MS/MS in the samples of cereal grains before and after the washing process. PFs were within the range 0.01-0.97. Time, teperature and ultrasound were factors influencing the efficiency of water treatment. The study showed that ultrasound-supported washing eliminated pesticide residues to a greater extent than ordinary washing. This process significantly affected or completely reduced concentrations of triazoles in wheat grains. The highest reduction of residues (99%) was received for tebuconazole and ultrasound washing with heating temperature of 60 °C for a total of 10 min. In all washing processes, pyrethroids were removed with lower efficiency than triazoles. The lowest residue reduction was obtained for cypermethrin and washing under cold water for 5 min (3%; PF = 0.97). Beta-Cyfluthrin showed only a 6-27% reduction regardless of the process (PF: 0.73-0.95). Using static analysis, the relationship between the properties of pesticides and the reduction of their concentration in cereals was clarified and showed a strong correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Hrynko
- Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Laboratory of Food and Feed Safety, Chelmonskiego 22, 15-195, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Piotr Kaczyński
- Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Laboratory of Food and Feed Safety, Chelmonskiego 22, 15-195, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Stanisław Łuniewski
- The Uniwersity of Finance and Management, Ciepla 40, 15-472, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Bożena Łozowicka
- Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Laboratory of Food and Feed Safety, Chelmonskiego 22, 15-195, Bialystok, Poland
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12
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Towards comprehensive identification of pesticide degradation products following thermal processing below and above 120 °C: A review. Food Chem 2023; 402:134267. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Pesticide Residues and Effect of Household Processing in Commonly Consumed Vegetables in Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 2023:7503426. [PMID: 36755781 PMCID: PMC9902158 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7503426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The long-term and indiscriminate use of pesticides has resulted in serious health effects. Aside from that, developing countries do not have any monitoring systems in place to prevent the consumption of high levels of pesticides in foods. Therefore, this study aimed to determine pesticide residues and the effect of processing in commonly consumed vegetables in the southwestern part of Ethiopia. In total, 12 samples of 1 kg of each type of vegetable were collected from selected markets. Moreover, as a solution to pesticide residue problems in vegetables, the effect of different processing methods such as washing, peeling, boiling, and their cumulative effect was studied. In the analytical procedure, the modified Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) extraction with florisil as a cleanup sorbent was used and the identification of pesticides was done by using gas chromatography with an electron capture detector (GC-ECD). The parent p,p'-DDT was detected at a concentration of 0.015 mg/kg in potato samples from the Serbo market and a concentration of 0.516, 0.232, 0.174, and 1.512 mg/kg in Merkato, Kochi, Serbo, and Shebe onion samples, respectively. P`p-DDT is detected at a high concentration compared to its metabolites (p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDD), which is an indication of recent use. DDT and its metabolites, other organochlorines (lindane, γ-chlordane, dimethachlor, and heptachlor), and pyrethroids (cypermethrin and deltamethrin) exceeded the recommended limits by FAO and WHO in multiple samples of potato, onion, and cabbage. The processing result showed that washing, boiling, and the combination of the two revealed a 100% reduction in o,p'-DDT, and p,p'-DDT pesticides detected in cabbage. In conclusion, multiple residues were detected in the three vegetables studied, indicating that pesticides were applied intensively. Pesticide levels were reduced by home processing procedures, which is important for consumer safety.
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14
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Wang L, Wu P, Liu Z, Gu M, Xue J. Transfer Behaviors of 30 Pesticide Residues during the Common Processing of Ginseng. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:815-824. [PMID: 36538656 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
To reduce safety issues of ginseng products caused by excessive pesticide levels, this paper systematically elucidates the transfer rules of pesticides during processing by calculating the transfer rates and processing factors (PFs). The common methods of ginseng processing (water extraction, alcohol extraction, concentration, water extraction and alcohol precipitation, vacuum drying, freeze drying, spray drying) and 30 pesticides frequently occurring in ginseng were used as research objects. The results indicate that the pesticide residues in alcohol extract are much higher than those in water extract. During water extraction and alcohol precipitation, 93.2% of pesticides are transferred to the upper ethanol solution. Besides, drying could reduce the total amount but increase the concentration of pesticide residues. Water extraction-concentration-spray drying (PF ranges from 0.01 to 0.36) and alcohol extraction-concentration-vacuum drying (PF ranges from 1.10 to 3.70) are the processing methods with the lowest and highest pesticide processing factors, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing100193, China
| | - Peiling Wu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing100193, China
| | - Zhike Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing100193, China
| | - Mengying Gu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing100193, China
| | - Jian Xue
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing100193, China
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Taha A, Mehany T, Pandiselvam R, Anusha Siddiqui S, Mir NA, Malik MA, Sujayasree OJ, Alamuru KC, Khanashyam AC, Casanova F, Xu X, Pan S, Hu H. Sonoprocessing: mechanisms and recent applications of power ultrasound in food. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 64:6016-6054. [PMID: 36591874 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2161464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in using green technologies in the food industry. As a green processing technique, ultrasound has a great potential to be applied in many food applications. In this review, the basic mechanism of ultrasound processing technology has been discussed. Then, ultrasound technology was reviewed from the application of assisted food processing methods, such as assisted gelation, assisted freezing and thawing, assisted crystallization, and other assisted applications. Moreover, ultrasound was reviewed from the aspect of structure and property modification technology, such as modification of polysaccharides and fats. Furthermore, ultrasound was reviewed to facilitate beneficial food reactions, such as glycosylation, enzymatic cross-linking, protein hydrolyzation, fermentation, and marination. After that, ultrasound applications in the food safety sector were reviewed from the aspect of the inactivation of microbes, degradation of pesticides, and toxins, as well inactivation of some enzymes. Finally, the applications of ultrasound technology in food waste disposal and environmental protection were reviewed. Thus, some sonoprocessing technologies can be recommended for the use in the food industry on a large scale. However, there is still a need for funding research and development projects to develop more efficient ultrasound devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Taha
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, PR China
- Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), State Research Institute, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Taha Mehany
- Food Technology Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria, Egypt
- Department of Chemistry, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Ravi Pandiselvam
- Physiology, Biochemistry, and Post-Harvest Technology Division, ICAR -Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod, India
| | - Shahida Anusha Siddiqui
- Technical University of Munich Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Straubing, Germany
- DIL e.V.-German Institute of Food Technologies, Quakenbrück, Germany
| | - Nisar A Mir
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, University Institute of Engineering (UIE), Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Mudasir Ahmad Malik
- Department of Food Processing Technology, Ghani Khan Choudhury Institute of Engineering and Technology, Malda, India
| | - O J Sujayasree
- Division of Post-Harvest Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Federico Casanova
- Food Production Engineering, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Xiaoyun Xu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, PR China
| | - Siyi Pan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, PR China
| | - Hao Hu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, PR China
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16
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Dissipation, Residue and Dietary Intake Risk Assessment of Penthiopyrad in Eggplants and Its Removal Using Various Household Processing Techniques. Foods 2022; 11:foods11213327. [PMID: 36359941 PMCID: PMC9655489 DOI: 10.3390/foods11213327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A field trial was conducted to illustrate the dissipation and residue and assess the dietary intake risk of penthiopyrad in eggplants, and the distribution was further estimated after different household processing methods. Penthiopyrad dissipated quickly in eggplants, with half-lives of 1.85−2.56 days. The final residue data indicated that following the recommended spraying method, penthiopyrad would not threaten human health. Risk quotient results (<<100%) also demonstrated that the dietary intake risk of penthiopyrad in eggplants for Chinese consumers could be negligible. Washing, peeling and thermal treatments had significant removal effects on penthiopyrad from eggplants (0 < processing factor < 0.60). The characterization of the dissipation and distribution of penthiopyrad in field and processed eggplant samples could provide a more realistic reference for risk assessment of processed products, as well as some information for humans who may be exposed to penthiopyrad.
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17
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Wołejko E, Łozowicka B, Jabłońska-Trypuć A, Pietruszyńska M, Wydro U. Chlorpyrifos Occurrence and Toxicological Risk Assessment: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191912209. [PMID: 36231509 PMCID: PMC9566616 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) was the most frequently used pesticide in food production in the European Union (EU) until 2020. Unfortunately, this compound is still being applied in other parts of the world. National monitoring of pesticides conducted in various countries indicates the presence of CPF in soil, food, and water, which may have toxic effects on consumers, farmers, and animal health. In addition, CPF may influence changes in the population of fungi, bacteria, and actinomycete in soil and can inhibit nitrogen mineralization. The mechanisms of CPF activity are based on the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. This compound also exhibits reproductive toxicity, neurotoxicity, and genotoxicity. The problem seems to be the discrepancy between the actual observations and the final conclusions drawn for the substance's approval in reports presenting the toxic impact of CPF on human health. Therefore, this influence is still a current and important issue that requires continuous monitoring despite its withdrawal from the market in the EU. This review traces the scientific reports describing the effects of CPF resulting in changes occurring in both the environment and at the cellular and tissue level in humans and animals. It also provides an insight into the hazards and risks to human health in food consumer products in which CPF has been detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Wołejko
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45A Street, 15-351 Białystok, Poland
- Correspondence: (E.W.); (A.J.-T.)
| | - Bożena Łozowicka
- Institute of Plant Protection—National Research Institute, Chełmońskiego 22 Street, 15-195 Białystok, Poland
| | - Agata Jabłońska-Trypuć
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45A Street, 15-351 Białystok, Poland
- Correspondence: (E.W.); (A.J.-T.)
| | - Marta Pietruszyńska
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Białystok, M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 24A Street, 15-276 Białystok, Poland
| | - Urszula Wydro
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45A Street, 15-351 Białystok, Poland
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18
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Gélinas P, McKinnon C, Gagnon F, Rémillard N, Sabik H. Pesticides dissipation in crackers and pan bread. Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.16027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Gélinas
- Saint‐Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, Saint‐Hyacinthe Quebec Canada
| | - Carole McKinnon
- Saint‐Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, Saint‐Hyacinthe Quebec Canada
| | - Fleur Gagnon
- Saint‐Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, Saint‐Hyacinthe Quebec Canada
| | - Nathalie Rémillard
- Saint‐Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, Saint‐Hyacinthe Quebec Canada
| | - Hassan Sabik
- Saint‐Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, Saint‐Hyacinthe Quebec Canada
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19
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Tian F, Qiao C, Wang C, Pang T, Guo L, Li J, Pang R, Xie H. Dissipation behavior of prochloraz and its metabolites in grape under open-field, storage and the wine-making process. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Sun CX, Liu B, Wang WB, Yuan XX, Wu YJ. Risk Assessment of Chlorothalonil as a Probable Human Carcinogen on Selected Vegetables in an Eastern China Province. Front Public Health 2022; 10:917269. [PMID: 35875011 PMCID: PMC9298499 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.917269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to provide an assessment of chlorothalonil's possible carcinogenic risk posed to the public. In combination and comparison with the non-carcinogenic risk, the results hopefully could provide useful insights, early warning, and references for policy formulation. Methods This study firstly investigated the occurrence of chlorothalonil on selected key vegetables for different scenarios, and then conducted an exposure assessment with officially published data. Lastly, both the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk of chlorothalonil were calculated by using Monte-Carlo simulation. Results Even though mean non-carcinogenic risks of chlorothalonil for all scenarios were below threshold value, the mean carcinogenic risks for maximum-risk scenario and most-likely risk scenario were mostly above threshold value. High probabilities of exceedance of threshold value existed for carcinogenic risk under all scenarios. Conclusion Potential threat to public health existed for conventionally ‘safe' pesticide if considering the possible carcinogenicity. Extra caution should be taken and the potential carcinogenic effects should be included into consideration for better protection of public health during the policy formulation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Xi Sun
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Jinan, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Resources and Environment Innovation Institute, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, China
| | - Wen-Bo Wang
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Jinan, China
| | - Xue-Xia Yuan
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Jinan, China
| | - Yuan-Juan Wu
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Yuan-Juan Wu
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Tripathy V, Sharma KK, Mohapatra S, Siddamallaiah L, Matadha NY, Patil CS, Saindane YS, Deore B, Rao CS, Parmar KD, Litoriya NS, Shah PG, Sharma K. Persistence evaluation of fluopyram + tebuconazole residues on mango and pomegranate and their risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:33180-33190. [PMID: 35022971 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17993-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The persistence of combination formulation of fluopyram 200 + tebuconazole 200-400 SC was evaluated across different agro-climates in India for the management of fungal diseases in two commercially important fruit crops, mango and pomegranate. The residues were extracted using quick easy cheap effective rugged and safe (QuEChERS) method and quantification was done on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The fungicide degradation followed 1st-order kinetics and the half-lives were 2.9-6.4 days for mango, and 3.5-7.4 days for pomegranate for both the fungicides. On the basis of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) maximum residue limit (MRL) calculation, 1.0 mg kg-1 MRL was obtained for fluopyram while for tebuconazole, it was 0.5 mg kg-1 on mango, at the pre-harvest interval (PHI) of 5 days. For pomegranate, the respective MRLs were 1.0 mg kg-1 and 0.7 mg kg-1 at PHI of 7 days. The dietary risk assessment study indicated that % acceptable daily intake (% ADI) and % acute reference dose (% ARfD) were much lower than 100; thus, the application of fluopyram and tebuconazole on mango and pomegranate is unlikely to present public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Tripathy
- Project Coordinating Cell, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, All India Network Project On Pesticide Residues, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - Krishan Kumar Sharma
- Project Coordinating Cell, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, All India Network Project On Pesticide Residues, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012, India.
| | - Soudamini Mohapatra
- Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), All India Network Project On Pesticide Residues, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Lekha Siddamallaiah
- Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), All India Network Project On Pesticide Residues, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Nagapooja Yogendraiah Matadha
- Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), All India Network Project On Pesticide Residues, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Chidanand Shiveshankar Patil
- Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth (MPKV), All India Network Project On Pesticide Residues, Rahuri, Maharashtra, India
| | - Yogesh Subhash Saindane
- Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth (MPKV), All India Network Project On Pesticide Residues, Rahuri, Maharashtra, India
| | - Bhaidas Deore
- Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth (MPKV), All India Network Project On Pesticide Residues, Rahuri, Maharashtra, India
| | - Cherukuri Sreenivasa Rao
- Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University (PJTSAU), All India Network Project On Pesticide Residues, Rajendranagar, Telangana, India
| | - Kaushik D Parmar
- Anand Agricultural University (AAU), All India Network Project On Pesticide Residues, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Nitesh S Litoriya
- Anand Agricultural University (AAU), All India Network Project On Pesticide Residues, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Paresh G Shah
- Anand Agricultural University (AAU), All India Network Project On Pesticide Residues, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Khushbu Sharma
- Project Coordinating Cell, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, All India Network Project On Pesticide Residues, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012, India
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22
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Li Z, Zhang Y, Zhao Q, Cui Y, He Y, Li J, Yang Q, Lin Z, Wang C, Liang G, Jiao B. Determination, distribution and potential health risk assessment of insecticides and acaricides in citrus fruits of China. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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A New LC-MS Method for Evaluating the Efficacy of Pesticide Residue Removal from Fruit Surfaces by Washing Agents. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10040793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern agriculture uses pesticides to improve the quality and quantity of crops. However, pesticide residues can remain on agricultural products, posing very serious risks to human health and life. It is recommended to wash fruits and vegetables before consumption. To assess the removal efficacy of pesticide residue, a sensitive and reliable method based on ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was developed and optimized for the simultaneous determination of four pesticide residues (acetamiprid, boscalid, pyraclostrobin, and pendimethalin). Isotope-labeled standards were used to validate the method in terms of recovery, linearity, matrix effects, precision, and sensitivity. The mean recovery values for both low-quality control (LQC) and high-quality control (HQC) transitions were in the range of 89–105%, and the intra-day precision was less than 13.7%. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 0.003 mg/kg and 0.01 mg/kg, respectively. The proposed method is suitable for evaluating the quality of detergents for removing pesticide residues from fruit surfaces.
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Duan L, An X, Pan X, Li R, Wang K, Guo L, Zhang B, Dong F, Xiang W, Wu X, Xu J, Zheng Y. Residual levels of five pesticides in peanut oil processing and chips frying. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:2494-2499. [PMID: 34689325 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pesticide contamination in oil crops and processed products is an important food safety concern. The study was aimed to investigate the pesticide residue changes in press processing of peanut oil and frying of chips. RESULTS Five pesticides - chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin, methoxyfenozide, azoxystrobin and propargite - which are often applied during growth period in peanut plants, were selected to investigate their residue changes in cold press processing of peanut oil and frying of potato chips. Results showed that the residues of the five pesticides were decreased by 3.1-42.6% during air-drying before oil pressing. The residues of chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin, methoxyfenozide and propargite in peanut oil were 2.05-3.63 times higher than that in peanut meal after cold pressing of the oil, except for azoxystrobin having a slightly lower residue in peanut oil, with 0.92 times that in peanut meal. The processing factors of the five pesticides in peanut oil ranged from 1.17 to 2.73 and were highly related to the log Kow of the pesticides. The higher the log Kow , the more easily was the pesticide partitioned in the peanut oil. Besides, as frying time increase during preparation of chips, the concentration of pesticides in peanut oil decreased gradually by 6.7-22.1% compared to the first frying. In addition, 0.47-11.06% of the pesticides were transferred to the chips through frying with contaminated oil. CONCLUSION This is first report showing that pesticides can transfer from contaminated oil to chips. There exists a potential dietary health risk by using pesticide-contaminated oil for frying chips. This work could provide basic data for accurate dietary risk assessment of pesticide residues in peanut oil and its frying products. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Duan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaokang An
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinglu Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Runan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Luyao Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Binbin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengshou Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wensheng Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohu Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongquan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Monarda didyma Hydrolate Affects the Survival and the Behaviour of Drosophila suzukii. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13030280. [PMID: 35323578 PMCID: PMC8955400 DOI: 10.3390/insects13030280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary During the steam distillation of aromatic plants, two main fractions are usually obtained: the hydrophobic essential oils and the hydrophilic fraction commonly known as hydrolate (HY). The essential oils are largely used in several industry fields, including the agricultural industry as biopesticides. Residual HYs, instead, are often discarded as by-products of little or no value. Our research pointed out that also HYs have biological activity, suggesting their potential use in plant-based strategy for the pest control. In more detail, we investigated the insecticidal properties of the hydrolate from Monarda didyma, scarlet beebalm, towards Drosophila suzukii. Using specific molecular and behavioural assays, we showed that M. didyma hydrolate affected the fitness and behaviour of D. suzukii, providing new insights in the D. suzukii control strategies through M. didyma hydrolate. Abstract Drosophila suzukii (Matsumara) is an herbivorous pest whose control in the field with conventional chemical is particularly difficult and has important drawbacks. Here, we investigated the insecticidal properties of hydrolate from Monarda didyma, scarlet beebalm, an aromatic herb in the Lamiaceae family. The identification of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by CG–MS systems revealed that thymol (38%) and carvacrol (59%) were the most abundant VOCs in the hydrolate. M. didyma hydrolate did not show fumigant toxicity. Conversely, in contact assays, M. didyma hydrolate showed a LC50 of 5.03 µL mL−1, 48 h after the application on D. suzukii adults. Expression of detoxification genes increased in flies that survived the LC50 application. Furthermore, toxicity persisted for 7 days after the treatment in the survival evaluation. Artificial diet assays with 100 and 1000 µL mL−1 of M. didyma hydrolate resulted in a significant decrease in total food intake in both male and female D. suzukii adults. In addition, electropenetrography (EPG) showed that the D. suzukii females’ feeding behaviour was altered in hydrolate-treated diets. The hydrolate also caused a significant reduction in the number of eggs laid in two different oviposition assays. Overall, our findings provide a new perspective for the improvement of D. suzukii control strategies through M. didyma hydrolate.
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The processing factors of canning and pasteurization for the most frequently occurring fungicides and insecticides in apples and their application into dietary risk assessment. Food Chem 2022; 371:131179. [PMID: 34808762 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The challenge of the present comprehensive work was to study, from apple orchards to consumer's plate, the influence of high- and low-temperature thermal treatments on the most frequently occurring fungicides (boscalid, captan, pyraclostrobin) and insecticides (acetamiprid, methoxyfenozide) in apples and processing factor (PF) application for more realistic dietary risk assessment in the new EFSA methodology. Dry pasteurization and canning combined with previous preliminary treatment gave PFs = 0.25-1.8 of the five active substances. Acute exposure (expressed as %ARfD) in the raw commodity was demonstrated to be 168.1% for acetamiprid in the worst case (input - highest residue) and 307.9% for boscalid in the most critical case (input - MRL), and after re-calculation for PF, decreased to 139.5% for acetamiprid in canned product and 203.2% for boscalid in pasteurized apples. These novel data may be helpful in estimating new threshold residue levels significant in food safety especially intended for children.
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ISHFAQ B, SAMEEN A, PASHA I, SHAHID M, ABRAR M. Evaluation of cookery methods in reduction of pesticide residues and quality attributes of okra fruit (Abelmoschus esculentus L.). FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.86021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Elgueta S, Valenzuela M, Fuentes M, Ulloa PE, Ramos C, Correa A, Molinett S. Analysis of Multi-Pesticide Residues and Dietary Risk Assessment in Fresh Tomatoes ( Lycopersicum esculentum) from Local Supermarkets of the Metropolitan Region, Chile. TOXICS 2021; 9:249. [PMID: 34678945 PMCID: PMC8539118 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9100249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the official authorities in Chile have reported transgressions in the maximum residue levels of pesticides in fresh vegetables. There is no official information about traceability, pesticide levels, and potential health risks. The aim of this study was to analyse pesticide residues and their corresponding dietary risk assessments in tomatoes from supermarkets in the Metropolitan Region. Pesticides were extracted using the Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe, QuEChERS method, and their concentrations were determined by using chromatography with HPLC-FL/UV and GC-MS/ECD/NPD, following the Analytical Quality Control and Method Validation Procedures for Pesticides Residues Analysis in Food and Feed, SANTE guide and ISO 17025:2017 standard. In addition, a dietary risk assessment was carried out by comparing Chilean data to international references. The results reported that 9% of the samples had pesticide residue levels above the maximum residue levels permitted in Chile. All the scenarios evaluated revealed the highest estimated daily intake and hazard quotients for methamidophos and chlorpyrifos. Both the active substances used were acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and were neurotoxic under chronic risk assessment. The results showed the highest chronic hazard index in the Chilean scenario for all age groups and genders. The evidence obtained revealed that methamidophos, methomyl, and chlorpyrifos should be restricted for their use in Chilean agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Elgueta
- Núcleo de Investigaciones Aplicadas en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Universidad de Las Américas, Sede Providencia, Santiago 7500975, Chile; (P.E.U.); (C.R.)
| | - Marcela Valenzuela
- Laboratory of Pesticide Residues, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, La Platina, Santiago 8720000, Chile; (M.V.); (M.F.); (A.C.)
| | - Marcela Fuentes
- Laboratory of Pesticide Residues, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, La Platina, Santiago 8720000, Chile; (M.V.); (M.F.); (A.C.)
| | - Pilar E. Ulloa
- Núcleo de Investigaciones Aplicadas en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Universidad de Las Américas, Sede Providencia, Santiago 7500975, Chile; (P.E.U.); (C.R.)
| | - Cecilia Ramos
- Núcleo de Investigaciones Aplicadas en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Universidad de Las Américas, Sede Providencia, Santiago 7500975, Chile; (P.E.U.); (C.R.)
| | - Arturo Correa
- Laboratory of Pesticide Residues, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, La Platina, Santiago 8720000, Chile; (M.V.); (M.F.); (A.C.)
| | - Sebastian Molinett
- Bionanotechnology Department, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias La Cruz, La Cruz 2280454, Chile;
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Kaur I, Gaur VK, Regar RK, Roy A, Srivastava PK, Gaur R, Manickam N, Barik SK. Plants exert beneficial influence on soil microbiome in a HCH contaminated soil revealing advantage of microbe-assisted plant-based HCH remediation of a dumpsite. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 280:130690. [PMID: 34162081 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Persistence of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) pesticide is a major problem for its disposal. Soil microflora plays an important role in remediating contaminated sites. Keeping concepts of microbial- and phyto-remediation together, the difference between soil microflora with and without association of HCH accumulating plant species was studied. Metagenomic analysis among the non-plant soil (BS) (∑HCH 434.19 mg/g), rhizospheric soil of shrubs (RSS) (∑HCH 157.31 mg/g), and rhizospheric soil of trees (RSD) (∑HCH 105.39 mg/g) revealed significant differences in microbial communities. Shrubs and trees occurred at a long-term dumpsite accumulated α- and β- HCH residues. Plant rhizospheric soils exhibited high richness and evenness with higher diversity indices compared to the non-plant soil. Order Rhizobiales was most abundant in all soils and Streptomycetales was absent in the BS soil. Proteobacteria and Ascomycota were highest in BS soil, while Actinobacteria was enriched in both the plant rhizospheric soil samples. In BS soil, Pseudomonas, Sordaria, Caulobacter, Magnetospirillum, Rhodospirillum were abundant. While, genera Actinoplanes, Streptomyces, Bradyrhizobium, Rhizobium, Azospirillum, Agrobacterium are abundant in RSD soil. Selected plants have accumulated HCH residues from soil and exerted positive impacts on soil microbial communities in HCH contaminated site. This study advocates microbe-assisted plant-based bioremediation strategy to remediate HCH contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ispreet Kaur
- Department of Environmental Technologies, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Vivek Kumar Gaur
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Raj Kumar Regar
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Aditi Roy
- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar Srivastava
- Department of Environmental Technologies, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India.
| | - Rajeev Gaur
- Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University, Faizabad, India
| | - Natesan Manickam
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Saroj Kanta Barik
- Department of Environmental Technologies, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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Macieira A, Barbosa J, Teixeira P. Food Safety in Local Farming of Fruits and Vegetables. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189733. [PMID: 34574658 PMCID: PMC8469988 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The world’s population will be around 9 billion people by 2050. Humans need to feed in order to survive and thus the high demographic growth may impact the sustainability of our food systems. Sustainable food production practices such as local farming have been explored. Consumption of vegetables and fruits has been increasing due to their health benefits, but this increase is also related to a significant number of foodborne outbreaks. Foodborne outbreaks pose a threat to public health and the economy on a local and national scale. Food safety begins on the farm and proceeds over the supply chain. Thus, to provide safe products, food producers must follow specific procedures to avoid food hazards along the supply chain. This work aimed to present the importance of food safety in vegetables and fruits in local farming, as this form of production and consumption has increased in several countries of the northern hemisphere and as these are considered a form of providing more sustainable food products.
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Jankowska M, Kaczyński P, Łozowicka B. Dissipation kinetics and processing behavior of boscalid and pyraclostrobin in greenhouse dill plant (Anethum graveolens L.) and soil. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:3349-3357. [PMID: 33773022 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Determining the environmental behavior and fate of chemical compounds during technological processing of plants is a task of great significance nowadays. However, the current knowledge is still incomplete for unique herbal matrices belonging to minor crops. The research in this article presents, for the first time, the dissipation kinetics and processing behavior of carboxamide boscalid (BOS) and stobilurin pyraclostrobin (PYR) fungicides during glasshouse dill (Anethum graveolens L.) cultivation. RESULTS The half-lives (t1/2 ) of BOS and PYR after application at the recommended and double dosage were in the range: 1.62-2.01 days in plant and 2.08-4.85 days in soil, respectively. The processing behavior in dill was estimated after washing, hot air drying and drying in sunlight without/with pretreatment. Processing factors (PFs) were above 1 after drying (PF = 1.24-1.39 hot air; PF = 1.15-1.28 sunlight) and below this value when the washing step was applied (PF = 0.31-0.42 hot air; PF = 0.21-0.34 sunlight), indicating the highest effectiveness of reduction, up to 73% BOS and 79% PYR. CONCLUSION BOS/PYR residues at pre-harvest intervals after both doses were below European Union (EU) maximum residue limits (MRLs). The highest effectiveness was noted for drying carried out with the washing step, which has a great influence on the concentration of residues in the final product. The findings can supplement PF databases not set for minor crops and can be used to establish MRLs and determine human exposures more accurately in risk assessment studies. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Jankowska
- Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Laboratory of Food and Feed Safety, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Piotr Kaczyński
- Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Laboratory of Food and Feed Safety, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Bożena Łozowicka
- Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Laboratory of Food and Feed Safety, Bialystok, Poland
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Niu B, Zhang H, Zhou G, Zhang S, Yang Y, Deng X, Chen Q. Safety risk assessment and early warning of chemical contamination in vegetable oil. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Marques JMG, da Silva MV. Estimation of chronic dietary intake of pesticide residues. Rev Saude Publica 2021; 55:36. [PMID: 34190889 PMCID: PMC8225320 DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2021055002197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the maximum theoretical daily intake of pesticides potentially consumed, chronically, by the Brazilian population. METHOD By using data from the food consumption section of the 2008-2009 Household Budget Survey to characterize the population diet, a database was built to group the foods based on the NOVA classification. Considering the maximum residue limit values of each pesticide authorized in the country until 2016, the limits of all consumed foods were added and multiplied by the amount consumed, resulting in the maximum theoretical intake index, which was compared with the acceptable daily intake. RESULTS The results show that, of the 283 pesticides considered in the database, 71 (25%) compounds had estimates of zero intake, 144 compounds (50.8%) reached acceptable daily intake values and 68 compounds (24%) showed median intake that exceeded the acceptable daily value. The pesticide intake estimation according to the different regions of the country showed a variation in the amount of compounds that exceeded the acceptable daily intake (48 to 69 substances) due to the different consumption patterns. The categories of products that most exceeded the limits were the insecticides, herbicides and fungicides. CONCLUSION The application of this methodology is valid for the first step in risk assessment, but the resulting values may be different from the actual exposure since they do not include other factors, such as the combined use of pesticides or unauthorized products. The importance of developing research on specific national food consumption data in a systematic way is emphasized, which generates data and analyses that allow a detailed risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Mary Gerage Marques
- Universidade de São PauloEscola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de QueirozPrograma de Pós-Graduação em ciência e tecnologia de alimentosPiracicabaSPBrasilUniversidade de São Paulo. Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz. Programa de Pós-Graduação em ciência e tecnologia de alimentos. Piracicaba, SP, Brasil
| | - Marina Vieira da Silva
- Universidade de São PauloEscola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de QueirozDepartamento de Agroindústria, Alimentos e NutriçãoPiracicabaSPBrasilUniversidade de São Paulo. Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz. Departamento de Agroindústria, Alimentos e Nutrição. Piracicaba, SP, Brasil
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Piwowar A. The use of pesticides in Polish agriculture after integrated pest management (IPM) implementation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:26628-26642. [PMID: 33491144 PMCID: PMC8159817 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12283-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the conducted study was to characterize the attitudes and practices of Polish farmers in the area of performing chemical plant protection treatments. A particular attention was paid to identifying the relationship between the direction of changes in the volume of chemical plant protection product consumption and selected attributes of farms. The main time range of the analyses covered the period of 2013-2017. Statistical data and results of representative surveys carried out on a sample of 1101 farms in Poland were used in the research process. Due to the large number of variants of the analysed variables, a multiple correspondence analysis was used, which made it possible to determine the correlation between the examined features (direction of changes in pesticide use relative to the farm area, economic size of the farm and location of the farm). Statistical analysis showed the existence of strong relationships between the physical (1) and economic (2) size of farms and the direction of changes in pesticide consumption ((1) φ2 = 0.0907; (2) φ2 = 0.1141)). According to empirical studies, the reduction of pesticide consumption took place mainly on the smallest farms. The implementation of the integrated plant protection directive has not resulted in significant changes in the form of reduced pesticide use in large-scale field crops. This raises the need to modify the strategy and model of crop protection in large-scale field crops in Poland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Piwowar
- Wroclaw University of Economics and Business, Komandorska Street 118/120, 53-345, Wrocław, Poland.
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35
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Medina MB, Munitz MS, Resnik SL. Fate and health risks assessment of some pesticides residues during industrial rice processing in Argentina. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.103823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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Xiao J, Ma J, Wang F, Xu X, Liao M, Shi Y, Cao H. Effect of decocting on the pesticide residues in Paeoniae radix lactiflora and corresponding exposure risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:16655-16662. [PMID: 33389468 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11945-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Numerous natural preparations in traditional Chinese medicine are prepared as decoctions. Processing factors (PFs) comparing the levels of pesticide residues in decoctions to those in the corresponding unprocessed products should be considered in exposure assessments. Thus, this study determined the residue levels of six pesticides (chlorpyrifos, phoxim, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, fenpropathrin, and emamectin benzoate), as well as 3,5,6-trichloropyridinol, the primary metabolite of chlorpyrifos, and clothianidin, the main metabolite of thiamethoxam in Baishao, Paeoniae radix lactiflora (Fam. Ranunculaceae). The results showed that significant time-response effects were present for the release of pesticides from P. radix. The PFs calculated were < 1, indicating a significant reduction in pesticide residues after TCM processing. The water solubility and partition coefficient values of the pesticides may have played a basic role in the dissipation of the residues during the TCM decocting process. A risk assessment based on the hazard quotient with PFs revealed that exposure to pesticide residues in P. radix was far below the levels that might pose a health risk. In conclusion, the results presented here are of theoretical and practical value for the safety evaluation of TCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjing Xiao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiangxilu, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230036, People's Republic of China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, China
| | - Jinjuan Ma
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiangxilu, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Wang
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiangxilu, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Xu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, China
| | - Min Liao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiangxilu, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230036, People's Republic of China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, China
| | - Yanhong Shi
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, China
| | - Haiqun Cao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiangxilu, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230036, People's Republic of China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, China.
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Li C, Zhu H, Li C, Qian H, Yao W, Guo Y. The present situation of pesticide residues in China and their removal and transformation during food processing. Food Chem 2021; 354:129552. [PMID: 33756332 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide residues are one of the most important issues affecting food safety. In this review, the general situation of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables based on the background of the Chinese fruit and vegetable industry is first described. On the basis of primary processing of agricultural products, the effects of processing methods on the removal and metabolism of pesticide residues are reviewed in this paper. In addition, the transformation mechanism of pesticides in crops and in the environment is discussed. Finally, this study summarizes the development trend of pesticide-residue monitoring methods. With the prohibition of a large number of pesticides in China, the risk of pesticide residues is gradually reduced. However, some highly toxic pesticides can still be detected. Furthermore, the development of high-resolution mass spectrometry screening methods and rapid and intelligent detection instruments is the development trend for pesticide monitoring in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Huimin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Changyan Li
- YanTai Institute, China Agricultural University, Yantai 264670, Shandong Province, China
| | - He Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Weirong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Yahui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China.
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38
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Kong Z, Quan R, Fan B, Liao Y, Chen J, Li M, Dai X. Stereoselective behaviors of the fungicide triadimefon and its metabolite triadimenol during malt storage and beer brewing. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 400:123238. [PMID: 32947687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The stereoselective behaviors of triadimefon (TF) and its metabolite triadimenol (TN) during barley storage and beer brewing were studied by supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to shed light on potential security risks. Matrix-matched calibration curves were constructed for barley and beer, with determination coefficients (r2) ≥ 0.9991. Average recoveries of 77.2-107.5 % and relative standard deviations within 15.0 % were observed. The degradation of the TF enantiomers during storage followed pseudo-first-order kinetics, and S-TF was degraded in preference to R-TF with the half-life ranges 18.5-36.5 d and 20.4-69.3 d, respectively. During beer brewing, the TF enantiomers (enantiomer fraction, 0.44-0.56) were selectively metabolized into TN stereoisomers (diastereomer fraction, 0.43-0.58). The total pesticide content of beer was 93.3 % lower than that of raw grain, whereby the TF content declined by up to 100 % and the TN stereoisomers were reduced by 35.1 %. The processing factors of all the brewing steps were less than one, illustrating that beer consumption is safer after its commercial processing. Furthermore, the TF enantiomers showed different behaviors upon fermentation by two yeast strains. Thus, this work is a useful reference for assessing the food safety risk posed by individual pesticide enantiomers and their contribution to environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China; Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Rui Quan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Bei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Yonghong Liao
- Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, PR China
| | - Jieyin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China; Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Minmin Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
| | - Xiaofeng Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
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39
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Yang L, Wang X, Sun H, Yao W, Liu Z, Jiang L. A syringe-aided apta-nanosensing method for colorimetric determination of acetamiprid. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1150:238118. [PMID: 33583540 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A syringe-aided apta-nanosensing method is reported for the colorimetric determination of acetamiprid. The method employs double-stranded (ds) DNA-conjugated gold nanoparticle@magnetic agarose beads, i.e., dsDNA-AuNP@MABs as peroxidase-mimicking composite probes, in which the aptamer is indirectly attached to the AuNP surface through its hybridization with complementary DNA (cDNA). Upon contact with the acetamiprid target, the probes can give perceptible color change due to the possible conformation switch from dsDNA's brush-like to cDNA's 'pancake' regime. An "air-spaced pumping" procedure using a syringe equipped with ring magnets as the operation platform was proposed to facilitate the magnetic separation of the sensing probes. Therefore, the analytical steps can be easily accomplished in a syringe, including probe loading, acetamiprid capture and magnetic separation from crude samples, chromogenic reagent loading and colorimetric visualization. Acetamiprid concentration down to 3.3 ppb can be easily identified by the naked eye. The final solution also can be transferred for quantitative measurement. Under spectrometer, the ratio of the absorbance at 652 nm in the presence and absence of acetamiprid (A/A0) is linearly related to the acetamiprid concentration in the 0.4-4.5 ppb range. The limit of detection is calculated to be 0.24 ppb. Moreover, satisfactory recoveries ranging from 90.90 to 91.82% with relative standard deviations of ≤2.96% were obtained in analyzing real spiked samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong, 266580, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong, 266580, China
| | - Haifeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong, 266580, China
| | - Weijing Yao
- Center for Evidence Identification, Chongqing Public Security Bureau, Chongqing, 401147, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Lei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong, 266580, China.
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40
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Jiang Q, Zhang M, Xu B. Application of ultrasonic technology in postharvested fruits and vegetables storage: A review. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2020; 69:105261. [PMID: 32702635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
It has been an important research topic and a serious applicable issue to extend storage time of fruits and vegetables using advanced scientific and effective technology. Among various approaches, ultrasound has been regarded as one of the most pollution-free and effective technical means to significantly improve the preservation of fruits and vegetables. This paper summarizes the application of ultrasonic technology in fruits and vegetables storage in recent years, including removal of pesticide residues and cleaning, sterilization, enzyme inactivation, effect on physico-chemical indexes. Additionally, we also discussed limitations and negative effects of ultrasonic treatment on fruits and vegetables such as damages to tissues and cells. Furthermore, a proper application of ultrasonic technology has been proven to effectively extend the storage period of postharvest fruits and vegetables and maintain the quality. Moreover, the combination of ultrasound and other conventional preservation technologies can further improve the preservation in a coordinate manner and even have a broader application prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, Jiangsu, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Food Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Baoguo Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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41
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Li Z, Zhang Y, Zhao Q, Wang C, Cui Y, Li J, Chen A, Liang G, Jiao B. Occurrence, temporal variation, quality and safety assessment of pesticide residues on citrus fruits in China. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 258:127381. [PMID: 32569958 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Citrus is highly consumed in China and considered a major source of pesticide carrier in human diet. In this paper, pesticide residues in mandarins, tangerines and oranges from China were evaluated, as well as the quality and long-term dietary risks for the Chinese consumers. Temporal variations for eight MRL non-compliant pesticides were also investigated. 106 pesticides were analyzed using QuEChERS procedure and UPLC-MS/MS, GC-MS and GC methods. Forty different pesticides were detected in 86% of the 2922 samples from 2013 to 2018. Chlorpyrifos was the most frequently detected pesticide with a detection rate of 40%. Residues of eight pesticides in 3.8% of the total samples exceeded their MRLs. The most severely excessive pesticide was bifenthrin with 283% MRL. The occurrences and exceeding rates of eight pesticides presented clear temporal variations during the six harvesting years. Isocarbophos, carbofuran and triazophos were the main risk factors threatening the citrus safety pre-2015, whereas profenofos and bifenthrin gradually became dominant after 2016, coinciding with government control measures. The index of quality for residues (IqR) levels of 88% of the samples were below 1.0, which indicated a satisfactory quality of citrus fruits in China, although 70% of the samples contained two or more residues. The cumulative chronic dietary risks were acceptable for both the Chinese general population and children and would not pose health risks. However, more strictly enforced control measures for methidathion and isocarbophos, and reduced usage of triazophos, quinalphos, profenofos and bifenthrin should be pursued to further improve the safety of citrus fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixia Li
- Southwest University Citrus Research Institute, Chongqing, 400712, China; Southwest University College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Yaohai Zhang
- Southwest University Citrus Research Institute, Chongqing, 400712, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Citrus Products (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, 400712, China.
| | - Qiyang Zhao
- Southwest University Citrus Research Institute, Chongqing, 400712, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Citrus Products (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, 400712, China.
| | - Chengqiu Wang
- Southwest University Citrus Research Institute, Chongqing, 400712, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Citrus Products (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, 400712, China.
| | - Yongliang Cui
- Southwest University Citrus Research Institute, Chongqing, 400712, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Citrus Products (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, 400712, China.
| | - Jing Li
- Southwest University Citrus Research Institute, Chongqing, 400712, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Citrus Products (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, 400712, China.
| | - Aihua Chen
- Southwest University Citrus Research Institute, Chongqing, 400712, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Citrus Products (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, 400712, China.
| | - Guolu Liang
- Southwest University College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Bining Jiao
- Southwest University Citrus Research Institute, Chongqing, 400712, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Citrus Products (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, 400712, China.
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42
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Li Z. A coupled ODE-diffusion modeling framework for removing organic contaminants in crops using a simple household method. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:115071. [PMID: 32599328 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organic contaminants are frequently detected in fresh crops and can cause severe damage to human health. To help control this risk, we introduce a diffusion-based model framework for estimating the removal efficiency for organic contaminants in fresh crops using a simple water soaking method. The framework was developed based on the diffusion coefficient of the organic contaminants, and its application indicates that the removal factor (RF) for organic contaminants has an inverse-exponential relationship with log Kow (Kow is the octanol-water partition coefficient), which thermodynamically restricts the removal efficiency for chemicals with large steady state log Kow. Additionally, the diffusion coefficient of the chemical in water affects the kinetic removal efficiency. For example, the RF simulated for glyphosate, which has a relatively high diffusion coefficient, is 0.592 (61.9% of the steady state RF) after soaking for 1 h, while the RF of lindane is 0.224, which is only 25.0% of the steady state RF. However, if a refreshing method is applied, the RF of lindane can be significantly improved even if more potatoes are used in the water bowl, and this has been demonstrated theoretically with the refreshing function. Model validation indicates that the macro properties of crops, e.g., the active area through which crop tissues interact with water, have a larger impact on the results than do the micro-properties of crops and the physiochemical properties of the organic contaminants. Comparison of our results with those of other studies shows that the simulated ranges for some pesticides compare well with experimental data collected using other household washing methods. However, for other pesticides such as HCB and DDT, the simulated results and current studies are inconsistent due to physical interactions between the water and crop tissues not considered in our model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, 510275, China.
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43
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Residues and enantioselective behavior of cyflumetofen from apple production. Food Chem 2020; 321:126687. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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44
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Yin X, Fang B, Zhang X, Li J, Li Y. Salt‐assisted acetonitrile extraction and HPLC‐QTOF‐MS/MS detection for residues of multiple classes of pesticides in human serum samples. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:3534-3545. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201901223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue‐feng Yin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing P. R. China
| | - Bing Fang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing P. R. China
| | - Xiao‐xu Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing P. R. China
| | - Jin‐wang Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing P. R. China
| | - Yi‐xuan Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing P. R. China
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45
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Azam SMR, Ma H, Xu B, Devi S, Siddique MAB, Stanley SL, Bhandari B, Zhu J. Efficacy of ultrasound treatment in the removal of pesticide residues from fresh vegetables: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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46
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Jankowska M, Kaczyński P, Łozowicka B. Metabolic profile and behavior of clethodim and spirotetramat in herbs during plant growth and processing under controlled conditions. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1323. [PMID: 31992750 PMCID: PMC6987122 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58130-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbs may contain pesticide residues which are an important discriminator of food security and food quality. The challenge of the research was to assess the fate of the herbicide clethodim (CLE) and the insecticide spirotetramat (SPI) applied in herbs (BBCH 11-21) during herb growth and processing under controlled greenhouse trial conditions. The metabolic profile of CLE and SPI and their degradation products in basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), peppermint (Mentha × piperita L.) and sage (Salvia officinalis L.) was also presented. The half-lives of CLE and SPI in herbs were 1.10-1.56 days and 0.51-0.83 days, respectively. The terminal residues of SPI (SPI-enol, SPI-ketohydroxy, SPI-monohydroxy and SPI-enol-glucoside) and CLE (CLE-sulfone and CLE-sulfoxide) in herbal matrices were measured below EU maximum residue limits. In this paper, we aimed to assess the impact of washing and dehydratation pretreatment and calculated processing factors (PFs) which can be applied to more accurate food safety assessments. The PF values of CLE and SPI after drying prior washing was below 1 indicating reduction of initial residues. Drying process without washing demonstrated increases of SPI concentrations (PF up to 1.50). The lowest PFs were obtained when raw herbal plants were washed before drying showing almost complete degradation of parent compound (93-99%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Jankowska
- Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Laboratory of Food and Feed Safety, Chełmońskiego 22, Postal code: 15-195, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Piotr Kaczyński
- Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Laboratory of Food and Feed Safety, Chełmońskiego 22, Postal code: 15-195, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Bożena Łozowicka
- Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Laboratory of Food and Feed Safety, Chełmońskiego 22, Postal code: 15-195, Bialystok, Poland
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47
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Liu H, Bai X, Pang X. Intercity variability and local factors influencing the level of pesticide residues in marketed fruits and vegetables of China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 700:134481. [PMID: 31689650 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Controlling pesticide residues in marketed fruits and vegetables is an essential issue for food safety and public health. Local governments improve local conditions, like policymaking and implementation, economic structure and development level, and agricultural practices, to control pesticide residues. However, the level of influence and relative importance of these local factors are not analyzed quantitatively. Here we present the food safety level across 42 Chinese cities as measured by the level of pesticide residues (LPR) in fresh fruits and vegetables, and explore how local socio-economic and policy factors influence its intercity variability. A total of 12,070 sample measurements were used in this study. The relationships between LPR and local socio-economic-policy factors were tested by using Pearson correlation analysis, two-sided independent t-test, and stepwise multivariable linear regression. Our analysis shows that: (1) the pesticide residues in 97.1% of the samples were within legal limits, but the LPR had a considerable cross-city disparity and (2) eight socio-economic-policy variables were found to be significantly correlated with LPR at the city level. Six policy-related variables, namely the number of pesticide-related policies, the number of food safety-related policies, the number of food safety-related news reports, the supermarket revolution, the administrative level of the city and the transparency of supervision of food safety, could explain 32.8% of the intercity variability of LPR. This was followed by the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita from the tertiary sector (15.6%) and the pesticide usage per cultivated area in local agriculture (13.4%). After eliminating the collinearity of these variables, local socio-economic-policy factors collectively could explain around 40% of the intercity variability of LPR. This indicates that local-level policy may have a larger impact on local food safety in terms of LPR than economic factors or local agricultural practice, underscoring the critical role of local government in ensuring food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Liu
- Chinese Antarctic Center of Surveying and Mapping, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; School of Resource and Environment Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Xuemei Bai
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia
| | - Xiaoping Pang
- Chinese Antarctic Center of Surveying and Mapping, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; School of Resource and Environment Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
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48
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Yigit N, Velioglu YS. Effects of processing and storage on pesticide residues in foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:3622-3641. [PMID: 31858819 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1702501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are chemicals frequently used in agriculture to obtain maximum yield and improve product quality. Thousands of active ingredients and formulations of different pesticides are commercially available. Besides their advantages, a major disadvantage of pesticides is their residues, even though strict maximum residue limits have been set for each pesticide and permitted agricultural commodity. Permanence of pesticide residues on agricultural products depends on several factors such as the properties of pesticide, formulation, and applied concentration. Light, temperature, plant morphology, and plant growth factors are also effective in determining permanence. Degradation effects of the processing treatments rely on the dissolution of pesticides in the surrounding atmosphere, hydrolysis, microbial degradation, oxidation, penetration, and photo-degradation. Various steps applied during food processing, such as washing with water or other aqueous solutions, peeling, chopping, pickling, heat treatments, and processes such as drying, canning, fruit juice and concentrate production, malt, beer and wine production, oil production, and storage have certain effects on the presence of pesticide residues as well. Only washing with water can remove pesticide residue up to 100%, depending on the location of residue, residence time on food, water solubility of residue, washing temperature, and agents used to increase effectiveness. Besides washing, skin removal or peeling is one of the most effective treatments for residue removal, especially on non-systemic pesticides. During cooking, residues might be evaporated or hydrolyzed. Effects of storage temperature on reduction are related to volatilization, penetration, metabolism of pesticide, moisture content, and microbial growth, if any. In refrigerated or frozen storage, residues are stable or degrade slowly. Drying may increase the residue content because of the concentration, but in sun-drying reduction may occur because of photo-degradation. Clarification and filtration may eliminate residues retained in suspended particles. The degradation product, however, may be more toxic than the initial compound in some cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuran Yigit
- Plant Protection Central Research Institute, Yenimahalle, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yakup Sedat Velioglu
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Ankara University, Golbasi, Ankara, Turkey
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49
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Pereira VR, Pereira DR, de Melo Tavares Vieira KC, Ribas VP, Constantino CJL, Antunes PA, Favareto APA. Sperm quality of rats exposed to difenoconazole using classical parameters and surface-enhanced Raman scattering: classification performance by machine learning methods. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:35253-35265. [PMID: 31701422 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06407-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Difenoconazole is a fungicide extensively used in agriculture. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of difenoconazole fungicide on the sperm quality of rats. Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control and exposed to 5 (D5), 10 (D10), or 50 mg-1 kg bw-1day (D50) of difenoconazole for 30 days, by gavage. Classical sperm parameters and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) were performed. Progressive motility, acrosomal integrity, and percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa were reduced in the D10 and D50 groups in comparison with the control group. Sperm viability was reduced only in the D50 group. Sperm number in the testis and caput/corpus epididymis and daily sperm production were reduced in the three exposed groups. SERS measurements showed changes in the spectra of spermatozoa from D50 group, suggesting DNA damage. In addition, machine learning (ML) methods were used to evaluate the performance of three classification algorithms (artificial neural network-ANN, K-nearest neighbors-K-NN, and support vector machine-SVM) in the identification task of the groups exposed to difenoconazole. The results obtained by ML algorithms were very promising with accuracy ≥ 90% and validated the hypothesis of the exposure to difenoconazole reduces sperm quality. In conclusion, exposure of rats to different doses of the fungicide difenoconazole may impair sperm quality, with a recognizable classification pattern of exposure groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Ribas Pereira
- Graduate Program in Environment and Regional Development, University of Western São Paulo - UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, SP, CEP. 19.067-175, Brazil
| | - Danillo Roberto Pereira
- Graduate Program in Environment and Regional Development, University of Western São Paulo - UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, SP, CEP. 19.067-175, Brazil
| | - Kátia Cristina de Melo Tavares Vieira
- Graduate Program in Environment and Regional Development, University of Western São Paulo - UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, SP, CEP. 19.067-175, Brazil
| | - Vitor Pereira Ribas
- College of Science, Letters and Education from Presidente Prudente - FACLEPP, University of Western São Paulo - UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, SP, CEP. 19.067-175, Brazil
| | - Carlos José Leopoldo Constantino
- School of Technology and Applied Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus Presidente Prudente, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Alexandra Antunes
- College of Science, Letters and Education from Presidente Prudente - FACLEPP, University of Western São Paulo - UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, SP, CEP. 19.067-175, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Alves Favareto
- Graduate Program in Environment and Regional Development, University of Western São Paulo - UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, SP, CEP. 19.067-175, Brazil.
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Regar RK, Gaur VK, Bajaj A, Tambat S, Manickam N. Comparative microbiome analysis of two different long-term pesticide contaminated soils revealed the anthropogenic influence on functional potential of microbial communities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 681:413-423. [PMID: 31108361 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Microbial communities play a crucial role in bioremediation of pollutants in contaminated ecosystem. In addition to pure culture isolation and bacterial 16S rRNA based community studies, the focus has now shifted employing the omics technologies enormously for understanding the microbial diversity and functional potential of soil samples. Our previous report on two pesticide-contaminated sites revealed the diversity of both culturable and unculturable bacteria. In the present study, we have observed distinct taxonomic and functional communities in contaminated soil with respect to an uncontaminated soil as control by using shotgun metagenomic sequencing method. Our data demonstrated that Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Acidobacteria significantly dominated the microbial diversity with their cumulative abundance percentage in the range of 98.61, 87.38, and 80.52 for Hindustan Insecticides Limited (HIL), India Pesticides Limited (IPL), and control respectively. Functional gene analysis demonstrated the presence of large number of both substrate specific upper pathway and common lower pathway degradative genes. Relatively lower number of genes was found encoding the degradation of styrene, atrazine, bisphenol, dioxin, and naphthalene. When three bacteria were augumentated with rhamnolipid (20-100 μM) and Triton X-100 (84-417 μM) surfactants in HIL soil, an enhanced degradation to 76%, 70%, and 58% of HCH, Endosulfan, and DDT respectively was achieved. The overall data obtained from two heavily contaminated soil suggest the versatility of the microbial communities for the xenobiotic pollutant degradation which may help in exploiting their potential applications in bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar Regar
- Environmental Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India; Department of Biochemistry, School of Dental Sciences, Babu Banarsi Das University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vivek Kumar Gaur
- Environmental Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India; Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Abhay Bajaj
- Environmental Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Subodh Tambat
- Bionivid Technology Pvt. Ltd., Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Natesan Manickam
- Environmental Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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