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Preetam A, Dwivedi U, N Naik S, Pant KK, Kumar V. A feasible approach for the treatment of waste computer casing plastic using subcritical to supercritical acetone: Statistical modelling and optimization. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 345:118549. [PMID: 37421717 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Electronic waste (e-waste) usage has increased tremendously with the rapid evolution of technologies. The accumulated e-waste has now emerged as one of the crucial concerns regarding environmental pollution and human health. Recycling e-waste is commonly focused on metal recovery; nevertheless, a significant fraction of plastics (20-30%) are in e-waste. There is an indispensable need to focus on e-waste plastic recycling in an effective way, which has been mostly overlooked to date. An environmentally safe and efficient study is conducted using subcritical to supercritical acetone (SCA) to degrade the real waste computer casing plastics (WCCP) in the central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM) to achieve the maximum oil yield of the product. The experiment parameters were varied in the temperature span of 150-300 °C, residence time between 30 and 120 min, solid/liquid ratio between 0.02 and 0.05 (g/ml), and NaOH amount from 0 to 0.5 g. Adding NaOH into the acetone helps to achieve efficient degradation and debromination efficiency. The study emphasized the attributes of oils and solid products recovered from the SCA-treated WCCP. The characterization of feed and formed products is performed with different characterization techniques such as TGA, CHNS, ICP-MS, FTIR, GC-MS, Bomb calorimeter, XRF, and FESEM. The highest oil yield achieved is 87.89% from the SCA process at 300 °C, in 120min, 0.05 S/L ratio, and 0.5 g of NaOH. GC-MS results disclose that the liquid product (oil) comprises single- and duplicate-ringed aromatic and oxygen-containing compounds. Isophorone is the significant component of the liquid product obtained. Furthermore, SCA's possible polymer degradation mechanistic route, bromine distribution, economic feasibility, and environmental aspect were also explored. This present work represents an environmentally friendly and promising approach for recycling the plastic fraction of e-waste and recovering valuable chemicals from WCCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Preetam
- Supercritical Fluid Extraction Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, IIT Delhi, 110016, India; Catalytic Reaction Engineering Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Department, Indian, IIT Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Uma Dwivedi
- Supercritical Fluid Extraction Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, IIT Delhi, 110016, India; Catalytic Reaction Engineering Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Department, Indian, IIT Delhi, 110016, India
| | - S N Naik
- Supercritical Fluid Extraction Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, IIT Delhi, 110016, India
| | - K K Pant
- Catalytic Reaction Engineering Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Department, Indian, IIT Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - Vivek Kumar
- Supercritical Fluid Extraction Laboratory, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, IIT Delhi, 110016, India
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2
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Zhang W, Jia J, Zhang J, Ding Y, Zhang J, Lu K, Mao S. Pyrolysis and combustion characteristics of typical waste thermal insulation materials. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 834:155484. [PMID: 35472362 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Thermal insulation materials are important for building energy conservation, but their wastes have increased sharply. Furthermore, pyrolysis and combustion are increasingly utilized to dispose of solid wastes and convert them into value-added fuels. To better understand the pyrolysis and combustion characteristics of these materials, typical thermal insulation materials (expanded polystyrene (EPS) and extruded polystyrene (XPS)) were investigated by employing thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry as well as cone calorimetry experiments. Pyrolysis behavior, kinetic parameters, pyrolysis index, thermodynamic parameters, endothermic properties and combustion parameters were estimated comprehensively. The results showed that EPS had better pyrolysis properties, while XPS had better combustion characteristics. Activation energies of EPS and XPS were 158.82 kJ/mol and 200.70 kJ/mol, respectively. Additionally, EPS had a higher pyrolysis stability index and comprehensive pyrolysis index, meaning a more intense reaction. Moreover, thermodynamic parameters indicated that the devolatilization products could be obtained easily from the two materials, and EPS and XPS could be converted into fuels. For the combustion, XPS had a smaller fire performance index and a larger fire growth index. These results can guide the reactor design and optimization for better converting polymer wastes into fuels and managing wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Zhang
- Faculty of Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jia Jia
- Naval Research Institute, Beijing 100161, China
| | - Jiaqing Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory for Electric Fire and Safety Protection, State Grid Anhui Electric Power Research Institute, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yanming Ding
- Faculty of Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Juan Zhang
- Faculty of Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Kaihua Lu
- Faculty of Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shaohua Mao
- Faculty of Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
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3
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Bioleaching of Typical Electronic Waste-Printed Circuit Boards (WPCBs): A Short Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127508. [PMID: 35742757 PMCID: PMC9224389 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The rapid pace of innovations and the frequency of replacement of electrical and electronic equipment has made waste printed circuit boards (WPCB) one of the fastest growing waste streams. The frequency of replacement of equipment can be caused by a limited time of proper functioning and increasing malfunctions. Resource utilization of WPCBs have become some of the most profitable companies in the recycling industry. To facilitate WPCB recycling, several advanced technologies such as pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy and biometallurgy have been developed. Bioleaching uses naturally occurring microorganisms and their metabolic products to recover valuable metals, which is a promising technology due to its cost-effectiveness, environmental friendliness, and sustainability. However, there is sparse comprehensive research on WPCB bioleaching. Therefore, in this work, a short review was conducted from the perspective of potential microorganisms, bioleaching mechanisms and parameter optimization. Perspectives on future research directions are also discussed.
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4
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Recent Advances in the Decontamination and Upgrading of Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Products: An Overview. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10040733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive research on the production of energy and valuable materials from plastic waste using pyrolysis has been widely conducted during recent years. Succeeding in demonstrating the sustainability of this technology economically and technologically at an industrial scale is a great challenge. In most cases, crude pyrolysis products cannot be used directly for several reasons, including the presence of contaminants. This is confirmed by recent studies, using advanced characterization techniques such as two-dimensional gas chromatography. Thus, to overcome these limitations, post-treatment methods, such as dechlorination, distillation, catalytic upgrading and hydroprocessing, are required. Moreover, the integration of pyrolysis units into conventional refineries is only possible if the waste plastic is pre-treated, which involves sorting, washing and dehalogenation. The different studies examined in this review showed that the distillation of plastic pyrolysis oil allows the control of the carbon distribution of different fractions. The hydroprocessing of pyrolytic oil gives promising results in terms of reducing contaminants, such as chlorine, by one order of magnitude. Recent developments in plastic waste and pyrolysis product characterization methods are also reported in this review. The application of pyrolysis for energy generation or added-value material production determines the economic sustainability of the process.
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5
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Fu L, Peng X, Chen Q, Ding Y, Jiang J. Photochemical degradation and debromination of bromophenols: Overlooked role of hydrated electron. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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6
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Luo Q, Yao Z, Qi W, Sun J, Gedanken A, Chen X, Sun Y, Liu J, Xu S, Wu W. A comprehensive study on the combustion kinetic modeling of typical electronic plastic waste-television set (TV) plastic shell. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2021; 71:701-710. [PMID: 33448913 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2021.1874569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Electronic waste is the fastest growing waste stream and one of the most significant constituents is electronic plastics. In this study, the combustion kinetic of typical electronic plastic waste-television set (TV) plastic shell-was investigated using two basic kinetic methods. The reaction mechanism and kinetic compensation effect were probed as well. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that its degradation process can be divided into four stages, namely, reaction initiation stage (20-300 °C), major reaction stage (300-450 °C), minor reaction stage (450-600 °C), and reaction cessation stage (600-1,000 °C). The activation energy (E) were calculated and indicated that, the kinetic parameters from six model-free methods gradually decreased with α increasing from 0.1 to 0.35, and then slightly increased. The Flynn--Wall--Ozawa (FWO) method was more reliable and E values decreased from 155.0 to 147.51 kJ/mol with α range of 0.1-0.35, then gradually increased to 165.21 kJ/mol. Within the Coats--Redfern method, the first-order (F1) model had higher coefficient of determination (R2) and comparable E values with that from FWO method. The result of kinetic compensation effect confirmed that the compensation effect existed between E and A during the plastic waste combustion. A linear relationship lnA = 0.183E-3.11 (R2 = 0.991) was obtained. The pre-exponential factors (A) were also determined as 7.67 × 1010 min-1 based on the F1 reaction model and FWO method.Implications: Municipal solid waste (MSW) is a complex mixture of different components and the plastic takes up a significant portion in total MSW. Understanding the combustion process of typical electronic plastic waste and further probing its combustion kinetic are significant. Through this study, it will be significant for the reactor designing and optimizing in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyu Luo
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhitong Yao
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Qi
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianyuan Sun
- Yuhuan Branch, Taizhou Department of Ecology and Environment, Taizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Aharon Gedanken
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Xinyang Chen
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhang Sun
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Liu
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaodan Xu
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihong Wu
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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7
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Yu S, Zhang B, Xiong J, Yao Z, Wu D, Liu J, Xu S, Tang J. Pyrolysis kinetic study of cathode material derived from spent lithium ion batteries (LIBs): Comparison of different models. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2021; 71:1-7. [PMID: 33006923 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2020.1832623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Separating cathode material and Al foil from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is a critical step for LIBs recycling. As compared to chemical dissolving and decomposition, the pyrolysis pretreatment is an alternative and simple method. In this work, the pyrolysis kinetics of cathode material were comparatively studied using various isoconversional methods, including Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO), Friedman, Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose, Starink, Tang, and Boswell. The thermal degradation mechanism was investigated by the Coats-Redfern (CR) and master-plot methods as well. The thermogravimetric analysis revealed that cathode material decomposition could be divided into three stages with mass losses of 1.51%, 0.787%, and 0.449%, respectively. Activation energy (Eα) calculated using the six model-free methods showed a similar trend, gradually increasing as the degree of conversion (α) increased from 0.001 to 0.009, and then significantly elevating. The FWO method gave the best fitting and Eα values first increased from 12.032 to 24.433 kJ·mol-1 with α elevating from 0.001 to 0.009, then increased further to 43.187 kJ·mol-1. Both CR and Criado methods indicated that the degradation of cathode material can be explained by the diffusion models.Implications: The rapid growth in the production and consumption of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for portable electronic devices and electric vehicles has resulted in an increasing number of spent LIBs. Thermal treatment offers advantages of high-efficiency and simple operation. Understanding the thermal process of spent LIBs and probing its kinetic are significant for the large-scale treatment. Through this study, it will be significant for the reactor designing and optimizing in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqi Yu
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Baogui Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Space Mechanics & Electricity, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Xiong
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhitong Yao
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Daidai Wu
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Liu
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaodan Xu
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhong Tang
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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8
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Das P, Gabriel JCP, Tay CY, Lee JM. Value-added products from thermochemical treatments of contaminated e-waste plastics. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 269:129409. [PMID: 33388566 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The rise of electronic waste (e-waste) generation around the globe has become a major concern in recent times and its recycling is mostly focused on the recovery of valuable metals, such as gold, silver, and copper, etc. However, e-waste consists of a significant weight fraction of plastics (25-30%) which are either discarded or incinerated. There is a growing need for recycling of these e-waste plastics. The majority of them are made from high-quality polymers (composites), such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), high impact polystyrene (HIPS), polycarbonate (PC), polyamide (PA), polypropylene (PP) and epoxies. These plastics are often contaminated with hazardous materials, such as brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and heavy metals (such as Pb and Hg). Under any thermal stress (thermal degradation), the Br present in the e-waste plastics produces environmentally hazardous pollutants, such as hydrogen bromide or polybrominated diphenyl ethers/furans (PBDE/Fs). The discarded plastics can lead to the leaching of toxins into the environment. It is important to remove the toxins from the e-waste plastics before recycling. This review article gives a detailed account of e-waste plastics recycling and recovery using thermochemical processes, such as extraction (at elevated temperature), incineration (combustion), hydrolysis, and pyrolysis (catalytic/non catalytic). A basic framework of the existing processes has been established by reviewing the most interesting findings in recent times and the prospects that they open in the field recycling of e-waste plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallab Das
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore.
| | | | - Chor Yong Tay
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, N4.1, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Jong-Min Lee
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore.
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9
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Xiong J, Yu S, Wu D, Lü X, Tang J, Wu W, Yao Z. Pyrolysis treatment of nonmetal fraction of waste printed circuit boards: Focusing on the fate of bromine. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2020; 38:1251-1258. [PMID: 31902310 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x19894621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Advanced thermal treatment of electronic waste offers advantages of volume reduction and energy recovery. In this work, the pyrolysis behaviour of nonmetallic fractions of waste printed circuit boards was studied. The fate of a bromine and thermal decomposition pathway of nonmetallic fractions of waste printed circuit boards were further probed. The thermogravimetric analysis showed that the temperatures of maximum mass loss were located at 319°C and 361°C, with mass loss of 29.6% and 50.6%, respectively. The Fourier transform infrared Spectroscopy analysis revealed that the spectra at temperatures of 300°C-400°C were complicated with larger absorbance intensity. The nonmetallic fractions of waste printed circuit boards decomposed drastically and more evolved products were detected in the temperature range of 600°C-1000°C. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis indicated that various brominated derivates were generated in addition to small molecules, such as CH4, H2O and CO. The release intensity of CH4 and H2O increased with temperature increasing and reached maximum at 600°C-800°C and 400°C-600°C. More bromoethane (C2H5Br) was formed as compared with HBr and methyl bromide (CH3Br). The release intensity of bromopropane (C3H7Br) and bromoacetone (C3H5BrO) were comparable, although smaller than that of bromopropene (C3H5Br). More dibromophenol (C6H4Br2O) was released than that of bromophenol (C6H5BrO) in the thermal treatment. During the thermal process, part of the ether bonds first ruptured forming bisphenol A, propyl alcohol and tetrabromobisphenol A. Then, the tetrabromobisphenol A decomposed into C6H5BrO and HBr, which further reacted with small molecules forming brominated derivates. It implied debromination of raw nonmetallic fractions of waste printed circuit boards or pyrolysis products should be applied for its environmentally sound treating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Xiong
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaoqi Yu
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Daidai Wu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoshu Lü
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Energy Technology, University of Vaasa, Vaasa, Finland
- Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
- Construction Engineering College, Jilin University, Chang Chun, China
| | - Junhong Tang
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weihong Wu
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhitong Yao
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
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10
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Yu S, Xiong J, Wu D, Lü X, Yao Z, Xu S, Tang J. Pyrolysis characteristics of cathode from spent lithium-ion batteries using advanced TG-FTIR-GC/MS analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:40205-40209. [PMID: 32661975 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10108-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Thermal treatment offers an alternative method for the separation of Al foil and cathode materials during spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) recycling. In this work, the pyrolysis behavior of cathode from spent LIBs was investigated using advanced thermogravimetric Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (TG-FTIR-GC/MS) method. The fate of fluorine present in spent batteries was probed as well. TG analysis showed that the cathode decomposition displayed a three-stage process. The temperatures of maximum mass loss rate were located at 470 °C and 599 °C, respectively. FTIR analysis revealed that the release of CO2 increased as the temperature rose from 195 to 928 °C. However, the evolution of H2O showed a decreasing trend when the temperature increased to above 599 °C. The release of fluoride derivatives also exhibited a decreasing trend, and they were not detected after temperatures increasing to above 470 °C. GC-MS analysis indicated that the release of H2O and CO displayed a similar trend, with larger releasing intensity at the first two stages. The evolution of 1,4-difluorobenzene and 1,3,5-trifluorobenzene also displayed a similar trend-larger releasing intensity at the first two stages. However, the release of CO2 showed a different trend, with the largest release intensity at the third stage, as did the release of 1,2,4-trifluorobenzene, with the release mainly focused at the temperature of 300-400 °C. The release intensities of 1,2,4-trifluorobenzene and 1,3,5-trifluorobenzene were comparable, although smaller than that of 1,4-difluorobenzene. This study will offer practical support for the large-scale recycling of spent LIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqi Yu
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Jingjing Xiong
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Daidai Wu
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xiaoshu Lü
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Energy Technology, University of Vaasa, FIN-65101, Vaasa, Finland
- Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, FIN-02130, Espoo, Finland
| | - Zhitong Yao
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
| | - Shaodan Xu
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Junhong Tang
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
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11
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Yao Z, Xiong J, Yu S, Su W, Wu W, Tang J, Wu D. Kinetic study on the slow pyrolysis of nonmetal fraction of waste printed circuit boards (NMF-WPCBs). WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2020; 38:903-910. [PMID: 31918637 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x19896630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the pyrolysis behaviour of nonmetal fraction of waste printed circuit boards (NMF-WPCBs) was studied based on five model-free methods and distributed activation energy model (DAEM). The possible decomposition mechanism was further probed using the Criado method. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the NMF-WPCBs pyrolysis process could be divided into three stages with temperatures of 37-330°C, 330-380°C and 380-1000°C. The mass loss at different heating rate was determined as 26.85-29.98%, 13.47-24.21% and 20.43-23.36% for these stages, respectively. The activation energy (Eα) from various model-free methods first increased with degree of conversion (α) increasing from 0.05 to 0.275, and then decreased beyond this range. The coefficient (R) from the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) method was higher, and the resulting Eα fell into the range of 214.947-565.660 kJ mol-1. For the DAEM method, the average Eα value was determined as 337.044 kJ mol-1, comparable with 329.664 kJ mol-1 from the FWO method. The thermal decomposition kinetics of NMF-WPCBs could be better described by the second-order reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitong Yao
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Xiong
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaoqi Yu
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiping Su
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weihong Wu
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junhong Tang
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Daidai Wu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Wang Q, Zhang B, Yu S, Xiong J, Yao Z, Hu B, Yan J. Waste-Printed Circuit Board Recycling: Focusing on Preparing Polymer Composites and Geopolymers. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:17850-17856. [PMID: 32743155 PMCID: PMC7391248 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The waste from end-of-life electrical and electronic equipment has become the fastest growing waste problem in the world. The difficult-to-treat waste-printed circuit boards (WPCBs), which are nearly 3-6 wt % of the total electronic waste, generate great environmental concern nowadays. For WPCB treatment and recycling, the mechanical-physical method has turned out to be more technologically and economically feasible. In this work, the mechanical-physical treatment and recycling technologies for WPCBs were investigated, and future research was directed as well. Removing electric and electronic components (EECs) from WPCBs is critical for their crushing and metal recovery; however, environmentally friendly and high-efficiency removal techniques need be developed. Concentrated metals rich in Cu, Al, Au, Pb, and Sn recovered from WPCBs need be further refined to add to their economic values. The low value-added nonmetallic fraction of waste-printed circuit boards (NMF-WPCBs) accounts for approximately 60 wt % of the WPCBs. From the perspective of environmental management, a zero-waste approach to recycling them should be developed to gain values. Preparing polymer composites and geopolymers offers many advantages and has potential applications in various fields, especially as construction and building materials. However, the mechanical and thermal properties of NMF-WPCBs composites should be further improved for preparing polymer composites. Surface modification or filler blending could be applied to improve the interfacial comparability between NMF-WPCBs and the polymer matrix. The NMF-WPCBs shows potential in preparing cement mortar and geological polymers, but the environmental safety resulting from metals needs to be taken into account. This study will provide a significant reference for the industrial recycling of NMF-WPCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Baogui Zhang
- Beijing
Institute of Space Mechanics & Electricity, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Shaoqi Yu
- College
of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jingjing Xiong
- College
of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zhitong Yao
- College
of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- E-mail: (Z. Yao)
| | - Baoan Hu
- CCCC
(Tianjin) Eco-Environmental Protection Design & Research Institute
Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300461, China
| | - Jianhua Yan
- State
Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- E-mail: (J. Yan)
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Yao Z, Yu S, Su W, Wu W, Tang J, Qi W. Kinetic studies on the pyrolysis of plastic waste using a combination of model-fitting and model-free methods. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2020; 38:77-85. [PMID: 31957598 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x19897814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the pyrolysis behavior of plastic waste-TV plastic shell-was investigated, based on thermogravimetric analysis and using a combination of model-fitting and model-free methods. The possible reaction mechanism and kinetic compensation effects were also examined. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the decomposition of plastic waste in a helium atmosphere can be divided into three stages: the minor loss stage (20-300°C), the major loss stage (300-500°C) and the stable loss stage (500-1000°C). The corresponding weight loss at three different heating rates of 15, 25 and 35 K/min were determined to be 2.80-3.02%, 94.45-95.11% and 0.04-0.16%, respectively. The activation energy (Ea) and correlation coefficient (R2) profiles revealed that the kinetic parameters calculated using the Friedman and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose method displayed a similar trend. The values from the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa and Starink methods were comparable, although the former gave higher R2 values. The Eα values gradually decreased from 269.75 kJ/mol to 184.18 kJ/mol as the degree of conversion (α) increased from 0.1 to 0.8. Beyond this range, the Eα slightly increased to 211.31 kJ/mol. The model-fitting method of Coats-Redfern was used to predict the possible reaction mechanism, for which the first-order model resulted in higher R2 values than and comparable Eα values to those obtained from the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method. The pre-exponential factors (lnA) were calculated based on the F1 reaction model and the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method, and fell in the range 59.34-48.05. The study of the kinetic compensation effect confirmed that a compensation effect existed between Ea and lnA during the plastic waste pyrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitong Yao
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, China
| | - Shaoqi Yu
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, China
| | - Weiping Su
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, China
| | - Weihong Wu
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, China
| | - Junhong Tang
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, China
| | - Wei Qi
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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14
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Yao Z, Yu S, Su W, Wu W, Tang J, Qi W. Comparative study on the pyrolysis kinetics of polyurethane foam from waste refrigerators. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2020; 38:271-278. [PMID: 31599207 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x19877682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Thermal treatment offers advantages of significant volume reduction and energy recovery for the polyurethane foam from waste refrigerators. In this work, the pyrolysis kinetics of polyurethane foam was investigated using the model-fitting, model-free and distributed activation energy model methods. The thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the polyurethane foam decomposition could be divided into three stages with temperatures of 38°C-400°C, 400°C-550°C and 550°C-1000°C. Peak temperatures for the major decomposition stage (<400°C) were determined as 324°C, 342°C and 344°C for heating rates of 5, 15 and 25 K min-1, respectively. The activation energy (Eα) from the Friedman, Flynn-Wall-Ozawa and Tang methods increased with degree of conversion (α) in the range of 0.05 to 0.5. The coefficients from the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method were larger and the resulted Eα values fell into the range of 163.980-328.190 kJ mol-1 with an average of 206.099 kJ mol-1. For the Coats-Redfern method, the diffusion models offered higher coefficients, but the E values were smaller than that from the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method. The Eα values derived from the distributed activation energy model method were determined as 163.536-334.231 kJ mol-1, with an average of 206.799 kJ mol-1. The peak of activation energy distribution curve was located at 205.929 kJ mol-1, consistent with the thermogravimetric results. The Flynn-Wall-Ozawa and distributed activation energy model methods were more reliable for describing the polyurethane foam pyrolysis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitong Yao
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaoqi Yu
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiping Su
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weihong Wu
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junhong Tang
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Qi
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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15
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Yao Z, Yu S, Su W, Wu D, Wu W, Tang J. Kinetic modeling study on the combustion treatment of cathode from spent lithium-ion batteries. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2020; 38:100-106. [PMID: 31603400 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x19879224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Thermal treatment offers an alternative method for the separation of aluminum foil and cathode materials during spent lithium-ion batteries recycling. In this work, the combustion kinetic of cathode was studied based on six model-free (isoconversional) methods, namely Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO), Friedman, Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose, Starink, Tang, and Boswell methods. The possible decomposition mechanism was also probed using a master-plots method (Criado method). Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the whole thermal process could be divided into three stages with temperatures of 37-578°C, 578-849°C, and 849-1000°C. The activation energy (Eα) derived from these model-free methods displayed the same trend, gradually increasing with a conversion range of 0.002-0.013, and significantly elevating beyond this range. The coefficients from the FWO method were larger, and the resulted Eα fell into the range of 10.992-40.298 kJ/mol with an average value of 20.228 kJ/mol. Comparing the theoretical master plots with an experimental curve, the thermal decomposition of cathode could be better described by the geometric contraction models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitong Yao
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoqi Yu
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiping Su
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, People's Republic of China
| | - Daidai Wu
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihong Wu
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhong Tang
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, People's Republic of China
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Castaldo R, De Falco F, Avolio R, Bossanne E, Cicaroni Fernandes F, Cocca M, Di Pace E, Errico ME, Gentile G, Jasiński D, Spinelli D, Albein Urios S, Vilkki M, Avella M. Critical Factors for the Recycling of Different End-of-Life Materials: Wood Wastes, Automotive Shredded Residues, and Dismantled Wind Turbine Blades. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1604. [PMID: 31581529 PMCID: PMC6835544 DOI: 10.3390/polym11101604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Different classes of wastes, namely wooden wastes, plastic fractions from automotive shredded residues, and glass fiber reinforced composite wastes obtained from dismantled wind turbines blades were analyzed in view of their possible recycling. Wooden wastes included municipal bulky wastes, construction and demolition wastes, and furniture wastes. The applied characterization protocol, based on Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in attenuated total reflection (ATR) mode, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX), and thermogravimetric analysis (TG) coupled with FTIR spectrometry for the investigation of the evolved gases, revealed that the selected classes of wastes are very complex and heterogeneous materials, containing different impurities that can represent serious obstacles toward their reuse/recycling. Critical parameters were analyzed and discussed, and recommendations were reported for a safe and sustainable recycling of these classes of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Castaldo
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Polymers Composites and Biomaterials, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; (R.C.); (F.D.F.); (R.A.); (M.C.); (E.D.P.); (M.E.E.); (M.A.)
| | - Francesca De Falco
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Polymers Composites and Biomaterials, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; (R.C.); (F.D.F.); (R.A.); (M.C.); (E.D.P.); (M.E.E.); (M.A.)
| | - Roberto Avolio
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Polymers Composites and Biomaterials, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; (R.C.); (F.D.F.); (R.A.); (M.C.); (E.D.P.); (M.E.E.); (M.A.)
| | - Emilie Bossanne
- Institut technologique FCBA,10 rue Galilée, 77420 Champs-sur-Marne, France;
| | | | - Mariacristina Cocca
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Polymers Composites and Biomaterials, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; (R.C.); (F.D.F.); (R.A.); (M.C.); (E.D.P.); (M.E.E.); (M.A.)
| | - Emilia Di Pace
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Polymers Composites and Biomaterials, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; (R.C.); (F.D.F.); (R.A.); (M.C.); (E.D.P.); (M.E.E.); (M.A.)
| | - Maria Emanuela Errico
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Polymers Composites and Biomaterials, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; (R.C.); (F.D.F.); (R.A.); (M.C.); (E.D.P.); (M.E.E.); (M.A.)
| | - Gennaro Gentile
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Polymers Composites and Biomaterials, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; (R.C.); (F.D.F.); (R.A.); (M.C.); (E.D.P.); (M.E.E.); (M.A.)
| | - Dominik Jasiński
- Exergy Ltd, Coventry Innovation Village, CUTP, Cheetah Road, Coventry CV1 2TL, UK; (F.C.F.)
| | | | - Sonia Albein Urios
- Aimplas, Istituto Tecnologico del Plastico, València Parc Tecnològic, Calle Gustave Eiffel 4, 46980 Paterna, Spain;
| | - Markku Vilkki
- Conenor Ltd, Kaitilantie 30, 16300 Orimattila, Finland;
| | - Maurizio Avella
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Polymers Composites and Biomaterials, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; (R.C.); (F.D.F.); (R.A.); (M.C.); (E.D.P.); (M.E.E.); (M.A.)
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