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Cui Y, Peng S, Delgado-Baquerizo M, Rillig MC, Terrer C, Zhu B, Jing X, Chen J, Li J, Feng J, He Y, Fang L, Moorhead DL, Sinsabaugh RL, Peñuelas J. Microbial communities in terrestrial surface soils are not widely limited by carbon. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:4412-4429. [PMID: 37277945 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Microbial communities in soils are generally considered to be limited by carbon (C), which could be a crucial control for basic soil functions and responses of microbial heterotrophic metabolism to climate change. However, global soil microbial C limitation (MCL) has rarely been estimated and is poorly understood. Here, we predicted MCL, defined as limited availability of substrate C relative to nitrogen and/or phosphorus to meet microbial metabolic requirements, based on the thresholds of extracellular enzyme activity across 847 sites (2476 observations) representing global natural ecosystems. Results showed that only about 22% of global sites in terrestrial surface soils show relative C limitation in microbial community. This finding challenges the conventional hypothesis of ubiquitous C limitation for soil microbial metabolism. The limited geographic extent of C limitation in our study was mainly attributed to plant litter, rather than soil organic matter that has been processed by microbes, serving as the dominant C source for microbial acquisition. We also identified a significant latitudinal pattern of predicted MCL with larger C limitation at mid- to high latitudes, whereas this limitation was generally absent in the tropics. Moreover, MCL significantly constrained the rates of soil heterotrophic respiration, suggesting a potentially larger relative increase in respiration at mid- to high latitudes than low latitudes, if climate change increases primary productivity that alleviates MCL at higher latitudes. Our study provides the first global estimates of MCL, advancing our understanding of terrestrial C cycling and microbial metabolic feedback under global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxing Cui
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shushi Peng
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Manuel Delgado-Baquerizo
- Laboratorio de Biodiversidad y Funcionamiento Ecosistémico, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
- Unidad Asociada CSIC-UPO (BioFun). Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - César Terrer
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Biao Zhu
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, and College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Ji Chen
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Jinquan Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science and Institute of Eco-Chongming, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiao Feng
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yue He
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Linchuan Fang
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Daryl L Moorhead
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Robert L Sinsabaugh
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
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2
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Wang L, Hamel C, Lu P, Wang J, Sun D, Wang Y, Lee SJ, Gan GY. Using enzyme activities as an indicator of soil fertility in grassland - an academic dilemma. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1175946. [PMID: 37484467 PMCID: PMC10360189 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1175946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Grasslands play an important role in conserving natural biodiversity and providing ecosystem functions and services for societies. Soil fertility is an important property in grassland, and the monitoring of soil fertility can provide crucial information to optimize ecosystem productivity and sustainability. Testing various soil physiochemical properties related to fertility usually relies on traditional measures, such as destructive sampling, pre-test treatments, labor-intensive procedures, and costly laboratory measurements, which are often difficult to perform. However, soil enzyme activity reflecting the intensity of soil biochemical reactions is a reliable indicator of soil properties and thus enzyme assays could be an efficient alternative to evaluate soil fertility. Here, we review the latest research on the features and functions of enzymes catalyzing the biochemical processes that convert organic materials to available plant nutrients, increase soil carbon and nutrient cycling, and enhance microbial activities to improve soil fertility. We focus on the complex relationships among soil enzyme activities and functions, microbial biomass, physiochemical properties, and soil/crop management practices. We highlight the biochemistry of enzymes and the rationale for using enzyme activities to indicate soil fertility. Finally, we discuss the limits and disadvantages of the potential new molecular tool and provide suggestions to improve the reliability and feasibility of the proposed alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ecological Treatment Technology of Urban Water Pollution, Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Tideland Reclamation and Ecological Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chantal Hamel
- Soil Microbiology Scientist, Commerciale, Rivière-à-Pierre, QC, Canada
| | - Peina Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Junying Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ecological Treatment Technology of Urban Water Pollution, Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Tideland Reclamation and Ecological Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dandi Sun
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ecological Treatment Technology of Urban Water Pollution, Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Tideland Reclamation and Ecological Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yijia Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ecological Treatment Technology of Urban Water Pollution, Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Tideland Reclamation and Ecological Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Soon-Jae Lee
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gary Y. Gan
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ecological Treatment Technology of Urban Water Pollution, Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Tideland Reclamation and Ecological Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Agroecosystems, the uBC-Soil Group, Kelowna, BC, Canada
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3
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Zhang K, Zentella R, Burkey KO, Liao HL, Tisdale RH. Microbial community dynamics responding to nutrient allocation associated with soybean cultivar 'Jake' ozone adaptation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 864:161008. [PMID: 36549524 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3), a major air pollutant, leads to significant global yield loss in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Soybean cultivar 'Jake' shows O3 resilient traits in above-ground organs, but the root system remains sensitive to elevated O3 (eO3). Changing carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) resource composition during eO3 stress suggests that eO3 presumably alters belowground soil microbial communities and their driven nutrient transformation. Yet, the responses of belowground microbes to eO3 and their feedback on nutrient cycling in 'Jake' are unknown. In this study, we holistically investigated soil microbial communities associated with C and N dynamics and bacterial-fungal inter-kingdom networks in the rhizosphere and bulk soil at different developmental stages of 'Jake' grown under sub-ambient O3 [charcoal-filtered (CF) air, 12 h mean: 20 ppb] or eO3 (12 h mean: 87 ppb). The results demonstrated eO3 significantly decreased fungal diversity and complexity of microbial networks at different 'Jake' developmental stages, whereas bacterial diversity was more tolerant to eO3 in both bulk soil and rhizosphere. In the bulk soil, no O3-responsive microbial biomarkers were found to be associated with C and N content, implying eO3 may stimulate niche-based processes during 'Jake' growth. In contrast, this study identified O3-responsive microbial biomarkers that may contribute to the N acquisition (Chloroflexales) and C dynamics (Caldilineales, Thermomicrobiales, and Hypocreales) in the rhizosphere, which may support the O3 resilience of the 'Jake' cultivar. However, further investigation is required to confirm their specific contributions by determining changes in microbial gene expression. Overall, these findings conduce to an expanding knowledge base that O3 induces temporal and spatial changes in the effects of microbial and nutrient networks in the O3-tolerant agriculture ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaile Zhang
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, FL 32351, USA; Department of Soil, Water, and Ecosystem Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Rodolfo Zentella
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plant Science Research Unit, Raleigh, 27607, NC, USA; Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27695, NC, USA
| | - Kent O Burkey
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plant Science Research Unit, Raleigh, 27607, NC, USA; Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27695, NC, USA
| | - Hui-Ling Liao
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, FL 32351, USA; Department of Soil, Water, and Ecosystem Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Ripley H Tisdale
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plant Science Research Unit, Raleigh, 27607, NC, USA; Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27695, NC, USA.
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4
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Gu X, Wang T, Li C. Elevated ozone decreases the multifunctionality of belowground ecosystems. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:890-908. [PMID: 36300607 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Elevated tropospheric ozone (O3 ) affects the allocation of biomass aboveground and belowground and influences terrestrial ecosystem functions. However, how belowground functions respond to elevated O3 concentrations ([O3 ]) remains unclear at the global scale. Here, we conducted a detailed synthesis of belowground functioning responses to elevated [O3 ] by performing a meta-analysis of 2395 paired observations from 222 publications. We found that elevated [O3 ] significantly reduced the primary productivity of roots by 19.8%, 16.3%, and 26.9% for crops, trees and grasses, respectively. Elevated [O3 ] strongly decreased the root/shoot ratio by 11.3% for crops and by 4.9% for trees, which indicated that roots were highly sensitive to O3 . Elevated [O3 ] impacted carbon and nitrogen cycling in croplands, as evidenced by decreased dissolved organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon, total soil nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, microbial biomass nitrogen, and nitrification rates in association with increased nitrate nitrogen and denitrification rates. Elevated [O3 ] significantly decreased fungal phospholipid fatty acids in croplands, which suggested that O3 altered the microbial community and composition. The responses of belowground functions to elevated [O3 ] were modified by experimental methods, root environments, and additional global change factors. Therefore, these factors should be considered to avoid the underestimation or overestimation of the impacts of elevated [O3 ] on belowground functioning. The significant negative relationships between O3 -treated intensity and the multifunctionality index for croplands, forests, and grasslands implied that elevated [O3 ] decreases belowground ecosystem multifunctionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Tianzuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Caihong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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5
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Tao S, Yin H, Fang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang N, Qu L. Elevated O 3 concentrations alter the compartment-specific microbial communities inhabiting rust-infected poplars. Environ Microbiol 2022; 25:990-1006. [PMID: 36582119 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Elevated ozone (O3 ) can affect the susceptivity of plants to rust pathogens. However, the collective role of microbiomes involved in such interaction remains largely elusive. We exposed two cultivated poplar clones exhibiting differential O3 sensitivities, to non-filtered ambient air (NF), NF + 40 ppb or NF + 60 ppb O3 -enriched air in field open-top chambers and then inoculated Melampsora larici-populina urediniospores to study their response to rust infection and to investigate how microbiomes inhabiting four compartments (phyllosphere, rhizosphere, root endosphere, bulk soil) are involved in this response. We found that hosts with higher O3 sensitivity had significantly lower rust severity than hosts with lower sensitivity. Furthermore, the effect of increased O3 on the diversity and composition of microbial communities was highly dependent on poplar compartments, with the microbial network complexity patterns being completely opposite between the two clones. Notably, microbial source analysis estimated that phyllosphere fungal communities predominately derived from root endosphere and vice versa, suggesting a potential transmission mechanism between plant above- and below-ground systems. These promising results suggest that further investigations are needed to better understand the interactions of abiotic and biotic stresses on plant performance and the role of the microbiome in driving these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Tao
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.,Ecological Observation and Research Station of Heilongjiang Sanjiang Plain Wetlands, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shuangyashan, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyue Yin
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Fang
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunxia Zhang
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Naili Zhang
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.,Ecological Observation and Research Station of Heilongjiang Sanjiang Plain Wetlands, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shuangyashan, People's Republic of China
| | - Laiye Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
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6
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Li K, Hayes F, Chadwick DR, Wang J, Zou J, Jones DL. Changes in microbial community composition drive the response of ecosystem multifunctionality to elevated ozone. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:114142. [PMID: 35995222 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Increasing tropospheric ozone poses a potential threat to both above- and belowground components of the terrestrial biosphere. Microorganisms are the main drivers of soil ecological processes, however, the link between soil microbial communities and ecological functions under elevated ozone remains poorly understood. In this study, we assessed the responses of three crop seedlings (i.e., soybean, maize, and wheat) growth and soil microbial communities to elevated ozone (40 ppb O3 above ambient air) in a pot experiment in the solardomes. Results showed that elevated ozone adversely affected ecosystem multifunctionality by reducing crop biomass, inhibiting soil extracellular enzyme activities, and altering nutrient availability. Elevated ozone increased bacterial and fungal co-occurrence network complexity, negatively correlated with ecosystem multifunctionality. Changes in the relative abundance of some specific bacteria and fungi were associated with multiple ecosystem functioning. In addition, elevated ozone significantly affected fungal community composition but not bacterial community composition and microbial alpha-diversity. Crop type played a key role in determining bacterial alpha-diversity and microbial community composition. In conclusion, our findings suggest that short-term elevated ozone could lead to a decrease in ecosystem multifunctionality associated with changes in the complexity of microbial networks in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejie Li
- Key Laboratory of Green and Low-carbon Agriculture in Southeastern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Felicity Hayes
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - David R Chadwick
- School of Natural Sciences, Environment Centre Wales, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Jinyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green and Low-carbon Agriculture in Southeastern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Agriculture and GHGs Mitigation, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Jianwen Zou
- Key Laboratory of Green and Low-carbon Agriculture in Southeastern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Agriculture and GHGs Mitigation, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Davey L Jones
- School of Natural Sciences, Environment Centre Wales, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK; SoilsWest, Centre for Sustainable Farming Systems, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6105, Australia
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7
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Changes in growth pattern and rhizospheric soil biochemical properties of a leguminous tree species Leucaena leucocephala under long-term exposure to elevated ozone. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:152. [PMID: 35755800 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03215-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing concentrations of ground-level ozone (O3) exert significant impacts on the plants, but there is limited data for belowground processes. We studied the effects of long-term exposure of elevated O3 (EO3) on plant growth parameters (plant height and biomass) and biochemical parameters (nutrients, microbial biomass and enzymatic activities) of rhizospheric soil of leguminous tree species Leucaena leucocephala. L. leucocephala seedlings were grown under ambient O3 (AO3) and EO3 (+20 ppb above ambient) under Free Air Ozone Concentration Enrichment (O3-FACE) facility and changes in plant growth and their rhizospheric soil properties were studied during 6, 12, 18 and 24 months of EO3 exposure. L. leucocephala showed significant reductions in shoot length, root biomass, shoot biomass, leaf biomass and total biomass during 12, 18 and 24 months of exposure to EO3. Total nutrients in rhizospheric soil like carbon and phosphorus were significantly reduced after 24 months of EO3 exposure. Most of the available nutrients showed significant reduction after 6, 12 and 24 months of EO3 exposure. A significant decrease was apparent in microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus after 6, 12, 18 and 24 months of EO3 treatment. Significant reductions were observed in extracellular enzymatic activities (dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, β-glycosidase, fluorescein diacetate, arylsulfatase, cellulase and protease) of soil after 6, 12 and 24 months of EO3 exposure. These results suggest that increasing O3 concentrations will directly impact L. leucocephala growth as well as have indirect impact on the nutrient contents (C, N, and P), microbial biomass and extracellular enzymatic activities of rhizospheric soil of L. leucocephala. Our results suggest that continuous increase in O3 concentrations will have serious implications for aboveground plant growth and belowground soil fertility in this region considered as O3 hotspot. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03215-1.
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8
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Díaz-López M, Siles JA, Ros C, Bastida F, Nicolás E. The effects of ozone treatments on the agro-physiological parameters of tomato plants and the soil microbial community. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 812:151429. [PMID: 34742984 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ozone has been applied in many processes (drinking water disinfection and wastewater treatment, among others) based on its high degree of effectiveness as a wide-spectrum disinfectant and its potential for the degradation of pollutants and pesticides. Nevertheless, the effects of irrigation with ozonated water on the soil microbial community and plant physiology and productivity at the field scale are largely unknown. Here, we assessed the impact of irrigation with ozonated water on the microbial community of a Mediterranean soil and on Solanum lycopersicum L. agro-physiology and productivity in a greenhouse experiment. For this purpose, we evaluated: i) soil physicochemical properties, soil enzyme activities, and the biomass (through analysis of microbial fatty acids) and diversity (through 16S rRNA gene and ITS2 amplicon sequencing) of the soil microbial community, and ii) the nutrient content, physiology, yield, and fruit quality of tomato plants. Overall, the soil physicochemical properties were slightly affected by the treatments applied, showing some differences between continuous and intermittent irrigation with ozonated water. Only the soil pH was significantly reduced by continuous irrigation with ozonated water at the end of the assay. Biochemical parameters (enzymatic activities) showed no significant differences between the treatments studied. The biomasses of Gram- bacteria and fungi were decreased by intermittent and continuous irrigation with ozonated water, respectively. However, the diversity, structure, and composition of the soil microbial community were not affected by the ozone treatments. Changes in soil properties slightly affected tomato plant physiology but did not affect yield or fruit quality. The stomatal conductance was reduced and the intrinsic water use efficiency was increased by continuous irrigation with ozonated water. Our results suggest that soil health and fertility were not compromised, however ozonated water treatments should be tailored to individual crop conditions to avoid adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Díaz-López
- Department of Irrigation, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain; Department of Soil and Water Conservation and Waste Management, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain.
| | - José A Siles
- Department of Soil and Water Conservation and Waste Management, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain
| | - Caridad Ros
- Department of Crop Protection, Murcia Institute of Agri-Food Research and Development, IMIDA, C/Mayor s/n, Murcia 30150, Spain
| | - Felipe Bastida
- Department of Soil and Water Conservation and Waste Management, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain
| | - Emilio Nicolás
- Department of Irrigation, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain
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9
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Caniani D, Caivano M, Mazzone G, Masi S, Mancini IM. Effect of site-specific conditions and operating parameters on the removal efficiency of petroleum-originating pollutants by using ozonation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 800:149393. [PMID: 34426347 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Soil contamination is a worldwide problem, mainly caused by a wide range of organic compounds: e.g., alkanes, aromatics, and polynuclear aromatics. Using ozone to help remediate contaminated soils is gaining interest due to its capability in oxidizing recalcitrant contaminants in short application time., although studies using ozonation for soil remediation are so far limited to the laboratory scale. This review attempts to summarize and discuss the state of the art in the treatment of soils contaminated with recalcitrant organic contaminants by using ozone, emphasizing the influence of operating conditions, such as the content and age of soil organic matter, grain size, moisture content, pH, and ozone dose. Special attention is given to the combination of ozonation and biodegradation. The main advantages in using ozonation as a remediation technique are its high oxidation potential applicable to a wide range of organic pollutants and its oxygen release after chemical decomposition that allow aerobic biodegradation. The review results show that ozonated soils can be reused after ozonation treatment, therefore ozonation can be considered an excellent remediation technique, even if combined with biodegradation, allowing removal percentages of 90% and more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Caniani
- School of Engineering, University of Basilicata, viale dell'Ateneo Lucano n. 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy.
| | - Marianna Caivano
- School of Engineering, University of Basilicata, viale dell'Ateneo Lucano n. 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Mazzone
- School of Engineering, University of Basilicata, viale dell'Ateneo Lucano n. 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Salvatore Masi
- School of Engineering, University of Basilicata, viale dell'Ateneo Lucano n. 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Ignazio M Mancini
- School of Engineering, University of Basilicata, viale dell'Ateneo Lucano n. 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
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10
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Díaz-López M, Nicolás E, López-Mondéjar R, Galera L, Garrido I, Fenoll J, Bastida F. Combined ozonation and solarization for the removal of pesticides from soil: Effects on soil microbial communities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 758:143950. [PMID: 33321367 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides have been used extensively in agriculture to control pests and soil-borne diseases. Most of these pesticides can persist in soil in harmful concentrations due to their intrinsic characteristics and their interactions with soil. Soil solarization has been demonstrated to enhance pesticide degradation under field conditions. Recently, ozonation has been suggested as a feasible method for reducing the pesticide load in agricultural fields. However, the effects of ozonation in the soil microbial community have not been studied so far. Here, we evaluate the combined effects of solarization and ozonation on the microbial community of a Mediterranean soil. For this purpose, soil physico-chemical characteristics and enzyme activities and the biomass (through analysis of microbial fatty acids) and diversity (through 16S rRNA and ITS amplicon sequencing) of soil microbial communities were analyzed in a 50-day greenhouse experiment. The degradation of the pesticides was increased by 20%, 28%, and 33% in solarized soil (S), solarized soil with surface ozonation (SOS), and solarized soil with deep ozonation (SOD), respectively, in comparison to control (untreated) soil. Solarization and its combination with ozonation (SOS and SOD) increased the ammonium content as well as the electrical conductivity, while enzyme activities and soil microbial biomass were negatively affected. Despite the biocidal character of ozone, several microbial populations with demonstrated pesticide-degradation capacity showed increases in their relative abundance. Overall, the combination of solarization plus ozone did not exacerbate the effects of solarization on the soil chemistry and microbial communities, but did improve pesticide degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emilio Nicolás
- CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Rubén López-Mondéjar
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, Vídeňská 1083, Praha 4 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Lucas Galera
- Novagric (Novedades Agrícolas, S.A.), Bulevar de Vicar 743, 04738 Vicar, Almería, Spain
| | - Isabel Garrido
- Sustainability and Quality Group of Fruit and Vegetable Products, Murcia Institute of Agri-Food Research and Development, C/Mayor s/n, La Alberca 30150, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Fenoll
- Sustainability and Quality Group of Fruit and Vegetable Products, Murcia Institute of Agri-Food Research and Development, C/Mayor s/n, La Alberca 30150, Murcia, Spain
| | - Felipe Bastida
- CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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11
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Wang Q, Li Z, Li X, Ping Q, Yuan X, Agathokleous E, Feng Z. Interactive effects of ozone exposure and nitrogen addition on the rhizosphere bacterial community of poplar saplings. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:142134. [PMID: 33254895 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It is widely documented that elevated ground-level ozone (O3) has negative effects on tree physiological characteristics, and in return, affects forest ecosystem function. However, the effect may be modified by soil nitrogen (N) availability. Numerous studies have focused on the aboveground part of trees under elevated O3 alone or in combination with soil N; however, little is known about the response of soil bacterial communities. Here, we investigated the effects of O3 (charcoal-filtered air, CF, versus ambient air +40 ppb of O3, E-O3), N addition (0 kg ha-1 yr-1, N0, versus 200 kg ha-1 yr-1, N200), and their combination on rhizosphere soil bacterial communities of hybrid poplar, using an MiSeq targeted amplicon sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. E-O3 significantly decreased bacterial abundance, and N200 significantly decreased the α-diversity. The negative impacts of N200 on α-diversity were alleviated by E-O3. Nitrogen and E-O3-N200 combination altered bacterial community composition, with a significant increase in the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes and a decrease in the abundance of Firmicutes. From an ecological network analysis, E-O3, alone and in combination with N200, complicated the co-occurrence network of bacterial communities by inducing a microbial survival strategy, shifting the hub species from RB41 to Bacillus and Blastococcus. Conversely, N200 led to simplification and decentralization of the co-occurrence network. These findings demonstrate that the rhizosphere bacterial communities exhibit divergent responses to E-O3 and N200, suggesting the need to consider the stability of the belowground ecosystem to optimize plantation management in response to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Zhengzhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xuewei Li
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Qin Ping
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiangyang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
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12
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Halim MA, Rahman MM, Megharaj M, Naidu R. Cadmium Immobilization in the Rhizosphere and Plant Cellular Detoxification: Role of Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria as a Sustainable Solution. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:13497-13529. [PMID: 33170689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Food is the major cadmium (Cd)-exposure pathway from agricultural soils to humans and other living entities and must be reduced in an effective way. A plant can select beneficial microbes, like plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), depending upon the nature of root exudates in the rhizosphere, for its own benefits, such as plant growth promotion as well as protection from metal toxicity. This review intends to seek out information on the rhizo-immobilization of Cd in polluted soils using the PGPR along with plant nutrient fertilizers. This review suggests that the rhizo-immobilization of Cd by a combination of PGPR and nanohybrid-based plant nutrient fertilizers would be a potential and sustainable technology for phytoavailable Cd immobilization in the rhizosphere and plant cellular detoxification, by keeping the plant nutrition flow and green dynamics of plant nutrition and boosting the plant growth and development under Cd stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abdul Halim
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
- Department of Biotechnology, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Mallavarapu Megharaj
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
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13
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Agathokleous E, Feng Z, Oksanen E, Sicard P, Wang Q, Saitanis CJ, Araminiene V, Blande JD, Hayes F, Calatayud V, Domingos M, Veresoglou SD, Peñuelas J, Wardle DA, De Marco A, Li Z, Harmens H, Yuan X, Vitale M, Paoletti E. Ozone affects plant, insect, and soil microbial communities: A threat to terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabc1176. [PMID: 32851188 PMCID: PMC7423369 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc1176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Elevated tropospheric ozone concentrations induce adverse effects in plants. We reviewed how ozone affects (i) the composition and diversity of plant communities by affecting key physiological traits; (ii) foliar chemistry and the emission of volatiles, thereby affecting plant-plant competition, plant-insect interactions, and the composition of insect communities; and (iii) plant-soil-microbe interactions and the composition of soil communities by disrupting plant litterfall and altering root exudation, soil enzymatic activities, decomposition, and nutrient cycling. The community composition of soil microbes is consequently changed, and alpha diversity is often reduced. The effects depend on the environment and vary across space and time. We suggest that Atlantic islands in the Northern Hemisphere, the Mediterranean Basin, equatorial Africa, Ethiopia, the Indian coastline, the Himalayan region, southern Asia, and Japan have high endemic richness at high ozone risk by 2100.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenios Agathokleous
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Elina Oksanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, POB 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Pierre Sicard
- ARGANS, 260 route du Pin Montard, 06410 Biot, France
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Costas J. Saitanis
- Lab of Ecology and Environmental Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece
| | - Valda Araminiene
- Institute of Forestry, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Girionys 53101 Kaunas District, Lithuania
| | - James D. Blande
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Felicity Hayes
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Vicent Calatayud
- Fundación CEAM, c/Charles R. Darwin 14, Parque Tecnológico, Paterna, Valencia 46980, Spain
| | - Marisa Domingos
- Instituto de Botânica, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ecologia, PO Box 68041, 04045-972 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stavros D. Veresoglou
- Freie Universität Berlin-Institut für Biologie, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Plant Ecology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Catalonia E-08193, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia E-08193, Spain
| | - David A. Wardle
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Alessandra De Marco
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), C.R. Casaccia, S. Maria di Galeria, Rome I-00123, Italy
| | - Zhengzhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Harry Harmens
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Xiangyang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Marcello Vitale
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome I-00185, Italy
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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14
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Dolker T, Mukherjee A, Agrawal SB, Agrawal M. Responses of a semi-natural grassland community of tropical region to elevated ozone: An assessment of soil dynamics and biomass accumulation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 718:137141. [PMID: 32086084 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite knowing the phytotoxic effects of tropospheric ozone (O3), which is of global concern, there is no study so far reported about its impacts on grassland community of tropical regions. Therefore, we assessed the responses of a semi-natural grassland community of Indo-Gangetic plains to elevated O3 exposure (Ambient + 20 ppb) compared to ambient after three years of exposure using open-top chambers. Percent decreases were found in above (26%; p ≤ 0.002) and belowground (30%; p ≤ 0.003) biomass under elevated compared to ambient O3 exposure. Percent decrements in total organic carbon (TOC; 24%; p ≤ 0.001), total nitrogen (29%; p ≤ 0.001) and available phosphorus (11%; p ≤ 0.002) in the soil were also observed under elevated O3 exposure. Exposure at elevated O3 reduced soil microbial biomass and activities of β-glucosidase, amylase, urease and phosphatase, while polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase showed enhancement in their activities, showing negative effects on belowground soil health. Percent reduction in root shoot ratio (10%; p ≤ 0.05) depicts that less C-allocation towards root system led to a reduction in TOC in the soil, which could affect C-sequestration under elevated O3 condition in the semi-natural grasslands. Elevated O3 also affected enzymes participating in N and P-cycles, causing reductions in total nitrogen and phosphorus. The study concludes that projected O3 concentrations have serious implications for aboveground biomass as well as belowground soil health in tropical areas, identified as hotspots of O3 in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsetan Dolker
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Arideep Mukherjee
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Shashi Bhushan Agrawal
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Madhoolika Agrawal
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
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15
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Paoletti E, Feng Z, De Marco A, Hoshika Y, Harmens H, Agathokleous E, Domingos M, Mills G, Sicard P, Zhang L, Carrari E. Challenges, gaps and opportunities in investigating the interactions of ozone pollution and plant ecosystems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 709:136188. [PMID: 31887502 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, China
| | - Alessandra De Marco
- National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lu Zhang
- Northeast Agricultural University, China
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16
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Lin Y, Ye Y, Wu C, Yang J, Hu Y, Shi H. Comprehensive assessment of paddy soil quality under land consolidation: a novel perspective of microbiology. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7351. [PMID: 31367489 PMCID: PMC6657742 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil quality assessment is an important means to demonstrate how effective land consolidation is. However, the existing assessment system is not sufficient to reflect actual soil quality. So, the purpose of this study is to integrate abiological and biological indicators into a comprehensive assessment to evaluate the paddy soil quality under different land consolidation practices. Soil samples were collected from 35 paddy sites under different land consolidation practices including land merging, land leveling (LL), ditch construction (DC) and application of organic fertilizer (AO). A total of 10 paddy sites were selected under conventional tillage (CT) from non-land consolidation area as a control group in Y county, China. The results indicated that soil organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus, bacterial functional diversity (BFD), bacterial and fungal abundances were significantly improved. Fields under LL, among all the land consolidation practices, might still face the risk of land degradation caused by low TN, OM and microbial diversity. High microbial biomass, BFD and OM were significantly higher in fields under AO in nutrient cycle. According to the results of comprehensive assessment, the samples with severe heavy metal contamination and low microbial diversity were generally concentrated in CT. These results indicated that land consolidation was an efficient technique to improve soil quality and could achieve higher quality of agricultural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoben Lin
- Land Academy for National Development, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Land Ecological Restoration Engineering Technology Research Center of Shandong Province, Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Yanmei Ye
- Land Academy for National Development, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Land Ecological Restoration Engineering Technology Research Center of Shandong Province, Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Cifang Wu
- Land Academy for National Development, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Land Ecological Restoration Engineering Technology Research Center of Shandong Province, Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Jianhui Yang
- China Institute of Regulation Research, Zhejiang University of Finance & Economics, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiming Hu
- Land Academy for National Development, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Land Ecological Restoration Engineering Technology Research Center of Shandong Province, Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Haokun Shi
- Land Academy for National Development, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Land Ecological Restoration Engineering Technology Research Center of Shandong Province, Binzhou, Shandong, China
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