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Romero-Romero S, García-Ordiales E, Roqueñí N, Acuña JL. Increase in mercury and methylmercury levels with depth in a fish assemblage. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 292:133445. [PMID: 34968522 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite their remoteness, deep-sea species bioaccumulate mercury, mostly in the form of the neurotoxin methylmercury (MeHg). Although the concentration of MeHg in the water column is known to increase with depth down to a maximum found at the base of the permanent thermocline, the knowledge of the relationship between MeHg content in marine species and their depth of occurrence is limited. We analyzed total mercury (THg) and MeHg concentrations in 25 species of fish inhabiting the Avilés Submarine Canyon and its adjacent shelf (Cantabrian Sea, North-East Atlantic) between 50 and 1868 m depth. THg concentrations ranged from 0.03 μg g-1 in wet weight (ww) in Chauliodus sloani and 4.0 μg g-1 ww in Coryphaenoides guentheri. 65% of the species analyzed exceeded 0.5 μg g-1 ww of MeHg, the maximum level for safe consumption recommended by FAO/WHO. THg and MeHg contents in muscle tissue increased with the depth of occurrence of fish and was influenced by their habitat so that demersal species had higher THg content than pelagic species inhabiting the same depth. MeHg accounted for an average 76 ± 3.9% of THg (mean ± SD), which is lower than that reported for other fish communities and can be explained by the high concentration of Hg present in sediments of the Nalón estuary, which discharges right off the Avilés Canyon head. The % of THg as MeHg was also strongly correlated with δ15N values, confirming that MeHg can be an indicator of the trophic identity of a species within the food web.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Romero-Romero
- Área de Ecología, Dpto. de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Universidad de Oviedo, Catedrático Rodrigo Uría s/n, 33071, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
| | - Efrén García-Ordiales
- ISYMA Research Group, Mining, Energy and Materials Engineering School, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Nieves Roqueñí
- ISYMA Research Group, Mining, Energy and Materials Engineering School, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - José Luis Acuña
- Área de Ecología, Dpto. de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Universidad de Oviedo, Catedrático Rodrigo Uría s/n, 33071, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
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Hu L, Jiang W, Xu X, Wang H, Carroll KC, Xu P, Zhang Y. Toxicological characterization of produced water from the Permian Basin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 815:152943. [PMID: 35007582 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.152943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Produced water (PW) is a hypersaline waste stream generated from the shale oil and gas industry, consisting of numerous anthropogenic and geogenic compounds. Despite prior geochemical characterization, the comprehensive toxicity assessment is lacking for evaluating treatment technologies and the beneficial use of PW. In this study, a suite of in vitro toxicity assays using various aquatic organisms (luminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri, fish gill cell line RTgill-W1, and microalgae Scenedesmus obliquus) were developed to investigate the toxicological characterizations of PW from the Permian Basin. The exposure to PW, PW inorganic fraction (PW-IF), and PW salt control (PW-SC) at 30-50% dilutions caused significant toxicological effects in all model species, revealing the high salinity was the foremost toxicological driver in PW. In addition, the toxicity level of PW was usually higher than that of PW-IF, suggesting that organic contaminants might also play a critical role in PW toxicity. When comparing the observed toxicity with associated chemical characterizations in different PW samples, strong correlations were found between them since higher concentrations of contaminants could generally result in higher toxicity towards exposed organisms. Furthermore, the toxicity results from the pretreated PW indicated that those in vitro toxicity assays had different sensitives to the chemical components present in PW. As expected, the combination of multiple pretreatments could lead to a more significant decrease in toxicity compared to the single pretreatment since the mixture of contaminants in PW might exhibit synergistic toxicity. Overall, the current work is expected to enhance our understanding of the potential toxicological impacts of PW to aquatic ecosystems and the relationships between the chemical profiles and observed toxicity in PW, which might be conducive to the establishment of monitoring, remediation, treatment, and reuse protocols for PW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Hu
- Department of Civil Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Wenbin Jiang
- Department of Civil Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Xuesong Xu
- Department of Civil Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Huiyao Wang
- Department of Civil Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Kenneth C Carroll
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Pei Xu
- Department of Civil Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Department of Civil Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA.
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Sanz-Prada L, Garcia-Ordiales E, Flor-Blanco G, Roqueñí N, Álvarez R. Determination of heavy metal baseline levels and threshold values on marine sediments in the Bay of Biscay. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 303:114250. [PMID: 34896855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Several international institutions have defined background or baseline levels to assess heavy metal concentrations on marine sediments in order to use these values as a reference for sediment quality indices. This criterion for marine sediment quality is applied to evaluate the potential risk of pollutants in aquatic ecosystems. However, those values were established using samples collected in large areas which present specific geochemical conditions. Then there may be a lack of accuracy in the results when using these parameters in other areas. In this context, 15 sediment cores (8 cm diameter; 2 m length) were recovered along the 400 km Asturian coastline, which is an area with representative lithological conditions for the Bay of Biscay, to determine more precise baseline levels for marine sediments from the Bay of Biscay. An evaluation of statistical and empirical methods was done to determine which method delivers the best results. Statistical methods such as mean±2SD and median±2* Median Absolut Deviation (MAD) are strongly influenced by outliers and data distributions which make these approaches less robust. Graphic techniques such as Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) avoid the problems that asymmetrical data distributions may cause but introduce a certain level of subjectivity in the results due to the baseline values obtained depending on the researcher's experience. Finally, the Probability Curve (CP) method solves issues which may occur when using other techniques and allows one to establish baseline levels based on different percentiles. Regarding the features of the data analysed in this study, the baselines obtained via the CP method with the 95th percentile appear to be the most accurate for the Bay of Biscay. A wide variation has been found between the new baseline values and other international and national levels. Disparity between those levels and the baselines obtained in this study can be generated by granulometric and geological factors. The notable increase in Hg baseline values with respect to OSPAR Background Concentration values (BCs) (0.05 μg g-1 and 0.6 μg g-1 respectively) and the huge different with CEDEX levels and new threshold levels (0.35 μg g-1 and 1.2 μg g-1 respectively) emphasised the relevance of defining specific baselines and threshold levels, as the ones obtained in this study, not only to obtain more precise criteria for marine sediment quality to be used in environmental assessments, but also to propose new threshold levels for the evaluation of dredged material before dumping into ocean sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Sanz-Prada
- ISYMA Research Group, Mining, Energy and Materials Engineering School, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, 33004, Spain.
| | - Efrén Garcia-Ordiales
- ISYMA Research Group, Mining, Energy and Materials Engineering School, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, 33004, Spain
| | | | - Nieves Roqueñí
- ISYMA Research Group, Mining, Energy and Materials Engineering School, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, 33004, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Álvarez
- ISYMA Research Group, Mining, Energy and Materials Engineering School, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, 33004, Spain
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Yu D, Wang Q, Fang Y, Kang Z, Liu L, He J, Han X, Yu H, Dong S. Study on simplified strategies for procedure of rapid detection of water toxicity. Talanta 2021; 235:122787. [PMID: 34517645 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a simplified procedure of detection of water toxicity based on Pt ultramicroelectrode (UME) and mixed microorganism cultured without sterilization was the first proposed. A stable Pt UME was successfully prepared with a special glass tube as insulation and support material, which was used as working electrode in the biosensor. The Pt UME exhibits the typical cyclic voltammogram (CV) of Pt UME with sigmoid shape and possesses good stability, enlarged current response and tunable dimension. In addition, it was an effective and simple method for toxicity biosensor using mixed microorganisms cultured in unsterilized lysogeny broth (LB) as the bioreceptor. K3[Fe(CN)6] was used as an electron mediator. Under the optimal conditions of 30 mM K3[Fe(CN)6], OD600 = 1 cell concentration, and 50 mM phosphate-buffered solution (PBS), the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values measured for Cd2+, Cu2+ and Ni2+ were 3.99 mg/L, 1.16 mg/L and 2.37 mg/L, respectively. The results indicated that the biosensor with large diameter Pt UME and mixed microorganisms cultured in unsterilized LB realized rapid and simple detection of water toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengbin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, Jilin, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, Jilin, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Quanying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, Jilin, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Youxing Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, Jilin, PR China
| | - Zhichao Kang
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, Jilin, PR China
| | - Ling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, Jilin, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, Jilin, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Jingting He
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, Jilin, PR China
| | - Xuerong Han
- School of Life Science and Technology, Changchun University Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, Jilin, PR China.
| | - Hongwen Yu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, Jilin, PR China; School of Life Science and Technology, Changchun University Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, Jilin, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China.
| | - Shaojun Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, Jilin, PR China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, PR China.
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Jiménez-Oyola S, García-Martínez MJ, Ortega MF, Chavez E, Romero P, García-Garizabal I, Bolonio D. Ecological and probabilistic human health risk assessment of heavy metal(loid)s in river sediments affected by mining activities in Ecuador. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:4459-4474. [PMID: 33881675 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00935-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Gold mining is a significant source of metal(loid)s released into the environment. It is an issue of concern due to the potential adverse health effects associated with exposure to toxic elements. This study aimed to assess the ecological and human health risk caused by heavy metal(loid)s exposure in river sediments in Ponce Enríquez, one of the most important mining sites in Ecuador. Concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were evaluated in 172 sediment samples to determine the Potential ecological risk (RI) and the carcinogenic (CR) and non-carcinogenic risk (HQ). The human exposure to polluted sediments during recreational activities was computed using Bayesian probabilistic models. Residents were randomly surveyed to adjust the risk models to the specific population data. More than 68% of the sampling stations pose a severe As and Cd ecological risk index ([Formula: see text] > 320). Likewise, residents exposed to river sediments showed a non-acceptable carcinogenic risk by incidental ingestion, being As the primary contributor to overall cancer in both children and adults receptors. Moreover, non-carcinogenic risk through the incidental ingestion of sediments was above the safe limit for children. This is the first study conducted in a mining region in Ecuador that reveals the severe levels of ecological and human health risk to which the population is exposed. These results can be applied as a baseline to develop public health strategies to monitor and reduce the health hazards of the residents of mining communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Jiménez-Oyola
- Department of Energy and Fuels, E.T.S. Ingenieros de Minas y Energía, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ríos Rosas 21, 28003, Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Ingeniería en Ciencias de la Tierra, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Campus Gustavo Galindo km 30.5 vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - María-Jesús García-Martínez
- Department of Energy and Fuels, E.T.S. Ingenieros de Minas y Energía, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ríos Rosas 21, 28003, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marcelo F Ortega
- Department of Energy and Fuels, E.T.S. Ingenieros de Minas y Energía, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ríos Rosas 21, 28003, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Chavez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Campus Gustavo Galindo km 30.5 vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Paola Romero
- Facultad de Ingeniería en Ciencias de la Tierra, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Campus Gustavo Galindo km 30.5 vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Iker García-Garizabal
- Facultad de Ingeniería en Ciencias de la Tierra, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Campus Gustavo Galindo km 30.5 vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - David Bolonio
- Department of Energy and Fuels, E.T.S. Ingenieros de Minas y Energía, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ríos Rosas 21, 28003, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Accidental spills and the misuse of chemicals may lead to current and legacy environmental contamination and pose concerns over possible (eco)toxicological secondary effects and risks toward non-target microbes and higher eukaryotes, including humans, in ecosystems. In the last decades, scientists and regulators have faced requests to thoroughly screen, prioritize and predict the possible deleterious effects of the huge numbers of existing and emerging xenobiotics, wastewaters and environmental samples on biological systems. In this context, it has become necessary to develop and validate (eco)toxicity bioassays based on microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, microalga, yeast, filamentous fungi, protozoa) as test-organisms whose data should be meaningful for environmental (micro)organisms that may be exposed to contaminated environments. These generally simple, fast and cost-effective bioassays may be preliminary and complementary to the more complex and long-term whole-organism animal-based traditional ecotoxicity tests. With the goal of highlighting the potential offered by microbial-based bioassays as non-animal alternatives in (eco)toxicity testing, the present chapter provides an overview of the current state-of-the art in the development and use of microbial toxicity bioassays through the examination of relatively recent examples with a diverse range of toxicity endpoints. It goes into the (eco)toxicological relevance of these bioassays, ranging from the more traditional microalga- and bacterial-based assays already accepted at regulatory level and commercially available to the more innovative microbial transcriptional profiling and gene expression bioassays, including some examples of biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina A Viegas
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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García-Ordiales E, Covelli S, Braidotti G, Petranich E, Pavoni E, Acquavita A, Sanz-Prada L, Roqueñí N, Loredo J. Mercury and arsenic mobility in resuspended contaminated estuarine sediments (Asturias, Spain): A laboratory-based study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 744:140870. [PMID: 32711314 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Estuarine sediments must be dredged to allow for navigation, and where these sediments are placed after dredging depends upon guidelines based only on the total concentration of contaminants. However, resuspension events could seriously affect the mobility and speciation of contaminants, including potentially toxic trace elements stored in sediments. The effects of resuspension on the cycling of mercury (Hg) and arsenic (As) between the sediment and water column was investigated in a mesocosm study. Four experiments were conducted in three estuaries in northern Spain based on samples collected from sites which have been impacted by decommissioned Hg and As mines and periodically subjected to dredging activities. Designed to mimic the resuspension of particles, each of the experiments revealed that the release of Hg and As species does not only depend on the total concentration in the sediments (16.3-50.9 mg kg-1, for As and 0.52-5.01 mg kg-1 for Hg). The contribution from porewaters and the subsequent reductive dissolution and/or desorption appear to be the main processes responsible for the abrupt increase in dissolved Hg and As species (maximum release of 427% and 125%, respectively). In some cases, As and Hg continued to remain at high concentrations in the water column even after the experiments were completed, thus testifying to their critical persistence in the dissolved form. Conversely, at the other sites, the restoration of pre-resuspension conditions was observed only a few hours after resuspension, mainly due to the role of Fe oxy-hydroxides which provides suitable surfaces for adsorption and/or co-precipitation involving dissolved Hg (maximum removal of -58%) and As (maximum removal of -25%) species. The results of this research could be helpful to take appropriate decisions regarding dredging especially at the Nalòn estuary, where the release of dissolved As(V) and MeHg appeared to be favoured by sediment resuspension.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefano Covelli
- Department of Mathematics and Geosciences, University of Trieste, Via E. Weiss 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy; CoN.I.S.Ma. Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Rome, Italy.
| | - Greta Braidotti
- Department of Mathematics and Geosciences, University of Trieste, Via E. Weiss 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Elisa Petranich
- Department of Mathematics and Geosciences, University of Trieste, Via E. Weiss 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Elena Pavoni
- Department of Mathematics and Geosciences, University of Trieste, Via E. Weiss 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy; Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandro Acquavita
- ARPA FVG Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione Ambientale del Friuli Venezia Giulia, Via Cairoli 14, Palmanova, Udine 33057, Italy
| | | | - Nieves Roqueñí
- ISYMA Research Group, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Jorge Loredo
- ISYMA Research Group, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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Yılmaz A, Tolun LG, Okay OS. Pollution and toxicity of sediment in potential dredging sites of the Marmara Sea, Turkey. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2019; 54:1206-1218. [PMID: 31271113 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2019.1631656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to assess the impact of the sediment in the potential dredging areas of the Marmara Sea. To that aim, sediments were analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), and heavy metals, sources were discussed, and toxicity tests were applied. For assessment, lower and upper limits of Turkish draft regulation (LTR, UTR) and UNEP-MAP's guidance document (LCT, UCT), and effects range low and median (ERL, ERM) were used. Total concentrations were found between 562 and 8643 µg kg-1 for PAHs, 4-36 µg kg-1 for PCBs, and 14-190 µg kg-1 for OCPs. The highest ∑PAH concentrations were measured in Golden Horn, and none of the PAH compounds was above ERM. ERL and UCT were exceeded in İstinye and Golden Horn stations. The highest ∑PCBs and ∑OCPs levels were determined in İzmit Bay (IB). ΣPCBs in IB were higher than ERL and LTR, while ΣDDT were found above ERM and UCT. High concentrations of chromium (∼190 mg kg-1) and copper (∼180 mg kg-1) in Golden Horn and mercury in IB (∼4 mg kg-1) were detected. The highest toxicities were observed in İstinye and İzmit Bay. According to the regulations, none of the sediments can be dumped.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atilla Yılmaz
- Faculty of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, İstanbul Technical University , İstanbul , Turkey
| | - Leyla G Tolun
- Environment and Cleaner Production Institute, TÜBİTAK Marmara Research Center , Kocaeli , Turkey
| | - Oya S Okay
- Faculty of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, İstanbul Technical University , İstanbul , Turkey
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